Journal articles: 'Rainwater Chemistry'

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Adegunwa, Abiodun, Festus Mayowa Adebiyi, and Olabode Asubiojo. "Evaluating aerial pollution using rainwater chemistry for sustainable environmental development." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (2019): 713–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2019-0146.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use rainwater quality parameters as indicators of pollution to assess the level of aerial pollution for sustainable environmental development. Design/methodology/approach Rainwaters were collected in open spaces within commercial, industrial and residential areas in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria during onset, peak and late rainy season. Values of NO3−, NH4+, Cl−, SO42−, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total acidity and total alkalinity were determined using certified wet chemistry procedures, whereas those of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Findings Overall results showed that the concentrations of the physical parameters, anions and cations, were comparatively higher at the onset of the rainy period than the latter periods, indicating washout of the pollutants as the rainy season progressed. Results of Pearson correlation matrix and Cluster analysis results showed that many of the parameters have similar source(s). Analysis of variance and t-test results indicated significant difference between the concentrations of the analyzed parameters at different rainy periods, whereas ratio values of sea salt fraction were higher than non-sea salt fraction for all species, depicting anthropogenic influences. Originality/value From the findings, the study concluded that the quality of the rainwaters was substandard due elevated levels of most of the analyzed quality parameters; this method proved to be economical, effective and simple compared to the conventional methods; it also proved rainwater quality to be a reliable pointer of aerial pollution and the concept can be used to assess the pollution level of areas of similar settings.

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DAS, DK. "Chemistry of monsoon rains over Calcutta, West Bengal." MAUSAM 39, no. 1 (1988): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v39i1.3194.

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During the monsoon of 1984 (June-September), in all 50 filtered (0.45 IJom) rainwater samples were collected from Calcutta (West Bengall) and the samples were analysed for major, minor and trace elements, The analytical data, so far obtained, reveals that different chemical components are depended on different meteorological factors. Bicarbonate is predominant anion whereas calcium is predominant caution. Nearby sea seems to have greater influence on overall chemistry of rainwater, Most of the ions originate from marine origin but non-marine activity also plays an important role towards rainwater chemistry. Trace elements concentrations ID the rainwater have also been reported during the period of study. Further, a rough estimation of input of inorganic constituents (presently SO" NO3 and Cl) from the atmospheric precipitation over the West Bengal has been calculated and reported in this paper.

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Zeng, Jie, Xin Ge, Qixin Wu, and Shitong Zhang. "Three-Year Variations in Criteria Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Relationship with Rainwater Chemistry in Karst Urban Region, Southwest China." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (2021): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081073.

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Air pollutants have been investigated in many studies, but the variations of atmospheric pollutants and their relationship with rainwater chemistry are not well studied. In the present study, the criteria atmospheric pollutants in nine monitoring stations and rainwater chemistry were analyzed in karst Guiyang city, since the time when the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS, third revision) were published. Based on the three-year daily concentration dataset of SO2, NO2, CO, PM10 and PM2.5, although most of air pollutant concentrations were within the limit of CAAQS III-Grade II standard, the significant spatial variations and relatively heavy pollution were found in downtown Guiyang. Temporally, the average concentrations of almost all air pollutants (except for CO) decreased during three years at all stations. Ratios of PM2.5/PM10 in non- and episode days reflected the different contributions of fine and coarse particles on particulate matter in Guiyang, which was influenced by the potential meteorological factors and source variations. According to the individual air quality index (IAQI), the seasonal variations of air quality level were observed, that is, IAQI values of air pollutants were higher in winter (worst air quality) and lower in summer (best air quality) due to seasonal variations in emission sources. The unique IAQI variations were found during the Chinese Spring Festival. Air pollutant concentrations are also influenced by meteorological parameters, in particular, the rainfall amount. The air pollutants are well scoured by the rainfall process and can significantly affect rainwater chemistry, such as SO42−, NO3−, Mg2+, and Ca2+, which further alters the acidification/alkalization trend of rainwater. The equivalent ratios of rainwater SO42−/NO3− and Mg2+/Ca2+ indicated the significant contribution of fixed emission sources (e.g., coal combustion) and carbonate weathering-influenced particulate matter on rainwater chemistry. These findings provide scientific support for air pollution management and rainwater chemistry-related environmental issues.

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Guillemette, Ryan, Matthew C. Harwell, and Cheryl A. Brown. "Metabolically active bacteria detected with click chemistry in low organic matter rainwater." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285816.

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Rain contains encapsulated bacteria that can be transported over vast distances during relatively short periods of time. However, the ecological significance of bacteria in “precontact” rainwater–rainwater prior to contact with non-atmospheric surfaces–remains relatively undefined given the methodological challenges of studying low-abundance microbes in a natural assemblage. Here, we implement single-cell “click” chemistry in a novel application to detect the protein synthesis of bacteria in precontact rainwater samples as a measure of metabolic activity. Using epifluorescence microscopy, we find approximately 103–104 bacteria cells mL-1 with up to 7.2% of the observed cells actively synthesizing protein. Additionally, our measurement of less than 30 μM total organic carbon in the samples show that some rainwater bacteria can metabolize substrates in very low organic matter conditions, comparable to extremophiles in the deep ocean. Overall, our results raise new questions for the field of rainwater microbiology and may help inform efforts to develop quantitative microbial risk assessments for the appropriate use of harvested rainwater.

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Romero Orué, María, Diego Gaiero, Marta Paris, et al. "Wet precipitation in northern Argentina: chemical characterization of soluble components in the Lerma Valley, Salta." Andean Geology 44, no. 1 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov44n1-a04.

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Soluble components in rainwater were studied in Valle de Lerma (Salta-Argentina). The studied area is located in the central south area of Salta Province in the Cordillera Oriental region, Northwest Argentina. The largest urban area corresponds to Salta city, where sample collection and analysis of rainwater were performed between 2009 and 2012 periods. Conductivity and pH were measured on each sample, and major (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na, Mg, K, Ca) and trace elements (Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Ba and Pb) were analyzed. Multivariate statistical calculation and enrichment factor were applied to the obtained data. Atmospheric dust collected on the same sampling stations were used as reference for enrichment factors calculations. The local rainwater presents significant enrichment in Ca, Cu, Zn, As, Sb and Pb while statistical analyses indicate a direct correlation between them. The association of elements in the rainwater is similar to those for the polymetallic ore deposits outcropping in the Puna-Altiplano region, which are located to west of the study area. Satellite images as well as previous research indicates transport of atmospheric dust from the Puna-Altiplano to the East, where Valle de Lerma is suited. We conclude that this phenomenon gives a particular print to the chemistry of the rainwater in this area. This work corresponds to the first study of the rainwater’s chemical composition in this region. As Salta city lacks of significant air pollution or major sources from anthropogenic activities, the data on this paper establish the background of the Valle de Lerma rainwater geochemistry.

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MUKHERJEE, AK, KRISHNA NAND, B. MUKHOPADHYAY, and SG GHANEKAR. "Rainwater chemistry over Indian sea areas during monsoon season." MAUSAM 37, no. 2 (2022): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i2.2222.

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Rainwater samples collected at Minicoy and Port Blair during the monsoon season from 1979 to 1982 have been analysed for various chemical constituents. Data have been utilised to study the importance of various contributing sources to the composition of rainwater and the role of cations and anions in controlling the pH of rainwater. It has been found that maritime air is the major source of Cl and Na at both the stations. However, for Na remotely situated continental sources also appear to be quite important. For other cations, continental sources also appear to be quite important. For other cations, continental sources are the predominant suppliers. For SO4 sources other than sea are not important. Comparison of ratios between various constituents in rainwater and sea water suggests that rainwater samples at Minicoy and Port Blair get enriched to a large extent in terms of Ca. Studies also show deficiency in Cl as well as in SO4 at both the stations. Deficiency in SO, is somewhat unexpected.. pH values remained in basic range and at both the places the balance between cation and anion is positive which is suggestive of the importance of dissolution and exchange reactions involving particulate material by which H + ions are consumed. Insignificant correlation between NO3, SO, and H + ion indicates that pH is not controlled by HNO3 and H2SO.

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Małecki, Jerzy J., Marek Matyjasik, Ewa Krogulec, and Dorota Porowska. "Long-term trends and factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the Tatra Mountains, Poland." Geology, Geophysics and Environment 48, no. 1 (2022): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2022.48.1.19.

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The results of rainwater chemistry monitoring in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, during the periods1993–1994 and 2002–2019 were used to determine long-term trends and the factors influencing rainwater chemistry in the last two decades. In the early 1990’s, the study area was characterized by prominent acid rains with a pH of 4.4 that affected surface water, meadows, and forest ecosystems. A rising pH temporal trend has been observed during the following years, indicating improving air quality. This trend has also been observed in measured ionic concentrations and reduced wet deposition loads of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acid-forming compounds. The neutralization capacity of rainwater in Kasprowy Wierch increased over the last twenty years and has mostly been dominated by NH4+. The ammonium availability index has been steadily increasing between years 2002 and 2019 but remains less than 1. This statistically significant relationship also indicates that a portion of neutralization occurs in the lower part of the atmosphere due to ammonium-related neutralization processes. The acidic potential (AP) and the ratio AP/NP (acidic potential/neutralization potential) have been declining during the same time. The stated trends in rainwater chemistry reflect the transformation to more environmentally sustainable economies in the region. Similar changes have been observed in neighboring countries in the region, including Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania.

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Zeng, Jie, and Guilin Han. "Rainwater Chemistry Reveals Air Pollution in a Karst Forest: Temporal Variations, Source Apportionment, and Implications for the Forest." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (2020): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121315.

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Temporal rainwater chemistry was used to reveal air pollution in the Maolan National Karst Forest Park (MNKFP), which is representative of the typical karst forest region of southwest China (SW China). The rainwater ions’ sources, variations, trends, and potential environmental effects were investigated from 2007 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2014. Based on the analysis of the temporal ionic concentrations of rainwater in the MNKFP, significant variations of ions were observed, including in NH4+ (9.7~266.6 μeq L−1) and SO42− (14.5~1396.4 μeq L−1), which were mainly controlled by variations in the source and rainfall amount; a decreased trend of rainwater pH was also observed. Accordingly, NH4+, Ca2+, SO42−, and Cl− were regarded as the most dominant ions. Typical ionic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model-based source apportionment suggested that anthropogenic inputs (coal combustion, industrial, traffic, and agricultural emissions) contributed 51% of F−, 93% of NO3−, 62% of SO42−, and 87% of NH4+, while the natural sources (crustal dust and sea salt) were the main sources of Cl− (74%), Na+ (82%), K+ (79%), Mg2+ (94%), and Ca2+ (93%). In combination with the reducing neutralization trend of temporal rainwater observed in the MNKFP and the potential effect of rainwater ion deposition on karst forests, more detailed monitoring of the rainfall-related deposition process is required for a better understanding of its potential environmental effects on the Earth’s surface.

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Dissanayake, C. B., and S. V. R. Weerasooriya. "The environmental chemistry of rainwater in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Environmental Studies 26, no. 1-2 (1985): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238508710245.

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Zeng, Jie, and Guilin Han. "Rainwater chemistry observation in a karst city: variations, influence factors, sources and potential environmental effects." PeerJ 9 (April 20, 2021): e11167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11167.

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The rainwater chemistry and related air contaminants are used to investigate the rainwater ions sources, variations, and influence factors from 2012 to 2014 in Guiyang city (the typical karst urban area of Southwest China). According to temporal rainwater ion concentrations, the obvious variations were presented in the study period, such as Ca2+ (125∼6,652 μeq L−1) and SO42− (11∼4,127 μeq L−1). Consequently, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and Cl− are considered as the leading ions. Three critical influencing factors of rainwater ions concentrations, including sources variations, rainfall amount and long-distance migration (rainfall amount > 100 mm) are identified. Based on the typical ionic ratios, source identification suggested that anthropogenic inputs mainly contributed to F−, NO3− and SO42−, while the dusts (crustal sources) are the primary sources of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. Cl− Enrichment in long-distance transport is the main contributor of Cl−. According to the observation of high level of total wet acid deposition, the more detailed spatio-temporal monitoring of rainfall-related acid deposition (particularly sulfur deposition) is required to understand its potential environmental effects in the aquatic ecosystem of the earth surface.

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Strzebońska, Magdalena, Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska, and Anna Kostka. "Chemistry and Microbiology of Urban Roof Runoff in Kraków, Poland with Ecological and Health Risk Implications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (2020): 8554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238554.

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Urban rainwater samples, collected in various districts of Kraków during the period from the spring of 2019 to the winter of 2020, were investigated, and relevant risk implications were assessed. The contents of 31 components were determined, including: bacteria, fungi, pH, EC, Cl-, N-NO3, P-PO4, SO42-, SiO2, K, Mg, Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na, Pb, Sb, and Zn. The highest contents of the investigated elements were determined in the industrial (eastern) part of Kraków. The values of toxicity potential were <1, indicating a lack of ecological risk. The value of contamination degree indicated moderate rainwater contamination in all analyzed elements (Cdeg = 9.44). The total non-carcinogenic risk values, in both adults (hazard quotient (HQ) = 1.38) and children (HQ = 2.54), exceeded the acceptable level of one. Regarding individual elements in dermal contact, the acceptable level of 1 × 10−6 was exceeded in Pb (adults carcinogenic risk (CR) = 4.87 × 10−5, children CR = 2.23 × 10−5). The contents of the analyzed chemical compounds did not exceed the permissible levels adopted for drinking water; however, rainwater was significantly contaminated with respect to its microbiological parameters. Rainwater was suitable for non-potable use.

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Keresztesi, Ágnes, Ion-Andrei Nita, Marius-Victor Birsan, Zsolt Bodor, and Róbert Szép. "The risk of cross-border pollution and the influence of regional climate on the rainwater chemistry in the Southern Carpathians, Romania." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 9 (2020): 9382–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07478-9.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is the assessment of rainwater composition, regarding the various sources of major ions and heavy metals, taking into account the characteristic atmospheric circulations and the main air mass transport routes. Rainwater samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, major ions, and heavy metals. At all sampling sites, the most abundant anions were SO42ˉ and Clˉ, while the dominant cations were Ca2+ and Mg2+. Regarding heavy metals, the dominance of Pb and Cd was found. The contribution of soil dust from the mining activities and the dissolution of CaCO3, MgCO3, and CaSO4·2H2O in the rainwater explains the high concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−. The overall precipitation contamination with heavy metals at the three sampling sites was assessed by the degree of contamination, showing that Pb and Cd presents the highest risks of all heavy metals. The values of toxicity potential suggested an elevated risk for human health in case of rainwater ingestion, especially in rural areas. Spearman correlation and PCA indicated that the chemical characteristic of the rainwater is primarily controlled by sources such as agricultural activities, mixed and crustal sources, traffic, and other anthropogenic, industrial influences, mining activities, smelting operations, coal combustion, and metal production.

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Nwaeze, Emmanuel, and Richard C. Ehiri. "The effect of increasing carbon dioxide level on rainwater: a numeric study of Nigeria." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 1 (2016): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.145.

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This paper investigates the effect of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on rainwater. The design of this research includes the collection and analysis of recorded partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2) at six air-space control stations in Nigeria. The already established equations for the chemistry of water constitute the theoretical framework of this investigation. These equations resolve into a mathematical model which connects the pCO2 and the activity index of hydrogen ions (pH) in rainwater. A cubic polynomial, which represents the predictive framework of this study, fits the average pCO2, while the model generates the corresponding pH. The obtained results show that the increasing levels of CO2 contribute to climate change and the proportionate decrease of pH in rainwater. An extrapolated result reveals that the acidity of rainwater will increase from 5.3% in 2000 to 93.7% by 2050.

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Bosque-Sendra, Juan M., Francisca Molina, and Mounir Nechar. "Determination of Sulfite in Rainwater by Solid-Phase Spectrophotometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 5 (1994): 1224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.5.1224.

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Abstract A simple and specific method was developed for the determination of sulfite in rainwater based on solid-phase spectrophotometry (SPS). Rainwater was collected on morpholine, sulfite was stabilized by forming an adduct that reacted with pararosanil-ine and formaldehyde, and the reaction product was fixed on Dowex 1-X8 resin. The absorbance of the solid phase was measured directly at 565 and 700 nm. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 1-50 μg/L in solution (relative standard deviation = 1.7%); the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry detection limit was 0.8 μg/L. In simulated rainwater, the values of the calibration curve slopes were similar to that of the standard calibration curve slope, and recoveries for 40-497 μg/L sulfite ranged from 97 to 105%. Linearity, analytical sensitivity, and precision were better for the SPS method than the solution method, and the detection and quantitation limit values were lower for the SPS method than the solution method based on the similar reaction. The SPS method was subsequently used to determine sulfite in real rainwater.

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SARKAR, JAYANTA, V. K. SONI, A. S. GADGIL, and A. K. MUKHERJEE. "Analyzing rainwater chemistry at the continental GAW station Nagpur." MAUSAM 57, no. 4 (2021): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v57i4.504.

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lkj & bl 'kks/k i= esa 1981 ls 1996 rd dh vof/k esa ukxiqj esa gqbZ o"kkZ ds ikuh esa jklk;fud rRoksa dh miyC/krk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA bl v/;;u ls ;g irk pyk gS fd ukxiqj esa o"kkZ _rq esa ckj&ckj xtZ ds lkFk vkus okys rwQkuksa ds dkj.k o"kkZ ds ikuh esa Na+ vkSj Cl- ds lkanz.kksa esa leqnz dk izHkko de gSA ;gk¡ ij ekulwu _rq ds vkxeu ls igys ds eghuksa esa vkSj iwjh ekulwu _rq ds nkSjku NO3& esa cgqr vf/kd lkanzrk fjdkWMZ dh xbZ gSA ekulwu _rq ds nkSjku K+ dks NksM+dj o"kkZ ds ikuh ds lHkh ?kVdksa dh vxLr rd lkanzrk de gksrh tkrh gSA rFkkfi] flracj esa lHkh ?kVdksa dh lkanzrk esa o`f} ikbZ xbZ gSA Cl- vkSj Na+ ds fu{ksi.k eku rVh; dsanzksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh de ik, x, gSaA SO4&2 ds fu{ksi.k ekuksa dh rqyuk ;w- ,l- ,l- vkj- ds dqN Hkkxksa esa ik, x, ekuksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA o"kkZ ds ikuh ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds chp vuqikrksa dk v/;;u djus vkSj leqnz ds ikuh ds vuqikrksa ds lkFk mudh rqyuk djus ls irk pyk gS fd ukxiqj esa o"kkZ ds ikuh esa Na+ dh vf/kdrk dk dkj.k leqnz ds ikuh ds vykok vU; lzksr Hkh gSaA pH ekuksa esa cgqr vf/kd fofHkUurk ikbZ xbZ gSA ekulwu esa] twu ds ]ckn pH de gksrk tkrk gS vkSj flracj rd cgqr de gks tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k o"kkZ ds ikuh }kjk ewy dSVk;uksa dk i`Fkd djuk ekuk tk ldrk gSA vizSy vkSj ebZ ds lcls rst xehZ ds eghuksa esa pH dh vf/kd ek=k dk dkj.k okrkoj.k esa /kwy d.kksa dh ek=k] ftlesa eq[;r% ewy dSVk;u gksrs gSa] dks ekuk tk ldrk gSA ekulwu _rq ds izR;sd ekg ds pH ds v/;;u ls irk pyk gS fd twu vkSj tqykbZ esa o"kkZ dk Lo:i lokZf/kd ekSfyd gS tcfd vxLr vkSj flracj esa ukxiqj esa vEyh; o"kkZ dh dqN ?kVuk,¡ ns[kh xbZ gSaA tc ekpZ vkSj fnlcaj ds nks eghuksa esa pH dk eku 5-0 ls uhps fxj tkrk gS rc vEyh; o"kkZ dh leL;k cgqr vf/kd fodV gksrh gSA ekulwu iwoZ _rq ds nkSjku mPp lapkydrk ekuksa dk dkj.k bl vof/k esa okrkoj.k esa /kwy d.kksa dh vf/kd lkanzrk dks ekuk tk ldrk gSA ?kVdksa vkSj o"kkZ ds chp ds :Ik esa foijhr laca/k ik;k x;k gSA In this paper rainwater chemistry of Nagpur for the period 1981-1996, has been studied. The analysis reveals that at Nagpur rain water there is less marine influence on the concentrations of Na+ and Cl-. Pre-monsoon months, as well as the season as a whole, record higher NO3- concentration which could be attributed to frequent thunderstorm activities in this season. During monsoon months, concentration of all the constituents of rainwater, except K+, goes on decreasing till August. However, in September increase in concentration is observed for all the constituents. Deposition values of Cl- and Na+ are found to be quite low in comparison to that at coastal stations. SO4-2 deposition value is comparable to the values reported in some parts of USSR. Study of ratios between various constituents and a comparison with sea water ratios reveals that rainwater at Nagpur gets enriched in terms of Na+ from other sources besides sea water. pH values exhibited large variation. In monsoon, June onwards pH goes on decreasing and lowest value is obtained in September. This could be attributed to the preferential removal of basic cations by rainwater. In the peak summer of April and May higher values of pH could be attributed to the abundant prevalence of dust particles in the atmosphere chiefly consisting of basic cations. pH of individual months of monsoon season reveals that in June and July rainfall is predominantly basic in nature while in August and September some instances of acid rain has been observed at Nagpur. Acid rain problem seems to be more acute in the month of March and December when pH in these two months falls below 5.0. High conductivity values during pre-monsoon season could be attributed to higher dust concentrations in the atmosphere during this period. An inverse relationship of form Y = AR-B has been found between the constituents and rainfall.

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Tiwari, S., D. M. Chate, D. S. Bisht, M. K. Srivastava, and B. Padmanabhamurty. "Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India." Atmospheric Research 104-105 (February 2012): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.006.

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Herut, Barak, Avraham Starinsky, and Amitai Katz. "Strontium in rainwater from Israel: Sources, isotopes and chemistry." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, no. 1-2 (1993): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(93)90024-4.

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Fazillah Abdullah, Siti Nor, Azimah Ismail, Hafizan Juahir, et al. "Chemical composition of rainwater harvested in East Malaysia." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 2 (2021): 200508–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.508.

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As part of the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system as an alternative water source supply for non-potable use, therefore the characteristic of chemical compounds was significantly explored. The Department of Chemistry, Malaysia, gave the data set for three years (2017-2019). Some chemometric techniques, including PCA, were performed to identify the dimensionality of the rainwater data, hence establishing the rainfall index's purity to determine the quality of rainwater in the study area. Discriminant analysis managed to differentiate each rain gauge station. Cluster analysis was then applied to perform smaller group of rain gauge stations. The result demonstrates that sea salt, secondary aerosols, trace metals, crustal origin, and organic acid dominated the dimensionality of rainwater data with a total variance of 53.38% and indicated that the PRI was significantly diversified into good purity of rainfall index (GPRI), (Labuan and Danum Valley), moderate purity of rainfall index (MPRI), (Kuching and Tawau) and bad purity of rainfall index (BPRI), (Kota Kinabalu and Bintulu). From the study, it can be stipulated that the chemical composition of rainwater in the study area was attributable to the local activities.

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Chapman, Piers, Steven F. DiMarco, Anthony H. Knap, Antonietta Quigg, and Nan D. Walker. "The effects of Hurricane Harvey on Texas coastal-zone chemistry." Ocean Science 19, no. 1 (2023): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-19-209-2023.

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Abstract. Hurricane Harvey deposited over 90×109 m3 of rainwater over central Texas, USA, during late August/early September 2017. During four cruises (June, August, September and November 2017) we observed changes in hydrography and nutrient and oxygen concentrations in Texas coastal waters. Despite intense terrestrial runoff, nutrient supply to the coastal ocean was transient, with little phytoplankton growth observed and no hypoxia. Observations suggest this was probably related to the retention of nutrients in the coastal bays and rapid uptake by phytoplankton of nutrients washed out of the bays, as well as dilution by the sheer volume of rainwater and the lack of significant carbon reserves in the sediments, despite the imposition of a strong pycnocline. By the November cruise conditions had apparently returned to normal, and no long-term effects were observed.

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MUKHOPADHYAY, B., S. V. DATAR, and H. N. SRIVASTAVA. "Precipitation chemistry over the Indian region." MAUSAM 43, no. 3 (2021): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v43i3.3450.

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The present study is based on the precipitation chemistry data from the Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) in the Indian region, for the period 1976-87. Sampling is made on an event basis and the pH and electrical conductivity of the samples are determined from filtered samples immediately after cessation of rain. The chemical analysis is performed on monthly mixed samples.  No trend is found in the pH of rainwater from background areas except at Allahabad, Pune and Visakhapatnam which suffer from sizable anthropogenic influences. The pH seems to be related more to NO3 ions compared to SO4-2 ions. A natural buffer appearing in the form of alkaline soil-derived species seems adequateat most places (except Mohanbari), in keeping a check on progressive acidification despite steady increase in concentration of nitrates. The ion balance cannot be achieved without including the presence of HCO3, which when done explains the observed electrical conductivity of rainwater. The interaction of marine aerosols with acid aerosols has also been studied for the marine regions in the Indian areas and reveals a substantial removal of chloride from sea-salt. Inland sources of NaCl have also been identified from the BAPMoN data.

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Pauliquevis, T., L. L. Lara, M. L. Antunes, and P. Artaxo. "Aerosol and precipitation chemistry in a remote site in Central Amazonia: the role of biogenic contribution." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 4 (2007): 11465–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-11465-2007.

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Abstract. A long-term (2–3 years) measurement of aerosol and precipitation chemistry was carried out in a remote site in Central Amazonia, Balbina, (1°55' S, 59°29' W, 174 m above sea level), about 200 km north of Manaus city. Aerosols were sampled using stacked filter units (SFU), which separate fine (d<2.5 μm) and coarse mode (2.5 μm<d<10.0 μm). Filters were analyzed for particulate mass (PM), black carbon (BC) and elemental composition by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Rainwater samples were collected using a wet-only sampler and samples were analyzed for pH and ionic composition, which was determined using ionic chromatography (IC). Aerosol mass was predominantly of biogenic origin and concentrated in coarse mode, comprising up to 81% of PM10 concentration during the wet season. Natural biogenic aerosol also dominates the fine mode in the wet season, with very low concentrations (average 2.2 μg/m3). Large-scale transport of smoke from biomass burning was the second most important contribution, reaching 77% of fine mode particulate mass during the dry season. Soil dust was responsible by a minor fraction of the aerosol mass (less than 17%). Rainwater chemistry was controlled by biogenic emissions. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH was 4.90. The most important contribution to acidity was weak organic acids. The organic acidity was predominantly associated with the presence of acetic acid, instead of formic acid which is more often observed in pristine tropical areas. Deposition rates for major species did not differ significantly between dry and wet season, except for NH4+ and acetate, which had smaller deposition rates during dry season. While biomass burning emissions were clearly identified in the aerosol component, it was not possible to discern any presence of biomass burning emissions in rainwater chemistry. The long-range transport of sea salt and biogenic particles was observed both in aerosols and rainwater composition. The results showed here indicate that in Amazonia it is still possible to observe pristine atmospheric conditions, relatively free of anthropogenic influences.

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Kumar, Pawan, Sudesh Yadav, and Abhay Kumar. "Sources and processes governing rainwater chemistry in New Delhi, India." Natural Hazards 74, no. 3 (2014): 2147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1295-0.

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Akpan, Anyanime O., Essien D. Udosen, and Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong. "Rainwater Chemistry Within the Vicinity of Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 46, no. 3 (2018): 1700114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201700114.

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Keresztesi, Agnes, Petres Sandor, Gina Ghita, et al. "Ammonium Neutralization Effect on Rainwater Chemistry in the Basins of the Eastern Carpathians - Romania." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 1 (2018): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.1.6044.

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A study of precipitation chemistry was conducted from 2006 January to 2016 November in the Ciuc and Giurgeu basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania. The results show that the natural precipitation in these areas is alkaline, with a volume weighted mean (VWM) of 6.49 and 6.88 in Ciuc and Giurgeu basin, respectively. NH4+ is the most potential species to completely neutralize the rainwater over the Miercurea Ciuc (Ciuc basin) and Toplita (Giurgeu basin) area. However, in the case of Miercurea Ciuc, Ca2+ is also a potential neutralizer. Annual mean percentage concentration of NH4+ within the total principal cations is also proof that ammonium dominates the rainwater chemistry in the atmosphere of the studied basins. A comparison between the annual mean deposition fluxes showed that in the Giurgeu basin concentrations of NH4+ are higher than in the Ciuc basin. Calculations of the neutralization factors (NFs) show that at both sampling sites NH4+ contributed the most to the neutralization process. Ammonium availability index (AAI) has a value of 156.44% and 179.11% for Miercurea Ciuc and Toplia, respectively, indicating excess ammonium over the neutralization value. Fractional acidity (FA) was calculated, indicating that in Miercurea Ciuc 98.74% and in Toplita 99.28% of the rainwater acidity was neutralized. Calculation of the original and measured acidity also showed the neutralization capability of NH4+. Contributions of the marine and non-marine salts and enrichment factors were estimated, helping to identify the possible sources of the major ions in the atmosphere.

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Kim, R.-H., S. Lee, Y.-M. Kim, J.-H. Lee, S. K. Kim, and S.-G. Kim. "Pollutants in Rainwater Runoff in Korea: Their Impacts on Rainwater Utilization." Environmental Technology 26, no. 4 (2005): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332608618546.

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Willey, D., R. F. Whitehead, R. J. Kieber, and D. R. Hardison. "Oxidation of Fe(II) in Rainwater." Environmental Science & Technology 39, no. 8 (2005): 2579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0404522.

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Anuar, Khairil, Adrianto Ahmad, and Sukendi Sukendi. "Analisis Kualitas Air Hujan Sebagai Sumber Air Minum Terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Bangko Bagansiapiapi)." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.2.1.p.32-39.

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This study was conducted from May 2013 - May 2014. Locations research wasconducted in the District of Bangko Bagansiapiapi. This study aims to determine the qualityof rainwater as a source of public drinking water in the District of Bangko Bagansiapiapi,knowing the health effects of consuming rainwater as drinking water and contribute ideas forthe Government of Rokan Hilir to be able to hold clean water for the people of the District ofBangko Local Government of Rokan Hilir . The results were obtained as follows: (1). Thequality of rainwater in the study site based on the results of laboratory parameters in terms ofinorganic chemistry, physical parameters, chemical parameters still below the drinking waterquality standards that are required by Minister Regulation No. 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010showed that the rain water at the study site that rain water can be consumed by the public andis not harmful to health.

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Du, Xing, Jiongji Xu, Zhuoyu Mo, et al. "The performance of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration for roofing rainwater reuse: Implications of roofing rainwater energy and rainwater purification." Science of The Total Environment 697 (December 2019): 134187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134187.

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SHENDE, R. R., USHA RAVINDRAN, S. D. BHONDAVE, and A. R. KONDE DESHMUKH. "Role of aerosols in deciding pH of rainwater." MAUSAM 58, no. 4 (2021): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i4.1435.

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Nature of precipitation – alkaline or acidic – depends upon the concentration of major water soluble inorganic gaseous and soil derived particulates dissolved in it. If concentration of cations is higher than that of anions, the precipitation becomes alkaline and vise-a-versa. pH is the main parameter indicating the nature of precipitation. If pH of the solution is < 5.65, it is acidic and > 5.65, alkaline, in the pH scale ranging between 0 & 14. Difference in the chemical composition of rainwater having pH in the alkaline range and acidic range has been studied in this paper. For this purpose, precipitation chemistry data of Allahabad, Jodhpur, Mohanbari and Nagpur for the period 1988-97 have been considered. APWM & S.D. have been worked out. Precipitation chemistry data considering APWM values in acidic range and in alkaline range have been separated and compared. Coefficients of correlation have been calculated in possible cation-anion combinations. It is seen that the lowest pH values (monthly mean) have been recorded during 1997 – MHB (3.77), NGP (4.12), both in acidic range. % Frequency of occurrences of pH values in acidic range was the highest at Mohanbari (66%) in the study period. Jodhpur recorded all pH values in alkaline range indicating influence of soil derived alkaline particulates. Among cations Ca+² has shown its dominance over all cations. Jodhpur has recorded the highest APWM value of Ca+² (9.27mg/lit) in 1997. Data have also been compared with WMO Laboratory simulated acid rain sample analysis data and other non-departmental data. Results are discussed in the paper.

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AKASAKA, Kazuaki, Tateo SUZUKI, Hiroshi OHRUI, and Hiroshi MEGURO. "Fluorometric determination of sulfites in rainwater." Analytical Sciences 2, no. 5 (1986): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.2.443.

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Hunt, William. "Advanced rainwater harvesting and stormwater." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 20, no. 3 (2013): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2013.03.407.

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Moore, F., and A. Attar. "Rainwater and the resulting runoff chemistry in Shiraz city, southwest Iran." International Journal of Environmental Studies 68, no. 5 (2011): 703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2011.591898.

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McNeish, Rachel Elizabeth, Mark Eric Benbow, and Ryan Walker McEwan. "Riparian invasion of Lonicera maackii influences throughfall chemistry and rainwater availability." Ecological Research 33, no. 5 (2018): 1021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-018-1620-2.

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Budhavant, K. B., P. S. P. Rao, P. D. Safai, and K. Ali. "Influence of local sources on rainwater chemistry over Pune region, India." Atmospheric Research 100, no. 1 (2011): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.01.004.

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Ekwere, Azubuike S. "Rainwater chemistry of a developing urban-industrial metropolis in Southeast Nigeria." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 47, no. 183 (2023): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.1796.

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Rainwater (RW) over the Calabar metropolis was analyzed to establish its chemistry, influences, and agricultural suitability. Sampling was done in the rainy and dry seasonal cycles for three years (2018–2020). pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and major ions (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42-) were registered and the principal component analysis (PCA) and ionic ratios were used to establish relationships between ionic species and project their sources. RW suitability for agriculture was determined by calculating the sodium and magnesium absorption ratios. Results indicated a relative abundance trend of cations towards Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+ while HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- was the trend for anions. pH varied from 6.1 to 7.8 (mean = 6.60). This and the EC reflected influences from atmospheric gases and in-cloud dissolved solids. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) of ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, HCO3-, SO42-, and Cl-) was 246 eq/l in the rainy season and 198 eq/l in the dry season indicating low-moderate atmospheric pollution. Wet deposition (WD) fluxes for total ionic contents in RW were higher in the rainy season indicating the impact of rainfall. The PCA and the ionic ratios showed that the ionic concentrations were of crustal and marine origins predominantly. RW chemical characteristics in the study area compared with the concentration ranges of other local and global locations with similar geologic settings and low to moderate pollution indices showed close similarity. The RW assessment for agricultural use based on sodium and magnesium absorption ratios indicated good levels of suitability.

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Helmreich, B., and H. Horn. "Opportunities in rainwater harvesting." Desalination 248, no. 1-3 (2009): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046.

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Belloli, Renato, Ezio Bolzacchini, Laura Clerici, Bruno Rindone, Giulio Sesana, and Vito Librando. "Nitrophenols in Air and Rainwater." Environmental Engineering Science 23, no. 2 (2006): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.23.405.

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FITRI, Arniza, Dian Pratiwi, Fajar Dewantoro, and Fera Lestari. "PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI DESA BANJARSARI, KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS." Journal of Social Sciences and Technology for Community Service (JSSTCS) 3, no. 1 (2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jsstcs.v3i1.1799.

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During the pandemic Covid 19, everyone washes their hands more frequently, so the need for clean water are increased. Since a few years ago, drought has become a fundamental problem in several areas in Indonesia, including in Banjarsari village, Tanggamus district, Lampung province. As we know, rain is one of the most widely available water sources in nature and can be accessed for free. Good management of rain can not only overcome the problem of water availability in the dry season, but can also overcome the problem of excess water in the rainy season and can also minimize the use of funds. Therefore, harvesting rainwater in Banjarsari village can be used as an alternative to reduce the problem of lack of clean water for villagers during the dry season for a low cost. In this PKM activity, the PKM team from Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia has successfully installed a rainwater harvesting unit at the residence of the Banjarsari sub-district head. Based on the information from the Banjarsari sub-district head, after several months of installing rainwater harvesting equipment at his residence, rainwater can be stored during the rainy season and can be used during the dry season so that it can help reduce the problem of lack of clean water in the village.

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Kieber, R. J., D. R. Hardison, R. F. Whitehead, and J. D. Willey. "Photochemical Production of Fe(II) in Rainwater." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 20 (2003): 4610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es030345s.

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40

Vázquez, Ana, Miguel Costoya, Rosa M. Peña, Sagrario Garcı́a, and Carlos Herrero. "A rainwater quality monitoring network: a preliminary study of the composition of rainwater in Galicia (NW Spain)." Chemosphere 51, no. 5 (2003): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00805-6.

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Słyś, Daniel, Agnieszka Stec, and Martina Zeleňáková. "A LCC Analysis of Rainwater Management Variants." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 3 (2012): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0026-7.

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A LCC Analysis of Rainwater Management VariantsThe paper presents results of the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis carried out for several variants of rainfall water management in a newly designed multi-family dwelling house. According to the LCC methodology, calculations were performed for the whole undertaking life cycle with both investment outlays and operation/maintenance costs taken into account. The LCC analysis was carried out, in particular, for a variant assuming that the rainwater collected from the roof will be entirely discharged to the sewage system. On the other hand, the second variant provided for replacement of traditional building roof with a green one. Facilities of that type, thanks to their retention properties, may delay runoff of rainwater and reduce the overall quantity of water discharged from roof surface and therefore can be classified as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems. In the third case considered, rainwater is to be utilised in the building. It was assumed that precipitation water will be stored in a tank and used in the sanitary water supply system for flushing toilets, thus reducing the overall tap water purchase costs.

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Turyanti, Ana, and C. Chaerunnisa. "The Estimation of Rainwater Acidity Level based on the Ambient Air Pollutants Concentration (Case Study: DKI Jakarta)." Agromet 31, no. 2 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.31.2.71-79.

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Nowadays, acid rain is a common phenomenon occurring in metropolitan city, such as Jakarta. Human activities including transportation and industries in and surrounding this city have increased pollutants in the atmosphere, which lead to an increased of acid rain events. Analyzing on rainwater pH is common approach to assess whether an acid rain occurs or not. However, information on this pH value for greater Jakarta is limited. Here we used a combined of Henry's law approach and Weather Research Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to estimate rainwater pH in Jakarta. The WRF-Chem was employed to generate SO2 and NO2 concentrations. Results showed that rainwater pH is below the threshold (pH = 5.6) in observation and modeling (Henry’s approach) throughout greater Jakarta. Rainwater pH showed a diurnal fluctuation with low value during night and morning, but high value at afternoon. Likely, season contributed to distribution of acid rain. Based on Henry’s approach, some regions (Bundaran HI, Kebon Jeruk, and Jagakarsa) revealed a high potency of acid rain for rainy season as indicated by the H+ concentration. On other hand, a high potency of acid rain during dry season was observed in Kelapa Gading and Bundaran HI. Our findings indicated that traffic may influence on rain acid events as shown by a high H+ concentration in Bundaran HI both dry and wet seasons.

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MATSUMOTO, Mitsuhiro, Yoshitaka NISHIKAWA, Kentaro MURANO, and Tsutomu FUKUYAMA. "Determination of aldehydes in rainwater by HPLC." Bunseki kagaku 36, no. 3 (1987): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.36.3_179.

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Velasco-Muñoz, Aznar-Sánchez, Batlles-delaFuente, and Fidelibus. "Rainwater Harvesting for Agricultural Irrigation: An Analysis of Global Research." Water 11, no. 7 (2019): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071320.

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Within a context of scarce water resources for agriculture, rainwater harvesting constitutes a promising alternative that has been studied by different disciplines in recent years. This article analyses the dynamics of global research on rainwater harvesting for agricultural irrigation over the last two decades. To do this, qualitative systematic analysis and quantitative bibliometric analysis have been carried out. The results reveal that this line of research is becoming increasingly important within research on irrigation. Environmental sciences and agricultural and biological sciences are the most relevant subject areas. Agricultural Water Management, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, and Irrigation and Drainage are the journals that have published the most articles on the subject. India, China, the United States (USA), South Africa, and the Netherlands are the countries that lead this line of research. Although significant progress has been made in this subject area, it is necessary to increase the number of studies on the capacity of rainwater harvesting systems to cover irrigation needs in different farming contexts, the factors that determine their adoption by farmers, the economic and financial feasibility of their implementation, and their contribution to mitigating global climate change.

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Obruche Kennedy, Erienu, Itodo Adams, Wuana Raymond, and Sesugh Ande. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in harvested rainwater in Warri and Agbarho, Nigeria." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 36, no. 4 (2022): 779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.5.

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ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to provide an overview of current knowledge, by assessing the possible contamination sources of harvested rainwater by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), its effects and possible human health risk assessment. Random sampling technique was used to collect eight rainwater samples from different roofing materials made from (asbestos, zinc, aluminium and thatch) in Warri and Agbarho (AGB). The samples were extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) system according to the established procedures of United States Environmental Public Agency (USEPA). Under the optimized conditions, the ranges of extraction recoveries and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up of the PAHs in the harvested rainwater were in the range of 71-90%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination of the sixteen priority PAHs in the samples. The total concentration of PAHs for each of the roof types in Warri Refinery Petrochemical Company (WRPC) are: 0.036±0.012, 0.047±0.020, 0.045±0.018 and 0.0023±0.008 ppm for aluminium, zinc, asbestos and thatch roof, respectively. In addition, total concentration of PAHs for each of the roof types in AGB are: 0.046±0.020, 0.024±0.009, 0.023±0.008 and 0.021±0.007 ppm for aluminium, zinc, asbestos and thatch roof. The PAHs analysed exceeded the United States environmental protection agency (USEPA) standards of contamination.  KEY WORDS: AGB, GC-MS, Harvested Rainwater, LLE, PAHs, WRPC Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(4), 779-789.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.5

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Niemiec, Marcin. "Changes in Water Chemistry as a Result of Rainfall Runoff from the Roofs of Various Coatings. Part I / Kształtowanie Się Chemizmu Wód Opadowych W Wyniku Spływu Z Dachów O Różnych Pokryciach. Część I." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 17, no. 1-2 (2012): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cdem-2013-0011.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the level of calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus and potassium in the waters flowing from the roofs of houses with varying degrees of coverage on the background of their contents in rain waters. On the basis of the Minister of Environment Decree of 24 July 2006 on conditions to be met for the introduction of sewage into the water or ground and on substances particularly harmful to the aquatic environment, runoff from paved areas shall be treated as sewage, and runoff from roofs of buildings are treated as pure water and can be discharged into the environment without a permit. However, literature data indicate the possibility of a significant enrichment of rainwater at the time of contact with the roof covering. The study included 24 roofs of houses or small trade buildings. As background to the research used rainwater collected in two randomly selected locations within the area of research. The study was conducted in areas with low human impact, in order to best capture the effect of the type of roofing material on the formation of water chemistry. Research area was located in the Luslawice in the Tarnow county in Malopolska province. The study included the most common roofs in the surveyed area: cement tile, ceramic tile, bituminous, unpainted galvanized metal, copper and asbestos cement. The tested water samples to determine the content of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium. In addition, it was determined the pH value of water and electrolytic conductivity. The results of this study indicate that the water runs off the roofs of respondents in each case contained a greater quantity of the analyzed elements in comparison with rainwater. For example, while the average content of magnesium in the water flowing from the tile cement was almost ten times higher than in rain water, in the case of tile ceramic was almost five times more water from the bituminous coverings contained about three times more magnesium, and water from the galvanized metal contained about six times more as compared with rainwater. Also in the case of most other elements enrichment factors found in the waters cover the cement (tile, and asbestos cement) then galvanized and coated while the lowest were recorded in the enrichment of waters from the roofs of the covering of ceramic tiles. Also noted an increase in the conductivity values in waters from the roofs of the coverings of cement, galvanized steel and ceramic tiles. All runoff from the roofs were of generally higher pH value compared with rainwater, the biggest reaction - about 8 found in the water with cement tiles, slightly lower, about 7.0 in water from roofs with ceramic tiles and sheet copper. pH of the water in the coated sheet was lower than in water, rainwater and oscillating within 5.5. Rainwater pH was 5.94.

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Qiu, Yixi, and Joseph David Felix. "Hurricane/tropical storm rainwater chemistry in the US (from 2008 to 2019)." Science of The Total Environment 798 (December 2021): 149009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149009.

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Toyonaga, Satoshi, and Daizhou Zhang. "Monthly Characteristics of Rainwater Chemistry at a Coastal Site in Southwestern Japan." Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 11, no. 2 (2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2017.11.2.071.

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Forti, M. Cristina, and L. M. Moreira-Nordemann. "Rainwater and throughfall chemistry in a “terra firme” rain forest: Central Amazonia." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. D4 (1991): 7415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jd02170.

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Uzomah, V. C., and A. Y. Sangodoyin. "Rainwater chemistry as influenced by atmospheric deposition of pollutants in Southern Nigeria." Environmental Management and Health 11, no. 2 (2000): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09566160010321569.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rainwater Chemistry'

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