Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Raisonnement moral'
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MELCER, ALAIN. "La "nouvelle rhetorique" de chaim perelman : un fondement epistemologique du raisonnement moral." Strasbourg 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR20007.
Full textLafitte-Coulon, Catherine. "Comparaison sociale et jugement judiciaire : influence de la similarité dans les décisions et processus de jugement." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100218.
Full textThis research stands at the confluence of two main theoretical fields:• social comparison, and more specifically, the egocentric comparison between one judge and his target;• judgment of responsibility (intention, responsibility, guilt and sanction) and more particularly the relationship between intention and sanction on the one hand, and between responsibility and sanction on the other.Of consideration here are quasi-experimental studies within the specific context of spontaneous decision, reading a news item describing an event causing serious outcomes and for which the author’s intention is not easily discernable.The objectives are :• to apply the theory of egocentric comparison (Dunning, 1996) to a judicial judgment,• to explore the influence of objective similarity, when controlled, and more specifically the influence of subjective similarity, as declared, on the decisions (attribution of intention, responsibility, guilt and sanction) and on the judgment processes;• to confirm the presence of a “justificative model” (Oberlé & Gosling, 2003) which does not consider intention nor responsibility as sanction perequisites but rather as justifications of an ex-ante sanction attribution.Our results demonstrate that :• when experimentally induced, the similarity does not suffice to trigger an effect on the decisions, sole the perceived similarity is able to lessen either the attributions of intention, responsibility or the sanction level;• the existence of two justificative model is ascertained : while the subjective similarity reveals the process by intention, the controlled similarity brings the process by responsibility to light;• a subjective component can foster a process considered as “rational”
Trémolière, Bastien. "La rationalité des mortels : les pensées de mort perturbent les processus analytiques." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979659.
Full textBago, Bence. "Testing the corrective assumption of dual process theory in reasoning Fast logic?: Examining the time course assumption of dual process theory The smart system 1: Evidence for the intuitive nature of correct responding in the bat-and-ball problem Advancing the specification of dual process models of higher cognition: a critical test of the hybrid dual process model Fast and Slow Thinking: Electrophysilogical Evidence for early conflict sensitivity The intuitive greater good: Testing the corrective dual process model of moral cognition The rise and fall of conflicting intuitions during reasoning." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB022.
Full textDual-process theories of reasoning have become widely recognized as an explanation for various phenomena, such as thinking biases, moral or cooperative reasoning. Dual-process theory conceives human thinking as the interaction of a fast, more automatic, intuitive system (System 1) and a slower, controlled, more deliberative one (System 2). Arguably, the most dominant view on dual processes is the default-interventionist model. This posits a serial interaction between the two systems. When someone is faced with a reasoning problem, initially a System 1 intuitive response is formed. Then, afterwards, System 2 might get engaged in the process. Prominent dual-process theorists argue that reasoning bias occurs as a result of erroneous System 1 intuition. System 1 is thought to be able to generate responses based on "heuristic" cues, such as stereotypes - and cannot account for logico-mathematical principles. Despite its huge recognition, this theory comes with an untested assumption: the corrective (time-course) assumption. This posits that in cases when heuristic cues are in conflict with logico-mathematical principles, System 2 needs to engage in order to correct initially formed System 1 intuitions, and form a judgement based on logical principles. Testing this assumption is inevitably important and the central question of this thesis. In Study 1, I used four modified versions of the two-response paradigm to test the corrective assumption with two different classical reasoning problems (base rate problems, syllogistic reasoning). In this paradigm, people are presented with the same problem twice. First, they are asked to give an initial, very quick response. After, they are presented with the same problem again and asked to give a final response without any constraints. To make sure that the initial response is really intuitive, we applied four different procedures: instructions, concurrent load, response deadline and load plus deadline. Dual process theory predicts that logically correct responses appear only at the final response stage. Surprisingly, I found that the majority of people who gave the logically correct response in the final response stage already gave it form the beginning. This effect was found to be consistent among all experimental procedures and both reasoning problems. In Study 2, I tried to test the same assumption, with a different -harder- reasoning problem, the bat-and-ball problem. Interestingly, I ran 7 experiments with the two-response paradigm and consistently found that correct reasoners are often able to generate the correct response from the beginning, so-to-say, intuitively. These results forced me to revise the default-interventionist framework and propose the hybrid dual process model. This model now argues that System 1 generates two kinds of intuitive responses one of which is based on mathematico-logical principles. These responses are generated with unequal strength - the one which gains the more strength will be given as the initial response. In Study 3, I directly tested predictions derived from this model. In Study 4, I further developed the hybrid model by testing the changes in the strength of intuitive responses over time. In Study 5, I started to test the hybrid model's domain generality, and test if I find similar patterns of responses when people are faced with moral dilemmas. In Study 6, I used EEG to search for the neural correlates of early logical processing in reasoning. Overall, this thesis found evidence that forces us to revise the traditional dual process view on human reasoning
Chaplais, Christelle. "Formation et déontologie de l'auditeur." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD012.
Full textAs part of the exercise of their profession, auditors are confronted with situations involving ethical dilemmas. We wonder if training can influence his or her ethical reasoning and the perception of the dilemma. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to determine if an ethics course had an influence on their ethical reasoning process and their perception of the moral intensity of ethical issues. The results show that training increases the ability to identify an ethical dilemma, but seems to limit its perceived intensity. On the other hand, counter-intuitively, training appears to decrease the intention to act strictly in accordance with deontological codes, in favor of an action more consistent with the personal ethics of the auditor. A qualitative study based on semi-directive interviews with experienced auditors supports these results. Discussions with supervisors or with peers and experience are ways of learning that complement theoretical training and influence the ethical intent of auditors, sometimes moving them away from a response that is strictly in accordance with the rules of law
Barcenas, Patino Ismael. "Raisonnement automatisé sur les arbres avec des contraintes de cardinalité." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00569058.
Full textBodin-Cheneveau, Anne-Marie. "Soin, formation au soin, management du soin, trois "métiers impossibles" : former au soin, transmettre et faire vivre l'art de l'agir soignant par la compétence sensible." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR2015.
Full textThe thesis presented here raises the difficulty for professionals of care, management of care, training to care, to adjust their daily action as close to the needs of the patient, the supervised caregiver, the nursing student. It may be that sensible reason, better recognized and valued, is part of this adjustment. Intimately intertwined in a more formal reasoning, and attentive to reciprocal emotional messages, it would help to refine the understanding of a singular situation, leading the professional towards an art of caregiving. The survey carried out gathers these indices favorable to the correctness of the action, committing to study how to support such a process. Thus the nursing trainer may have to orient his pedagogical posture and his conception of engineering, towards the transmission to the future nurse under construction, of this sensitive approach of care
Chavel, Solange. ""Se mettre à la place d'autrui" : la question du point de vue dans le raisonnement pratique." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0012.
Full textKramdi, Seifeddine. "A modal approach to model computational trust." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30146/document.
Full textThe concept of trust is a socio-cognitive concept that plays an important role in representing interactions within concurrent systems. When the complexity of a computational system and its unpredictability makes standard security solutions (commonly called hard security solutions) inapplicable, computational trust is one of the most useful concepts to design protocols of interaction. In this work, our main objective is to present a prospective survey of the field of study of computational trust. We will also present two trust models, based on logical formalisms, and show how they can be studied and used. While trying to stay general in our study, we use service-oriented architecture paradigm as a context of study when examples are needed. Our work is subdivided into three chapters. The first chapter presents a general view of the computational trust studies. Our approach is to present trust studies in three main steps. Introducing trust theories as first attempts to grasp notions linked to the concept of trust, fields of application, that explicit the uses that are traditionally associated to computational trust, and finally trust models, as an instantiation of a trust theory, w.r.t. some formal framework. Our survey ends with a set of issues that we deem important to deal with in priority in order to help the advancement of the field. The next two chapters present two models of trust. Our first model is an instantiation of Castelfranchi & Falcone's socio-cognitive trust theory. Our model is implemented using a Dynamic Epistemic Logic that we propose. The main originality of our solution is the fact that our trust definition extends the original model to complex action (programs, composed services, etc.) and the use of authored assignment as a special kind of atomic actions. The use of our model is then illustrated in a case study related to service-oriented architecture. Our second model extends our socio-cognitive definition to an abductive framework that allows us to associate trust to explanations. Our framework is an adaptation of Bochman's production relations to the epistemic case. Since Bochman approach was initially proposed to study causality, our definition of trust in this second model presents trust as a special case of causal reasoning, applied to a social context. We end our manuscript with a conclusion that presents how we would like to extend our work
Berreby, Fiona. "Models of Ethical Reasoning." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS137.
Full textThis thesis is part of the ANR eThicAa project, which has aimed to define moral autonomous agents, provide a formal representation of ethical conflicts and of their objects (within one artificial moral agent, between an artificial moral agent and the rules of the system it belongs to, between an artificial moral agent and a human operator, between several artificial moral agents), and design explanation algorithms for the human user. The particular focus of the thesis pertains to exploring ethical conflicts within a single agent, as well as designing explanation algorithms. The work presented here investigates the use of high-level action languages for designing such ethically constrained autonomous agents. It proposes a novel and modular logic-based framework for representing and reasoning over a variety of ethical theories, based on a modified version of the event calculus and implemented in Answer Set Programming. The ethical decision-making process is conceived of as a multi-step procedure captured by four types of interdependent models which allow the agent to represent situations, reason over accountability and make ethically informed choices. More precisely, an action model enables the agent to appraise its environment and the changes that take place in it, a causal model tracks agent responsibility, a model of the Good makes a claim about the intrinsic value of goals or events, and a model of the Right considers what an agent should do, or is most justified in doing, given the circumstances of its actions. The causalmodel plays a central role here, because it permits identifying some properties that causal relations assume and that determine how, as well as to what extent, we may ascribe ethical responsibility on their basis. The overarching ambition of the presented research is twofold. First, to allow the systematic representation of an unbounded number of ethical reasoning processes, through a framework that is adaptable and extensible by virtue of its designed hierarchisation and standard syntax. Second, to avoid the pitfall of some works in current computational ethics that too readily embed moralinformation within computational engines, thereby feeding agents with atomic answers that fail to truly represent underlying dynamics. We aim instead to comprehensively displace the burden of moral reasoning from the programmer to the program itself
Leturc, Christopher. "Raisonner sur la manipulation dans les systèmes multi-agents : une approche fondée sur les logiques modales." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC236.
Full textIn recent decades, computer development has shifted from designing individual software to designing intelligent, self-contained software called agents and interacting with others to form multi-agent systems. In such systems, malicious agents sometimes implement complex strategies to induce other agents to make decisions in their favor, without the latter noticing them. We are talking about manipulation strategies. These strategies may in some cases cause problems for the agents which are victims. Such strategies are always hidden from agents and therefore hard to detect. How detect them and better fight them? Firstly, it is necessary to define manipulation. Thus, based on work from computer sciences and social sciences, we define manipulation as the deliberate intention of an agent to instrumentalize a victim while making sure to conceal that intent. We propose to answer this question, a logical system named KBE which expresses manipulation. We prove that KBE is correct and complete, and is able to express strategies based on knowledge and beliefs of agents, like lying or bullshiting. This system can also express notions such as coercion and persuasion. Secondly, since trust is a mechanism to regulate the interactions between agents when agents may be malicious or unreliable, we propose another logical system named TB. This system, proved to be correct and complete, expresses a notion of trust in sincerity which represents the choice of an agent to take the risk of believing another agent for its sincerity. Finally, we propose an algorithmic method to reason with such systems. This method is adapted to the TB system and decides on its satisfiability problem by directly using the constraints of the framework to build a model
Bélanger, Philippe. "Le particularisme moral." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16538.
Full textGaron, Mathieu. "Encodage visuel dans le raisonnement moral chez l’adulte neurotypique et ayant un trouble du spectre autistique." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21762.
Full textLabelle-Chiasson, Vincent. "Évaluation de la cognition sociale : étude du raisonnement moral chez l’enfant neurotypique et avec lésion cérébrale focale." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20617.
Full textVera, Estay Evelyn Christy. "Le raisonnement sociomoral à l’adolescence : la contribution spécifique des fonctions exécutives." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9009.
Full textSociomoral reasoning (SMR) is an important skill during adolescence because it guides social decisions, facilitating social functioning. A number of sociocognitive and socioemotional factors are likely to underlie the evolution of SMR abilities; however their relative contribution remains unclear given that to date their roles have typically been explored in isolation. This study explores the underpinnings of SMR maturity in typically developing adolescents and the specific contribution of executive functions using an ecologically valid tool for assessment in the adolescent population. We detected four independent contributors of SMR maturity in healthy adolescence: age, intelligence, cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency, as well as gender differences in SMR maturity and sociomoral decision-making. Taken together, the findings of this study contribute to better understanding moral development during adolescence and highlight the importance of using ecologically valid tools to measure social skills.
Levasseur, Caroline. "Désensibilisation morale et légitimation de l'intimidation entre pairs au secondaire." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15904.
Full textThis doctoral thesis, presented as four scientific articles, is a correlational study about moral reasoning and the legitimization of school bullying in third-year high school students. The primary objective was to investigate the contribution of moral disinhibition to the bullying incident roles adopted by teenagers. The secondary objective was to investigate the relative importance given to moral, conventional, and personal standards of conduct in students involved in bullying incidents. The first article acknowledges the problem that is the legitimization of bullying conducts by school communities and exposes related normative beliefs and school environment characteristics. It mainly discusses the gap between the vocal opposition to bullying conducts shown by most students and the occurrence of bullying incidents in schools. This completes a section exposing the consequences associated with bullying. The second article reviews recent literature about moral reasoning and its link to bulling incident roles. It also gives an explanation of bullying conducts from the viewpoints of the social domains theory and of the sociocognitive theory of moral agentivity. These theoretical paradigms were used in operationalizing the concept of moral disinhibition in order to meet study goals. The third article reports on the methodology used in order to verify the hypothesis of a positive relation between bullying conducts and acceptability of hypothetical bullying incidents, as well as the hypothesis of a positive relation between bullying conducts and moral disengagement in involved adolescents. The forth article reports on the methodology used in the investigation of sociomoral justifications from adolescents adopting different bullying incident roles in order to ascertain the relation between their conduct and the social domains from which stem their justifications. Results are discussed as to show the contribution of each approach to the explanation of bullying incident roles and the moral reasoning characteristics related to each role. Intervention guidelines are proposed as well. This doctoral thesis concludes that only moral disengagement mean scores, which work as a global indication of antisocial normative beliefs, explain bullying incident roles beyond participants’ gender. Sociomoral reasoning is better suited to understanding how bullying incidents’ characteristics promote moral disinhibition. Actively defending bullied peers wad linked to more uniform moral reasoning. On the other hand, bullying and pro-bullying conducts were linked to moral subordination in favor of conventional standards of conduct, and passive bystanding was linked to moral subordination in favor of personal standards of conducts.
Seni, Anne Gabrielle. "Elements of a theory of social competence : socio-cognitive and behavioral contributions in typical development." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23491.
Full textHumans are characterized by species-specific social skills and interactions, which direct much of their behaviors, dictate thought processes and form the foundations of human consciousness and reality. These social abilities are highly complex and intricate, involving a large range of developmentally acquired skills allowing the perception, processing, interpretation and response to dynamic social stimuli. The fine-tuning of these diverse abilities across the lifespan contributes to an individual’s social competence, allowing the navigation of the social world. Smooth and adaptive social development is supported by core cognitive functions (e.g. intellectual ability, language, memory, attention, visual-perceptive skills), as well as by specific skills (e.g. theory of mind, empathy, emotion recognition, perspective taking, intent attribution, moral reasoning) referred to under the umbrella of “social cognition” and subsumed by neural structures and networks of the “social brain”. Despite strong evidence supporting the associations between neural, cognitive and social functioning, much remains to be learned about the interplay between socio-cognitive abilities during development, the external influence of environmental factors, as well as their individual and additive impact on social behavior. The main objective of this dissertation was to study two manifestations of social competence in typical development, namely, social cognition and social behavior. The SOCIAL model (Beauchamp & Anderson, 2010) is used as the theoretical and empirical framework providing fertile ground for the investigation of multiple facets of the development of social competence and a better understanding of the global interplay of socio-cognitive skills (e.g., moral reasoning and perspective taking) and social behavior more broadly. The first study explores the contribution of cognitive (theory of mind) and affective (empathy) aspects of perspective taking to moral reasoning and social behavior in typically developing children and adolescents. An innovative neuropsychological tool for assessing moral reasoning, the Socio-Moral Reasoning Aptitude Level (So-Moral), was used to enhance the ecological value of the construct. Everyday socio-moral reasoning dilemmas were presented to children and adolescents to evaluate their moral maturity, and assessments of theory of mind, empathy and social behavior were also completed. Jointly, both aspects of perspective taking (theory of mind and empathy) predicted moral reasoning maturity in children, but not in adolescents. Poorer moral reasoning skills were associated with more externalizing behavior problems across the age span, but no associations were found with respect to prosocial behavior. Theory of mind skills were independent predictors of moral reasoning, suggesting that a cognitive understanding of the situation may be especially useful when children are asked to reason about a moral conflict. Contributing factors to moral reasoning differed in children and adolescents, suggesting differential underlying mechanisms. The second study investigates the contribution of external influences, as operationalized by time spent playing video games, to social behavior. A secondary objective was to add to the growing body of literature exploring associations between video game playing, social cognition and social behavior, in an age group less frequently focused on (elementary school-aged children). The main results of the study indicate that children who spend less time per week playing video games have greater prosocial tendencies, but no association was found with behavior problems. Findings highlight the possibility that real-life, complex, and nuanced social interactions outside screen-based play may be central to fostering social competence skills in children. Overall, the results of the studies presented in this dissertation contribute to building a more comprehensive picture of the complex interplay between social cognition, social experience and social competence during typical development. Findings offer new avenues for improving theoretical, empirical and clinical knowledge of social development and provide an empirical basis for the development of social skills intervention programs as well as social cognition assessment tools.
Vera, Estay Evelyn Christy. "Les relations entre le fonctionnement exécutif, la cognition sociale et l’adaptation sociale dans le développement typique et atypique." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18501.
Full textIt is recognized that the social development of children and youth is supported by improvements in their cognitive and social cognitive abilities, which are driven by everyday interpersonal experiences. This development provides a broader understanding of the social and cultural world, allowing individuals to become integrated members of society and autonomous and responsible citizens in early adulthood. Despite the validity of this overall picture, there is still much to be learned about the mutual influence between cognitive (e.g.,executive functions) and socio-cognitive abilities (e.g., theory of mind, moral reasoning, emotion recognition) during development, as well as their individual and additive impact on social behavior. Even less is known about these interactions in the context of atypical development, such as in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the reciprocal associations between different components of executive functioning (EF) and social cognition in youth and their contribution to social adaptation. We also aimed to observe the potential effects of impaired development of these functions in a neurodevelopmental disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome (TS). This thesis is composed of three empirical articles pertaining to three studies that address these main objectives. The first two studies explore EF, social cognition and social interaction patterns among neurotypical children aged 6 to 12 years. The first study focuses on the interrelations between cognitive and social cognitive abilities, showing that moral reasoning (MR) maturity is positively associated with EF, emotion recognition and theory of mind. EF and social cognition contribute significantly to the MR maturity and play a mediating role in the relationship between age and MR. The second study, which focuses more on behavioral patterns in everyday life, shows that everyday EF plays a mediating role that partly explains the link between empathy and prosocial tendencies in children and completely explains the link with their aggressive tendencies. The third study shows for the first time that theory of mind skills are poorer among youth with TS, and they have reduced everyday EF and more emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly in the social domain. This study also reveals links between the MR skills of youth with TS and their cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, everyday EF, tic severity and social difficulties. Social difficulties in this group are largely explained by tic severity, EFand social cognition. Overall, the results of the studies presented in this thesis contribute to building a more comprehensive picture of the interrelationship between EF, social cognition and social adaptation during typical and atypical development. The findings offer new avenues for improving our clinical understanding of early social adjustment difficulties and provide an empirical basis for the development of social skills intervention programs.