Journal articles: 'Rainwater harvesting system'

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I., Estong. "Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting System." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP3 (February 28, 2020): 1107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp3/20201357.

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Traboulsi, Hayssam, and Marwa Traboulsi. "Rooftop level rainwater harvesting system." Applied Water Science 7, no. 2 (May 7, 2015): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0289-8.

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Han, Mooyoung, and Jaehong Ki. "Establishment of sustainable water supply system in small islands through rainwater harvesting (RWH): case study of Guja-do." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.299.

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Many islands in Korea have problems related to water source security and supply. In particular, the water supply condition is worse in small islands which are remote from the mainland. A couple of alternatives are developed and suggested to supply water to islands including water hauling, groundwater extraction, and desalination. However, these alternatives require much energy, cost, and concern in installation and operation. Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable option that supplies water with low energy and cost. However, lack of practical or comprehensive studies on rainwater harvesting systems in these regions hinders the promotion of the system. Therefore, this research examines defects of current RWH systems on an existing island, Guja-do, and provides technical suggestions in quantitative and qualitative aspects. A simple system design modification and expansion of system capacity using empty space such as a wharf structure can satisfy both the qualitative and the quantitative water demand of the island. Since rainwater harvesting is estimated to be a feasible water supply option under the Korean climate, which is an unfavorable condition for rainwater harvesting, implies a high potential applicability of rainwater harvesting technology to other regions over the world suffering from water shortage.

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Sakson, Grażyna. "Cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in Poland." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500078.

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Rainwater harvesting is an alternative water supply method that has become popular in recent years around the world. This is mainly due to financial reasons (reducing the cost of potable water and fees for rainwater discharge to the sewerage), but also because of environmental awareness. In Poland, rainwater harvesting systems are not often used because of their low financial viability determined by high system construction costs and the low prices of potable water. Earlier analysis conducted by the author showed that the payback period of investment outlays was from a dozen or so years for large buildings, to a few dozen for single-family houses. This situation may change after the introduction of common fees for discharging rainwater from impervious areas into sewerage, and fees for the reduction of natural retention on newly built-up areas, in accordance with new water regulations. This paper presents a cost analysis of rainwater harvesting systems for ten cities in Poland, with varying annual rainfall depth and various pricing for potable water. Analyses were carried out for a single-family house located in an area equipped with a municipal sewer system, and for a large building, located in an area equipped and not equipped with a municipal sewer system.

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Yahaya, Hafsah, Ishan Ismail, Adi Irfan Che Ani, Suhana Johar, and Mastor Surat. "Maintenance Performance Quadrant for Rainwater Harvesting System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.321.

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Maintenance performance is a key aspect in sustaining the RWH system. This is to ensure the maximum value of installing the RWH system as well as ensuring the system performs throughout the building's lifetime. Two instruments were used during this research namely physical condition survey and questionnaire survey. The results from both instruments demonstrated cross-combination finding via maintenance performance quadrant at the end of analysis. Based on the study at 16 government buildings throughout Malaysia, the results show the majority of buildings need improvement in terms of their maintenance management, while two buildings have bad practice, which needs total refurbishment for the RWH system as well as their maintenance management. In conclusion, the physical condition of the RWH system for government building in Malaysia is regarded good and safe implemented. However, the maintenance performance can be improved with a proper maintenance guideline and management policy by the organization involved.

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Jha, Manoj K., and Nishant Shah. "Evaluating Rainwater Harvesting System for School Buildings." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.256.261.

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HATIBU, N., M. D. B. YOUNG, J. W. GOWING, H. F. MAHOO, and O. B. MZIRAI. "DEVELOPING IMPROVED DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR MAIZE IN SEMI-ARID TANZANIA. PART 1: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE BENEFITS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING." Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 3 (June 25, 2003): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001285.

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Farmers in the southern Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania have a strong preference for maize as their staple crop and have resisted attempts to introduce sorghum as an alternative in spite of the high drought risk associated with maize production. This paper presents the results of a seven-year period of field experiments to assess the benefits of a modified cropping system for maize, which aims to reduce drought risk through rainwater harvesting. In-situ, microcatchment and macrocatchment rainwater harvesting systems were tested against the local practice of flat cultivation as control. All were managed according to local extension recommendations, and the benefits were measured in terms of grain yield. In-situ rainwater harvesting provided no benefit. Microcatchment rainwater harvesting resulted in increased yield per unit area cultivated. On a total system area basis (i.e. including the uncropped catchment), however, production decreases were observed. A cost-benefit analysis, however, does show a benefit in the short rainy season. Macrocatchment rainwater harvesting provided increases in grain yield in both the short and the long rainy seasons.

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Shakya, Binod, and Jeewan P. Thanju. "Technical Guidelines for Installation of Rainwater Harvesting System and its Operation." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 12 (October 29, 2013): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9032.

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have been in use since ancient times, and these days its use is increasing. However, due to improper planning and design, problems are seen and the collected water is polluted. The major reason for water contamination is attributed to the toxic materials used for the rain harvesting system, faulty operation, improper rain filtration system and improper disinfection methods. The reason for diseases arising from drinking rainwater is the consumption of contaminated rainwater. Clean raindrops comprising rainwater will become contaminated as they pass through the atmosphere, flow over the roof surface, flow along the gutter, and upon collection and storage. This paper focuses on the technical guidelines for the installation of RWH components, its operation and maintenance, and rainwater quality improvement for household use. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 12, 2013, January Page: 45-51DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9032 Uploaded Date : 10/29/2013

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Igbinosa, Isoken H., and Osahon V. Osemwengie. "On-site assessment of environmental and sanitary qualities of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWH) in a rural community in Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.12.

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Around fifty percent of individuals living in underdeveloped countries lack safe drinking water and sanitation. Occasionally their water sources get contaminated with their waste leading to an elevated level of distress. The improvement of water supply, sanitation, hygiene and management of water resources can hugely prevent up to one-tenth of the global disease burden. On-site assessment of environmental and sanitary qualities of rainwater harvesting system (RWH) in households was carried out using a structured questionnaire. The structural assessment of the rainwater harvesting system showed that corrugated iron sheet was the roof type used in all sites surveyed. Also all the rainwater harvesting (RWH) system surveyed was found to have gutters, although the condition of the gutters varied: good (15%), fair (65%) and poor (20%). The harvested rainwater reservoir was mainly made of concrete (90%) with subsurface submerge in the ground. On-site assessment of the sanitary location of the RWH system showed that 5% were located near a septic tank and another 5% in flooded area. The harvested rainwater was used for several domestic purposes including drinking. All respondent agreed that they use rainwater for washing while 10% of the respondent agreed that they drink the harvested rainwater. The maintenance culture of RWH system owners was investigated. Sixty-five percent (65%) of respondent agreed that they have first diverters devise installed in the rainwater harvesting system. Ten percent (10%) of respondent has never cleaned their storage reservoir. Of the remaining respondents, 50% cleaned their reservoir once a year while 25% clean twice a year. The rainwater harvesting system in the study area lack basic environmental and structural requirements which pose potential health risk to individual who rely on the source of water for potable use.Keywords: Water shortage, Health risk, Water quality, Roof-top, Rainwater

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Ward, S., F. A. Memon, and D. Butler. "Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.783.

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The rate of uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has been slow to date, but is expected to gain momentum in the near future. The designs of two different new-build rainwater harvesting systems, based on simple methods, are evaluated using three different design methods, including a continuous simulation modelling approach. The RWH systems are shown to fulfill 36% and 46% of WC demand. Financial analyses reveal that RWH systems within large commercial buildings maybe more financially viable than smaller domestic systems. It is identified that design methods based on simple approaches generate tank sizes substantially larger than the continuous simulation. Comparison of the actual tank sizes and those calculated using continuous simulation established that the tanks installed are oversized for their associated demand level and catchment size. Oversizing tanks can lead to excessive system capital costs, which currently hinders the uptake of systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the catchment area size is often overlooked when designing UK-based RWH systems. With respect to these findings, a recommendation for a transition from the use of simple tools to continuous simulation models is made.

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Kuntz Maykot, Jéssica, and Enedir Ghisi. "Assessment of A Rainwater Harvesting System in A Multi-Storey Residential Building in Brazil." Water 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020546.

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This article aims to present an economic feasibility and user satisfaction analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in a multi-storey residential building (where there is rainwater to supply toilets) located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. This research used detailed methods and also considered the opinion and habits of users regarding the use of a rainwater harvesting system. The water end-uses were estimated through questionnaire survey in each flat. The potential for potable water savings was estimated using computer simulations. Simulations were performed using the computer programme Netuno, version 4 and economic feasibility analyses were performed considering different rainwater demands. Analyses associated with the habits of the residents, the satisfaction of users and the importance of saving potable water were also carried out. Showers were responsible for the highest share (54.2%) of water consumption in the flats, followed by the other end-uses: washing machine (21.3%), kitchen tap (9.3%), toilet flush (9.2%) and washbasins (2.6%). The most economically feasible system, which presented lower payback and higher internal rate of return, corresponds to the system sized to supply rainwater only to toilet flushing. Such a system would need a rainwater tank with a capacity smaller than the capacity of the one currently in use. In general, residents expressed satisfaction regarding the rainwater harvesting system installed in the building. The study is important because, besides obtaining water end-uses in the flats, it also investigates the perception of residents related to rainwater harvesting, which has been little explored in the scientific literature.

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Słyś, Daniel, and Agnieszka Stec. "Centralized or Decentralized Rainwater Harvesting Systems: A Case Study." Resources 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9010005.

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World population growth, climate changes, urbanization, and industrialization have all had a negative impact on natural resources, including water resources. Excessive exploitation and pollution have caused more and more regions to have problems with access to fresh water. Rainwater is perceived as a valuable alternative source of water that is most often used in a hybrid system supplementing tap water. Considering the possibilities of designing a rainwater harvesting system as a decentralized or central system, this research was undertaken to determine the hydraulic and financial efficiency of these two systems. The research was carried out for a single-family housing estate located in Poland. For this research, a simulation model was applied to determine the efficiency of water saving and the life cycle cost indicator. In variants where rainwater was only used to flush toilets, the water saving efficiency was 80% and 79% for the decentralized and centralized rainwater harvesting system (RWHS), respectively. The use of rainwater for toilet flushing and watering the garden resulted in a significant reduction in efficiency to 57% (the decentralized system) and 54% (the centralized system). On the other hand, the results of the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis showed that in spite of reducing tap water consumption, both the centralized and the decentralized rainwater harvesting system were not financially viable solutions for the housing estate, and only cofinancing investments at the level of 25% to 50% resulted in a significant improvement in financial efficiency.

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Chaimoon, Nida. "The Observation of Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Mahasarakham University (Khamriang Campus)." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1087.

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Rainwater harvesting from roof is considered as valuable water resources. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of water in Mahasarakham University (Khamriang Campus) shows that rainwater harvesting from roof can reduce water supply production by 7% and save more than 200,000 Bt/year for water treatment cost. The sensitivity analysis suggests that by 5% water supply conservation and 20% additional rainwater harvesting, MSU could have enough water resources. The rainwater is suitable to be substituted water for gardening due to the convenience to assemble an above ground storage tank or a pond to store harvested rainwater from roof. The current practice of rainwater is collected and discharged into drainage system and treated in wastewater treatment plant. Utilisation of rainwater harvested could reduce wastewater amount that must be treated by 9%. Rainwater harvesting and reuse should be promoted in campus in order to encourage sustainable living and water conservation policy.

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Lawrence, Dustin, and Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124-134.

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The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.

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Lawrence, Dustin, and Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124134.

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The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.

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Foo, Swee Wen, Darrien Yau Seng Mah, and Bartholomew Emily Ayu. "Modelling rainwater harvesting for commercial buildings." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.077.

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Commercial areas are generally fully paved and with more impervious land cover than residential areas. This paper demonstrates a wall-mounted rainwater harvesting system designed to deal with limited land space. An arrangement of three tanks in series was used on a commercial shop lot where flat roofs generate large amounts of runoff. The system is compact, and can be installed and fitted close to any wall, promoting the efficient use of space. Analytical procedures and computational fluid dynamic modelling were used to explore the system's potential. This rainwater harvesting system, with its three water storage tanks, works well, and is suitable for implementation and can be integrated into urban stormwater management.

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Sunar, N. M., A. T. Kosat, H. Harun, N. H. A. Hamid, A. Khalid, E. Zaidi, and A. T. S. Azhar. "Development of Smart Kit Rainwater Harvesting System for Potable Water Purpose." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (November 30, 2018): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22304.

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The Smart Kit Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) system has the potential to contribute to the conservation of clean water usage. The aim of this study is to build an affordable rainwater storage system for all type houses with easy installation and friendly user. The current constraints on the installation of rainwater storage system in the market requires a fairly expensive cost, and skilled technical workers to install it. In contrast, the Smart Kit RWH, is friendly built in a complete set that is easy to install and easy to maintain by homeowners. This system is very suitable for the use in agriculture and farming. This Smart Kit RWH consist of water storage tank, existing gutter and main pipe, first flush diverter and some connector pipe to create this complete system. This product is limited to storing untreated rain water quality, and the quality of rainwater collected can be used as water storage for household and sanitary equipment such as flushing cistern and other potable water usage. Nevertheless, this contributes to the good and the benefits of individuals, communities and nations. This product able to help the rural population in particular of having problems in getting clean water. Hopefully, with the production of this system, it can foster the public's awareness of the advantages and benefits of installing rainwater storage systems at home, plantation and farming.

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Gao, P., Z. J. Li, G. C. Zhang, and Z. X. Liu. "Rainwater efficient use of the cellar-greenhouse system on slope land in hilly semi-arid area of North China." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 4 (May 5, 2009): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1642-pse.

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Water resources in semi-arid and arid regions are the most strongly limiting factor of the growth for plants. Rainwater efficient use is one of the focuses of the water resources research. In this paper, an experiment was conducted at Ka Zuo Research Station of Ecological Agriculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in the hilly semi-arid area of North China. It aimed at studying the efficient use of rainwater harvesting of the cellar-greenhouse system (CGS). Results showed that, on average, the rainwater harvesting efficiency and sediment yield of the CGS were 5.7–15.7% and 865.8–1794.0 kg/ha, respectively, and that the rainwater harvesting efficiency and sediment yield of the CGS on slopes of 6° and 7° were significantly higher than that of the CGS on slope of 4.5°. In the CGS, over 52.1% of the irrigation rainwater was saved; the irrigation efficiency was significantly improved, by 21.15 kg/m<sup>3</sup>/ha on average, for sub-surface irrigation. Moreover, compared with flood irrigation, sub-surface irrigation could increase vegetable yield by 8.1–22.3%, improve output value of rainwater by 116.8–164.6%, and furthermore, the environmental conditions of the greenhouse on slope land were improved obviously. The mean unit area value of the CGS was about 13.5 times higher than that of the traditional land use system. By using the CGS, three goals, which were reducing water and soil losses, getting high rainwater use efficiency and gaining corresponding benefits, were realized.

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Dwivedi, D. K., and P. K. Shrivastava. "Assessment of roof water harvesting potential of Navsari city of Gujarat State, India by Remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2798.

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Due to the water scarcity scenario in many parts of the Navsari city, Gujarat State in India, it is imperative to adopt cost-effective technologies that could harvest rainwater for satisfying drinking water requirements. The study was conducted with the aim of assessing the rainwater harvesting potential of Navsari city using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The built-up areas of Navsari that could harness rainwater were identified by remote sensing and GIS. The effective built-up area contributing to rainwater harvesting was found to be 3.37 km2. The classification was carried out using “Remap” to assess the extent of the built-up area. The city was divided into equal grids and classification of each grid was implemented. The ground truth data was used for the evaluation of the built-up area. The roof water harvesting potential was estimated considering the average annual rainfall of 1621 mm and adopting suitable runoff coefficients. The rainwater harvesting potential of roofs for rainfall of different probabilities was estimated. For return periods of 10 years, 25 years, 50 years and 100 years, the roof water harvesting potentials were estimated to be 0.226, 0.261, 0.287 and 0.312 Million Cubic Metres (MCM), respectively. The estimated average roof water harvesting potential of Navsari city was 164 million litres per year, capable of satisfying the drinking water demand of approximately 1.12 lakh people annually. The rainwater harnessed from the rooftop could augment the current water supply and immensely help in fulfilling the drinking water demand of Navsari.

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Islam, M. Rafiqul. "Rainfall in Bangladesh: Is Rainwater Harvesting a Sustainable Approach for Governing Rainwater?" European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p433.

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Global environmental change affects the intensity and frequency of rainfall that increases the necessity for sustainable management of rainwater. It is more important for rain intensive country like Bangladesh otherwise it creates further problems like water logging, flood, soil erosion, and water borne diseases. Based on the survey of 80 rainwater harvesters in the Coastal Bangladesh in 2017, this paper evaluates whether rainwater harvesting is sustainable approach to govern rainwater or not by using social and ecological performance measures of Social Ecological System (SES) of Elinor Ostrom. This study found that rainwater harvesting does not affect environment, it is an acceptable approach in family and society, help to develop biodiversity condition, create resilience to climate change impact, improve equitable access to water, efficient use of rainwater, improve women performance regarding water supply to the family, contribute in achieving sustainable development goal, and do not overharvest of rainwater that could create environmental problem. Beyond these measures, it needs rainwater harvesting controlling mechanism like formal operation rule or policy to avoid overharvesting and ensure more sustainability in governing rainwater.Keywords: Accountability; Biodiversity; Efficiency; Resilience; Equity; Global environmental change; Rainwater harvesting; Sustainable approach; Sustainable development goals; Sustainable management of rainwater

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Ward, S., F. A. Memon, and D. Butler. "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system." Water Research 46, no. 16 (October 2012): 5127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.043.

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., Ranjeet Sable. "ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND IN-LINE TREATMENT." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 10 (October 25, 2016): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0510018.

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Katili, Renhata. "Tinjauan Sistem Desain Pemanfaatan Air Hujan pada Rumah Tinggal di Bintaro, Jakarta." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v3i2.2330.

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Rainwater harvesting and collecting for household domestic needs is someting commonly found. Even in some countries in Africa and Asia,it has been known for a long time. Currently, the technology varies from the simple one like using a barrel up to the purification technology. Unfortunately the rainwater harvesting system commonly found now is rarely integrated as a planned building element. Indeed, the integration will bring good impact on both design and function. This article analyzes a two-story residential building that uses Rainwater harvesting and collecting system which is located in Bintaro, Jakarta, as one example of a planned architecture that uses the system.

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Nyatuame, Mexoese, and Selasi Atigah. "Assessment of a Rainwater Harvesting System for the Volta Regional Hospital in Ghana." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i1.10.

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Rainwater harvesting is the art and science of capturing rain for human use. This study analysed rainfall data for the Regional Hospital's catchment area to ascertain potential harvestable rainfall. Assessment of the buildings and their respective roof areas were also done to determine the possible roof catchment areas. The potential rainwater that could be harvested from the different blocks within the hospital range between 3,306.18 -9,943.45m3. The potential total average rainwater that could be harvested from the different blocks within the hospital catchment area of 51,939.11m2 is 53,524.29 m3 per annum. According to data collected from the GWCL, the monthly and yearly demand of water by the hospital are 3,146 m3 and 337,752m3 respectively, which is lower than the total potential rainwater that could be harvested per annum of 53, 524.29m3 . This implies that there would be an excess water of 15,772.29m3 . Theoretically, it means that harvested and stored rainwater could meet the water needs of the hospital. Keywords: Rainwater harvesting (RWH); Water storage; Organizational water usage

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Raya, Raghavendra Kumar, and Rajiv Gupta. "Rural community water management through directional tunnelling: visual modelling of rainwater harvesting system." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.060.

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Abstract Rainwater, a prominent source of water, needs to be properly harvested for better utilisation during water unavailable circumstances. Creating rainwater storage structures is an important aspect in the planning of water resources as it serves for future water usage and consumption. Advancements in rainwater storage structures are not happening on a large scale. Most of the structures are limited to individual household rainwater collection. Innovations and advanced technology applications must address rainwater storage functioning for a community. This research work proposes an innovative method called directional tunnelling for the activity of rainwater harvesting and its management for a small community in a rural area. Initially, rainwater is harvested in multiple individual household tanks, and later the excess of water from the corresponding tanks is subsequently collected in a community tank named as directional tunnel. All the details related to rural community water management have been discussed as well as highlighted by visual modelling using Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools. The current research work is intended on the rural aspect; therefore, the directional tunnel's practical execution and results are portrayed in a better manner through a case study at a village in Rajasthan, India.

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Abas, Pg Emeroylariffion, and TMI Mahlia. "Techno-Economic and Sensitivity Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting System as Alternative Water Source." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082365.

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This paper formulates a rainwater harvesting model, with system and economic measures to determine the feasibility of a rainwater harvesting system, which uses water from the mains to complement the system. Although local meteorological and market data were used to demonstrate the model, it can also be easily adapted for analysis of other localities. Analysis has shown that an optimum tank size exists, which minimizes the cost per unit volume of water. Economic performance measures have indicated that rainwater harvesting system is currently infeasible to be implemented in Brunei; with capital cost and water price being shown to be among the prohibiting factors. To improve feasibility, a combination of rebate scheme on capital cost and raising the current water price has been proposed. It has also been shown that the system is more viable for households with high water demand.

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Pari, Luigi, Alessandro Suardi, Walter Stefanoni, Francesco Latterini, and Nadia Palmieri. "Economic and Environmental Assessment of Two Different Rain Water Harvesting Systems for Agriculture." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073871.

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Increasing aridity and subsequent water scarcity are currently among the major problems of agriculture. Rainwater harvesting could represent a way to tackle this issue, and, as a consequence, scientific research has been more and more focused on such topic. On the other hand, few scientific studies related to economic and environmental assessment of rainwater harvesting systems in agriculture are available. The present study carried out an economic and environmental analysis of two different systems for rainwater harvesting: a typical pond and an innovative flexible water storage system (FWSS). The environmental and economic performance of the systems was compared using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methodologies, referring to a functional unit (FU) of 1 m3 of storable water. The FWSS showed better environmental end economic performance than the pond system, resulting with both lower environmental impacts (17.04 g per m3 CO2vs 28.2 g per m3 CO2) and lower costs (16.94 € per m3vs 20.41 € per m3). Moreover, the pond system was more impactful than the FWSS for all the 17 categories investigated. Therefore, the FWSS can be a suitable solution for water harvesting in agriculture sector, showing interesting features for farmers.

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Sung, M., C. C. Kan, M. W. Wan, C. R. Yang, J. C. Wang, K. C. Yu, and S. Z. Lee. "Rainwater harvesting in schools in Taiwan: system characteristics and water quality." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.107.

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In order to understand the current status of rainwater harvesting (RWH) practices in Taiwan's schools, a study was carried out to examine the RWH system performance, water usage, and water quality in these sites. A total of 29 schools in various regions were selected for this investigation, including 7 in the northern, 7 in the central, 8 in the southern, and 7 in the eastern regions of Taiwan. Water quality indicators tested were: pH, temperature, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, suspended solid, total organic carbon, fecal coliform, and total coliform. From this study, it was found that RWH systems in these sites generally had two different designs: one that collected rainwater only, and one that collected both rainwater and grey water. From statistical analysis, it was found that water quality indicators such as suspended solids, total organic carbon, and fecal coliform were significantly affected by the water source and site location. Fecal coliforms in most of the sites we studied were high and not qualified for toilet flushing. The average water retention time of 2.4 months was long and considered to be the main reason to cause high fecal coliform counts. Finally, the benefit analysis was conducted to evaluate economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting for these schools. It turned out that 20% of them were able to gain economic benefits from using rainwater.

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Islam, M. M., F. N. F. Chou, and M. R. Kabir. "Acceptability of the rainwater harvesting system to the slum dwellers of Dhaka City." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (March 1, 2010): 1515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.049.

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Urban area like Dhaka City, in Bangladesh, has scarcity of safe drinking water which is one of the prominent basic needs for human kind. This study explored the acceptability of harvested rainwater in a densely populated city like Dhaka, using a simple and low cost technology. A total of 200 random people from four slums of water-scarce Dhaka City were surveyed to determine the dwellers' perception on rainwater and its acceptability as a source of drinking water. The questionnaire was aimed at finding the socio-economic condition and the information on family housing, sanitation, health, existing water supply condition, knowledge about rainwater, willingness to accept rainwater as a drinking source etc. A Yield before Spillage (YBS) model was developed to know the actual rainwater availability and storage conditions which were used to justify the effective tank size. Cost-benefit analysis and feasibility analysis were performed using the survey results and the research findings. The survey result and overall study found that the low cost rainwater harvesting technique was acceptable to the slum dwellers as only the potential alternative source of safe drinking water.

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Xue, Bin Xia, Zhi Qing Zhao, and Li Wei. "Research on Coupling Design of Rainwater Harvesting System Under the Urban Planning Frame." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2979.

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The collection and utilization of urban rainwater is currently a substantial measure of ecological construction in the city which covers a variety of technologies used and reflected in the multi-dimensional overlap with the urban space. By analyzing the current trends in related technology in the world, the paper probes the organic integration of rainwater collected system with urban spatial structure and elements in a view of overall optimization. Then the paper proposes to set up the coupled design pattern for urban rainwater recycling system in a way of district division, facility grading and rainwater classification according to the characteristics of land use mode and urban planning frame.

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Law, Brenda K. E., and Rosmina A. Bustami. "A Study on Potential of Rainwater Harvesting System in SJK Chung Hua No. 2, Kuching." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.116.2013.

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This study focuses on rainwater harvesting system in a school area in Kuching, Sarawak. Over the years of development processes, there exists quite a number of environmental issues in Malaysia and this is getting serious day by day. Flooding, greenhouse effect, pollution, and global warming are some of the factors that are happening brought about by the rapid development in Malaysia and the whole world today. Presently, the water supply systems have improved but the demand is increasing due to the population growth, and development. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, rainwater harvesting has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions. This method can be used as an alternative water supply in the future and can reduce the utility bills for water supply among the consumers and potential to be implemented in Malaysia since it has high rainfall intensity. Besides, usage of the collected water volume from rainwater harvesting was direct and without any treatment. The process will include observation of the study area, rainfall data, and collections of data to determine the storage capacity required. From this study, rainwater can fully replace the treated water and the cost of the system is RM 16,699.60. The payback period of the system is 7.12 years with minimum maintenance fees.

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Andoh, Collins, Sakshi Gupta, and Deepak Khare. "Status of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) in Ghana." Current World Environment 13, no. 1 (April 20, 2018): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.1.17.

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Potable water accessibility is an important criteria for improving health assessment of mankind. The demand for potable water in the world is growing fast compared to the growth in population.The increasing water demand globally has resulted into looking for alternative mechanism for water supply. Globally, harvesting of rainwater is classified as one of the best interventions to address water scarcity situations.In most of the developing countries including Ghana,rural communitie slack the accessibility to clean drinking water.This paper presents rainwater harvesting as analternative water supply system that needs to be adopted by the people of Ghanaand is based on literatures associated with rainwater harvesting obtained from various studies both locally and internationally.Thispaper has identifiedthe affordability and user ownership as the main factors influencing rainwater harvesting practices by rural communities in Ghana. Poor roofing materials,inappropriate harvesting facilities, housing occupancy,inaccurate land boundaries, qualityof water and uneven rainfall pattern have been outlined as the constraining bottlenecks to this practice. Measures to curtail have been discussed as well. Moreover, a simple affordable rapid sand filter needs to be evolved and incorporated into the system in Ghana.

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Sutrisno, Eko, Yusni Ikhwan Siregar, and Nofrizal Nofrizal. "Pengembangan Sistem Pemanenan Air Hujan untuk Penyediaan Air Bersih di Selatpanjang Riau." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.3.1.p.1-8.

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Abstract: The research was conducted from March to June 2015 during the rainy season and the Village were located in four Selatpanjang South Village, East Selatpanjang, Selatpanjang City and West Selatpanjang Tebing Tinggi District of Riau Kepulauan Meranti. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential availability of rainwater, water needs population in the region Selatpanjang 2030, the development of rainwater harvesting systems and outlines the relationship with environmental, social and economic. The method used in this study was the observation by analyzing rainfall, debit mainstay, drainage coefficient (α), population projections, the ratio of the number of residents with clean water needs as well as rainwater harvesting design. The results showed that the potential of rainwater in the area amounted to an average Selatpanjang 1724.8 mm/year, of the four sub regions Selatpanjang rain water can be harvested amounted to 17.248 billion liters/year. The four village Selatpanjang region in 2030 amounted 49 471 inhabitants population in predicted, so, it is necessary to clean water for 534 286 800 liters for three months. So if managed and well developed, the rain water can meet the need of clean water Selatpanjang community throughout the year. How to manage it is by developing the rainwater harvesting system with a system of individual, communal for three families and communal for five families and build ponds to accommodate the run-off. Economically, the use of rainwater harvesting system is cheaper than buying water each summer, primarily communal system for three families. Socially aspects that bring positive habits and reduce conflicts between neighbors and the environment, with the principle of sustainable utilization of natural resources. The quality of rain water in Selatpanjang meets the criteria for clean water, so it can be used as a source of clean water.

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Campisano, A., I. Gnecco, C. Modica, and A. Palla. "Designing domestic rainwater harvesting systems under different climatic regimes in Italy." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): 2511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.143.

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Nowadays domestic rainwater harvesting practices are recognized as effective tools to improve the sustainability of drainage systems within the urban environment, by contributing to limiting the demand for potable water and, at the same time, by mitigating the generation of storm water runoff at the source. The final objective of this paper is to define regression curves to size domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) systems in the main Italian climatic regions. For this purpose, the Köppen–Geiger climatic classification is used and, furthermore, suitable precipitation sites are selected for each climatic region. A behavioural model is implemented to assess inflow, outflow and change in storage volume of a rainwater harvesting system according to daily mass balance simulations based on historical rainfall observations. The performance of the DRWH system under various climate and operational conditions is examined as a function of two non-dimensional parameters, namely the demand fraction (d) and the modified storage fraction (sm). This last parameter allowed the evaluation of the effects of the rainfall intra-annual variability on the system performance.

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Mahmoud, Nidal, William Hogland, Michael Sokolov, Vasily Rud, and Nikita Myazin. "Assessment of rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply in palestinian rural areas." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824506012.

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Rainwater harvesting in Palestine is a principal water resource that had been adopted since ancient times. However, the system had not been subjected to a thorough assessment. This paper aims at assessing the feasibility of rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply in Palestinian rural areas with special emphasis on socio-cultural and financial aspects as well as harvested water quality. Different methods were used to collect necessary data from a case study village, including literature review, observations, questionnaires and water quality measurement of freshly fallen and harvested rainwater samples. Moreover, domestic water demand and water supply from such a system were compared, and economic feasibility of applying this system was checked. The results revealed that harvested rainwater is a viable resource that can contribute considerably to minimizing water shortage.

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Kim, Ree Ho, Sang Ho Lee, Jung Hun Lee, and Young Min Kim. "A Rainwater Harvesting Technology by Roof Coating Using TiO₂." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.17.

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Rainwater utilization has great potentials for recovering hydrological cycles, for buffering extreme run-off situations in the watercourses, and for reducing the costs for water supply in urban area. However, little information is available on the water qualities and runoff properties of collected rainwater, which is critical for efficient design and maintenance strategies of rainwater harvesting facilities. In this study, characteristics of rainwater collected in a rainwater harvesting system were examined in terms of pollutant concentrations. Based on these results, TiO2 photocatalysts were applied on the roof surface as a novel coating material to improve the quality of collected rainwater. The analysis of rainwater samples shows that the contamination by turbidity, conductivity, and color occurs during the catchment process, which may result in troubles for further use. The roof coating technique developed in this study appeared to be effective in increasing the wash-off of pollutants and improving the water quality in roof runoff because of its increased hydrophililicy as well as photocatalytic reactivity. Further research is required on trace pollutants such as endocrine disruptors to estimate and minimize health risk in rainwater harvesting.

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Abu Rahim, Noor Hasyimah. "Development of A Rainwater Harvesting Monitoring System for Agriculture." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 8, no. 1.6 (December 15, 2019): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/7481.62019.

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38

Mohd Unaini, Azzlia. "Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System." Science Research 5, no. 3 (2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13.

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M. Aminuddin, Normadihah, Yendo Afgani @ Eusoff, Nor Adeena Raslee, and Ahmad Puad Mat Som. "Consumer Awareness Towards Rainwater Harvesting System in Selangor, Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23576.

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Reusing water and implementing rainwater-harvesting system are an effective way to reduce the usage of treated water at home. A study on consumer’s awareness towards Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) in urban areas of Malaysia is less explored among researchers. This study was to identify the level of consumer’s awareness on RWHS among domestic water users in Gombak District, Selangor. Quantitative approaches were applied through individual distribution of structured questionnaires to 397 domestic water users in the study area from December 2016 to February 2017. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Based on the results of quantitative analysis, four major constructs emerged namely ‘the advantages of RWHS’, ‘alternative water sources’, ‘consumers’ concern’ and ‘consumers’ willingness’. The total mean scores (total average score) for each construct in ascending order are 3.48 for consumers' readiness, 3.81 for advantages of RWHS, 3.98 for alternative source, and 4.09 for consumers' concern. The findings provide important contribution to water conservation practices in the country as RWHS is considered greener, more efficient, more self-reliant with sound technology.

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Alam, R., G. Munna, M. A. I. Chowdhury, M. S. K. A. Sarkar, M. Ahmed, M. T. Rahman, F. Jesmin, and M. A. Toimoor. "Feasibility study of rainwater harvesting system in Sylhet City." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184, no. 1 (March 18, 2011): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1989-7.

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Concepcion, Rogelio N., Samuel M. Contreras, Wilfredo B. Sanidad, Arnulfo B. Gesite, Gina P. Nilo, Karen A. Salandanan, Katherine M. Manalang, and Sharon V. de Vera. "Enhancing multi-functionality of agriculture through rainwater harvesting system." Paddy and Water Environment 4, no. 4 (October 12, 2006): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-006-0057-3.

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42

李, 国宁. "Innovative Thinking in Design of Urban Rainwater Harvesting System." Sustainable Development 11, no. 05 (2021): 588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/sd.2021.115072.

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43

Ghimire, Santosh R., John M. Johnston, Jay Garland, Ashley Edelen, Xin (Cissy) Ma, and Michael Jahne. "Life cycle assessment of a rainwater harvesting system compared with an AC condensate harvesting system." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 146 (July 2019): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.043.

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Alwan, Imzahim A., Nadia A. Aziz, and Mustafa N. Hamoodi. "Potential Water Harvesting Sites Identification Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation in Maysan Province, Iraq." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040235.

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Rainwater harvesting is a promising tool for supplementing surface water and groundwater to overcome the imbalance between water supply and demand under changing climate conditions. Multi-Criteria Evaluation is one of the well-known methods of decision-making. In this study, the geographical information system (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation is used to select the optimum rainwater harvesting sites in Maysan province, Iraq. Fuzzy membership is used for standardization of the criteria, and Fuzzy Gamma overlay for a combination of multi-layers using ArcGIS 10.5. Seven criteria layers, including slope, stream order, soil type, precipitation, evaporation, roads, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are derived to identify rainwater-harvesting catchment. The results determined the optimum sites for water storage within the study area. The resultant potential rainwater harvesting catchment map can be used as a reference to enhance the effectiveness of water management, especially in drought-stricken areas that offer significant potential for sustainable agricultural production in the semi-arid region.

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Kim, Kiyoung, Hyunju Park, Tschungil Kim, and Mooyoung Han. "Evaluation of Stored Rainwater Quality and Economic Efficiency at Yangdo Elementary Rainwater Harvesting System." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 36, no. 5 (May 31, 2014): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2014.36.5.333.

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Chao-Hsien, Liaw, Huang En-Hao, and Chiu Yie-Ru. "Designing a rainwater harvesting system for urban green roof irrigation." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.107.

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Green roof systems have been suggested to ease the growing urban environmental problems resulting from rapid urbanization. However, the irrigation of green roofs heavily depends on using precious potable water and consequently generates negative environmental effects. Rainwater has been recommended to address this dilemma, but the design method has not been well developed. In this study, the major design factors of a rainwater harvesting system for green roof irrigation systems are examined, and a simulation-based mathematical model is established to elucidate the correlation between tank volume and system performance. The optimal system design and probability distribution of the potable water replacement rate are also discussed on the basis of a case study of a university building in Keelung, Northern Taiwan. The results show that the optimal tank volume, potable water replacement rate, and probability of exceedance are 9.41 m3, 92.72%, and 88.76% (±1SD), respectively. In addition, the economic performance is identified to be feasible. Hence, the design method has been verified to be a useful tool to ease the urban environmental issues.

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Tabatabaee, J., and M. Y. Han. "Rainwater harvesting potentials for drought mitigation in Iran." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.298.

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In order to evaluate the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) for mitigating water scarcity in a semi-arid zone of the country (Mashhad-Iran), three typical RWH systems were installed and monitored. The first system consists of 5,000 m2 natural ground catchment which was leveled and covered with plastic sheets allowing for maximum possible runoff generation. Surface runoff was conducted into a 500 m3 ground reservoir via a series of draining ditches and an end collection channel. The water collected from a plastic covered catchment was used for irrigation of dryland wheat cultivation. According to the result of two years measurements, grain yield was almost doubled in irrigated plots when compared to conventional rainfed cultivation. In the second RWH system, runoff generated from about 2 ha asphaltic road and parking was diverted into a 1,200 m3 ground reservoir. The results of 2 years measurement for reservoir inflow and outflow indicated that runoff generated during rainy season was sufficient to produce necessary water for irrigating 900 planted fruit trees during successive dry seasons. The last experiment reported here is about a 40 m2 roof area which was connected to a plastic tank for runoff measurement. The conclusion was that the proposed RWH system can produce enough water for building's toilets' flashes and other sanitary purposes so that the potable water could be saved considerably. In general, the results of three rainwater harvesting experiments showed the importance of using rainwater for compensating the effect of water shortages which is repeatedly occurring due to the effect of current climate change and ever increasing water utilization for drinking and food production.

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AbdelKhaleq, R. A., and I. Alhaj Ahmed. "Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.010.

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One might think that locations of settlements through history depended on the existence of a nearby permanent water source. Wåhlin thinks that anthropologists and geographers seem to have missed that people in settlements in many parts of the Middle East were able to create for themselves a near-permanent water supply in places where nature was not kind enough to place a river or a spring. Several sites in Jordan provide examples of these creations. Despite an arid to semi-arid climate, several civilizations have started and flourished in these conditions. This paper summarizes the types of systems that people have used through history to develop reliable water supplies in this part of the world. Jawa was a settlement in northern Jordan during the Bronze Age that built an extensive hydraulic system. At Um El Jimal, a city in northern Jordan during the Byzantine era, deflection dams, canals and reservoirs provided a local water supply. Neabateans excelled in water management using cut-stone reservoirs in their capital, Petra, and their empire flourished more than 2500 years ago in what is now southern and central Jordan. Underground cisterns found in Umayyad desert castles in different parts of the country reveal similar activities during the Islamic era. Examining how water resources were managed long ago can provide relevant information in facing the water-resources challenges of today in arid lands.

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Baskoro, Danang Aria Pranedya, Atep Hermawan, and Tri Permadi. "System Dynamic Model for Sustainable Water Supply Strategy in Sentul City Area." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 11, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.2.233-240.

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Good management of water resources is a requirement for an area that has a high population development. Sentul City, which is an independent city in Bogor Regency which has a high population, is in an area that lacks water, because of this Sentul City requires infrastructure and policies that are able to ensure the availability of water for its residents. One of the paradigms of water management in urban areas is a water sensitive city. One of the steps in this paradigm is wastewater management and rainwater harvesting. The dynamic system modelling method is used to predict the impact of implementing several policies that will be taken to manage water resources. The objectives of this study are to build dynamic models to predict water supply and demand and to analyze policies for wastewater management and rainwater harvesting. Sentul City water demand is estimated will reach 122 105 000 m3 and a water crisis will occur in 2027. The wastewater recycle policy can inhibit the water crisis until 2030 and the negative water balance will last until 2040. Combining wastewater recycle and rainwater harvesting can increase water availability by 240% and prevent a water crisis.

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Vialle, C., C. Sablayrolles, M. Lovera, M. C. Huau, and M. Montréjaud-Vignoles. "Modelling of a roof runoff harvesting system: the use of rainwater for toilet flushing." Water Supply 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.031.

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The water balance of a four-people family rainwater harvesting system was calculated in a case study. The experimental water saving efficiency (WSE) was calculated as 87%. A simple computer model was implemented to simulate the behaviour of the rainwater harvesting system. In general, the rainwater collector volumes predicted by the daily model had shown a good correlation with the experimental values. The difference between the experimental and the predicted values for the stored volume can be explained by the lack of maintenance of the system that can affect its performance. On the basis of a long-term simulation of 20-year rainfall data, the following parameters were calculated: rainfall, water demand, mains water, rainwater used, over-flow and WSE. The collection of rainwater from roofs, its storage and subsequent use for toilet flushing can save 42 m3 of potable water per year for the studied system. The model was also used to find the optimal size of the tank for the single-family household: a storage capacity of approximately 5 m3 was found to be appropriate. The storage capacity and tank size were distinguished. The importance to take into account the dead volume of the tank for the sizing was indeed highlighted.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rainwater harvesting system'

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