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Journal articles on the topic 'Rainfastness'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Symonds, Brett L., Christopher I. Lindsay, Niall R. Thomson, and Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy. "Chitosan as a rainfastness adjuvant for agrochemicals." RSC Advances 6, no. 104 (2016): 102206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra23485b.

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2

Roggenbuck, Frank C., Loston Rowe, Donald Penner, Len Petroff, and Richard Burow. "Increasing Postemergence Herbicide Efficacy and Rainfastness with Silicone Adjuvants." Weed Technology 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00026002.

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A greenhouse study was designed to evaluate a series of silicone adjuvants for increasing efficacy and rainfastness of Na-acifluorfen, isopropylamine-glyphosate, and Na-bentazon on velvetleaf and common lambsquarters. Silicone adjuvants were identified that increased both herbicide efficacy and rainfastness at 0.9 to 1.2 L ha-1. Specificity of adjuvants for specific target weed species and herbicides was evident. Effective silicone adjuvants were identified that did not increase soybean injury by Na-acifluorfen or Na-bentazon beyond that observed with crop oil concentrate. The efficacy of the best silicone adjuvant did not appear to be solely a function of reduced surface tension of the spray solution.

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3

Reddy, Krishna N., and Megh Singh. "Organosilicone Adjuvant Effects on Glyphosate Efficacy and Rainfastness." Weed Technology 6, no. 2 (June 1992): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00034874.

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Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Kinetic, a silicone adjuvant that appeared to increase the efficacy and rainfastness of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate on velvetleaf, sicklepod, barnyardgrass, guineagrass, yellow foxtail, and yellow nutsedge. Simulated rainfall of 1.3 cm in 5 min at 15 and 60 min after herbicide treatment reduced glyphosate efficacy on all weeds. Kinetic enhanced glyphosate efficacy when yellow nutsedge and guineagrass were subjected to post-spray rainfall at 60 min. On velvetleaf, sicklepod, and yellow foxtail, Kinetic improved glyphosate efficacy when the critical rain-free period was reduced to 15 min. Kinetic failed to provide rainfastness for barnyardgrass, thereby indicating a specificity of Kinetic for certain weed species.

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4

Sun, Jinxia, Chester L. Foy, and Harold L. Witt. "Effect of Organosilicone Surfactants on the Rainfastness of Primisulfuron in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)." Weed Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039920.

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Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of three organosilicone surfactants (Silwet L-77®, Silwet® 408, and Sylgard® 309) and two blends of organosilicone surfactants with conventional adjuvants (Dyne-Amic® and Kinetic®) on the rainfastness of primisulfuron in velvetleaf. Four conventional adjuvants, Rigo Oil Concentrate, Agri-Dex®, methylated soybean oil, and X-77® were selected for comparison. Primisulfuron at 40 g ai/ha was applied alone or with the organosilicones, blends, or X-77 at 0.25% (v/v); the other adjuvants were tested at 1% (v/v). Simulated rainfall (1.25 cm/0.5 h) was applied at 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 h after treatment. Control ratings were made at 5-d intervals and shoot fresh weights were recorded 20 DAT. The organosilicone surfactants significantly increased the rainfastness of primisulfuron, even when simulated rainfall was applied at 0.25 or 0.5 h after treatment. Rigo Oil Concentrate and Kinetic also increased rainfastness when rainfall was applied 1 h after treatment. Differences among adjuvants were not as apparent when rainfall was applied 2 h after treatment. Regardless of the timing of simulated rainfall after treatment, there were significant differences between treatments and nontreated check; however, control was not acceptable in several instances.

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5

Spanoghe, Pieter, Johan Claeys, Luc Pinoy, and Walter Steurbaut. "Rainfastness and adsorption of herbicides on hard surfaces." Pest Management Science 61, no. 8 (2005): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1063.

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6

Gaskin, R. E., D. W. L. Manktelow, and G. L. Northcott. "Effects of adjuvants on distribution and rainfastness of captan sprays on apple leaf scars to control European canker." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5744.

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Autumn leaf scars are an important pathogen infection site for European canker on apples Trials were undertaken to evaluate the effects of adjuvants on spray coverage of new leaf scars and determine if adjuvants could (1) impart any significant rainfastness to protectant captan sprays and (2) provide any redistribution of captan during a rain event postleaf drop Retention on fresh leaf scars was increased with the use of organosiliconelatex sticker adjuvants only Rain had little effect on spray residues but these adjuvants could improve rainfastness of captan due to their effects on spray retention Retention on stem wood and around leaf nodes was increased by up to sevenfold with the use of superspreadertype adjuvants due to redistribution of spray runoff from leaves High initial deposits resulted in postrain residues on leaf scars threefold higher than a captan spray alone Redistribution of captan onto exposed leaf scars in rain appears likely with these adjuvants

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7

Dagostin, Silvia, Tiziano Formolo, Oscar Giovannini, Ilaria Pertot, and Annegret Schmitt. "Salvia officinalis Extract Can Protect Grapevine Against Plasmopara viticola." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0575.

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The ability of sage (Salvia officinalis) extract to control grapevine downy mildew under greenhouse and field conditions was tested. The persistence and rainfastness of sage extract were also investigated. Sage extract provided a high level of sustained disease control in artificially inoculated, potted grapevine under greenhouse conditions. However, even small amounts of simulated rainfall (10 mm) significantly reduced efficacy of sage extract. In a field experiment in 2006, sage extract provided 94% reduction in disease incidence and 63% reduction in area under the disease progress curve for disease severity on berries and leaves, respectively, reaching a level of disease control not significantly different from that provided by copper hydroxide. In 2007, the sage extract provided only a partial reduction (less than 30%) of downy mildew on leaves, probably as a result of a long rainy period between two of the consecutive treatments. Overall, sage extract effectively controlled grapevine downy mildew and could be a promising alternative to copper in organic viticulture. However, the low rainfastness of this treatment adversely affected its efficacy.

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8

Bollig, J. J., J. R. Seiler, S. M. Zedaker, J. W. Thompson, and D. Lucero. "Effect of plant moisture stress and application surface on uptake and translocation of triclopyr with organosilicone surfactant in red maple seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-047.

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This study investigated the effect of plant moisture stress and surface of application on the absorption, translocation, and "rainfastness" (short-term ability to retain herbicide) of organosilicone-adjuvated (adjuvant added) [14C]triclopyr amine on greenhouse-grown, 4-month-old red maple (Acerrubrum L.) seedlings. Xylem water potentials were −1.6 and −0.9 MPa and leaf conductances were 0.07 and 0.13 cm s−1 for the stressed and control seedlings, respectively. At 2 h, rainfastness was 13% less for stressed seedlings. Uptake increased with time, and by 72 h no effect of moisture stress treatment was apparent. Abaxial absorption into living leaf tissue was 57% greater at 72 h than was adaxial absorption, but application surface did not significantly affect translocation. Plant moisture stress did, however, reduce translocation of herbicide into the shoots and roots. Organosilicone surfactants may enhance long-term triclopyr uptake in water-stressed seedlings, but do not appear to facilitate translocation in stressed seedlings. Plant moisture status, therefore, should continue to be a concern when scheduling herbicide applications.

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9

Nord, John C. "A Laboratory Rain Chamber for Testing Rainfastness of Insecticide Deposits." Journal of Entomological Science 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-26.2.267.

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10

Hulbert, Daniel, Pablo Reeb, Rufus Isaacs, Christine Vandervoort, Susan Erhardt, and John C. Wise. "Rainfastness of Insecticides Used to Control Japanese Beetle in Blueberries." Journal of Economic Entomology 105, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 1688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec11412.

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11

Balneaves, J. M. "Organosilicone surfactants help rainfastness of glyphosate on gorse and broom." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 45 (January 8, 1992): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1992.45.11232.

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12

Miller, Donnie K., James L. Griffin, and Edward P. Richard. "Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control and Rainfastness with Glyphosate and Adjuvants." Weed Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00044468.

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Glyphosate and adjuvant combinations were applied to rhizome johnsongrass at vegetative and reproductive growth stages to evaluate control and rainfastness in field studies. Using a rainfall simulator delivering 1.3 cm of water in 15 min, plots received either no rainfall or rainfall 15 or 60 min after glyphosate was applied at 2.1 kg ai/ha in combination with the nonionic surfactants Kinetic®HV at 0.25% (v/v) or Induce®at 1.0% (v/v) or the silicone surfactant Break-Thru®at 0.125% (v/v). Regardless of adjuvant, rainfall 15 or 60 min after application reduced johnsongrass control compared with no rainfall. Johnsongrass control 14 d after treatment at the reproductive stage was at least 89% with no rainfall, but no more than 53 and 65% with rainfall at 15 and 60 min, respectively. Based on initial weed control, adjuvants did not consistently improve rainfastness. Johnsongrass regrowth did not occur when glyphosate was applied with either adjuvant. In contrast, for glyphosate applied to johnsongrass in the vegetative stage, addition of Break-Thru improved control over Induce at both 15- and 60-min rainfall timings in one of two experiments. With no rainfall, addition of Kinetic HV and Break-Thru increased johnsongrass control in only one experiment. For application at the vegetative stage, johnsongrass regrowth averaged across rainfall timings was no more than 10%. In other field experiments, glyphosate at 1.4 kg/ha plus nonionic surfactants, silicone surfactant, crop oil concentrate, methylated seed oil, or a blend of silicone surfactant and methylated seed oil were equally effective in reducing johnsongrass regrowth when applied after seedhead emergence. Improved control of vegetative johnsongrass with some adjuvants was not reflected in decreased regrowth.

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13

Kah, Melanie, Divina Navarro, Rai S. Kookana, Jason K. Kirby, Swadeshmukul Santra, Ali Ozcan, and Shervin Kabiri. "Impact of (nano)formulations on the distribution and wash-off of copper pesticides and fertilisers applied on citrus leaves." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 6 (2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18279.

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Environmental contextThere are great concerns around current wide usage of copper-based agrochemicals. We compare the fate of nano- and conventional forms of copper, in particular their resistance to wash-off by rain (rainfastness), following their application to citrus leaves. Results showing large differences between the formulations in the amount and forms of copper washed from the leaves provide essential information to optimise agrochemical efficacy while minimising the environmental impact. AbstractThis study compares the rainfastness of nine forms of Cu, including nano and conventional Cu-based fungicide formulations, as well as their salt or bulk equivalents. Rainfastness is the ability to resist wash-off; it is a key property for improving pesticide formulations and for assessing the potential transfer of pesticides to the soil. A new protocol was developed to characterise losses of Cu from treated leaves. It consisted of dipping the leaves in rainwater and then in an acid/ethanol mixture followed by size fractionation. The proportion of Cu lost by wash-off from citrus leaves ranged from <2% (Tribasic, nCuO or Cu(OH)2) up to 93% (CuSO4) of the initial amount of Cu applied. Intermediate Cu losses were observed for formulations with silica (nano)particles (9–14% of applied Cu), Kocide (22%), ChampDP (31%), and a formulation with graphene oxide (47%). Smaller particles generally resulted in less wash-off, possibly due to stronger attachment to the leaf surface, but other factors such as the particle shape and solubility also played an essential role. The retention of nCuO to the leaves was particularly high, and the exact mechanisms involved (e.g. foliar uptake) deserve further work. Most of the Cu was washed off in its ionic form (>74%). Two Cu formulations (one commercial formulation and the formulation with graphene oxide) also showed wash off in significant proportions of Cu (~17%) in the nano-sized fraction. This study provides essential information on the amounts and forms of Cu that may reach the soil after the application of Cu-based agrochemicals. The great diversity in behaviour across the range of formulations considered highlights the need for more systematic research to fully exploit the potential improvements of current agrochemicals through (nano)formulation technologies.

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14

OHTSUBO, Toshiro, Hisami TAKEDA, Shigenori TSUDA, and Kozo TSUJI. "Formulation Factors of Pyrethroid Microcapsules Affecting Rainfastness, Phytotoxicity and Mammalian Toxicity." Journal of Pesticide Science 16, no. 3 (1991): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.16.413.

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15

Bariuan, Juanito V., Krishna N. Reddy, and Gene D. Wills. "Glyphosate Injury, Rainfastness, Absorption, and Translocation in Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)." Weed Technology 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045000.

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Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to study activity, rainfastness, absorption, and translocation of glyphosate with and without a nonionic organosilicone surfactant in purple nutsedge. Purple nutsedge responded differently to glyphosate depending on growth stage. Glyphosate at 2.24 kg ai/ha in 17-d-old and at 4.48 kg/ha in 10-wk-old plants controlled purple nutsedge at least 96%. Regrowth of plants and tuber resprouting were greatly reduced in these treatments. Organosilicone surfactant did not increase efficacy of glyphosate. A simulated rainfall of 2.5 cm (7.5 cm/h intensity) at 1 and 24 h after glyphosate application reduced efficacy by one-half and one-third, respectively, compared with no simulated rainfall. A rain-free period of 72 h prevented loss of glyphosate activity. Absorption of14C-glyphosate increased from 2.8% at 1 h after application to 21.4% at 168 h after application and translocation increased from 0.43% at 1 h after application to 5.18% at 168 h after application. Organosilicone surfactant did not affect absorption and translocation of glyphosate in purple nutsedge.

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16

Choi, Yun-Kyong, Ju-Hyun Yu, and Jae-Chul Chun. "Rainfastness of 5 Fungicides on the Leaf Surface of Hot Pepper." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 52, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2009.022.

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17

Jones, T., C. A. Hart, and J. S. Dearden. "ASPECTS OF RAINFASTNESS OF CULTAR (PACLOBUTRAZOL) ON GLASSHOUSE GROWN APPLE AND PEACH." Acta Horticulturae, no. 239 (July 1989): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.239.9.

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18

Knight, A. L., T. E. Larsen, and K. C. Ketner. "Rainfastness of a Microencapsulated Sex Pheromone Formulation for Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 97, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.6.1987.

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19

Andika, Vandervoort, and Wise. "Rainfastness of Insecticides used to Control Spotted-Wing Drosophila in Tart Cherry Production." Insects 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070203.

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Tart cherry production is challenged by precipitation events that may reduce crop protection against spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) (SWD). Due to SWD’s devastating impacts on yield, growers are often faced with the option of insecticide reapplication. Semi-field bioassays were used to assess simulated rainfall effects towards adult mortality, immature survival, and residue wash-off from different plant tissues for several compounds. Tart cherry shoots were treated with 0, 12.7 or 25.4 mm of simulated rainfall and infested with SWD for 5 days. Adult mortality was recorded 1, 3, and 5 days after shoots were infested, while immature stage individuals were counted 9 days after the first infestation day. All insecticides demonstrated higher adult mortality and lower immature survival compared with the untreated control at 0 mm of rainfall. Adult mortality and immature survival caused by phosmet, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram were adversely affected by simulated rainfall. In all bioassays, acetamiprid was the least affected by simulated rainfall. Residue analysis demonstrated phosmet and spinetoram residues to be the most sensitive to wash-off. This study demonstrates different rainfall effects on SWD control for several compounds. This information may provide a basis for making an informed decision on whether reapplication is required.

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20

Gaskin, R. E., and K. D. Steele. "A comparison of sticker adjuvants for their effects on retention and rainfastening of fungicide sprays." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4809.

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Sticker adjuvants enhance adhesion of pesticide sprays to plant surfaces and increase their resistance to rain This study evaluated the effect of two different sticker adjuvant types organosilicone/latex and terpene based polymers on the retention and rainfastness of a protectant fungicide tolyfluanid on Vicia faba (broad bean) and/or Brassica oleracea (cabbage) foliage On hardtowet cabbage the organosilicone/latex stickers provided better spray retention than the terpene polymers Increasing rates of the former resulted in increased retention of spray while use rate had no effect on terpene polymer performance After 4 mm rain (applied as a heavy rain event) up to 86 of fungicide deposits applied with organosilicone/ latex stickers were retained on cabbage In comparison

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21

Hulbert, Daniel, Rufus Isaacs, Christine Vandervoort, and John C. Wise. "Rainfastness and Residual Activity of Insecticides to Control Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Grapes." Journal of Economic Entomology 104, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec11077.

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22

OHTSUBO, Toshiro, Shigenori TSUDA, Hisami TAKEDA, and Kozo TSUJI. "Formulation Factors Affecting the Efficacy, Phytotoxicity and Rainfastness of Fenitrothion Microcapsules for Agricultural Use." Journal of Pesticide Science 16, no. 4 (1991): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.16.609.

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23

Taylor, N., and G. A. Matthews. "Effect of different adjuvants on the rainfastness of bendiocarb applied to Brussels sprout plants." Crop Protection 5, no. 4 (August 1986): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(86)90058-x.

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24

Maxwell, Tyler J., Parthiban Rajasekaran, Mikaeel Young, Morgan Schaff, Ryan Heetai, and Swadeshmukul Santra. "Non-phytotoxic zinc based nanoparticle adjuvant for improving rainfastness and sustained release of streptomycin." Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 14 (December 2020): 100355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100355.

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25

Robertson, Jacqueline L., and Haiganoush K. Preisler. "XRD-473 (AN EXPERIMENTAL BENZOYLPHENYLUREA): RATES AND OPTIMAL TIME OF APPLICATION TO WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM1,2." Journal of Entomological Science 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.1.16.

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XRD-473 (N-(((3,5-Dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy) phenyl-amino) carbonyl)-2, 6-difluorobenzamide), a benzoylphenylurea (BPU), was tested in a series of experiments to estimate the optimal time and rate of application relative to instar distribution of a population of western spruce budworm Choristoneura occidentals Freeman. The optimal time of application was estimated to be the first 17 days after the first group of second instars emerges from diapause. Based on the rainfastness of the chemical, field application rates were estimated to be 3.5, 7.0, and 10.4 g/ha. XRD-473 appears to be more than twice as effective per unit rate than any BPU previously tested; if it becomes commercially available, XRD-473 would be a prime candidate for field testing.

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26

Roggenbuck, Frank C., Richard F. Burow, and Donald Penner. "Relationship of Leaf Position to Herbicide Absorption and Organosilicone Adjuvant Efficacy." Weed Technology 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039725.

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The absorption of14C-bentazon and14C-acifluorfen by individual leaves of velvetleaf was measured from the cotyledons to the most recently developed leaf in plants that had developed seven leaves beyond the cotyledons. Herbicide absorption 1 min after application was greatly enhanced by the organosilicone adjuvant Sylgard 309 explaining previously observed enhanced efficacy and rainfastness by this adjuvant.14C-herbicide absorption was greatest by the cotyledons and decreased upward to the most recently developed leaf. Absorption of the14C-Sylgard 309 was similar to that of the14C-labelled herbicides and was not related to the number of stomata or leaf area covered by the spray droplets. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mode of action of Sylgard 309 is to enhance cuticular absorption and not stomatal infiltration.

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27

PANNACCI, EURO, SOLVEJG KOPP MATHIASSEN, and PER KUDSK. "Effect of adjuvants on the rainfastness and performance of tribenuron-methyl on broad-leaved weeds." Weed Biology and Management 10, no. 2 (June 3, 2010): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2010.00376.x.

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28

Afreh-Nuamah, Kwame. "Rainfastness and Efficacy of Spray Deposits of Cypermethrin on Neonate Codling Moth Larvae, Cydia pomonella." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 9, no. 05 (October 1988): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174275840000504x.

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29

Leung, John, and Barrie Webster. "Effect of adjuvants on rainfastness and herbicidal activity of glyphosate deposits on trembling aspen foliage." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 29, no. 6 (1994): 1169–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601239409372922.

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30

McGuire, Michael R., Baruch S. Shasha, Catherine E. Eastman, and Hassan Oloumi-Sadeghi. "Starch- and Flour-Based Sprayable Formulations: Effect on Rainfastness and Solar Stability of Bacillus thuringiensis." Journal of Economic Entomology 89, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.4.863.

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31

Thacker, J. Richard M., and Roderick D. F. Young. "The effects of six adjuvants on the rainfastness of chlorpyrifos formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate." Pesticide Science 55, no. 2 (February 1999): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199902)55:2<198::aid-ps867>3.0.co;2-r.

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32

Tamez-guerra, Patricia, Michael R. McGuire, Robert W. Behle, John J. Hamm, Harold R. Sumner, and Baruch S. Shasha. "Sunlight Persistence and Rainfastness of Spray-Dried Formulations of Baculovirus Isolated FromAnagrapha falcifera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 93, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.2.210.

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33

Nord, John C., and William D. Pepper. "Rainfastness of Insecticide Deposits on Loblolly Pine Foliage and the Efficacy of Adjuvants in Preventing Washoff." Journal of Entomological Science 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-26.2.287.

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The rainfastness of several insecticides on loblolly pine foliage was determined by using a laboratory rain chamber and by testing the foliage in bioassays with adult leaffooted pine seed bugs, Leptoglossus corculus (Say). The efficacy of eight commercial and two experimental adjuvants in preventing rainwashing of deposits of azinphosmethyl and phosmet from loblolly pine foliage was also determined. Deposits of azinphosmethyl from 0.2% (Al) simulated sprays made from emulsifiable concentrates (EC's), (Guthion 2S and 2L), were highly susceptible to rainwashing. Regression analysis of these data showed a significant linear relationship between arcsin percent mortality and rainfall amount in cm [y = 68.08 – 6.88/(Rainfall)]. Using the confidence intervals from the regression analysis, it was estimated that rainfall in excess of 1.42 cm would reduce mean seed bug mortality on treated foliage to an amount below 80% with 95% confidence, and likewise, rainfall in excess of 3.95 cm would reduce mean mortality to an amount below 50%. However, mortality of L. corculus on deposits of simulated azinphosmethyl 0.2% (Al) sprays made from the wettable powder (Guthion 50 WP) were virtually unaffected by 15 cm of rain. Spray deposits from permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC) at lower rates were moderately to highly resistant to rainwashing. Regression analyses perfomed on these data showed no significant relationship between mortality and rainfall amount. Most of the adjuvants were ineffective in preventing rainwashing of deposits of azinphosmethyl (EC) or phosmet (WP). Only two, Bio-Film and Exhalt 800, showed any promise.

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34

Hunsche, M., M. Schmitz-Eiberger, and G. Noga. "SEED OIL ETHOXYLATE ADJUVANTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RETENTION AND RAINFASTNESS OF THE CONTACT FUNGICIDE MANCOZEB." Acta Horticulturae, no. 772 (August 2008): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.772.70.

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35

Andersen, K. F., L. Morris, R. C. Derksen, L. V. Madden, and P. A. Paul. "Rainfastness of Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole for Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Management in Soft Red Winter Wheat." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (October 2014): 1398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-14-0092-re.

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Fungicides are most warranted for control of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a disease of wheat caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, when wet, rainy conditions occur during anthesis. However, it is unclear whether rainfall directly following application affects fungicide efficacy against FHB and its associated toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). The objective of this study was to determine the rainfastness of the fungicide tebuconazole + prothioconazole and the residual life of tebuconazole when applied to wheat spikes at anthesis in combination with the nonionic surfactant Induce. Three field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 in Wooster, OH. Simulated rainfall of a fixed intensity and duration was applied to separate plots at five different times after the fungicide treatment (0, 60, 105, 150, or 195 min). Spike samples were collected at 4-day intervals after fungicide application and assayed for tebuconazole residue. A similar set of greenhouse experiments was conducted using six post-fungicide-application rainfall timing treatments (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, or 180 min). All experiments were inoculated at anthesis with spores of F. graminearum, and FHB index (IND) and DON were quantified. In four of the five experiments, all fungicide-treated experimental units (EUs) had significantly lower mean IND and DON than the untreated check, regardless of rainfall treatment. Among rainfall treatments, EUs that received the earliest rains after fungicide application tended to have the highest numerical mean IND and DON, but were generally not significantly different from EUs that received later rain or fungicide without rain. In both years, fungicide residue on wheat spikes decreased rapidly with time after application, but the rate of reduction varied somewhat between years, with a half-life of 6 to 9 days. Rainfall treatment did not have a significant effect on the rate of residue reduction or the level of residue at a fixed sampling time after fungicide application. In this study, tebuconazole + prothioconazole mixed with a nonionic surfactant was fairly rainfast for a fixed set of rainfall characteristics, and tebuconazole residue did not persist very long after application on wheat spikes.

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36

Willoughby, I. H., and V. J. Stokes. "Mixture B New Formulation adjuvant increases the rainfastness and hence effectiveness of glyphosate for rhododendron control." Forestry 88, no. 2 (November 4, 2014): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu041.

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Kudsk, Per, Solvejg K. Mathiassen, and Erik Kirknel. "Influence of formulations and adjuvants on the rainfastness of maneb and mancozeb on pea and potato." Pesticide Science 33, no. 1 (1991): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780330107.

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38

Schmitz-Eiberger, Michaela A., Roland Haefs, and Georg J. Noga. "Enhancing biological efficacy and rainfastness of foliar applied calcium chloride solutions by addition of rapeseedoil surfactants." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165, no. 5 (October 2002): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2624(200210)165:5<634::aid-jpln634>3.0.co;2-3.

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39

Gannon, Travis W., and Fred H. Yelverton. "Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Tall Fescue (Lolium Arundinaceum) Control with Glyphosate." Weed Technology 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-158.1.

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Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of simulated rainfall after glyphosate application on tall fescue control. Three glyphosate formulations, three simulated rainfall amounts, two application rates, and three rain-free periods were evaluated. Glyphosate formulations evaluated included Roundup Original®, Roundup Pro®, and Roundup ProDry®. Herbicide drying periods, or rain-free intervals, included 15, 30, or 60 min. Simulated rainfall amounts were 0, 0.25, or 0.64 cm. Application rates of glyphosate were 3.4 or 6.7 kg ae/ha. Averaged across glyphosate formulation and simulated rainfall amount, excellent (≥ 90%) tall fescue control was observed when no simulated rainfall occurred within 60 min after application, whereas good (≥ 80%) tall fescue control was observed when 30 rain-free min were provided. Although current glyphosate labels are vague about rainfastness, these data indicate that critical rain-free periods may be as short as 30 min when higher application rates are used.

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Wang, Z., S. Zheng, H. H. Wang, and S. Liang. "Determinants of agricultural chemical price in China’s export-oriented vegetable production area." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 1 (January 29, 2010): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2009-agricecon.

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Agricultural chemicals may have an adverse impact on environment and food safety. The demand prices of such chemicals reveal farmers’ willingness to pay and their preferences. This article examines the determinants of the agricultural chemicals price in the export-oriented vegetable production area, Anqiu, Shandong Province, applying the Hedonic Price Model based on the spatial econometric technique to analyze the price. We find that the agricultural chemicals with a different shape and function have different equilibrium prices, and the chemical attributes of permeability, rainfastness, being a substitute of the highly poisonous chemical, having a zero residue, and the internal absorption can all influence the equilibrium prices remarkably. We also find that the prices of biological and non-pollution agricultural chemicals might not be higher than the ordinary agricultural chemicals with the same characteristics. These findings do not show a good sign to the new agricultural chemicals promotion and environmental protection, and should be brought to the government’s attention.

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Teixeira, Luís A. F., John C. Wise, Larry J. Gut, and Rufus Isaacs. "Paraffin Wax Emulsion for Increased Rainfastness of Insecticidal Bait to Control Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 102, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 1108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0332.

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42

Rossouw, Cornelius J., Paul H. Fourie, J. Gideon Van Zyl, J. Eduard Hoffman, and Adéle McLeod. "Rainfastness of mancozeb on apple seedlings determined through deposition quantification of mancozeb residue and a fluorescent pigment." Crop Protection 106 (April 2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.12.008.

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Symonds, Brett L., Niall R. Thomson, Christopher I. Lindsay, and Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy. "Rainfastness of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Deposits on Vicia faba Leaf Surfaces: From Laboratory-Scale Washing to Simulated Rain." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 22 (April 26, 2016): 14220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01682.

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Roggenbuck, Frank C., Donald Penner, Richard F. Burow, and Bryan Thomas. "Study of the enhancement of herbicide activity and rainfastness by an organosilicone adjuvant utilizing radiolabelled herbicide and adjuvant." Pesticide Science 37, no. 2 (1993): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780370203.

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Sevastos, Apostolos A., Niall R. Thomson, Christopher Lindsay, Faheem Padia, and Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy. "Rainfastness of agrochemical formulations based on N-vinyl pyrrolidone polymers and their interpolymer complexes with poly(acrylic acid)." European Polymer Journal 134 (July 2020): 109852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109852.

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Shaner, Dale L., Phil Westra, and Scott Nissen. "AMADS Increases the Efficacy of Glyphosate Formulations on Corn." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-332r3.1.

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Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of 1-aminomethanamide dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate (AMADS) as a spray adjuvant on the efficacy of three different glyphosate formulations, the isopropylamine salt (glyphosate-IPA), potassium salt (glyphosate-K), and the acid of glyphosate dissolved in AMADS (glyphosate-A). All formulations were tested at multiple rates with and without AMADS (2% v/v) on greenhouse-grown corn, and growth inhibition was determined by measuring the elongation of the newest emerging leaf between 1 and 7 d after treatment. AMADS increased the efficacy of all three glyphosate formulations by threefold to fourfold. The IC50 values for glyphosate-IPA, glyphosate-K, and glyphosate-A without AMADS on corn were 77, 54, and 53 g ae/ha, respectively; and with AMADS the values were 20, 18, and 21 g/ha, respectively. AMADS was more effective than ammonium sulfate (2% w/v) in overcoming the antagonism of hard water (200 parts per million Ca+2) on glyphosate-K efficacy on corn. The rainfastness of glyphosate-IPA, glyphosate-A, and glyphosate-K was improved with AMADS.

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FENG, PAUL C. C., JOSEPH J. SANDBRINK, and R. DOUGLAS SAMMONS. "Retention, Uptake, and Translocation of14C-Glyphosate from Track-Spray Applications and Correlation to Rainfastness in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)1." Weed Technology 14, no. 1 (January 2000): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037x(2000)014[0127:ruatoc]2.0.co;2.

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Omar, D., and G. A. Matthews. "The rainfastness of permethrin deposits of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and ultra‐low‐volume (ULV) formulation on brussels sprout leaves." Tropical Pest Management 36, no. 2 (January 1990): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879009371464.

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Bringe, Katja, Mauricio Hunsche, Michaela Schmitz-Eiberger, and Georg Noga. "Retention and rainfastness of mancozeb as affected by physicochemical characteristics of adaxial apple leaf surface after enhanced UV-B radiation." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601230601123235.

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Zheng, Feng, Yanchun Li, Zhixiang Zhang, Jinliang Jia, Pengtong Hu, Chaoqun Zhang, and Hanhong Xu. "Novel strategy with an eco-friendly polyurethane system to improve rainfastness of tea saponin for highly efficient rice blast control." Journal of Cleaner Production 264 (August 2020): 121685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121685.

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