Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rammed Earth

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Rammed Earth'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rammed Earth"

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Zhou, Tiegang, Bo Liu, Xiang Zhao, and Jun Mu. "Experimental testing of the in-plane behavior of bearing modern rammed earth walls." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 13 (April 10, 2018): 2045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218764978.

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With the introduction of the modern rammed earth technique, a large number of modern rammed earth buildings were constructed in China Mainland. China has a vast territory, which faces the Circum-Pacific seismic belt on the east and the Eurasian seismic belt on the south; earthquake has constantly threatened the safety of people’s lives and property. Consequently, it is necessary to probe in the seismic performance of rammed earth buildings. Two un-stabilized rammed earth specimens, one un-stabilized rammed earth reinforced with geogrid sheets’ specimens, and four stabilized rammed earth specimens were built for obtaining a better insight on the behavior of un-stabilized rammed earth/stabilized rammed earth walls under cyclic in-plane loads. Testing results are discussed in terms of failure mode, shear capacity, hysteretic curve, stiffness degradation, and total energy dissipation to provide comparisons of the seismic performance between un-stabilized rammed earth and stabilized rammed earth specimens. Different failure modes indicated that the cohesion between particles and the bond strength between layers are the two key parameters for the shear capacity of rammed earth buildings. It is also demonstrated that stabilized rammed earth specimens have higher shear and energy dissipation capacity but weaker deformation capacity than un-stabilized rammed earth.
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Kim, Bonggeun. "The Transition of Rammed Earth Technology in Ancient China." Hoseo Archaeological Society 57 (February 28, 2024): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34268/hskk.2024.57.57.

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In this paper, we looked at the rammed earth technology used in the earthen ramparts in ancient China. So far, research related to the rammed earth in China has focused on the combination of pangoe(版塊) and individual traces such as woodboards, wooden pillars, horizontal woods, and strings, and there has been a lack of attempts to identify the rammed earth technology of the entire rampart of each remains. I examined the rammed earth pattern of the entire rampart through the examination of the rampart earth structures and rampart methods. As a result, China's ancient rammed earth technology appears when ramparts begin to be built on mid~downstream of the Yellow river in the late neolithic yangshao culture(仰韶文 化). In the literature records, it can be seen that in addition to rampart earth structures (corresponding to types A and C) that fix the wooden plates with wooden pillar called ‘jeong(楨)’and ‘gan(幹)’, Chinese ancient ramparts were built using various rampart earth structures. The rammed earth method also used various methods such as banggoe rammed earth(方塊 版築), bundan rammed earth(分段版築), yeonjeop rammed earth(連接版築), and if you look at the relationship with the rammed earth structure, you can see that each rammed earth method uses one or two types of rammed earth structures to build the rampart. In particular, the appearance of methods for connection of wood plates and supporting and fixing the wood plate by using horizontal wood has led to a change in the rammed earth structure as well as its methods too. In the meantime, archaeological investigations of ramparts in China have been conducted mainly in the midland areas, and the study of construction technology was not very detailed, so it is still difficult to specifically identify the transformation of rammed earth technology in other areas except mid~downstream of the Yellow river. In the future, if archaeological research and research continue to be accumulated and a lot of achievements, we hope that more advanced research will be conducted not only on the transformation of rammed earth technology in each region of China, but also on its relationship with Korea, and I hope that this paper will help us understand Korea's ancient rammed earth technology.
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Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "Modern Rammed Earth in Earth Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.399.

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Rammed earth is a technique for building walls using the raw materials of earth, chalk, lime and gravel. Rammed earth is a structural wall system built of natural mineral soils compacted in thin layers within sturdy formwork. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. The ancient „rammed earth‟ building technique has been used in Neolithic architecture sites and modern buildings alike. From underground green homes to other futuristic green houses. Modern architecture is a new architectural style that emerged in many countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the “rational” use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. This paper is included many examples of structures made from rammed earth using modern architecture. The result has shown the earthen buildings create safer, more people-friendly buildings. The earthen buildings are very low in embodied energy, and extremely comfortable to live in based on modern architecture.
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Wu, Ren Wei, Xing Qian Peng, and Li Zhang. "Influence of Water Contents on Shear Strength of Rammed Earth Wall of Earth-Building." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.172.

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As the "Fujian earth-building" have been inscribed by UNESCO in 2008 as World Heritage Site, attentions of protection about the "Fujian earth-building" has getting more and more. This article takes samples of a rammed-earth wall from Yongding earth-buildings and determines the shear strength of the samples with different water content through triaxial compression tests. The influence on shear strength of water content of rammed-earth samples is analyzed. Test results show that the shear strength of rammed-earth has much to do with the water content of the soil, the greater the water content is，the smaller the shear strength is. With water content increasing, cohesion and internal friction angle of rammed-earth were decreases, and its changing trend is of marked characteristic of stage. When water contents of rammed-earth is under some value, its cohesion changes in small ranges; when water contents of rammed-earth is over the value, its cohesion decreases with water content increasing.
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Zhou, Tie Gang, Dao Qiang Peng, and Jing Hua Cheng. "Research and Application of Green Rammed Earth Wall Construction Technology." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2780.

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The traditional rammed earth building refers theses structures which uses tools such as pestle or hammer etc to fill undisturbed soil materials after a simple processing by the method of compacting layer by layer. construction technology of the modern rammed earth mainly makes improvements in terms of rammed earth materials、ramming tools and construction technology which can effectively improve the durability and safety performance of rammed earth building. This article is focusing on how to select scientifically which one is the best rammed earth material and introducing improvement situation about construction technology of rammed earth wall, which combined with researching and practicing of pilot project, under the guidance of the International centre for research and application of earth construction.
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Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas, Francisco Javier Alejandre, Juan Jesús Martín, and Lidia García Soriano. "Lime-Crusted Rammed Earth: Materials Study." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.9.

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This study analyses the durability of rammed-earth wall construction techniques. The analysis focuses on three medieval masonry types from the Castle of Villavieja (Castellón, Spain) using two variations of lime-reinforced rammed earth in its walls: lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth. Materials analysis reveals the good properties of the materials used in the outer wall facing despite its age. It also clearly shows how deterioration depends more on the construction technique (construction of the wall with a base, cornice, facings, core; on-site installation, bonds, etc.) than on the material itself. These two types of lime-reinforced rammed earth (lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth) are the most common kinds of fortified architecture in the Iberian Peninsula as well as in northern Africa and the Middle East. The case presented herein is therefore highly relevant as it advances our knowledge of the behaviour of the materials comprising these walls and lays the foundations for suitable future conservation works of a vast array of architectural heritage.
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Lu, Xiang Ting, and Yuan Ping Liu. "Rammed Earth Construction: A Sustainable Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3131.

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Abstract. Present concerns for sustainable development have led to a revival of Rammed earth construction using natural or recycled resources. In human history, rammed earth constructions has a long history and wide application. The rammed earth construction is a symbol of the coexistence between mankind and nature, and especially with today’s energy depletion and environmental degradation, it became the focus of attention for its excellent function. The factors contributing to raw soil construction’s bleak prospect are that architect rarely focus on the rammed earth buildings and lack of people to participate in construction system. Since the sustainable development has been a theme of contemporary society, architect and engineer should pain more attention to the rammed earth construction.
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Du, Shu Ting, Jin Zhu Ma, and Dong Wang. "Experimental Research on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Modified Rammed Earth Material." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.773.

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Taking the mix proportion of rammed earth dwellings in Anji as the basic standard, the physical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties of rammed earth in various mix proportion have been tested by means of experiments. The results showed that the proportion of hydrated lime added to the rammed earth have a direct influence on the thermal conductivity, specific heat, compressive strength and shear strength of rammed earth specimens, the thermal and mechanical properties of modified rammed earth material is better when hydrated lime in the proportion of 10%～20%.
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R K, Adityaa. "STABILZED RAMMED EARTH- A REVIEW." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 06 (June 12, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem35778.

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Rammed earth construction has gained prominence as a sustainable building technique due to its eco-friendly nature and aesthetic appeal. However, ensuring the long-term durability of rammed earth structures remains a critical challenge. This paper investigates the efficacy of incorporating stabilizers, including cement, bagasse ash, and glass fibers, to address these concerns and enhance the performance of rammed earth structures. Drawing upon extensive research and experimentation, the paper examines the impact of stabilizers on material composition, structural integrity, and long-term durability. Through comparative analysis and empirical studies, the effectiveness of various stabilizers in improving compressive strength and resistance to weathering is evaluated. The role of cement as a traditional stabilizer is scrutinized, alongside emerging alternatives such as bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugarcane processing, and innovative additives like glass fibers. Furthermore, the paper investigates the influence of stabilizer incorporation on construction practices and life cycle considerations. Key factors such as cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and compatibility with traditional rammed earth methods are analyzed to provide comprehensive guidance for practitioners and researchers. The findings highlight promising avenues for enhancing the durability and compressive strength of rammed earth structures through stabilizer utilization. Practical recommendations are offered for implementing these strategies in real-world construction projects, emphasizing the potential for innovation and sustainability in contemporary architectural practice. Keywords: · Stabilized Rammed Earth · Un-Stabilized Rammed Earth
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Naufal, Maulana Farras, and Wanita Subadra Abioso. "PENGGUNAAN RAMMED EARTH SEBAGAI SOLUSI MATERIAL RAMAH LINGKUNGAN." DESA - DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/desa.v1i2.7775.

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Rammed Earth mempunyai sejarah yang cukup panjang dan dianggap berhasil. Banyak bangunan-bangunan bersejarah yang bahkan sudah diakui sebagai warisan dunia menggunakan Rammed Earth sehingga dianggap sebagai alternatif baru dan juga inovasi yang sukses. Kekuatan yang dimilikinya menjadikan bangunan memiliki umur yang panjang. Teknik pembuatannya yang terbilang kuno namun dinilai berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan sehingga menjadi solusi dalam perkembangan pembangunan yang semakin pesat mengingat kondisi saat ini bumi harus diperhatikan sebaik mungkin dengan lebih melihat sustainabilitynya. Rammed Earth sendiri diklasifikasikan secara general menjadi Rammed Earth stabil dan tidak stabil berdasar bahan pengikat yang digunakan. Karakteristiknya yang dinilai ramah lingkungan cukup menarik untuk dipelajari sehingga penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gagasan dan jawaban dalam segala hal yang terkait seputar perancangan dan Rammed Earth itu sendiri.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rammed Earth"

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Guo, Jing. "Freeform Rammed Earth Shell Construction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491312964445038.

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Romoser, Kelley I. "Borrowed From the Earth: Midwest Rammed Earth Architecture." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277135646.

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Jaquin, Paul A. "Analysis of historic rammed earth construction." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2169/.

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Rammed earth is an ancient construction technique which has recently become popular for sustainable building. Soil is compacted in removable formwork to make a homogeneous wall. A lack of experimental evidence and a poor fundamental understanding means that current design guidelines are highly conservative and inappropriate for the analysis of historic rammed earth buildings. This thesis shows that rammed earth can be viewed in a geotechnical engineering framework and that doing so helps to explain many aspects of the material behaviour. Rammed earth walls were built and tested in the laboratory then modelled using techniques available to practising engineers. Unsaturated soil mechanics was considered useful in explaining much of the behaviour of rammed earth. This was investigated through a series of uniaxial compression tests and the results are explained using unsaturated soil mechanics. Visits to Spain and India were made to investigate rammed earth in the field. Historic construction techniques, modes of failure and repair strategies were studied. The unsaturated nature of rammed earth is used to explain modes of failure and to suggest the most appropriate repair strategies
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Adi, Riyono Winarputro. "CJS-RE : a hierarchical constitutive model for rammed earth." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC036/document.

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Le pisé est une technique constructive vernaculaire consistant à compacter successivement des couches de terre humide entre des coffrages. Cette technique, présente dans le monde entier, l'est en particulier en France dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Comme il n'existe pas de réglementation attachée à cette technique constructive, il est très difficile pour des propriétaires de réparer leur bien. Le développement de cette technique pour de nouveaux projets souffre aussi de cette absence alors qu'elle répond à certains enjeux posés par le Développement Durable. Le travail présenté ici fait partie intégrante du projet national PRIMATERRE dédié à l'étude des constructions impliquant de la terre. Une loi de comportement élasto-plastique est développée dans ce travail pour modéliser le comportement du pisé. Elle s'appuie sur une approche hiérarchisée de la modélisation en lien avec le nombre d'essais disponibles pour identifier les paramètres de modèle mais aussi en lien avec la complexité de phénomènes à prendre en compte. Ce modèle s'inspire d'un modèle pré-existant, CJS, développé en géotechnique pour modéliser le comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires. Une adaptation s'est imposée pour prendre en compte les spécificités du comportement mécanique du pisé qui possède de nombreuses similitudes avec celui des matériaux quasi-fragiles. Deux niveaux de modélisation pour le modèle de comportement appelé CJS-RE sont présentés, pouvant être utilisés dans un contexte de sollicitation monotone. Le premier niveau CJS-RE1 est un modèle élastique parfaitement plastique alors que le second niveau CJS-RE2 est un modèle élasto-plastique à écrouissage isotrope. Deux mécanismes de déformation plastique sont présents, l'un lié aux phénomènes purement déviatoires et l'autre aux phénomènes de traction. La validation du modèle a été entreprise sur la base de la simulation d'essais en laboratoire de compression diagonale et de chargement latéral (pushover) sur des murets, issus de la littérature. Le niveau CJS-RE1 a été capable de capturer les phénomènes essentiels issus de ces deux tests et peut être utilisé comme une première approches des problèmes. Le niveau CJS-RE2 a permis de retrouver plus précisément le comportement non linéaire du pisé sur une large gamme de déformations, que ce soit dans l'essai de compression diagonale ou dans le pushover. Enfin, la prise en compte d'interfaces entre les couches dans la modélisation semble constituer une approche surdimensionnée lorsque seule la résistance d'un système constitué en pisé est recherchée. Cependant, parce qu'elles apportent une certaine ductilité au système dans la modélisation, elles peuvent être utilisées lorsque des résultats plus détaillés sont attendus
Rammed earth is a vernacular building technique consisting in compacting successively layers of moist earth within formworks. This technique is present worldwide and in particular in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France. As no regulation exists for rammed earth structures in France, the owners of such structures are helpless at the time when repairing damages appearing in any aging heritage structures. Moreover, this lack of regulation tends to slow down the development of such a constructive solution in new projects though this technique answers many of the issues raised by the sustainable development. The work presented herein is part of the national research project PRIMATERRE devoted to the study of construction building involving earth. Herein, an elasto-plastic constitutive law is developed for modeling the behavior of rammed earth. It is based on a hierarchical approach of the modeling in relation to the information available to identify the set of model parameters and the refinement of phenomena to be modelled. This model was adapted from a pre-existing CJS model used in advanced foundation engineering for the modelling of granular soils. The necessary adaptation of some mechanisms of the model in the context of rammed earth material which holds the characteristics of a quasi-brittle material is highlighted. Two levels for the model denoted CJS-RE which can be used in the context of monotonous loadings are presented herein. The first level is a simple elastic perfectly plastic model (CJS-RE1) and the second model is an elasto-plastic model with an isotropic hardening (CJS-RE2). Two mechanisms of plastic deformation are involved, one related to purely deviatoric phenomena and one related to tensile phenomena. The validation of the model was performed based on different sets of actual tests including diagonal compression tests and pushover tests on wallets. The simple elasto-plastic model CJS-RE1 was able to capture some basic features for these two tests and may be used for a first estimate of the system resistance. The more sophisticated model CJS-RE2 was found better to retrieve the nonlinear behavior of rammed earth over a larger range of deformations throughout both a diagonal compression test and a pushover test. Finally, the modelling of interfaces between layers of earth seems oversized when the resistance of the system is investigated. However, since they may influence the simulated ductility of the system, they may be used to model the behavior of rammed earth system more precisely
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Hall, Matthew Robert. "The mechanisms of moisture ingress & migration in rammed earth walls." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2004. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19744/.

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The ingress and migration of moisture in rammed earth walls can be a particular problem for contractors and property owners. To date there have been no comprehensive research projects aimed at understanding moisture ingress in rammed earth materials. A much more detailed understanding of how soil-grading parameters affects the moisture ingress performance of rammed earth walls is required along with appropriate suggestions for optimising soil mix designs. Quarry materials have been blended to produce a variety of rammed earth soil mix recipes with accurately controlled grading characteristics. Ten different unstabilised mix recipes were established and tested, followed by three mix recipes that were tested with different levels of cement stabilisation. Rammed earth cube samples were used for laboratory experiments that determined capillary suction and pressure-driven moisture ingress properties, and full-scale test walls were used in the SHU climatic simulation chamber. The experimental data was analysed and found to be in good agreement with existing theories on non-saturated flow theory. Moisture ingress in rammed earth is generally very low and typically equal to or less than that of vibration-compacted C30 concrete. A positive relationship exists between the rate of capillary suction and the volume fraction porosity (f) of rammed earth. The mass of absorbed water (m w) increases linearly against the square root of elapsed time (t[0.5]). The extended Darcy equation can be used to describe capillary moisture ingress in rammed earth and so the gradient of the slope i/t[0.5] is used to define the parameter S, known as sorptivity. Static pressure-driven moisture ingress occurs at a rate that is significantly higher than S, and it does not obey the extended Darcy equation. The effective hydraulic pore radius (r) of rammed earth is typically very small which indicates high levels of constriction and tortuosity within the pore structure. The surface inflow velocity (u[0]) of capillary moisture ingress decreases linearly against t[0.01]. The gradient of the slope u0?t[0.01] can be used to provide a value for the parameter o, defined here as the surface receptiveness. The value o effectively quantifies the surface finish of the material. When r is increased, the sorptivity (S) and surface receptiveness (o) also increase, but the rate of decline in S becomes greater due to a more rapid water logging of the facade, i.e. the 'overcoat' effect. The ratio between the total specific surface area (SSAt) of the soil aggregate fraction in a mix, and the relative clay content (CC), expressed as a proportion of the total soil mass, is defined here as the SSAt/CC ratio. A positive relationship exists between the SSA/CC ratio and r of a given mix recipe. Where r is less than 0.65 nm a mix recipe should have optimised moisture ingress resistance. The ratio between the mass of soil particles in a mix whose diameter is greater than 3.35mm, and those whose diameter is less than 3.35mm, is defined here as the 3.35 ratio. When the 3.35 ratio of a mix recipe is 5 or less, and the clay content (CC) is approximately 0.1, the mix recipe appears to be optimised for low sorptivity (S) and small effective hydraulic pore radius (r). The climatic simulation of pressure-driven rainfall applied to stabilised rammed earth walls gives a calculated sorptivity (S) of approximately zero, and a very low initial surface absorption that appears to be independent of soil grading. A correctly graded soil mix recipe can make the capillary and pressure-driven moisture ingress resistance of rammed earth significantly exceed that of vibration-compacted C30 concrete without the need for chemical admixtures or surface treatments. This is the most sustainable and potentially cost effective approach to enhancing the moisture ingress resistance of rammed earth materials. Rainfall penetration in rammed earth walls may not be a problem due to the low levels of absorption from run-off water. However, capillary ingress through basal dampness or faulty rainwater goods/plumbing could be a significant cause of damp ingress. This research provides guidance on how to optimise the moisture ingress resistance in a rammed earth mix recipe, which can be specified according to the level and nature of exposure the wall is likely to encounter.
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Okoronkwo, Chijioke David. "Developing sustainable and environmentally friendly building materials in rammed earth construction." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612020.

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Building rammed earth structures provides a sustainable alternative to concrete. As a building material, rammed earth exhibits very varied physical and material properties depending on the proportion of constituting soil types. When very sandy soil is used in rammed earth production, the properties are different from when a clayey soil is used. This variability can be seen as a very great advantage in the use of rammed earth as a building material. Builders are able to adjust specific properties by changing mix proportions to obtain a desirable balance in the characteristics of the resulting rammed earth structure. This research work looks at selected mechanical and physical properties of different mixes of rammed earth. It describes typical range of values in density, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water ingress and compressive strength. It examines how these factors interrelate in the same soil mixes. Samples were prepared by blending various soil types in specific proportions to ensure that each definition of soil grade is as specific as possible. Unstabilised rammed earth was tested as was cement stabilised rammed earth. Rammed earth was tested at various levels of stabilisation and it was discovered that higher rates of stabilisation was not always beneficial to every material property. The research also looked into the potential disposal of waste materials in rammed earth. As rammed earth is a monolithic material that largely remains undisturbed throughout its life span, it was suggested that waste materials could be stored in an inert form inside of rammed earth rather than dumping it in otherwise agricultural landmass. Pulverised Fuel Ash and Palm Kernel Shells were identified as wastes to be disposed in rammed earth. Pulverised Fuel Ash, a by-product of industrial furnace is found in abundance in developed countries that burn carbonaceous materials in power plants. Disposals have been seen as a problem as only a small proportion of high loss on ignition (LOI) Pulverised Fuel Ash has found application. Palm Kernel Shell is a by-product of the oil palm industry and is currently a menace in many developing countries that need to dispose large quantities of the shell in landfills. At an early stage of the research, experimental trial runs quickly showed that these supposedly waste materials had a positive effect on some of the material properties of the rammed earth walls they were made into. This research effort evolved to look into exploiting these materials to improve the physical and material property of rammed earth and to suggest their effect on stabilised and unstabilised rammed earth. The extent to which these materials could be useful and the level at which diminishing returns set in was also investigated. It was discovered that soil mixes that would otherwise not be considered suitable for use in rammed earth wall production can now be utilised as their characteristics can be improved on simply by adding Pulverised Fuel Ash or Palm Kernel shell in the right proportion. Incorporating Pulverised Fuel Ash in rammed earth resulted in increased compressive strength. Palm Kernel shell improved thermal properties without compromising compressive strength.
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Thuysbaert, John. "The suitability of rammed earth for construction in the Cape Town metropolitan area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12023.

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The purpose of this thesis was to explore the suitability for Rammed Earth construction in the Cape Town metropolitan area. This would ultimately lead to drawing up a guideline for building of Rammed Earth housing and structures. The research involved collecting sixteen soil samples from strategically selected sites in Cape Town. The suitability of a soil was established through a variety of tests, varying between relatively simple field tests and rigorous laboratory analysis. These tests were undertaken to assess soil grading, organic matter content, plasticity and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). Grading gave an indication of fines present and plasticity indicated the cohesive nature of the fines. More detailed tests were undertaken to determine type and level of soluble salts and mineralogical composition.
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Holur, Narayanaswamy Abhilash. "Mechanical testing procedure for local building materials : rammed earth and laterite building stones." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET015/document.

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Locally available building materials are proven energy efficient and eco-friendly, making them a sustainable building material. In the last two decades, use of raw earth as building material is augmented, owing to the environmental concerns construction industry is also reconsidering the use of raw earth, researchers on the other hand are working to understand the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of earthen buildings, yet the study of mechanical parameters possess multiple challenges due to material inert properties exposing the need of new experimental approaches to extract accurate mechanical parameters. Building techniques such as adobe, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, and laterite building stones are on a verge of reclaiming elite position in construction industry. In this study, experimental investigation on two naturally available building materials, unstabilised rammed earth (USRE) and laterite building stones (LBS) are carried out. The work focuses on the parameters that need to be considered in the experimental procedures, which influences the mechanical properties of USRE and LBS are seen. The locally available soils in the region of Rhone-alps, France and laterite building stones from Burkina Faso are used in this experimental campaign. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting moist soil in layers, due to manufacturing technique there is a density gradient within the layer that leads to heterogeneity. On the other hand, the manufacturing parameters of the USRE such as compaction energy and manufacturing water content have a direct influence on the dry density of the material and therefore the strength. The manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating the in-situ condition are very important to understand the behaviour of USRE wall. Hence an experimental procedure to study the unconfined compressive strength, considering the influence of manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating in-situ conditions are performed along with the cyclic loading and unloading to study the elasto-plastic property of the USRE. The test procedure is performed on two different soils that are used to build USRE structures. Along with the compressive strength of USRE, the tensile strength and flexural strength are also presented by subjecting specimens under split tensile test and four point bending test. Another important parameter is the mechanical strength properties of USRE layer interface under lateral loads. A novel experimental procedure to study the interface strength properties are discussed in this study. The experimental procedure is simple and xii compact that can be performed using a simple uniaxial press using inclined metallic wedges that allows rectangular prism to undergo bi-axial loading. With the help of inclined metallic wedges, shear stress and normal stress can be induced on the specimen interface allowing to obtain coulomb’s failure criteria and hence the strength properties of the interface. Laterite building stones (LBS) which are mainly used in tropical countries are porous in nature. The moisture retention capacity of porous building material will bring indoor comfort, but the presence of water molecules within the material and their variation to the outdoor environment is responsible for complex mechanical behaviour. Hence an experimental investigation to analyse the moisture ingress of LBS and their influence on mechanical strength is designed. The moisture ingress is studied by subjecting LBS for moisture sorption and desorption test and moisture buffering test. Then the influence of moisture ingress on mechanical strength (flexure and compression) are investigated using three point bending test and unconfined compression test with loading and unloading cycles. This experimental investigation allows studying the moisture ingress and their influence on strength along with elasto-plastic behaviour of LBS
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Chen, Weiqi. "Evoke a Memory Through Architecture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102004.

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Memories are often triggered by the presence of physical artifacts. When artifacts are replaced, the contemplation of a history attached to the artifacts tends to fade or even disappear. In an urban context, it often means that buildings and spaces which are the record of a culture are substituted with buildings and spaces that are disconnected from tradition in favor of a fast paced economy. China is the prime example of the largest and fastest urbanization over the past two decades. While it dramatically transformed most cities and suburban areas into modern urban organizations, large amounts of beautiful local architectures disappeared. This thesis proposes that architecture - no matter at what time is built - has the potential to embody a historic dimension and memories when seeking a symbiosis of traditional materials and modern technologies. The project here is a vehicle to seek memory to be evoked by the spatial scale and familiar materials without compromising modern requirements and conveniences.
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Memories fade out when old things being replaced by new things. This is a common phenomenon that happens constantly in today's fast-paced world. Technological progress of construction increases the speed of urbanization, however, it erases good old memories in the same speed simultaneously. Take China as an example, the largest and fastest urbanization in the past two decades dramatically transformed most cities and suburban areas into modern appearances. Large amount of beautiful local architectures disappeared. This thesis explores ways to preserve those good memories through integrating traditional materials and modern technologies. Guests' memory will be evoked by experiencing the spatial scale and old materials while still having a modern lifestyle in a hotel.
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Burroughs, Van Stephan School of the Built Environment UNSW. "Quantitative criteria for the selection and stabilisation of soils for rammed earth wall construction." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of the Built Environment, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17861.

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Modern building procedures and requirements demand that the selection and stabilisation of soils for the purposes of rammed earth construction be better quantified. This study examines the relationships between soil properties, stabiliser treatments, and stabilised strength and density for 111 soil samples taken from sites in New South Wales (Australia), and develops new quantitative criteria for soil assessment, selection, and stabilisation. Laboratory measurements of soil particle size distribution, plasticity, and shrinkage were made for each soil. Various quantities from 0-6 % of lime, cement, and asphalt were added to the soil samples, and the resulting 230 specimens were compacted, and cured for 28 days. Determinations were made of the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and compressive strength of the stabilised material. The samples showed stabilised strengths ranging from 1.0-5.4 MPa, with a mean of 2.62 MPa, and densities from 1.44-2.21 t/m3, with a mean of 1.86 t/m3. The results show that over 90 % of the variation in stabilised strength and density of the samples is due to variation in soil properties, with differences in stabiliser type or stabiliser quantity being relatively minor. The most important soil properties explaining stabilised strength are linear shrinkage and plasticity index. These properties have been used to categorise the soils into three groups on the basis of their suitability for stabilisation as measured against a compressive strength criterion of 2 MPa. Favourable soils have shrinkages of < 7.1 % and plasticities of < 16 %, and 90 % of these samples passed the 2 MPa criterion. Satisfactory soils have shrinkages of 7.1-13.0 % and plasticities of 16-30 %, and 65 % of these samples had strengths in excess of 2 MPa. Unfavourable soils have shrinkages of > 13 % and plasticities of > 30 %, and only 10 % of these samples exceeded the 2 MPa value. Soils in the favourable and satisfactory categories can be further discriminated using textural information. On that basis, all soils classified as favourable, and those classified as satisfactory and which also have sand contents < 60 %, are recommended as being suitable for stabilisation. Soils not fulfilling these criteria are unlikely to be successfully stabilised and should be rejected. These results stress the importance of selecting a soil favourably predisposed to stabilisation. Field techniques to search for such soils could be refined on the basis of the new soil criteria presented. Use of the criteria should also minimise unnecessary laboratory testing of the density and strength of soils that subsequently prove unsuitable for stabilisation. A flow chart is presented to guide practitioners through the different stages of soil testing, assessment, and rammed earth stabilisation.
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Books on the topic "Rammed Earth"

1

Easton, David. The rammed earth house. White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green, 2007.

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David, Easton. The rammed earth house. White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1996.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6.

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Veillon, Cyril. Pisé: Rammed earth : tradition and potential. Edited by Archizoom associati and École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne. Zürich]: Triest Verlag für Architektur, Design und Typografie, 2019.

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1957-, Walker Peter, ed. Rammed earth: Design and construction guidelines. Watford: BRE Bookshop, 2005.

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1958-, Rauch Martin, ed. Martin Rauch: Rammed earth = Lehm und Architektur. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2001.

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Smith, Edward W. Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed-earth industries in New Mexico. Socorro: New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, 1996.

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Smith, Edward W. Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed-earth industries in New Mexico. Socorro: New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, 1989.

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King, Bruce. Buildings of earth and straw: Structural design for rammed earth and straw-bale architecture. Sausalito, Calif: Ecological Design Press, 1996.

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Gernot, Minke, ed. Building with earth: Design and technology of a sustainable architecture. Basel: Birkhauser-Publishers for Architecture, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rammed Earth"

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Prelims - Rammed Earth Structures." In Rammed Earth Structures, i—xi. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.000.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Introduction: Rammed Earth Structures." In Rammed Earth Structures, 2–15. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.001.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Back Matter - Rammed Earth Structures." In Rammed Earth Structures, 112–17. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.009.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Materials." In Rammed Earth Structures, 16–41. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.002.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Formwork." In Rammed Earth Structures, 42–55. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.003.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Groundworks." In Rammed Earth Structures, 56–71. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.004.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Superstructure." In Rammed Earth Structures, 72–83. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.005.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Stability." In Rammed Earth Structures, 84–91. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.006.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Details and finishes." In Rammed Earth Structures, 92–105. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.007.

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Keable, Julian, and Rowland Keable. "Earthquake areas." In Rammed Earth Structures, 106–11. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440668.008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rammed Earth"

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Stone, Clayton. "IN EARTH WE TRUST: REINTRODUCTION OF RAMMED EARTH." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ARTS, PERFORMING ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b41/s15.090.

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Romanazzi, Antonio, Daniel V. Oliveira, Rui A. Silva, Paulo X. Candeias, A. Campos Costa, and Alexandra Carvalho. "Experimental Out-of-Plane Behaviour of a Rammed Earth Sub-Assemblage Subjected to Seismic Inputs." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.346.

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Rammed earth technique is spread worldwide, representing the local identity of many cultures for which they must be preserved. Yet, rammed earth heritage is also well known for its high seismic vulnerability and despite the increasing concern for this aspect, few investigations were conducted on dynamic response of such structures. In this framework, an experimental program was undertaken on a rammed earth mock-up by means of shake table tests carried out at the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) in Lisbon. To investigate the out-of-plane behaviour of rammed earth walls, a mock-up was built in real scale with a U-shape and then subjected to a series of increasing seismic inputs. The results are here discussed in terms of damage, displacements and base shear coefficient. In conclusion, the model behaved as a rigid block to earthquake excitations.
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Lage, Gabriela Tavares de Lanna, White José dos Santos, and Sofia Araújo Lima Bessa. "Use of iron mining tailings in rammed earth: a literature survey." In ENSUS2023 - XI Encontro de Sustentabilidade em Projeto. Grupo de Pesquisa Virtuhab/UFSC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2596-237x.ensus2023.v11.n4.p308-320.

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The Minas Gerais region is recognized as one of Brazil's largest iron ore extraction areas, the world's second-largest producer. During mineral extraction, tons of tailings are generated and stored in dams. In parallel, a challenge in the Civil Engineering and Architecture sector is presenting construction solutions with a lower environmental impact. Among these, rammed earth is a construction technique with great sustainable potential due to the possibility of lower embodied energy than conventional techniques. Because of this possibility of interaction, this paper proposes to analyze the potential use of iron ore tailings (IOT) as a physical stabilizer, acting as a granulometric corrector of rammed earth. No investigations were found regarding using RMF in rammed earth in civil construction. It was found that it is possible that the use of IOT may be viable for soil size correction in rammed earth or as a substitute for base material. This is due to the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of RMF being suitable for this technique, especially when sand, fine sand, or silt percentages are required.
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Suresh, Abhirami. "A Study on Soil Sample to Evaluate the Suitability for Rammed Earth Construction." In 2nd International Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Technology and Management. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.160.2.

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As man has realized sustainable practices to be followed for his sustenance on the planet Earth, alternatives to conventional practices are in research in every field. Global Status Report 2021 by the UNEP reported that 37% of global carbon emissions are from the construction sector. Here, the study focuses on the earthen construction method, particularly on Rammed Earth, which has been practiced worldwide since time immemorial. It is an energy-efficient, low-carbon embedded, and sustainable approach that is being researched and practiced worldwide to meet emission targets. Earthen building construction is not well practiced in many countries, India being a part, more studies have to be made on prevailing conditions of socioeconomic as well as engineering factors. The paper presents a comprehensive study on materials used for rammed earth construction, Tests to be done for both material and rammed earth specimens, Construction aspects, and a study on locally available soil to assess its viability for rammed earth construction. It also discusses the studies to be made to popularize the same to society as a sustainable alternative construction method and practice the same.
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P, Uma, and Rashmin Damle. "A Case Study on Thermal Performance in Residences with Laterite Stone and Rammed Earth Walling Materials in A Warm and Humid Climate." In ENERGISE 2023. Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62576/krld3397.

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Traditionally in coastal Karnataka, mud was used in residential construction, but due to its labour-intensive nature, the construction shifted to laterite stone in the mid-20th century. Presently, with the growing need for thermal comfort and interest in sustainable approaches, there is increased interest in traditional mud architecture. A study was conducted to understand how these two materials- Rammed earth and Laterite stone perform in their built environment in a warm and humid climate. The analysis of inner surface temperatures of the east wall showed that 45% of the temperature for rammed earth and 97% of the temperature for laterite stone were more than 28°C. 1°C difference in mean WBGT showed that the indoor spaces in rammed earth residences have lower heat stress compared to laterite stone. Additionally, cooling loads can be reduced by 10%, and surface temperature can be reduced by 2°C for rammed earth compared to laterite stone walls.
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Wolenski, Anderson Renato Vobornik, Cristiano Augusto Heuser, Éder Luciano Welter, Ezequiel Koppe, and Cássio Alexandre Bariviera. "Physical-Mechanical Characterization of Soil-Cement for the Production of Rammed Earth Walls." In ENSUS2023 - XI Encontro de Sustentabilidade em Projeto. Grupo de Pesquisa Virtuhab/UFSC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2596-237x.ensus2023.v11.n1.p245-257.

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Rammed earth is a successful alternative, as it uses earth as its main component, resulting in cost-benefit impact, reduced energy consumption, and improved thermal and acoustic comfort. This study characterized physically and mechanically extracted soils from three municipalities in the western region of Santa Catarina, as a way of conceiving self-supporting walls in rammed earth, which is a highly innovative construction method for the context of a sustainable building.
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MASROUR, Ilham. "Naturally Strengthening Rammed Earth: The Promising Potential of Biopolymers." In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-25.

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Abstract. Sustainable construction has become a global imperative due to the growing awareness of the harmful environmental impacts of the construction industry. The use of cement and lime in traditional methods of stabilizing earth constructions is a significant problem due to their high carbon footprint. This article examines an ecological alternative to stabilizing earth structures with biopolymers. These Bio-based materials can be used to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry while also ensuring the structure's stability and durability. The purpose of this article is to examine the mechanical properties of biopolymers in the context of stabilizing earth construction. The objective is to guide the decision on which stabilization method to use for earth construction based on the available resources.
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Librici, Camilla, Daniel V. Oliveira, and Rui A. Silva. "Seismic assessment of a vernacular rammed earth building." In IABSE Symposium, Vancouver 2017: Engineering the Future. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/vancouver.2017.0152.

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Zhu, Guanqi, Xinyi Zhou, Jun Zhang, Guogang Liu, Shimeng Hao, and Dan Luo. "Automatic Robotic Construction for Customisable Rammed Earth Walls." In CAADRIA 2023: Human-Centric. CAADRIA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.109.

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Losini, Alessia Emanuela, Liudmila Lavrik, Marco Caruso, Monika Woloszyn, Anne Cecile Grillet, Giovanni Dotelli, and Paola Gallo Stampino. "Mechanical Properties of Rammed Earth Stabilized with Local Waste and Recycled Materials." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.113.

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Traditional techniques of construction using natural and locally available materials are nowadays raising the interest of architects and engineers. Clayey soil is widely present in all continents and regions, and where available it is obtained directly from the excavation of foundations, avoiding transportation costs and emissions due to the production of the binder. Moreover, raw earth is recyclable and reusable after the demolition, thanks to the absence of the firing process. The rammed earth technique is based on earth compressed into vertical formworks layer by layer to create a wall. This material owes its strength to the compaction effort and due to its manufacture procedure exhibits layers resembling the geological strata and possessing high architectural value. The hygroscopic properties of rammed earth allow natural control of the indoor humidity, keeping it in the optimal range for human health. Stabilization with lime or cement is the most common procedure to enhance the mechanical and weather resistance at once. This practice compromises the recyclability of the earth and reduces the hygroscopic properties of the material. The use of different natural stabilizers, fibers, and natural polymers by-products of the agriculture and food industry, can offer an alternative that fits the circular economy requirements. The present study analyses the mechanical strength of an Italian earth stabilized with different local waste and recycled materials that do not impair the final recyclability of the rammed earth.
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