Journal articles: 'Rainforest animals'

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Radespiel, U., and M. W. Bruford. "Fragmentation genetics of rainforest animals: insights from recent studies." Conservation Genetics 15, no. 2 (November 16, 2013): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0550-3.

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Heise-Pavlov, Sigrid, Clare Anderson, and Andrea Moshier. "Studying food preferences in captive cryptic folivores can assist in conservation planning: the case of the Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi)." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 2 (2014): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13036.

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Food preferences of the arboreal Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi), endemic to the tropical rainforests of north-eastern Australia, are largely unknown, but are likely to affect the movements of this mammal within its home range and across a fragmented landscape. Food selection was investigated by applying a consumption ranking system to 35 browse species provided to six captive animals throughout different years. Animals consumed foliage from a wide range of rainforest tree species, but at different intensities, suggesting that Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo is a selective folivore. All studied animals showed a general preference for the foliage of the northern olive (Chionanthus ramiflorus) and the umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla) throughout the year while foliage from acacias (Acacia spp.), milky pine (Alstonia scholaris) and pink ash (Alphitonia petriei) was less frequently consumed. Foliage from figs (Ficus spp.) and the northern tamarind (Diploglottis diphyllostegia) was consumed at higher rates only at certain times of the year, suggesting the existence of seasonal preferences. The knowledge of general and seasonal food preferences of this large arboreal mammal may allow a better prediction of animal movements and therefore can assist in conservation efforts. Recommendations for the integration of these findings in restoration projects are given.

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Boyer, Sarah L., Caitlin M. Baker, Zachary R. Popkin-Hall, Domokos I. Laukó, Hannah A. Wiesner, and Rachel H. Quay. "Phylogeny and biogeography of the mite harvestmen (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) of Queensland, Australia, with a description of six new species from the rainforests of the Wet Tropics." Invertebrate Systematics 29, no. 1 (2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is14025.

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The Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, represent the largest remaining fragment of vast rainforests that once covered the entire continent. Over the past few decades the Wet Tropics bioregion has received much attention from biologists interested in the effect of climate change on diversity and distribution of rainforest animals. However, most such studies have focused on vertebrates, and despite considerable interest in the biota of the area, the diversity of many of Wet Tropics invertebrate taxa remains poorly known. Here we describe six new species of mite harvestman from the area, identified using a combination of morphological and molecular data. Our study represents the first detailed phylogenetic study of the genus Austropurcellia, and provides insight into the historical biogeography of these dispersal-limited arachnids.

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Newell, Graeme R. "Home range and habitat use by Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) within a rainforest fragment in north Queensland." Wildlife Research 26, no. 2 (1999): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98016.

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Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi), one the largest arboreal mammals in Australia, has been poorly studied owing to its limited distributional range and secretive habits within tropical rainforests. This study investigated the way D. lumholtzi used its habitat within a rainforest fragment on the Atherton Tableland, North Queensland. Thirteen animals were fitted with radio-collars to determine their spatial and temporal use of habitat. Female D. lumholtzi used exclusive home ranges averaging 0.7 ha in area (90% harmonic mean), while males occupied larger home ranges of an average of approximately 2 ha, allowing for a density of 1.4–1.5 adult tree-kangaroos per hectare within the study area. The exception to this home- range size was one juvenile male presumably undergoing post-natal dispersal that used several forest fragments and other habitats, with a home range of 332 ha. Home ranges of males overlapped in part the ranges of several females. Home ranges of males tended to abut those of other males, and antagonistic encounters occurred at the boundaries of the home ranges. Males had a significantly larger body size than females (males 8.63 kg; females 7.05 kg). Social interactions between individuals, apart from antagonistic male–male encounters, were observed infrequently. Only 6% and 2.7% of fixes for females and males, respectively, included the presence of another animal in the same or adjacent tree at the time of location. Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos were associated with a wide range of rainforest trees and a smaller number of vine species. However, in general, individual animals regularly associated with only a small suite (mean 3.5 species with >10% usage) of tree species present within their home range, and appeared to display individual preferences for certain species. Individual radio-tracked D. lumholtzi were visible only 9.4% of the time at night, and 20% of the time during the day. Males and females were as visible as each other, and both were seen significantly lower in the canopy and into the mid-storey during the night than during the day.

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Laurance, WF. "Abundance estimates of small mammals in Australian tropical rainforest: a comparison of four trapping methods." Wildlife Research 19, no. 6 (1992): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920651.

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I compared the efficacy of terrestrial, arboreal, carnivore, and pitfall trapping methods for censusing small (200 animals per 1000 trap-nights), whereas carnivore (83.7 animals per 1000 trap-nights) and pitfall (9.1 animals per 1000 trap-nights) traps were less effective. However, each method was particularly effective for 1-4 species, with factors such as diet, vertical microhabitat use, body size and trap avoidance strongly influencing trappability of different species. Strategies for censusing small mammals in tropical rainforest are discussed.

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Churchill, SK. "Distribution, habitat and satus of the Carpentarian rock-rat, Zyzomys palatalis." Wildlife Research 23, no. 1 (1996): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960077.

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A survey was conducted in the Northern Temtory and Queensland to determine the distribution, status and habitat use of the recently described Carpentarian rock-rat, Zyzomys palatalis. The species was previously known from two localities in the Gulf of Carpentaria, and this survey added only one new population to its known range. The species is restricted to monsoon rainforest on scree slopes. In the Gulf region this habitat is very limited and highly fragmented. The only areas where suitable habitat exists are in relatively inaccessible gorges where permanent springs provide enough moisture to maintain the monsoon rainforests. These patches of relict vegetation may be threatened by feral animals and changing fire regimes. Because of the low population size of Z. palatalis and the small size of suitable habitat available, the species is considered to be critically endangered.

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Dillon, Adam, and Marcella J. Kelly. "Ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Belize: the impact of trap spacing and distance moved on density estimates." Oryx 41, no. 4 (October 2007): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307000518.

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AbstractWe used remote cameras to obtain information on an elusive species and to examine the effects of different camera trapping methodologies on abundance estimates. We determined activity pattern, trail use, trap success, and density of ocelot Leopardus pardalis in seven camera-trap surveys across two habitat types in western Belize: tropical broad-leaf rainforest and tropical pine forest. Ocelots in the rainforest were active mostly at night, in particular immediately after sunset, and they travelled on low-use roads (especially in the wet season) and high-use roads (especially in the dry season) more than established and newly cut trails. Trap success was relatively high in the rainforest (2.11–6.20 captures per 100 trap nights) and low in the pine forest (0.13–0.15 captures per 100 trap nights). Camera trapping combined with mark-recapture statistics gave densities of 25.82–25.88 per 100 km2 in the broad-leaf versus 2.31–3.80 per 100 km2 in the pine forest. Density estimates increased when animals repeatedly captured at the same camera (zero-distance moved animals) were included in the buffer size analysis. Density estimates were significantly negatively correlated with distance between cameras. We provide information on ocelot population status from an unstudied portion of its range and advise that camera trap methodologies be standardized to permit comparisons across sites.

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Wiafe, Edward Debrah. "Hunted species and hunting equipment used by rainforest poachers in Ghana." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): 11285. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3416.10.2.11285-11289.

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This study investigated species that are hunted in protected rainforest areas and the methods used to hunt them, using data obtained by recording items in the possession of 17 poachers arrested in Kakum Conservation Area in Ghana over a period of 12 months. Twelve species were recorded among 69 total animals. Most were mammals, including primates. Shotguns and wire snares were the main hunting methods used. Primates must be given special protection and conservation attention, as they were found to be prominent among the animals poached.

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Eby, P. "Seasonal movements of grey-headed flying-foxes, Pteropus poliocephalus (Chiroptera : Pteropodidae), from two maternity camps in northern New South Wales." Wildlife Research 18, no. 5 (1991): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910547.

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Seasonal movements of 22 Pteropus poliocephalus, from two maternity camps in north-eastern New South Wales, were monitored from January to June 1989 using radiotelemetry. The animals moved independently in time and space among various communal roosts located 8-610 km from the maternity camp sites. Generally, P. poliocephalus from a camp near rainforest (Currie Park, Lismore) remained within 50 km of the maternity site. These localised movements were attributed to the continued availability of fruits in the rainforest throughout the study. Animals from a maternity camp surrounded by sclerophyll forest (Susan I., Grafton) undertook long migrations south (median distance 342.5 km, n = 11) to camps containing up to 200 000 P. poliocephalus of both sexes. These large aggregations formed during the mating season and comprised individuals drawn from various previous sites. Thus, P. poliocephalus in northern and central N.S.W. appear to function as a single breeding population and should be managed as such. After mid-May, animals from Susan I. returned to north-eastern N.S.W. There was high correlation between movements of P. poliocephalus from the camp at Susan I. and the flowering patterns of certain species of Myrtaceae and Proteaceae. It is hypothesised that flowering attractive to apiarists is also attractive to P. poliocephalus and that information from apiarists could be used by wildlife managers to predict large aggregations of the animals.

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Laurance, WF, and JD Grant. "Photographic identification of ground-nest predators in Australian tropical rainforest." Wildlife Research 21, no. 2 (1994): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940241.

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Automatic cameras triggered by infrared beams were used to identify animals visiting artificial groundnests in north Queensland rainforest. In 1992-93 six cameras and nests were established at four sites ranging from 340 to 840m in elevation, and a total of 279 identifiable photographs of nest visitors were recorded. White-tailed rats (Uromys caudimaculatus) comprised 74% of all photographs and were the most frequent visitor at five of six nests. Bush rats (Rattus fuscipes) were second in frequency (17%), with other small mammals (Rattus leucopus, Melomys cervinipes, Perameles nasuta), birds (Ailuroedus melanotis, Pitta versicolor) and reptiles (Varanus varius) each accounting for less than 2% of nest visits. Omnivorous rodents comprised the large majority (96%) of visits and may be significant predators on nests of some ground-nesting birds in Australian tropical rainforest.

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Snaddon, Jake L., Edgar C. Turner, and William A. Foster. "Children's Perceptions of Rainforest Biodiversity: Which Animals Have the Lion's Share of Environmental Awareness?" PLoS ONE 3, no. 7 (July 2, 2008): e2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002579.

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12

Rattenborg, Niels C., Bryson Voirin, Alexei L. Vyssotski, Roland W. Kays, Kamiel Spoelstra, Franz Kuemmeth, Wolfgang Heidrich, and Martin Wikelski. "Sleeping outside the box: electroencephalographic measures of sleep in sloths inhabiting a rainforest." Biology Letters 4, no. 4 (May 15, 2008): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0203.

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The functions of sleep remain an unresolved question in biology. One approach to revealing sleep's purpose is to identify traits that explain why some species sleep more than others. Recent comparative studies of sleep have identified relationships between various physiological, neuroanatomical and ecological traits, and the time mammals spend in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. However, owing to technological constraints, these studies were based exclusively on animals in captivity. Consequently, it is unclear to what extent the unnatural laboratory environment affected time spent sleeping, and thereby the identification and interpretation of informative clues to the functions of sleep. We performed the first electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of sleep on unrestricted animals in the wild using a recently developed miniaturized EEG recorder, and found that brown-throated three-toed sloths ( Bradypus variegatus ) inhabiting the canopy of a tropical rainforest only sleep 9.63 h d −1 , over 6 h less than previously reported in captivity. Although the influence of factors such as the age of the animals studied cannot be ruled out, our results suggest that sleep in the wild may be markedly different from that in captivity. Additional studies of various species are thus needed to determine whether the relationships between sleep duration and various traits identified in captivity are fundamentally different in the wild. Our initial study of sloths demonstrates the feasibility of this endeavour, and thereby opens the door to comparative studies of sleep occurring within the ecological context within which it evolved.

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Dangles, Olivier, Mario Herrera, Carlos Carpio, and Christopher J. Lortie. "Facilitation costs and benefits function simultaneously on stress gradients for animals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 22, 2018): 20180983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0983.

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Understanding the variation in species interactions along environmental stress gradients is crucial for making robust ecological predictions about community responses to changing environmental conditions. The facilitation–competition framework has provided a strong basis for predictions (e.g. the stress-gradient hypothesis, SGH), yet the mechanisms behind patterns in animal interactions on stress gradients are poorly explored in particular for mobile animals. Here, we proposed a conceptual framework modelling changes in facilitation costs and benefits along stress gradients and experimentally tested this framework by measuring fitness outcomes of benefactor–beneficiary interactions across resource quality levels. Three arthropod consumer models from a broad array of environmental conditions were used including aquatic detritivores, potato moths and rainforest carrion beetles. We detected a shift to more positive interactions at increasing levels of stress thereby supporting the application of the SGH to mobile animals. While most benefactors paid no significant cost of facilitation, an increase in potato moth beneficiary's growth at high resource stress triggered costs for benefactors. This study is the first to experimentally show that both costs and benefits function simultaneously on stress gradients for animals. The proposed conceptual framework could guide future studies examining species interaction outcomes for both animals and plants in an increasingly stressed world.

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Silver, Scott C., Linde E. T. Ostro, Laura K. Marsh, Leonardo Maffei, Andrew J. Noss, Marcella J. Kelly, Robert B. Wallace, Humberto Gómez, and Guido Ayala. "The use of camera traps for estimating jaguar Panthera onca abundance and density using capture/recapture analysis." Oryx 38, no. 2 (April 2004): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000286.

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Across their range jaguars Panthera onca are important conservation icons for several reasons: their important role in ecosystems as top carnivores, their cultural and economic value, and their potential conflicts with livestock. However, jaguars have historically been difficult to monitor. This paper outlines the first application of a systematic camera trapping methodology for abundance estimation of jaguars. The methodology was initially developed to estimate tiger abundance in India. We used a grid of camera traps deployed for 2 months, identified individual animals from their pelage patterns, and estimated population abundance using capture-recapture statistical models. We applied this methodology in a total of five study sites in the Mayan rainforest of Belize, the Chaco dry forest of Bolivia, and the Amazonian rainforest of Bolivia. Densities were 2.4–8.8 adult individuals per 100 km2, based on 7–11 observed animals, 16–37 combined ‘captures’ and ‘recaptures’, 486–2,280 trap nights, and sample areas of 107–458 km2. The sampling technique will be used to continue long-term monitoring of jaguar populations at the same sites, to compare with further sites, and to develop population models. This method is currently the only systematic population survey technique for jaguars, and has the potential to be applied to other species with individually recognizable markings.

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Rowley, Jodi J. L., and Ross A. Alford. "Movement patterns and habitat use of rainforest stream frogs in northern Queensland, Australia: implications for extinction vulnerability." Wildlife Research 34, no. 5 (2007): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07014.

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Amphibians are one of the most highly threatened groups of animals, but their effective conservation is hampered by a paucity of basic ecological knowledge, particularly for tropical stream-breeding species, in which declines have been most common and severe. We examined the movement patterns and habitat use of three stream-breeding frog species at five sites in northern Queensland, Australia. Movement and habitat use differed significantly among species. Litoria lesueuri moved more frequently and greater distances than did our other study species, and was often located away from streams, moving between intact rainforest and highly disturbed environments. Litoria genimaculata moved less frequently and shorter distances and was more restricted to stream environments compared with L. lesueuri, but was often located in the canopy. L. genimaculata occasionally moved large distances along and between streams, but was never located outside of intact rainforest. Litoria nannotis moved almost as frequently as the other species, but remained in streams during the day, did not move large distances along or between streams, and was always located within intact rainforest. Because of its sedentary behaviour, narrow habitat tolerance and affinity for stream environments, L. nannotis may be more vulnerable to extinction in human-modified landscapes compared with L. lesueuri and L. genimaculata.

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Hou, Ping-Chun L., Xiaoming Zou, Ching-Yu Huang, and Hao-Jian Chien. "Plant litter decomposition influenced by soil animals and disturbance in a subtropical rainforest of Taiwan." Pedobiologia 49, no. 6 (November 2005): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.07.001.

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Farnetti, Tobia. "Animism in Rainforest and Tundra: Personhood, Animals, Plants, and Things in Contemporary Amazonia and Siberia." Inner ASIA 15, no. 1 (2013): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-90000062.

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Loker, William. "Pastures Research in the Peruvian Amazon." Practicing Anthropology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.16.2.muh686188pk750j6.

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There are few places on earth hotter than an Amazonian pasture at midday. With the canopy of the rainforest trees removed, the sun beats down relentlessly on unbroken fields of grass and weedy shrubs, baking plants, animals, and anthropologist alike. The forest is cool by comparison. Yet in pastures is where I found myself repeatedly while studying the role of cattle in the agricultural production systems of colonist farmers in the Peruvian Amazon.

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Wierucka, Aleksandra. "Producing a popular image of the Amazon rainforest and indigenous peoples in picturebooks in English-speaking societies." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.4845.

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For many years the media have presented the rainforest as a fascinating and exotic place, abundant in various species of plants and animals, the home of people decorated with feathers or holding spears. Picturebooks are no exception. This article presents the ways a popular image of the Amazon forest is produced in picturebooks for young readers in English-speaking industrialised societies. The analysis shows that shaping knowledge about the tropical forest is based on stereotypes about the “untouched pristine forest” populated by “wild indigenous people” – a notion that is spurious. Some of these books undertake the subject of indigenous knowledge or the loss of cultural identity. However the presentation of these issues often lacks deeper dimensions. The exoticisation of rainforest inhabitants as well as the forest itself may have a negative impact on young readers’ understanding of the cultural diversity of the Amazon, as well as their understanding of the complexity of indigenous peoples’ lives.

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Ribeiro, Raquel, and Diogenes Henrique de Siqueira-Silva. "First report of complete albinism in Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) in the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé, Oriental Amazon, Brazil." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (May 19, 2020): e46734. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.46734.

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Albinism is a genetic condition that results in total hypopigmentation of the eyes, fur, skin, hair, scales, and feathers of an organism. Albinism might result in a selective disadvantage for affected animals. Cases of albinism have been previously recorded in Neotropical vertebrates, such as reptiles, mammals, birds, and fish. However, observing albinism in a wild population is still considered to be a rare event. This paper reports a unique case of complete albinism in a red-brocket deer (Mazama americana) living in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The individual was observed within the Biological Reserve of Pará State, one of the most deforested regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The survival of the albino red-brocket deer in the wild can be related to mechanisms of apostatic selection, which theorize the survival of individual prey animals whose mutations make them less likely to be attacked by predators. In other words, the more different a prey animal is from others, the less likely it will be targeted by predators. The high abundance prey animals within the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé seems to support this prediction. This report exemplifies the importance of monitoring the biodiversity and promoting the conservation of favorable habitats to support species multiplicity in highly fragmented regions, as in the Brazilian Amazon.

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Potts, Jonathan R., Karl Mokross, and Mark A. Lewis. "A unifying framework for quantifying the nature of animal interactions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 96 (July 6, 2014): 20140333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0333.

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Collective phenomena, whereby agent–agent interactions determine spatial patterns, are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. On the other hand, movement and space use are also greatly influenced by the interactions between animals and their environment. Despite both types of interaction fundamentally influencing animal behaviour, there has hitherto been no unifying framework for the models proposed in both areas. Here, we construct a general method for inferring population-level spatial patterns from underlying individual movement and interaction processes, a key ingredient in building a statistical mechanics for ecological systems. We show that resource selection functions, as well as several examples of collective motion models, arise as special cases of our framework, thus bringing together resource selection analysis and collective animal behaviour into a single theory. In particular, we focus on combining the various mechanistic models of territorial interactions in the literature with step selection functions, by incorporating interactions into the step selection framework and demonstrating how to derive territorial patterns from the resulting models. We demonstrate the efficacy of our model by application to a population of insectivore birds in the Amazon rainforest.

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Zaťko, Roman. "Symbolism of the Eagle and Jaguar in the Novel City of the Beasts by Isabel Allende." Ethnologia Actualis 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eas-2021-0004.

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Abstract The following article is concerned with the analysis of the symbols of eagle and jaguar in the native cultures from the Amazon area, which, have inspired, among others, Chilean author Isabel Allende in her novel City of the Beasts. The animal motives become an integral part of the cultural tradition of the South American indigenous tribes that the author mentions. Legends and myths that the inhabitants of the rainforest keep to this day often describe the relation between person's life and the surrounding nature. In this respect, eagle and jaguar play an important role. From an anthropological point of view, the native peoples of the Amazon are closely tied with these animals. Their culture contains customs and rituals in which they imitate these worshipped animals. The aim of these rituals is to acquire animal hunting skills and strength. In literature, this connection can be even stronger. There are occasionally marriages between an eagle or jaguar and human characters, who live side by side. Such connection is not possible with other animals like sloths or monkeys. The reason for this is primarily the fact that only jaguars and eagles make living in a similar fashion to human characters of native myths. They hunt like people, eat what humans do and they share the same hunting grounds and habitat. In the novel, Isabel Allende refers to the jaguar and eagle as totem animals. They are symbols of profound connection between humans and nature. In the course of the story, the eagle and jaguar accompany the young heroes Alexander Cold and his friend Nadia on their initiation journey through the forest. At the end of the story, the young couple comes back to the civilization to convey the message of the indigenous people of Amazon, seeking an end of the bloodshed these tribes face.

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Gonedelé Bi, S., Inza Koné, J. C. K. Béné, E. A. Bitty, K. A. Yao, B. A. Kouassi, and P. Gaubert. "Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in Côte d'Ivoire." Oryx 51, no. 3 (April 25, 2016): 418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001453.

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AbstractFor most Ivorian regions quantitative data on the exploitation of bushmeat by local communities are scarce. We studied hunting patterns around Dassioko Sud Forest Reserve, a remnant coastal forest in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire, through a 6-month survey of nine restaurants, in three villages surrounding the Reserve. We collected quantitative and qualitative data on the bushmeat brought to restaurants, as well as the final price for which it was sold. We calculated mean prices over the study period and extrapolated to the whole year. A total of 376 mammals (98%) and eight reptiles (2%) were sold in the restaurants surveyed. Rodents and small antelopes represented 74% of the mammals sold, probably reflecting the fact that reproductive strategists persist more successfully in heavily hunted and/or agricultural landscapes, such as the area around the Reserve. Our conservative estimate of the total biomass of bushmeat harvested annually around the Reserve is c. 40,428.03 kg (c. 11,886 animals), with a monetary value of c. FCFA 47,728,516 (c. USD 93,485.75 ), yielding an annual income of c. USD10,387.31 per person, which exceeds the mean annual income of cocoa farmers (FCFA 466,032/USD 932) more than tenfold. Although the sustainability of the bushmeat trade in the surveyed area remains unknown, we showed that hunters predominantly used cable snares, the Reserve was significantly affected by hunting activities (c. 53% of the bushmeat originated there), and larger mammalian species had been extirpated. A lack of effective protection exposes the Reserve to multiple illegal activities, including hunting, a situation exacerbated by the political crisis in 2010.

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Vera y Conde, C. F., and C. F. D. Rocha. "Habitat disturbance and small mammal richness and diversity in an Atlantic rainforest area in southeastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 4 (November 2006): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000600005.

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Since disturbance is an important ecological factor affecting species diversity in natural environments, the increasing human occupation rate in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, which supports about 50% of Brazil's human population, has resulted in intense habitat degradation and fragmentation. Within this rainforest, animal and plant species have been lost at a high rate, and biological and diversity is presently vulnerable. Various animals community studies along a gradient of environmental disturbances have shown that the highest species diversities occur in habitats with intermediate levels of disturbance frequency and intensity. In the present study, which was carried out in the Atlantic forest of Ilha Grande (23° 11' S and 44° 12' W), an island located on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, we estimated species richness, diversity, and abundance of small mammals in three forest areas having different disturbance levels. This was done, in each of these areas and in an anthropic area that they surround, by establishing trails 200 m long, in which points were marked at 20 m intervals. The work involved a total effort of 4800 trap/nights. We also measured some habitat variables at each site in order to evaluated their disturbance levels. Our data showed that the two most conserved forests had the lower species richness and small mammal diversity, while in the anthropic area wild species were absent. The forest with an intermediary level of disturbance showed higher values for species richness and diversity, with the anthropic area presenting the highest disturbance level.

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Leung, Luke K. P. "Ecology of Australian tropical rainforest mammals. II. The Cape York melomys, Melomys capensis (Muridae : Rodentia)." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96043.

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This is the first detailed ecological study of the Cape York melomys, Melomys capensis, a small rodent endemic to the Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland, Australia. A total of 343 animals was captured 781 times in rainforest at Iron Range during a capture–mark–recapture study from 1989 to 1991. Compared with other species of Melomys in more variable habitats, populations of M. capensis were relatively stable: adjusted mean number on the traplines exhibited a maximum 1.3–2.0-fold difference. The stable demography may be related to the apparently more constant food supply in tropical rainforest. Both population abundance and male reproductive condition peaked in December when the availability of fruit was high, indicating that populations are limited by food supply. M. capensis was herbivorous, nocturnal, semi-arboreal, and it nested in hollows. Breeding occurred throughout the study. Most litters comprised two young. Young became trappable at about 14 days of age, and reached reproductive maturity at about 43 days of age. Females gave birth to the first litter when they were at least 80 days old and continued to breed into their second year.

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Leung, Luke K. P., and Luke K. P. Leung. "Ecology of Australian tropical rainforest mammals. III. The Cape York rat, Rattus leucopus (Muridae : Rodentia)." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96044.

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This is the first detailed ecological study of the Cape York rat, Rattus leucopus, a small rodent found on the Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland, Australia. A total of 296 animals was captured 1135 times in rainforest at Iron Range during a capture–mark–recapture study from 1989 to 1991. Compared with other native species of Rattus in more variable habitats, populations of R. leucopus were relatively stable: adjusted mean numbers on the traplines exhibited a 2.3–2.6-fold change. This stability may be related to the apparently more stable food supply in tropical rainforest. Evidence from this study indicates that populations are limited by food availability: male reproductive condition peaked in December when fruit availability was high; and mean population abundance significantly increased in moist areas where food supply was apparently higher. R. leucopus was nocturnal, terrestrial, omnivorous, and nested communally in burrows. Breeding occurred throughout the study. Young became trappable at the age of 22 days. Reproductive maturity was reached at the age of three months. Females gave birth to their first litters when they were at least four months old, and continued to breed into their second or third year.

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Lopes, Marcos Gomes, Felipe da Silva Krawczak, Julia Teresa Ribeiro de Lima, Gislene Fatima da Silva Rocha Fournier, Igor da Cunha Lima Acosta, Diego Garcia Ramirez, Arlei Marcili, Marcelo Bahia Labruna, and Solange Maria Gennari. "Occurrence of Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis and probable exposure to Rickettsia amblyommatis in dogs and cats in Natal, RN." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 1 (March 2019): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180065.

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Abstract Occurrence of infection or exposure to Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Rickettsia spp. was detected in feral cats living in two fragments from Atlantic rainforest, in Natal, RN, Brazil, and in dogs living around the parks. While serum samples were collected from 155 animals (53 cats living in the parks; 29 dogs living in human homes around the parks; and 73 dogs living at an animal control center - ACC), spleen samples were collected from 20 dogs that were euthanized at ACC. Serum samples were analyzed to Rickettsia spp. and E. canis antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence assay. Seventeen of the 102 dogs (17%) had E. canis antibodies and 13% (20/155) of all dogs and cats (i.e. 3% (3/102) of the dogs and 32% (17/53) of the cats) were seropositive for Rickettsia spp. antigens. The animals were therefore been exposed to R. amblyommatis or by a very closely related genotype. Among the 20 dog spleen samples analyzed, eight were PCR positive for E. canis and two for H. canis (GenBank accession number MG772657 and MG772658, respectively). In none of the spleen samples were obtained amplicons for Babesia spp. through PCR. This study provided the first evidence that Rickettsia of the spotted fever group is circulating among dogs and cats in Natal.

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Nardelli, Francesco. "Observations on the ex situ management of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae): present status and desiderata for conservation." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 15 (December 26, 2019): 14927–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4952.11.15.14927-14941.

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The Sumatran Rhinoceros is approaching extinction. A few dozen animals remain, dispersed in dwindling Indonesian rainforest with only a few years of likely survival time. Eight rhinos belonging to two subspecies are in controlled breeding centres. The Sumatran Rhinoceros differs markedly from the other four species of Rhinocerotidae and requires management according to specific protocols. Several Sumatran Rhinoceros have died in zoos, owing to lack of knowledge concerning their particular dietary requirements and their high sensitivity to anthropogenic activities. Recently more positive results, including successful births, have been achieved with the aid of scientific research, which continues to examine factors required for successful conservation and accommodation efforts.

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Goosem, Miriam. "Effects of tropical rainforest roads on small mammals: inhibition of crossing movements." Wildlife Research 28, no. 4 (2001): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99093.

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Along a narrow, unsealed road through rainforest in north-eastern Queensland, movements of small mammals were examined to determine whether the road would inhibit road crossings, thereby causing linear barrier effects. Crossings of a 12- or 20-m-wide road clearing by Melomys cervinipes were severely inhibited, crossing inhibition of Rattus sp. was less severe, while crossings by Uromys caudimaculatus were unaffected. This differential effect was attributed to species differences in size, mobility and behaviour. Baiting on only one side of the road increased crossing rates for all species. During the breeding season, crossings of 20-m clearings by Rattus sp. were almost completely inhibited and were significantly fewer than crossings of 12-m clearings. Clearing width had little effect on crossing rate outside the breeding season. Seasonal dispersal of juvenile and breeding animals appeared to explain this discrepancy in clearing-width effects. Rattus sp. were significantly less likely to cross a road where there was no vegetative cover at the entrance to a road culvert than where there was cover at both culvert entrances. Linear barrier effects for small mammals may be mitigated by narrower road-clearing widths, by replanting of grassy road verges resulting in increased cover at culvert entrances and canopy closure above the road, and by providing more faunal underpasses.

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Gonzalez, Irys Hany Lima, Marcelo Bahia Labruna, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas, Paula Andrea Borges Salgado, Cauê Monticelli, Luan Henrique Morais, Amanda Alves de Moraes, Thatiane Cristina Antunes, Patrícia Locosque Ramos, and Thiago Fernandes Martins. "Ticks infesting captive and free-roaming wild animal species at the São Paulo Zoo, São Paulo, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017036.

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Abstract Ticks are ectoparasites of worldwide distribution that affect vertebrates and can transmit pathogens to animals and humans. The Zoological Park Foundation of São Paulo (FPZSP) is located in a Conservation Unit in one of the most important remaining fragments of the Atlantic Rainforest biome in the suburbs of São Paulo, Brazil. The FPZSP houses more than 3,000 wild animals on exhibit, in breeding programs and in environmental education programs, and also attracts migratory birds and free-roaming wildlife. This study focused on identifying the diversity of tick species that infest captive and free-roaming animals at the FPZSP. The collection of ticks kept at the FPZSP contains 523 specimens that were collected from different host species between 1990 and 2017. Ten tick species were found. In addition, Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas) was found on stray cats living in the Atlantic forest fragment in the FPZSP. This study reveals a low occurrence of parasitism in captive animals and a high diversity of tick species collected from hosts in this Atlantic forest fragment, contributing information about host-parasite relationships and potential vectors of zoonotic diseases, since the vectors of Brazilian spotted fever, A. aureolatum and Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, were found in some hosts.

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Dennis, A. J. "The diet of the musky rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, a rainforest specialist." Wildlife Research 29, no. 2 (2002): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00052.

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Musky rat-kangaroos inhabit tropical rain forest and are Australia's smallest and most primitive member of the Macropodoidea. Their ecology and behaviour has remained unknown in the wild until this study, and is expected to be representative of an early unspecialised macropodoid lifestyle. I examined the diet of musky rat-kangaroos using a range of methods including microscopic examination of faecal pellets, direct observation, spool-and-line tracking and examinion of teeth marks left in fruit on the forest floor. Musky rat-kangaroos are frugivores and consumed the fruits of 40 species of plant on a 9-ha rainforest site in Wooroonooran National Park, Queensland. They ate primarily the flesh of fruits, but 11% of seeds from approximately half the species of fruit consumed were also eaten. While musky rat-kangaroos ate fruit from all size classes, they preferred large, fleshy drupes and seeds with a moderate to soft seed coat but without latex present. Invertebrates and the epigeal fruiting bodies of some agaric fungi were the other significant dietary components and these showed seasonal patterns of significance in the diet and differential use by adults and subadults. Musky rat-kangaroos eat the lowest-fibre diet of all animals in the superfamily Macropodoidea and their size and digestive tract reflect this unspecialised, and probably ancestral, diet.

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Khan, Jalal Uddin. "Historicity of Ecocriticism and Ecocritical History: An Introductory Overview." IJOHMN (International Journal Online of Humanities) 5, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 22–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v5i3.99.

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Overlapping and interconnected, interdisciplinary and heterogeneous, amorphous and multi-layered, and deep and broad as it is, countless topics on ecoliterature make ecocriticism a comprehensive catchall term that proposes to look at a text--be it social, cultural, political, religious, or scientific--from naturalist perspectives and moves us from “the community of literature to the larger biospheric community which […] we belong to even as we are destroying it” (William Rueckert). As I was in the middle of writing and researching for this article, I was struck by a piece of nature writing by an eleven year old sixth grader born to his (South Asian and American) mixed parents, both affiliated with Johns Hopkins and already proud to belong to the extended family of a Nobel Laureate in Physics. The young boy, Rizwan Thorne-Lyman, wrote, as his science story project, an incredibly beautiful essay, “A Day in the Life of the Amazon Rainforest.” Reading about the rainforest was one of his interests, I was told. In describing the day-long activities of birds and animals among the tall trees and small plants, the 2 pp.-long narrative actually captures the eternally continuing natural cycle of the Amazon. The budding naturalist’s neat classification of the wild life into producers (leafy fruit and flowering plants and trees), consumers (caimans/crocodiles, leafcutter ants, capuchin monkey), predators (macaws, harpy eagles, jaguars, green anaconda), decomposers (worms, fungi and bacteria), parasites (phorid flies) and scavengers (millipedes) was found to be unforgettably impressive. Also the organization of the essay into the Amazon’s mutually benefitting and organically functioning flora and fauna during the day--sunrise, midday, and sunset--was unmistakably striking. I congratulated him as an aspiring environmentalist specializing in rain forest. I encouraged him that he should try to get his essay published in a popular magazine like Reader’s Digest (published did he get in no time indeed![i]) and that he should also read about (and visit) Borneo in Southeast Asia, home to other great biodiverse rainforests of the world. I called him “soft names” as a future Greenpeace and Environmental Protection leader and theorist, a soon-to-be close friend of Al Gore’s. The promising boy’s understanding, however short, of the Amazon ecology and ecosystem and the biological phenomena of its living organisms was really amazing. His essay reminded me of other famous nature writings, especially those by Fiona Macleod (see below), that are the pleasure of those interested in the ecocriticism of the literature of place--dooryards, backyards, outdoors, open fields, parks and farms, fields and pastures, and different kinds of other wildernesses. [i] https://stonesoup.com/post/a-day-in-the-life-in-the-amazon-rainforest/

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Esteves, Rafael Alves, and Ronilson José da Paz. "Terrestrial invertebrates in environmental assessments: A decade of environmental impact studies in the influence area of the Atlantic Rainforest in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade 6, no. 14 (2019): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21438/rbgas.061428.

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Invertebrates constitute a megadiverse animal group and abundant in virtually every terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, performing functions and providing services indispensable to the environment. In this paper, we evaluated how terrestrial invertebrates were treated in the Environmental Impact Assessments submitted to the environmental agency in Rio de Janeiro, state fully inserted at Atlantic Rainforest biome. We analyzed environmental studies developed by companies with new industrial projects presenting potential environmental impact in the period of 2008 to 2018. Only ten (14%) studies considered terrestrial invertebrates in the biotic diagnostic assessments of fauna. Arthropoda was the only one Phylum considered as terrestrial invertebrates in the studies analyzed, with Class Insecta present in all of them, and Arachnida present in two studies. The insects of the Orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidopetra, Hemipetra, Orthopetra and Odonata were the most frequent in the studies. The lack of interest in the conservation of terrestrial invertebrates demonstrates the fragility of the public authorities in issues related to biodiversity conservation strategies of these animals and exposes the urgent need for investment in the formation of human resources specialized in biodiversity conservation.

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Meade, Jessica, Jeremy VanDerWal, Collin Storlie, Stephen Williams, Arnaud Gourret, Andrew Krockenberger, and Justin A. Welbergen. "Substantial reduction in thermo-suitable microhabitat for a rainforest marsupial under climate change." Biology Letters 14, no. 12 (December 2018): 20180189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0189.

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Increases in mean temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change increase the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. Although extreme temperature events are likely to become increasingly important drivers of species' response to climate change, the impacts are poorly understood owing mainly to a lack of understanding of species’ physiological responses to extreme temperatures. The physiological response of Pseudochirops archeri (green ringtail possum) to temperature extremes has been well studied, demonstrating that heterothermy is used to reduce evaporative water loss at temperatures greater than 30°C. Dehydration is likely to limit survival when animals are exposed to a critical thermal regime of ≥30°C, for ≥5 h, for ≥4 consecutive days. In this study, we use this physiological information to assess P. archeri's vulnerability to climate change. We identify areas of current thermo-suitable habitat (validated using sightings), then estimate future thermo-suitable habitat for P. archeri , under four emission scenarios. Our projections indicate that up to 86% of thermo-suitable habitat could be lost by 2085, a serious conservation concern for the species. We demonstrate the potential applicability of our approach for generating spatio-temporally explicit predictions of the vulnerability of species to extreme temperature events, providing a focus for efficient and targeted conservation and habitat restoration management.

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Liddle, David T., Barry W. Brook, Janet Matthews, Stephen M. Taylor, and Peter Caley. "Threat and response: A decade of decline in a regionally endangered rainforest palm affected by fire and introduced animals." Biological Conservation 132, no. 3 (October 2006): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.028.

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Reichel, H., and AN Andersen. "The Rainforest Ant Fauna of Australia's Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960081.

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An ant survey of Northern Territory (NT) rainforests, which occur as numerous small and isolated patches within a predominantly savanna landscape, yielded 173 species from 46 genera. The richest genera were Polyrhachis (22 species), Pheidole (21 species), Rhytidoponera (12 species) and Monomorium (12 species). Seven genera represented new records for the NT: Discothyrea, Prionopelta, Machomyrma, Strumigenys, Bothriomyrmex, Turneria and Pseudolasius. The most common ants were Generalised myrmicines, particularly species of Pheidole and Monomorium, and Opportunists such as species of Paratrechina, Tetramorium, Odontomachus and Rhytidoponera. This is also the case in rainforests of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Of NT rainforest species, 59% have Torresian (tropical) affinities, which is only slightly higher than in Kimberley rainforests (48%). However, the NT harbours a far higher proportion of specialist rainforest species (27 v. 9%), including many more with arboreal nests (13 v. 5% of total species). Many of the rainforest specialists are of considerable biogeographic interest, with a substantial number having disjunct distributions in the NT and Queensland (and often also New Guinea) A small number represent the only known Australian records of south-east Asian species. Interestingly, very few species appear to be endemic to NT rainforests, with a previously unrecorded species of Aphaenogaster being a probable exception. The NT rainforest fauna also includes several introduced species, with at least one (Pheidole megacephala) posing a serious conservation threat.

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Leung, Luke K. P. "Ecology of Australian tropical rainforest mammals. I. The Cape York antechinus, Antechinus leo (Dasyuridae : Marsupialia)." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96042.

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This is the first detailed ecological study of the Cape York antechinus, Antechinus leo, a small marsupial endemic to rainforest on the Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland, Australia. A total of 181 animals was captured 725 times at Iron Range during a capture–mark–recapture study from 1989 to 1991. A. leo is crepuscular–nocturnal, insectivorous, semi-arboreal and nests in hollows. Its life-history strategy is typical of the genus, including the synchrony of reproductive events and the post-mating death of all males. The estimated annual mating season is from mid-September to mid-October. Young were born around 1 November ( 12 days), and were carried in the pouch until early to mid December. Juveniles became trappable around mid February. Daughters stayed in their mother’s home range, while sons dispersed soon after they left the nest. Lactation, weaning and dispersal of young were timed to coincide with the wet season when the abundance of invertebrates increased, suggesting that populations are limited by food supply.

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Heydon, Matthew J., and Pullin Bulloh. "The impact of selective logging on sympatric civet species in Borneo." Oryx 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300021360.

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Selective logging is the predominant method of commercial timber exploitation in South East Asia. Its effects upon mammalian carnivores have seldom been addressed, despite the vulnerability of these animals at the top of many food chains. The authors investigated the effects of logging by comparing the abundance of sympatric civet species, which display feeding strategies ranging from strict carnivory tofrugivory, in primary and selectively logged rainforest in the Malaysian state ofSabah in northern Borneo. All species occurred in disturbed forest, but the overall density of civets in logged forest (6.4 individuals per sq km) was found to be significantly lower than in primary forest (31.5 individuals per sq km). This reflected a marked reduction in the abundance of civets from the predominantly carnivorous subfamilies Viverrinae and Hemigalinae.

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Acosta, Igor Da C. L., Andrea P. Da Costa, Solange M. Gennari, and Arlei Marcili. "Survey ofTrypanosomaandLeishmaniain Wild and Domestic Animals in an Atlantic Rainforest Fragment and Surroundings in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil." Journal of Medical Entomology 51, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me13177.

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Freeman, Amanda N. D. "Constraints to community groups monitoring plants and animals in rainforest revegetation sites on the Atherton Tablelands of far north Queensland." Ecological Management and Restoration 5, no. 3 (December 2004): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2004.00210.x.

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Wahungu, Geoffrey M., Carla P. Catterall, and Mike F. Olsen. "Predator avoidance, feeding and habitat use in the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis, at rainforest edges." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 1 (2001): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00044.

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Food acquisition and predator avoidance are principal, but often conflicting, components of the survival strategies of most animals. We investigated the behaviour of red-necked pademelons, Thylogale thetis, (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) in pasture adjacent to rainforest edges in eastern Australia, by testing the relationships among age and sex of individuals, time of day, season, site, distance from cover (forest edge), feeding, vigilance and group size. Foraging behaviour was responsive to changes in predation risk. Feeding and vigilance activities accounted for most of the activity budget of foraging pademelons, and were negatively correlated. Reproductive females and individuals in smaller groups foraged closer to forest edges, were more vigilant and spent less time feeding. Vigilance decreased with increasing group size even after controlling for other confounding factors. Increased predation risks of feeding further from forest cover were offset by the pademelons doing so only if their group size was large, so that the time allocated to vigilance did not increase.

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Dias, CAR, VL Queirogas, and MA Pedersoli. "Translocation and radio-telemetry monitoring of pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea (Spix, 1823), in the Brazilian Amazon." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 1 (March 2015): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.07813.

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Two groups of pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) were rescued along the left bank of the Madeira River during the formation of Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Dam reservoir in the state of Rondônia, Northern Brazil. Reintroduction of both groups occurred in areas of open Tropical rainforest located within the project´s Permanent Preservation Area. A post-release monitoring was conducted for three months using radio-telemetry. Individuals of each group remained together and settled in stable home ranges near their respective release sites. The mortality rate of translocated animals was about 7%. This seems to be the first report documenting the complete group translocation of C. pygmaea and the first to successfully employ radio-telemetry techniques in monitoring this species. This study demonstrated the feasibility of translocation and the use of radio-telemetry in monitoring C. pygmaea.

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Whittaker, Robert J., and Bryan D. Turner. "Dispersal, fruit utilization and seed predation of Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum in early successional rainforest, Krakatau, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 10, no. 2 (May 1994): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007811.

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ABSTRACTDysoxylum gaudichaudianum is an important canopy tree on the Krakatau Islands, and its ecology is of significance to an understanding of successional dynamics. It is abundant on Panjang and Sertung, but only locally common on Rakata. A study was undertaken of three aspects of its seed ecology in July/August 1992. The chief dispersers of D. gaudichaudianum are suggested here to be birds, with two species of pigeon and a bulbul prominent as fruit feeders over a short observation period. Bird activity dislodges large numbers of fruits and seeds which fall to the ground where they form a resource available to other animals. It was observed that seeds of D. gaudichaudianum suffer varying levels of attrition on the forest floor, with 40% of the total sample lost over a 12-day period, compared with 23% which had germinated. When mature, opening fruits develop a fishy aroma, which is attractive to insects. They hasten the decay process and release the seeds. The soft, rotting tissues of fallen fruits support a small, short-lived successional insect community. After about five days on the forest floor only the seeds and the outer fruit coat remain. Despite the abundance of fruit of this species during the dry season and its obvious attraction tó frugivorous birds, D. gaudichaudianum has still colonized only a small fraction of the near-coastal lowlands of Rakata.

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HUANG, TAIFU, ZHIWEI LIU, XIAOYAN GONG, TAO WU, HUI LIU, JIAXIN DENG, YOUXIANG ZHANG, QINGZHONG PENG, LIBIAO ZHANG, and ZHIXIAO LIU. "Vampire in the darkness: a new genus and species of land leech exclusively bloodsucking cave-dwelling bats from China (Hirudinda: Arhynchobdellida: Haemadipsidae)." Zootaxa 4560, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4560.2.2.

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Land leeches in the family Haemadipsidae are mostly from the humid tropical rainforest habitats and habitually take blood from the body of human and other animals. In the present study, we report a new species, Sinospelaeobdella wulingensis sp. n., from caves in the northern subtropical Wuling Mountains of central-south China that feeds blood exclusively on cave-dwelling bats. Based on morphological characteristics, COI gene sequence divergence, and phylogenetic analysis, a new genus Sinospelaeobdella gen. n. is established for the new species, to which a previously described species Haemadipsa cavatuses Yang et al., 2009 is transferred as S. cavatuses comb. n. We also provided extended discussion on phylogenetic relationship within the “Tritetrabdellinae” clade uncovered in a previous study, DNA taxonomy, morphological and behavioral adaptions, biogeography, and possible involvement of Sinospelaeobdella gen. n. in bat transmitted diseases of public concerns.

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Ajayi, Folasade O., and Obinna Ejiofor. "Effects of Genotype X Sex Interaction on Growth and Some Development Characteristics of Ross and Anak Broiler Strains in the High Rainforest Zone of Nigeria." Asian Journal of Poultry Science 3, no. 2 (March 15, 2009): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2009.51.56.

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Iddles, Tracey L., Jennifer Read, and Gordon D. Sanson. "The potential contribution of biomechanical properties to anti-herbivore defence in seedlings of six Australian rainforest trees." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02060.

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Biomechanical properties of leaves, such as strength and toughness, may contribute to anti-herbivore defence by making it physically difficult or energetically costly for animals to eat them. We investigated leaf strength and toughness in seedlings of six rainforest trees from eastern Australia and their potential contribution to defence. Strength and toughness (work to fracture) were measured at the scale of the whole leaf and of different leaf parts. Resources for herbivores (water and nitrogen) and potential chemical defences (phenolics, alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides) were also investigated.Leaves of Nothofagus moorei (F.Muell.) Krasser, Ceratopetalum apetalum D.Don and Doryphora sassafras Endl. were generally the toughest and strongest of those studied. Toona ciliata M.Roemer showed high concentrations of nutritive resources and little investment in the defences investigated, consistent with its shorter leaf lifespan and higher growth rate. There were no significant correlations of mechanical properties with palatability, but the softest leaf (T. ciliata) was associated with high levels of leaf damage in bioassay trials. There was also evidence that some leaves that are well-defended mechanically (involving carbon-rich cell wall) may invest less in competing carbon-based chemical defences, such as phenolics.

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Carvalho, Thabata, Giuliana Garcia, Carolina Silva Carvalho, Clarisse Palma-Silva, and Laurence Culot. "Development of microsatellite loci for Cryptocarya mandioccana Meisner (Lauraceae) and their genotyping success in different tissues." Hoehnea 44, no. 4 (December 2017): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-22/2017.

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ABSTRACT Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for Cryptocarya mandioccana Meisner, a tree from the Atlantic Rainforest with seeds dispersed by large animals. The loci were characterized using 48 individuals from two populations and their genotyping success tested in four tissues: leaves from adults and seedlings, and two diaspore maternal tissues. Maternity analyses were also performed on diaspores and leaves from nine adult trees. The number of alleles per locus ranged from nine to 15 and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.214 to 0.864 and 0.745 to 0.892, respectively. The loci genotyping success did not significantly differ between tissues and varied from 56 to 96%. The microsatellites showed enough polymorphism to assign the nine adult trees to their diaspores. The successful genotyping in all tissues and identification of mother trees show that the microsatellites are suitable for studies such as spatial genetic structure and maternity analyses.

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Santos, Christian Fausto Moraes dos, and Marlon Marcel Fiori. "Turtles, indians and settlers: Podocnemis expansa exploitation and the Portuguese settlement in eighteenth-century Amazonia." Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 21, no. 44 (August 2020): 350–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-101x02104404.

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ABSTRACT During the eighteenth century, Portuguese settlers in Amazonia captured thousands of turtles and crushed millions of their eggs. These turtles, especially the Giant South American River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa), gave these settlers two essential resources: meat and oil. Though there is a rich historiography on turtle hunting, important social and environmental dimensions of the practice in Amazonia during the colonial period have been overlooked. In this paper we focus on how turtles played a key role in the diet and domestic needs of Portuguese settlers in the Amazon rainforest and explore the shape and magnitude of colonialism’s impact on these animals. The turtles became prime targets for Portuguese settlers because they were abundant and had characteristics and behavior that made them easy prey. Though P. expansa did not become extinct, Portuguese hunting had enduring impacts on their distribution and abundance that merit consideration.

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Franzolin, Fernanda, Paulo S. Garcia, and Nelio Bizzo. "Amazon conservation and students’ interests for biodiversity: The need to boost science education in Brazil." Science Advances 6, no. 35 (August 2020): eabb0110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0110.

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Brazilian high school students took part in an international research program in the period 2007–2014, and a data bank with national significance was created. SPSS TwoStep clustering analysis indicated two homogeneous groups regarding the level of interest for the surrounding biodiversity. Amazonian students were among the high-interest group and would like to study more deeply local living beings, contrary to the tendency to favor large exotic animals in Brazilian biology curricula. Students from the southeast were grouped in the low-interest group. However, students from both regions agree upon the urgent need for actions to protect the environment and strongly disagree that this is a role expected from rich countries only. Given the importance of the local communities in conservation and the current prominence of young people in environmental issues, a boost in science education is needed in Brazil, enhancing the study of rainforest biota in the Brazilian curricula.

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Nachev, Vladislav, Kai Petra Stich, Clemens Winter, Alan Bond, Alan Kamil, and York Winter. "Cognition-mediated evolution of low-quality floral nectars." Science 355, no. 6320 (January 5, 2017): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4219.

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Plants pollinated by hummingbirds or bats produce dilute nectars even though these animals prefer more concentrated sugar solutions. This mismatch is an unsolved evolutionary paradox. Here we show that lower quality, or more dilute, nectars evolve when the strength of preferring larger quantities or higher qualities of nectar diminishes as magnitudes of the physical stimuli increase. In a virtual evolution experiment conducted in the tropical rainforest, bats visited computer-automated flowers with simulated genomes that evolved relatively dilute nectars. Simulations replicated this evolution only when value functions, which relate the physical stimuli to subjective sensations, were nonlinear. Selection also depended on the supply/demand ratio; bats selected for more dilute nectar when competition for food was higher. We predict such a pattern to generally occur when decision-makers consider multiple value dimensions simultaneously, and increases of psychological value are not fully proportional to increases in physical magnitude.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rainforest animals'

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