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Academic literature on the topic 'Rainwater Chemistry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rainwater Chemistry"
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Adegunwa, Abiodun, Festus Mayowa Adebiyi, and Olabode Asubiojo. "Evaluating aerial pollution using rainwater chemistry for sustainable environmental development." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (2019): 713–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2019-0146.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use rainwater quality parameters as indicators of pollution to assess the level of aerial pollution for sustainable environmental development. Design/methodology/approach Rainwaters were collected in open spaces within commercial, industrial and residential areas in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria during onset, peak and late rainy season. Values of NO3−, NH4+, Cl−, SO42−, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total acidity and total alkalinity were determined using certified wet chemistry procedures, whereas those of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Findings Overall results showed that the concentrations of the physical parameters, anions and cations, were comparatively higher at the onset of the rainy period than the latter periods, indicating washout of the pollutants as the rainy season progressed. Results of Pearson correlation matrix and Cluster analysis results showed that many of the parameters have similar source(s). Analysis of variance and t-test results indicated significant difference between the concentrations of the analyzed parameters at different rainy periods, whereas ratio values of sea salt fraction were higher than non-sea salt fraction for all species, depicting anthropogenic influences. Originality/value From the findings, the study concluded that the quality of the rainwaters was substandard due elevated levels of most of the analyzed quality parameters; this method proved to be economical, effective and simple compared to the conventional methods; it also proved rainwater quality to be a reliable pointer of aerial pollution and the concept can be used to assess the pollution level of areas of similar settings.
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DAS, DK. "Chemistry of monsoon rains over Calcutta, West Bengal." MAUSAM 39, no. 1 (1988): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v39i1.3194.
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During the monsoon of 1984 (June-September), in all 50 filtered (0.45 IJom) rainwater samples were collected from Calcutta (West Bengall) and the samples were analysed for major, minor and trace elements, The analytical data, so far obtained, reveals that different chemical components are depended on different meteorological factors. Bicarbonate is predominant anion whereas calcium is predominant caution. Nearby sea seems to have greater influence on overall chemistry of rainwater, Most of the ions originate from marine origin but non-marine activity also plays an important role towards rainwater chemistry. Trace elements concentrations ID the rainwater have also been reported during the period of study. Further, a rough estimation of input of inorganic constituents (presently SO" NO3 and Cl) from the atmospheric precipitation over the West Bengal has been calculated and reported in this paper.
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Zeng, Jie, Xin Ge, Qixin Wu, and Shitong Zhang. "Three-Year Variations in Criteria Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Relationship with Rainwater Chemistry in Karst Urban Region, Southwest China." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (2021): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081073.
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Air pollutants have been investigated in many studies, but the variations of atmospheric pollutants and their relationship with rainwater chemistry are not well studied. In the present study, the criteria atmospheric pollutants in nine monitoring stations and rainwater chemistry were analyzed in karst Guiyang city, since the time when the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS, third revision) were published. Based on the three-year daily concentration dataset of SO2, NO2, CO, PM10 and PM2.5, although most of air pollutant concentrations were within the limit of CAAQS III-Grade II standard, the significant spatial variations and relatively heavy pollution were found in downtown Guiyang. Temporally, the average concentrations of almost all air pollutants (except for CO) decreased during three years at all stations. Ratios of PM2.5/PM10 in non- and episode days reflected the different contributions of fine and coarse particles on particulate matter in Guiyang, which was influenced by the potential meteorological factors and source variations. According to the individual air quality index (IAQI), the seasonal variations of air quality level were observed, that is, IAQI values of air pollutants were higher in winter (worst air quality) and lower in summer (best air quality) due to seasonal variations in emission sources. The unique IAQI variations were found during the Chinese Spring Festival. Air pollutant concentrations are also influenced by meteorological parameters, in particular, the rainfall amount. The air pollutants are well scoured by the rainfall process and can significantly affect rainwater chemistry, such as SO42−, NO3−, Mg2+, and Ca2+, which further alters the acidification/alkalization trend of rainwater. The equivalent ratios of rainwater SO42−/NO3− and Mg2+/Ca2+ indicated the significant contribution of fixed emission sources (e.g., coal combustion) and carbonate weathering-influenced particulate matter on rainwater chemistry. These findings provide scientific support for air pollution management and rainwater chemistry-related environmental issues.
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Guillemette, Ryan, Matthew C. Harwell, and Cheryl A. Brown. "Metabolically active bacteria detected with click chemistry in low organic matter rainwater." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285816.
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Rain contains encapsulated bacteria that can be transported over vast distances during relatively short periods of time. However, the ecological significance of bacteria in “precontact” rainwater–rainwater prior to contact with non-atmospheric surfaces–remains relatively undefined given the methodological challenges of studying low-abundance microbes in a natural assemblage. Here, we implement single-cell “click” chemistry in a novel application to detect the protein synthesis of bacteria in precontact rainwater samples as a measure of metabolic activity. Using epifluorescence microscopy, we find approximately 103–104 bacteria cells mL-1 with up to 7.2% of the observed cells actively synthesizing protein. Additionally, our measurement of less than 30 μM total organic carbon in the samples show that some rainwater bacteria can metabolize substrates in very low organic matter conditions, comparable to extremophiles in the deep ocean. Overall, our results raise new questions for the field of rainwater microbiology and may help inform efforts to develop quantitative microbial risk assessments for the appropriate use of harvested rainwater.
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Romero Orué, María, Diego Gaiero, Marta Paris, et al. "Wet precipitation in northern Argentina: chemical characterization of soluble components in the Lerma Valley, Salta." Andean Geology 44, no. 1 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov44n1-a04.
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Soluble components in rainwater were studied in Valle de Lerma (Salta-Argentina). The studied area is located in the central south area of Salta Province in the Cordillera Oriental region, Northwest Argentina. The largest urban area corresponds to Salta city, where sample collection and analysis of rainwater were performed between 2009 and 2012 periods. Conductivity and pH were measured on each sample, and major (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na, Mg, K, Ca) and trace elements (Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Ba and Pb) were analyzed. Multivariate statistical calculation and enrichment factor were applied to the obtained data. Atmospheric dust collected on the same sampling stations were used as reference for enrichment factors calculations. The local rainwater presents significant enrichment in Ca, Cu, Zn, As, Sb and Pb while statistical analyses indicate a direct correlation between them. The association of elements in the rainwater is similar to those for the polymetallic ore deposits outcropping in the Puna-Altiplano region, which are located to west of the study area. Satellite images as well as previous research indicates transport of atmospheric dust from the Puna-Altiplano to the East, where Valle de Lerma is suited. We conclude that this phenomenon gives a particular print to the chemistry of the rainwater in this area. This work corresponds to the first study of the rainwater’s chemical composition in this region. As Salta city lacks of significant air pollution or major sources from anthropogenic activities, the data on this paper establish the background of the Valle de Lerma rainwater geochemistry.
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MUKHERJEE, AK, KRISHNA NAND, B. MUKHOPADHYAY, and SG GHANEKAR. "Rainwater chemistry over Indian sea areas during monsoon season." MAUSAM 37, no. 2 (2022): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i2.2222.
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Rainwater samples collected at Minicoy and Port Blair during the monsoon season from 1979 to 1982 have been analysed for various chemical constituents. Data have been utilised to study the importance of various contributing sources to the composition of rainwater and the role of cations and anions in controlling the pH of rainwater.
 It has been found that maritime air is the major source of Cl and Na at both the stations. However, for Na remotely situated continental sources also appear to be quite important. For other cations, continental sources also appear to be quite important. For other cations, continental sources are the predominant suppliers. For SO4 sources other than sea are not important. Comparison of ratios between various constituents in rainwater and sea water suggests that rainwater samples at Minicoy and Port Blair get enriched to a large extent in terms of Ca. Studies also show deficiency in Cl as well as in SO4 at both the stations. Deficiency in SO, is somewhat unexpected.. pH values remained in basic range and at both the places the balance between cation and anion is positive which is suggestive of the importance of dissolution and exchange reactions involving particulate material by which H + ions are consumed. Insignificant correlation between NO3, SO, and H + ion indicates that pH is not controlled by HNO3 and H2SO.
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Małecki, Jerzy J., Marek Matyjasik, Ewa Krogulec, and Dorota Porowska. "Long-term trends and factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the Tatra Mountains, Poland." Geology, Geophysics and Environment 48, no. 1 (2022): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2022.48.1.19.
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The results of rainwater chemistry monitoring in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, during the periods1993–1994 and 2002–2019 were used to determine long-term trends and the factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the last two decades. In the early 1990’s, the study area was characterized by prominent acid rains with a pH of 4.4 that affected surface water, meadows, and forest ecosystems. A rising pH temporal trend has been observed during the following years, indicating improving air quality. This trend has also been observed in measured ionic concentrations and reduced wet deposition loads of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acid-forming compounds. The neutralization capacity of rainwater in Kasprowy Wierch increased over the last twenty years and has mostly been dominated by NH4+. The ammonium availability index has been steadily increasing between years 2002 and 2019 but remains less than 1. This statistically significant relationship also indicates that a portion of neutralization occurs in the lower part of the atmosphere due to ammonium-related neutralization processes. The acidic potential (AP) and the ratio AP/NP (acidic potential/neutralization potential) have been declining during the same time. The stated trends in rainwater chemistry reflect the transformation to more environmentally sustainable economies in the region. Similar changes have been observed in neighboring countries in the region, including Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania.
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Zeng, Jie, and Guilin Han. "Rainwater Chemistry Reveals Air Pollution in a Karst Forest: Temporal Variations, Source Apportionment, and Implications for the Forest." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (2020): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121315.
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Temporal rainwater chemistry was used to reveal air pollution in the Maolan National Karst Forest Park (MNKFP), which is representative of the typical karst forest region of southwest China (SW China). The rainwater ions’ sources, variations, trends, and potential environmental effects were investigated from 2007 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2014. Based on the analysis of the temporal ionic concentrations of rainwater in the MNKFP, significant variations of ions were observed, including in NH4+ (9.7~266.6 μeq L−1) and SO42− (14.5~1396.4 μeq L−1), which were mainly controlled by variations in the source and rainfall amount; a decreased trend of rainwater pH was also observed. Accordingly, NH4+, Ca2+, SO42−, and Cl− were regarded as the most dominant ions. Typical ionic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model-based source apportionment suggested that anthropogenic inputs (coal combustion, industrial, traffic, and agricultural emissions) contributed 51% of F−, 93% of NO3−, 62% of SO42−, and 87% of NH4+, while the natural sources (crustal dust and sea salt) were the main sources of Cl− (74%), Na+ (82%), K+ (79%), Mg2+ (94%), and Ca2+ (93%). In combination with the reducing neutralization trend of temporal rainwater observed in the MNKFP and the potential effect of rainwater ion deposition on karst forests, more detailed monitoring of the rainfall-related deposition process is required for a better understanding of its potential environmental effects on the Earth’s surface.
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Dissanayake, C. B., and S. V. R. Weerasooriya. "The environmental chemistry of rainwater in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Environmental Studies 26, no. 1-2 (1985): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238508710245.
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Zeng, Jie, and Guilin Han. "Rainwater chemistry observation in a karst city: variations, influence factors, sources and potential environmental effects." PeerJ 9 (April 20, 2021): e11167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11167.
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The rainwater chemistry and related air contaminants are used to investigate the rainwater ions sources, variations, and influence factors from 2012 to 2014 in Guiyang city (the typical karst urban area of Southwest China). According to temporal rainwater ion concentrations, the obvious variations were presented in the study period, such as Ca2+ (125∼6,652 μeq L−1) and SO42− (11∼4,127 μeq L−1). Consequently, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and Cl− are considered as the leading ions. Three critical influencing factors of rainwater ions concentrations, including sources variations, rainfall amount and long-distance migration (rainfall amount > 100 mm) are identified. Based on the typical ionic ratios, source identification suggested that anthropogenic inputs mainly contributed to F−, NO3− and SO42−, while the dusts (crustal sources) are the primary sources of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. Cl− Enrichment in long-distance transport is the main contributor of Cl−. According to the observation of high level of total wet acid deposition, the more detailed spatio-temporal monitoring of rainfall-related acid deposition (particularly sulfur deposition) is required to understand its potential environmental effects in the aquatic ecosystem of the earth surface.