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Guo, Jing. "Freeform Rammed Earth Shell Construction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491312964445038.
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Romoser, Kelley I. "Borrowed From the Earth: Midwest Rammed Earth Architecture." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277135646.
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Jaquin, Paul A. "Analysis of historic rammed earth construction." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2169/.
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Rammed earth is an ancient construction technique which has recently become popular for sustainable building. Soil is compacted in removable formwork to make a homogeneous wall. A lack of experimental evidence and a poor fundamental understanding means that current design guidelines are highly conservative and inappropriate for the analysis of historic rammed earth buildings. This thesis shows that rammed earth can be viewed in a geotechnical engineering framework and that doing so helps to explain many aspects of the material behaviour. Rammed earth walls were built and tested in the laboratory then modelled using techniques available to practising engineers. Unsaturated soil mechanics was considered useful in explaining much of the behaviour of rammed earth. This was investigated through a series of uniaxial compression tests and the results are explained using unsaturated soil mechanics. Visits to Spain and India were made to investigate rammed earth in the field. Historic construction techniques, modes of failure and repair strategies were studied. The unsaturated nature of rammed earth is used to explain modes of failure and to suggest the most appropriate repair strategies
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Adi, Riyono Winarputro. "CJS-RE : a hierarchical constitutive model for rammed earth." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC036/document.
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Le pisé est une technique constructive vernaculaire consistant à compacter successivement des couches de terre humide entre des coffrages. Cette technique, présente dans le monde entier, l'est en particulier en France dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Comme il n'existe pas de réglementation attachée à cette technique constructive, il est très difficile pour des propriétaires de réparer leur bien. Le développement de cette technique pour de nouveaux projets souffre aussi de cette absence alors qu'elle répond à certains enjeux posés par le Développement Durable. Le travail présenté ici fait partie intégrante du projet national PRIMATERRE dédié à l'étude des constructions impliquant de la terre. Une loi de comportement élasto-plastique est développée dans ce travail pour modéliser le comportement du pisé. Elle s'appuie sur une approche hiérarchisée de la modélisation en lien avec le nombre d'essais disponibles pour identifier les paramètres de modèle mais aussi en lien avec la complexité de phénomènes à prendre en compte. Ce modèle s'inspire d'un modèle pré-existant, CJS, développé en géotechnique pour modéliser le comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires. Une adaptation s'est imposée pour prendre en compte les spécificités du comportement mécanique du pisé qui possède de nombreuses similitudes avec celui des matériaux quasi-fragiles. Deux niveaux de modélisation pour le modèle de comportement appelé CJS-RE sont présentés, pouvant être utilisés dans un contexte de sollicitation monotone. Le premier niveau CJS-RE1 est un modèle élastique parfaitement plastique alors que le second niveau CJS-RE2 est un modèle élasto-plastique à écrouissage isotrope. Deux mécanismes de déformation plastique sont présents, l'un lié aux phénomènes purement déviatoires et l'autre aux phénomènes de traction. La validation du modèle a été entreprise sur la base de la simulation d'essais en laboratoire de compression diagonale et de chargement latéral (pushover) sur des murets, issus de la littérature. Le niveau CJS-RE1 a été capable de capturer les phénomènes essentiels issus de ces deux tests et peut être utilisé comme une première approches des problèmes. Le niveau CJS-RE2 a permis de retrouver plus précisément le comportement non linéaire du pisé sur une large gamme de déformations, que ce soit dans l'essai de compression diagonale ou dans le pushover. Enfin, la prise en compte d'interfaces entre les couches dans la modélisation semble constituer une approche surdimensionnée lorsque seule la résistance d'un système constitué en pisé est recherchée. Cependant, parce qu'elles apportent une certaine ductilité au système dans la modélisation, elles peuvent être utilisées lorsque des résultats plus détaillés sont attendusRammed earth is a vernacular building technique consisting in compacting successively layers of moist earth within formworks. This technique is present worldwide and in particular in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France. As no regulation exists for rammed earth structures in France, the owners of such structures are helpless at the time when repairing damages appearing in any aging heritage structures. Moreover, this lack of regulation tends to slow down the development of such a constructive solution in new projects though this technique answers many of the issues raised by the sustainable development. The work presented herein is part of the national research project PRIMATERRE devoted to the study of construction building involving earth. Herein, an elasto-plastic constitutive law is developed for modeling the behavior of rammed earth. It is based on a hierarchical approach of the modeling in relation to the information available to identify the set of model parameters and the refinement of phenomena to be modelled. This model was adapted from a pre-existing CJS model used in advanced foundation engineering for the modelling of granular soils. The necessary adaptation of some mechanisms of the model in the context of rammed earth material which holds the characteristics of a quasi-brittle material is highlighted. Two levels for the model denoted CJS-RE which can be used in the context of monotonous loadings are presented herein. The first level is a simple elastic perfectly plastic model (CJS-RE1) and the second model is an elasto-plastic model with an isotropic hardening (CJS-RE2). Two mechanisms of plastic deformation are involved, one related to purely deviatoric phenomena and one related to tensile phenomena. The validation of the model was performed based on different sets of actual tests including diagonal compression tests and pushover tests on wallets. The simple elasto-plastic model CJS-RE1 was able to capture some basic features for these two tests and may be used for a first estimate of the system resistance. The more sophisticated model CJS-RE2 was found better to retrieve the nonlinear behavior of rammed earth over a larger range of deformations throughout both a diagonal compression test and a pushover test. Finally, the modelling of interfaces between layers of earth seems oversized when the resistance of the system is investigated. However, since they may influence the simulated ductility of the system, they may be used to model the behavior of rammed earth system more precisely
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Hall, Matthew Robert. "The mechanisms of moisture ingress & migration in rammed earth walls." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2004. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19744/.
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The ingress and migration of moisture in rammed earth walls can be a particular problem for contractors and property owners. To date there have been no comprehensive research projects aimed at understanding moisture ingress in rammed earth materials. A much more detailed understanding of how soil-grading parameters affects the moisture ingress performance of rammed earth walls is required along with appropriate suggestions for optimising soil mix designs. Quarry materials have been blended to produce a variety of rammed earth soil mix recipes with accurately controlled grading characteristics. Ten different unstabilised mix recipes were established and tested, followed by three mix recipes that were tested with different levels of cement stabilisation. Rammed earth cube samples were used for laboratory experiments that determined capillary suction and pressure-driven moisture ingress properties, and full-scale test walls were used in the SHU climatic simulation chamber. The experimental data was analysed and found to be in good agreement with existing theories on non-saturated flow theory. Moisture ingress in rammed earth is generally very low and typically equal to or less than that of vibration-compacted C30 concrete. A positive relationship exists between the rate of capillary suction and the volume fraction porosity (f) of rammed earth. The mass of absorbed water (m w) increases linearly against the square root of elapsed time (t[0.5]). The extended Darcy equation can be used to describe capillary moisture ingress in rammed earth and so the gradient of the slope i/t[0.5] is used to define the parameter S, known as sorptivity. Static pressure-driven moisture ingress occurs at a rate that is significantly higher than S, and it does not obey the extended Darcy equation. The effective hydraulic pore radius (r) of rammed earth is typically very small which indicates high levels of constriction and tortuosity within the pore structure. The surface inflow velocity (u[0]) of capillary moisture ingress decreases linearly against t[0.01]. The gradient of the slope u0?t[0.01] can be used to provide a value for the parameter o, defined here as the surface receptiveness. The value o effectively quantifies the surface finish of the material. When r is increased, the sorptivity (S) and surface receptiveness (o) also increase, but the rate of decline in S becomes greater due to a more rapid water logging of the facade, i.e. the 'overcoat' effect. The ratio between the total specific surface area (SSAt) of the soil aggregate fraction in a mix, and the relative clay content (CC), expressed as a proportion of the total soil mass, is defined here as the SSAt/CC ratio. A positive relationship exists between the SSA/CC ratio and r of a given mix recipe. Where r is less than 0.65 nm a mix recipe should have optimised moisture ingress resistance. The ratio between the mass of soil particles in a mix whose diameter is greater than 3.35mm, and those whose diameter is less than 3.35mm, is defined here as the 3.35 ratio. When the 3.35 ratio of a mix recipe is 5 or less, and the clay content (CC) is approximately 0.1, the mix recipe appears to be optimised for low sorptivity (S) and small effective hydraulic pore radius (r). The climatic simulation of pressure-driven rainfall applied to stabilised rammed earth walls gives a calculated sorptivity (S) of approximately zero, and a very low initial surface absorption that appears to be independent of soil grading. A correctly graded soil mix recipe can make the capillary and pressure-driven moisture ingress resistance of rammed earth significantly exceed that of vibration-compacted C30 concrete without the need for chemical admixtures or surface treatments. This is the most sustainable and potentially cost effective approach to enhancing the moisture ingress resistance of rammed earth materials. Rainfall penetration in rammed earth walls may not be a problem due to the low levels of absorption from run-off water. However, capillary ingress through basal dampness or faulty rainwater goods/plumbing could be a significant cause of damp ingress. This research provides guidance on how to optimise the moisture ingress resistance in a rammed earth mix recipe, which can be specified according to the level and nature of exposure the wall is likely to encounter.
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Okoronkwo, Chijioke David. "Developing sustainable and environmentally friendly building materials in rammed earth construction." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612020.
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Building rammed earth structures provides a sustainable alternative to concrete. As a building material, rammed earth exhibits very varied physical and material properties depending on the proportion of constituting soil types. When very sandy soil is used in rammed earth production, the properties are different from when a clayey soil is used. This variability can be seen as a very great advantage in the use of rammed earth as a building material. Builders are able to adjust specific properties by changing mix proportions to obtain a desirable balance in the characteristics of the resulting rammed earth structure. This research work looks at selected mechanical and physical properties of different mixes of rammed earth. It describes typical range of values in density, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water ingress and compressive strength. It examines how these factors interrelate in the same soil mixes. Samples were prepared by blending various soil types in specific proportions to ensure that each definition of soil grade is as specific as possible. Unstabilised rammed earth was tested as was cement stabilised rammed earth. Rammed earth was tested at various levels of stabilisation and it was discovered that higher rates of stabilisation was not always beneficial to every material property. The research also looked into the potential disposal of waste materials in rammed earth. As rammed earth is a monolithic material that largely remains undisturbed throughout its life span, it was suggested that waste materials could be stored in an inert form inside of rammed earth rather than dumping it in otherwise agricultural landmass. Pulverised Fuel Ash and Palm Kernel Shells were identified as wastes to be disposed in rammed earth. Pulverised Fuel Ash, a by-product of industrial furnace is found in abundance in developed countries that burn carbonaceous materials in power plants. Disposals have been seen as a problem as only a small proportion of high loss on ignition (LOI) Pulverised Fuel Ash has found application. Palm Kernel Shell is a by-product of the oil palm industry and is currently a menace in many developing countries that need to dispose large quantities of the shell in landfills. At an early stage of the research, experimental trial runs quickly showed that these supposedly waste materials had a positive effect on some of the material properties of the rammed earth walls they were made into. This research effort evolved to look into exploiting these materials to improve the physical and material property of rammed earth and to suggest their effect on stabilised and unstabilised rammed earth. The extent to which these materials could be useful and the level at which diminishing returns set in was also investigated. It was discovered that soil mixes that would otherwise not be considered suitable for use in rammed earth wall production can now be utilised as their characteristics can be improved on simply by adding Pulverised Fuel Ash or Palm Kernel shell in the right proportion. Incorporating Pulverised Fuel Ash in rammed earth resulted in increased compressive strength. Palm Kernel shell improved thermal properties without compromising compressive strength.
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Thuysbaert, John. "The suitability of rammed earth for construction in the Cape Town metropolitan area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12023.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
The purpose of this thesis was to explore the suitability for Rammed Earth construction in the Cape Town metropolitan area. This would ultimately lead to drawing up a guideline for building of Rammed Earth housing and structures. The research involved collecting sixteen soil samples from strategically selected sites in Cape Town. The suitability of a soil was established through a variety of tests, varying between relatively simple field tests and rigorous laboratory analysis. These tests were undertaken to assess soil grading, organic matter content, plasticity and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). Grading gave an indication of fines present and plasticity indicated the cohesive nature of the fines. More detailed tests were undertaken to determine type and level of soluble salts and mineralogical composition.
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Holur, Narayanaswamy Abhilash. "Mechanical testing procedure for local building materials : rammed earth and laterite building stones." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET015/document.
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Pas de résumé en français disponibleLocally available building materials are proven energy efficient and eco-friendly, making them a sustainable building material. In the last two decades, use of raw earth as building material is augmented, owing to the environmental concerns construction industry is also reconsidering the use of raw earth, researchers on the other hand are working to understand the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of earthen buildings, yet the study of mechanical parameters possess multiple challenges due to material inert properties exposing the need of new experimental approaches to extract accurate mechanical parameters. Building techniques such as adobe, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, and laterite building stones are on a verge of reclaiming elite position in construction industry. In this study, experimental investigation on two naturally available building materials, unstabilised rammed earth (USRE) and laterite building stones (LBS) are carried out. The work focuses on the parameters that need to be considered in the experimental procedures, which influences the mechanical properties of USRE and LBS are seen. The locally available soils in the region of Rhone-alps, France and laterite building stones from Burkina Faso are used in this experimental campaign. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting moist soil in layers, due to manufacturing technique there is a density gradient within the layer that leads to heterogeneity. On the other hand, the manufacturing parameters of the USRE such as compaction energy and manufacturing water content have a direct influence on the dry density of the material and therefore the strength. The manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating the in-situ condition are very important to understand the behaviour of USRE wall. Hence an experimental procedure to study the unconfined compressive strength, considering the influence of manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating in-situ conditions are performed along with the cyclic loading and unloading to study the elasto-plastic property of the USRE. The test procedure is performed on two different soils that are used to build USRE structures. Along with the compressive strength of USRE, the tensile strength and flexural strength are also presented by subjecting specimens under split tensile test and four point bending test. Another important parameter is the mechanical strength properties of USRE layer interface under lateral loads. A novel experimental procedure to study the interface strength properties are discussed in this study. The experimental procedure is simple and xii compact that can be performed using a simple uniaxial press using inclined metallic wedges that allows rectangular prism to undergo bi-axial loading. With the help of inclined metallic wedges, shear stress and normal stress can be induced on the specimen interface allowing to obtain coulomb’s failure criteria and hence the strength properties of the interface. Laterite building stones (LBS) which are mainly used in tropical countries are porous in nature. The moisture retention capacity of porous building material will bring indoor comfort, but the presence of water molecules within the material and their variation to the outdoor environment is responsible for complex mechanical behaviour. Hence an experimental investigation to analyse the moisture ingress of LBS and their influence on mechanical strength is designed. The moisture ingress is studied by subjecting LBS for moisture sorption and desorption test and moisture buffering test. Then the influence of moisture ingress on mechanical strength (flexure and compression) are investigated using three point bending test and unconfined compression test with loading and unloading cycles. This experimental investigation allows studying the moisture ingress and their influence on strength along with elasto-plastic behaviour of LBS
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Chen, Weiqi. "Evoke a Memory Through Architecture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102004.
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Memories are often triggered by the presence of physical artifacts.
When artifacts are replaced, the contemplation of a history attached
to the artifacts tends to fade or even disappear. In an urban context, it
often means that buildings and spaces which are the record of a culture
are substituted with buildings and spaces that are disconnected from
tradition in favor of a fast paced economy. China is the prime example
of the largest and fastest urbanization over the past two decades. While
it dramatically transformed most cities and suburban areas into modern
urban organizations, large amounts of beautiful local architectures
disappeared.
This thesis proposes that architecture - no matter at what time is built
- has the potential to embody a historic dimension and memories when
seeking a symbiosis of traditional materials and modern technologies.
The project here is a vehicle to seek memory to be evoked by the spatial
scale and familiar materials without compromising modern requirements
and conveniences.10
Memories fade out when old things being replaced by new things. This is a common phenomenon that happens constantly in today's fast-paced world. Technological progress of construction increases the speed of urbanization, however, it erases good old memories in the same speed simultaneously. Take China as an example, the largest and fastest urbanization in the past two decades dramatically transformed most cities and suburban areas into modern appearances. Large amount of beautiful local architectures disappeared. This thesis explores ways to preserve those good memories through integrating traditional materials and modern technologies. Guests' memory will be evoked by experiencing the spatial scale and old materials while still having a modern lifestyle in a hotel.
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Burroughs, Van Stephan School of the Built Environment UNSW. "Quantitative criteria for the selection and stabilisation of soils for rammed earth wall construction." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of the Built Environment, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17861.
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Modern building procedures and requirements demand that the selection and stabilisation of soils for the purposes of rammed earth construction be better quantified. This study examines the relationships between soil properties, stabiliser treatments, and stabilised strength and density for 111 soil samples taken from sites in New South Wales (Australia), and develops new quantitative criteria for soil assessment, selection, and stabilisation. Laboratory measurements of soil particle size distribution, plasticity, and shrinkage were made for each soil. Various quantities from 0-6 % of lime, cement, and asphalt were added to the soil samples, and the resulting 230 specimens were compacted, and cured for 28 days. Determinations were made of the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and compressive strength of the stabilised material. The samples showed stabilised strengths ranging from 1.0-5.4 MPa, with a mean of 2.62 MPa, and densities from 1.44-2.21 t/m3, with a mean of 1.86 t/m3. The results show that over 90 % of the variation in stabilised strength and density of the samples is due to variation in soil properties, with differences in stabiliser type or stabiliser quantity being relatively minor. The most important soil properties explaining stabilised strength are linear shrinkage and plasticity index. These properties have been used to categorise the soils into three groups on the basis of their suitability for stabilisation as measured against a compressive strength criterion of 2 MPa. Favourable soils have shrinkages of < 7.1 % and plasticities of < 16 %, and 90 % of these samples passed the 2 MPa criterion. Satisfactory soils have shrinkages of 7.1-13.0 % and plasticities of 16-30 %, and 65 % of these samples had strengths in excess of 2 MPa. Unfavourable soils have shrinkages of > 13 % and plasticities of > 30 %, and only 10 % of these samples exceeded the 2 MPa value. Soils in the favourable and satisfactory categories can be further discriminated using textural information. On that basis, all soils classified as favourable, and those classified as satisfactory and which also have sand contents < 60 %, are recommended as being suitable for stabilisation. Soils not fulfilling these criteria are unlikely to be successfully stabilised and should be rejected. These results stress the importance of selecting a soil favourably predisposed to stabilisation. Field techniques to search for such soils could be refined on the basis of the new soil criteria presented. Use of the criteria should also minimise unnecessary laboratory testing of the density and strength of soils that subsequently prove unsuitable for stabilisation. A flow chart is presented to guide practitioners through the different stages of soil testing, assessment, and rammed earth stabilisation.
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Gowda, Vidya. "Performance Assessment of Alternative Composite Earth Wall Panels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78156.
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The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers suggests that the building sector represents over 30 percent of our national energy consumption (Parsons, R., 2001). Embodied energy in components of building construction can represent as much as five to ten years of operating energy. Building materials such as concrete, steel and glass require significant amounts of energy for production, and therefore are important when calculating embodied energy in buildings (Keable, 2007; Rypkema, 2007). Because of the relatively large area and volume of related components, the building enclosure system represents a major factor when calculating embodied energy. Alternative materials could be incorporated by adapting traditional and vernacular building approaches to today's standards, for example, compressing soil blocks for use as external walls in buildings that can be applicable to almost any climate including rainforests and cold climates. As an alternative to high-embodied energy materials used for enclosure systems, compacted earth-based enclosure systems may be a viable option, particularly if developed and applied as a pre-manufactured modular system. This study seeks to both quantitatively and qualitatively explore the potential development of earth-based building curtain wall systems. Using modified ASTM test protocols for building enclosure systems and components, alternative earth-based panels were compared. The results suggest that earth-based panels may be a viable option for curtain wall systems but its performance is highly dependent on the composition of the panels. The results of the tests are summarized.Master of Science
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Loccarini, Federica Verfasser], and Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kloft. "Behaviour of rammed earth structures : Sustainable materials and strengthening techniques / Federica Loccarini ; Betreuer: Harald Kloft." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1175815772/34.
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Hamard, Erwan. "Rediscovering of vernacular adaptative construction strategies for sustainable modern building : application to cob and rammed earth." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET011/document.
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L'utilisation de matériaux locaux, naturels et non transformés offre des solutions prometteuses de construction à faible impact environnemental. La grande variabilité spatiale de ces matériaux est cependant un obstacle à une utilisation à plus grande échelle. Les stratégies de construction développées par les anciens bâtisseurs ont été dictées par le climat local et la qualité ainsi que la quantité de matériaux de construction disponibles localement. Ces stratégies de construction peuvent être considérées comme une gestion optimisée des ressources locales, naturelles et variables et sont une source d'inspiration pour la construction durable moderne. Malheureusement, cette connaissance a été perdue dans les pays occidentaux au cours du 20ème siècle. La redécouverte des savoir-faire traditionnels requiert le développement de moyens rationnels d’analyse du patrimoine. Un autre problème concernant l'utilisation de matériaux de construction naturels et variables est leur conformité vis-à-vis de la réglementation du secteur du bâtiment. Le développement de procédures d’essais performantiels est proposé comme solution pour faciliter l'utilisation des techniques de construction en terre. Une approche multidisciplinaire est proposée, combinant micromorphologie, pédologie, géotechnique et étude du patrimoine pour analyser le bâti vernaculaire en terre. Cette approche fournit des outils complémentaires pour évaluer la source des matériaux de construction et identifier les caractéristiques géotechniques de la terre employées dans le patrimoine. Il fournit également une description détaillée des processus vernaculaires de construction. En utilisant ces résultats, il a été possible d'élaborer des cartes de ressources et d’estimer l’ordre de grandeur de la disponibilité des ressources à l'échelle d’une région. Deux procédures d’essais performantiels ont été proposées afin de tenir compte de la variabilité naturelle des terres dans le contexte réglementaire actuel. La construction en terre jouera un rôle important dans la construction durable du 21ème siècle si les acteurs du secteur adoptent des procédés de construction capables de répondre à la demande sociale, avec un faible impact environnemental et à un coût abordable. L'étude du patrimoine en terre a démontré la capacité des anciens bâtisseurs à innover afin de se conformer aux variations de la demande sociale et aux développements techniques. La construction en terre bénéficie d'un passé ancien et riche et il convient de tirer profit de ce retour d’expérience. L'analyse du patrimoine en terre et la redécouverte des techniques de construction vernaculaire est une source d'inspiration précieuse pour la construction contemporaine. La valorisation des connaissances vernaculaires permettra d’économiser du temps, de l'énergie et d'éviter de répéter les erreurs passées. L'avenir de la construction de la terre doit s’inscrire dans la continuité de la construction en terre vernaculaireThe use of local, natural and unprocessed materials offers promising low impact building solutions. The wide spatial variability of these materials is, however, an obstacle to a large-scale use. The construction strategies developed by past builders were dictated by the local climate and the quality and the amount of locally available construction materials. These construction strategies can be regarded as an optimized management of local, natural and variable resources and are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building. Unfortunately, this knowledge was lost in Western countries during the 20th century. Vernacular earth construction know-how rediscovering requires the development of rational built heritage investigation means. Another issue regarding the use of natural and variable building material is their compliance with modern building regulation. The development of performance based testing procedures is proposed as a solution to facilitate the use of earth as a building material. A multidisciplinary approach is proposed, combining micromorphology, pedology, geotechnics and heritage disciplines to study vernacular earth heritage. It provides complementary tools to assess pedological sources of construction material and geotechnical characteristics of earth employed in vernacular earth heritage. It also provides a detailed description of the construction process of vernacular earth heritage. Using these results, it was possible to draw resource maps and provide a scale of magnitude of resource availability at regional scale. Two performance based testing procedures were proposed in order to take into account the natural variability of earth in a modern building context. Earth construction will play an important role in the modern sustainable building of the 21st century if the actors of the sector adopt earth construction processes able to meet social demand, with low environmental impact and at an affordable cost. The study of earth heritage demonstrated the ability of historical earth builders to innovate in order to comply with social demand variations and technical developments. Earth construction benefits of an old and rich past and it would be a non-sense to leave this past behind. The analysis of earth heritage and the rediscovering of vernacular construction techniques is a valuable source of inspiration for modern earth construction. The valorisation of vernacular knowledge will save time, energy and avoid repeating past mistakes. The future of earth construction should be a continuation of past vernacular earth construction
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Gunnels, Aeric Taylor. "Reveries of a walk: Architectonics and an Attunement to Nature." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83765.
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Architecture has been primarily ocularcentric for the last century. This thesis proposes a more sensible approach to architecture. A multisensory experience that gives the user a deeper response to the building. Architecture can activate and engage multiple senses through the revelation of nature such as: wind, light, and shadow.
Architecture has the power to reveal the essence of nature and natural phenomena. It can also become a catalyst to help us understand nature and attain a deeper connection with it and ourselves. Through derived forms and attention to details, architects can capture the essence of nature without direct imitation.
Architecture has always had the power to reveal. The architect must choose what is revealed. This thesis is an exploration into the idea of architecture as a revelation of nature in a specific climate, location, and context to allow the user to become more attuned to nature. Architecture can allow the users to explore and discover nature in a way that was previously ignored or overlooked, or perhaps it can reveal a phenomenon for the first time.
Architecture can reveal nature through: orientation, material choices, form, function, openings, details, and spacing. Allowing natural phenomena to be a part of the design process creates a building attuned to nature. These revelations can occur with careful consideration to components, conditions, and details such as: wind, light, shadow, and structure. In order to achieve these, special consideration must be give to the tectonic and stereotomic construction.Master of Architecture
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Mayon, Isaac Dompo. "Exploring Earth-Building Technology for Liberia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1896.
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This paper discusses earth as a building material and the extent to which earth building technology has evolved over the years. In particular it addresses the adobe, compressed and rammed earth techniques of earth building as suitable techniques for Liberia consumption. In addition, the paper investigates the suitability of the Latosols soils of Liberia for earth building construction purposes using standardized earth building principles and requirements. A local Johnson City, Tennessee, earth sample found to have the same physical characteristics of the Latosols of Liberia was used to simulate Liberia soils to produce specimen blocks at different configurations of moisture content and stabilizers (Bentonite and cement). Following 14 days of cure, the blocks were tested for compressive strength. It was found that blocks produced from the natural soil with no stabilizer added were structurally adequate for building construction purposes. A cost-benefit analysis involving blocks with and without stabilizer (cement) added was also performed.
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Alskif, Aiham. "An investigation of the effect of different additives on the compressive and flexural strength of rammed earth." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10250302.
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The main objective of this research is to study the effect of using different additives on the compressive and flexural strength of rammed earth structures. Different ratios of fly ash, and/or cement were added to the soil to identify their influence on the compressive strength. Recycled fiber materials were used to wrap and reinforce the cement-soil specimens in order to enhance the flexural strength of beams and control the cracks and the mode of failure. The study finds that adding cement to soil has significant effect on the soil strength, and it causes a remarkable increase in the strength while adding fly ash does not increase the compressive strength and it results in elastic modulus reduction. Furthermore, it is concluded that wrapping and reinforcing the specimens by burlap cloth or fiber mesh do not improve the flexural strength due to the weak bond with the cement-soil material. However, when a beam is reinforced by glass fiber exhibited improvement in the flexural strength and it experienced a plastic behavior after the proportional limit and it was able to absorb a large amount of energy without failure.
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Bodelsson, Andrea. "Kollektiv odling i kris : - en antropocen trädgård." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261643.
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“Kollektiv odling i kris - en antropocen trädgård" visar en vision av hur ytor i en svensk stad har omformats och omplanerats, kanske som en konsekvens av samhälleliga beslut, kanske genom ideellt arbete - kanske bäggedera. Bakgrunden till allt det här är såklart klimatförändringarna, som med stor sannolikhet om några år även kommer påverka matförsörjningen. Det blir då nödvändigt att odla mer lokalt, i Sverige och i våra städer där merparten bor och lever. Idén är att odlingsmarken och växthus genererar grönsaker och baljväxter, som vi idag importerar, och som kommer att utgöra en större andel av vår kost i framtiden. Transporterna blir minimalt korta, och maten konsumeras i första hand av stadsborna runt omkring, samtidigt som avfallet från odlingen genererar värme och jord till växthuset och odlingen. Runt varje trädgård går en mur av jord som skyddar odlingen från ljud och avgaser från motorvägen, och även från vinden. Muren blir en tydlig figur i stadslandskapet som ramar in och skyddar odlingen. Alla trädgårdar har en mittaxel där vattnet leds, och bredvid ligger odlingarna, som ramas in av jordväggar som värmer upp jorden. Strukturen förstärks av längor av växthus längs med jordväggarna. Den antropocena trädgården är varken en utopi eller dystopi. Projektet handlar bara om hur framtiden kanske helt nödvändigt kan komma att se ut, och om hur staden kan planera för att möta framtida behov.”Collective cultivation in crisis – an Anthropocene garden” shows a vision of how the spaces in a Swedish city have been reshaped and restructured, perhaps as a consequence of societal decisions, perhaps through local initiatives – perhaps both. The background to this project is obviously climate change, which most likely, in a few years’ time, will also affect food supply. It will then be necessary to grow locally, in Sweden and in our cities where most people live. The idea is thus that the cultivated land and greenhouses will generate vegetables and legumes, which we today import and which will make up most of our food intake in the future. Transportation will be minimised, and the food will be consumed firstly by the city dwellers living around the cultivation, at the same time as the waste produced will generate heat and soil for the greenhouse and cultivation. Around each garden, there is a wall made of earth that protects the cultivation from noise and exhaust from the motorway and also from the wind. The wall becomes a significant figure in the cityscape that frames and protects the cultivation. All the gardens have a central axis where the water is conducted and next to it there are the cultivations, framed by the walls which heat up the soil. The structure is strengthened by rows of greenhouses along the earth walls. The Anthropocene garden is neither a utopia nor a dystopia. The project is simply about how the future may necessarily come to look like, and about how the city can plan to meet future needs.
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Nilsson, Helena. "Jordhuset." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289609.
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Examensarbetet Jordhuset består av två delar där den första delen handlar om jordarkitektur och mina jordexperiment. Den andra delen är ett resultat av mina undersökningar och mitt gestaltande förslag till ett jordhus i det svenska klimatet. Jag vill introducera ett miljövänligt och hållbart alternativ till de konventionella byggmaterialen betong, trä och stål samt erbjuda en ny form av arkitektonisk estetik som jordhus möjliggör. Jord är vårt mest miljövänliga byggnadsmaterial och står för 0 % av världens koldioxidutsläpp – jämfört med t ex framställningen av betong och cement som står för 7 % av koldioxidutsläppen varje år. Genom att undersöka och experimentera med materialet så skapar jag mig en egen uppfattning om dess kvaliteter och utmaningar.The thesis project Jordhuset consists of two parts where the first part is about earth architecture and my earth experiments. The second part is a result of my research and my design proposal for an earth house in the Swedish climate. I want to introduce an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to the conventional building materials concrete, wood and steel and offer a new form of architectural aesthetics that earthen houses make possible. Soil is our most environmentally friendly building material and accounts for 0 % of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions - in comparison with the production of concrete and cement, which accounts for 7 % of carbon dioxide emissions each year. By researching and experimenting with the material, I create my own perception of its qualities and challenges.
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Gramlich, Ashley. "A Concise History of the Use of the Rammed Earth Building Technique Including Information on Methods of Preservation, Repair, and Maintenance." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12982.
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Pisé de terre or rammed earth is a building technique that has existed for over ten thousand years. Although this technique was first documented for Western Civilization by the Roman Pliny the Elder circa 79 AD, evidence of its use prior to his time is found in China, Europe, and elsewhere. Rammed earth achieved notoriety in the United States during three distinct periods in its history: the Jeffersonian era, the Great Depression, and the Back-to-Nature Movement of the 1970s. In the United States earth buildings are uncommon and usually deemed marginal or fringe. This is true even though at times the U.S. government has been a proponent of alternative building techniques, especially rammed earth. Intended for those interested in material culture, this thesis provides a brief history of rammed earth, articulates its importance to the building record of the United States, and describes methods for its preservation, repair, and maintenance.
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Melhem, Sari. "Hózhó, A Rainbow Project for Healthy People." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105088.
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This thesis thrives to promote community health and wellbeing through smart design, celebrating culture(s), and offering efficacious and real-world solutions to mitigate certain challenges arising from the imminent threat of climate change and the gradual depletion of our planet's natural resources. The projected building harnesses naturel forces, minimizes energy consumption, and uses natural/passive strategies like thermal mass and natural ventilation. Interior spaces enjoy an abundance of Natural lighting, biophilic attributes, and thera-serlized or uninterrupted views. It generates electrical energy due to adequate solar power and clear skies, especially in hot and arid climates like the proposed location of the project in Tuba City, AZ. In my proposal of a sustainable, community-focused, wellness center, this project will attempt to embrace diversity, celebrate the Navajos heritage through incorporating their belief system and culture into the genius Loci of the place, which will have a long-term healing effect on patients during their journey of recovery. The Navajo nation is a native American reservation and a self-governing community located in the southwest of the US between four states (UT, AZ, NM, CO). Since it's an Underserved, marginalized, and medically under-resourced community, the Navajo Nation was prone to COVID-19 onslaught in 2020, which resulted in substantial number of cases compared to other US states.Master of Architecture
In Dec 2020, the World witnessed the first case of Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. The disease has since spread rapidly worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic. Like many countries across the globe, the health system in the United States of America has to grabble with this deadly virus by inducing measures such as mask mandates and lockdowns in many US states. Unfortunately, and due to economic and social disparities, COVID-19 pandemic has brought injustice and inequity to the forefront of public health. Some communities were hit hard due to lack of emergency response, the availability of health professionals, and healthcare infrastructure. Tuba city, which is the Diné or the Navajo nation second-largest community in Coconino County, AZ, was majorly hit with COVID-19 resulting in a significant number of cases compared to other US cities. This project is a critical component of an emergency preparedness matrix that can firstly; help absorb the shock of such outbreaks by providing primary and outpatient services. Secondly; it offers community-focused and wellness service that can empower underserved, under-resourced and valuable communities like the Navajo Nation. This project is unique due to its inherited and embedded characteristics of bringing the Navajo tradition into the spirit of the building, by celebrating their culture making it a key component in a patent's healing process.
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He, Xie. "An Architecture of Belonging." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102432.
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As the placeless globalization is accelerating around the world and especially in China, places that have strong ties to the particularities of a locale are desirable destinations to escape the generic monotony of placeless urbanization.
The thesis here stipulates that even in a placeless globalization, opportunities exist to understand, interpret and celebrate local cultural phenomena. While many formal architectural artifacts may have outgrown their purpose and no longer have direct relevance today, a number of desires, customs and rituals persist as desirable conditions to be supported by architectural space.
The thesis proposes to seek out an architecture, that embraces and reinterprets targeted aspects of the built form of traditional elements with modern means.Master of Architecture
This thesis discusses possibilities to reinterpret the vernacular. Specifically, the sense of identity generated by the architecture traditions in Western China can be attributed to shape and construction of the roof, organization in plan, the central fire place, and a protected courtyard all enclosed by rammed earth. Reinterpretations of those elements in modern forms propose a continuity of culture and identity.
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Gramlich, Ashley Nicolle. "A concise history of the use of the rammed earth building technique including information on methods of preservation, repair, and maintenance." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1538563.
Full textAbstract:
Pisé de terre or rammed earth is a building technique that has existed for over ten thousand years. Although this technique was first documented for Western Civilization by the Roman Pliny the Elder circa 79 AD, evidence of its use prior to his time is found in China, Europe, and elsewhere. Rammed earth achieved notoriety in the United States during three distinct periods in its history: the Jeffersonian era, the Great Depression, and the Back-to-Nature Movement of the 1970s. In the United States earth buildings are uncommon and usually deemed marginal or fringe. This is true even though at times the U.S. government has been a proponent of alternative building techniques, especially rammed earth. Intended for those interested in material culture, this thesis provides a brief history of rammed earth, articulates its importance to the building record of the United States, and describes methods for its preservation, repair, and maintenance.
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Alfadil, Mohammad Omar. "A Villa in Shaqra City, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23225.
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This thesis aims to establish a context of the relationship between internal and external elements of a villa in Shaqra, Saudi Arabia. The study tends to represent the surrounding environment through the use of local and readily available building materials, rammed earth, in constructing the structural building walls. The walls of the villa designed to be built with the rammed earth, as they seem they grow out of the ground and belong to the ground, in which it has the same soul and character of the surrounding area.Master of Architecture
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Zadražil, Lukáš. "Možnost využití technologie dusané hlíny pro stavbu rodinného domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409774.
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This Diploma thesis deals with possibilities of utilizing earth as a building material for con-struction of detached houses using the rammed earth technology. Research in domestic and foreign literature led to description of the historical development of building from earth, overview of historical technologies and historical development of the technology of rammed earth. Subsequently, the thesis deals with nowadays very relevant problematics of sustainable construction, which is closely related to the use of natural materials, such as earth. Furthermore, the thesis describes the technology of rammed earth with examples of already realized buildings, both in the Czech Republic and other countries. The last part of the research describes selected methods of testing the physical-mechanical properties of rammed earth used abroad. The first section of experimental part deals with the design of earth mixtures for three specific sites (Dolany, Valchov and Dolní Těrlicko), using a computer model in Excel. The rest of experimental part contains the design of methodology for the production of test specimens for the pressure testing, and selected tests are performed for better knowledge of the physical-mechanical properties of the designed earth mixtures. The last part of the thesis discusses the problematics of legislative process of permitting rammed earth buildings and practical construction recommendations.
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Soudani, Lucile Caroline Laurence. "Modelling and experimental validation of the hygrothermal performances of earth as a building material." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET011/document.
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La thèse s'inscrit dans un projet de recherche national (ANR Primaterre) qui a pour but d'étudier les performances (mécaniques et thermiques) réelles des matériaux de construction premiers à faible énergie grise que sont la terre crue et la limousinerie.Le travail de thèse se concentre sur les aspects thermiques et hygrothermiques de la terre crue, c'est-à-dire le couplage entre les transferts de masse d'eau (liquide et vapeur) et de chaleur au sein du matériau. Dans une première partie, une analyse des performances thermiques et hydriques d'une habitation comportant des murs en pisé (terre crue compactée) instrumentés a été réalisée. Cette étude a été complétée par la mesure, en laboratoire, des propriétés thermiques et hydriques du matériau. Le lien entre les paramètres matériaux mesurés et les performances (hygro)-thermiques a été appréhendé à la lumière d'un modèle numérique couplé, adapté aux caractéristiques particulières du matériau. Cette étude a mis en évidence que, de par leur aptitude à stocker puis restituer l'énergie solaire, leur capacité de stockage hydrique et la complexité des transports et changements de phases de l'eau se produisant en leur sein, les murs en terre crue présentent de nombreuses particularités qu'il convient de prendre en compte pour une bonne prédiction de leur impact sur les performances d'une habitationThe Ph.D. is part of a national research project (ANR Primaterre) aiming at promoting real performances (mechanical and thermal) of primary construction materials with low embodied energy such as raw earth.This work focuses on the thermal and hygrothermal behaviour of rammed earth, i.e. coupled transfers of heat and moisture (liquid water and water vapour) within the material. On the one hand, an evaluation of the thermal and hygric performances of a monitored house with rammed earth walls is provided. This study is completed with laboratory measurements of the thermal and hydric properties of the material. A numerical coupled model, suitable for the specific characteristics of the material, provides a better understanding of the link between the characterization parameters measured and its (hygro)thermal performances. Because of their ability to store and release heat from the sun, their capacity to store moisture and the complexity of the transfers occurring in their pores, earthen walls display many distinctive features that are essential to count for in order to provide an accurate prediction of their impact on the global performances of a building
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Heise, Andre Falleiros. "Desenho do processo e qualidade na construção do painel monolitico de solo-cimento em taipa de pilão." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257845.
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Orientador: Andre Munhoz de Argollo FerrãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heise_AndreFalleiros_M.pdf: 6063672 bytes, checksum: bed385d402a20c2a72ee8254c79b8275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: O universo da construção civil vem se tornando o foco principal das pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas nos diversos campos do conhecimento humano, por ser um dos responsáveis pelo alto grau de problemas ambientais e sociais. Através da inovação tecnológica é possível diminuir estes problemas, utilizando processos que geram poucos resíduos poluentes e incluem as pessoas em seus processos, melhorando as condições e a qualidade de vida da população. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho são: mapear, identificar etapas, calcular suas médias produtivas e propor melhoramentos para o processo de produção do painel monolítico de solo-cimento em taipa de pilão. O autor investigou cinco canteiros de obra que utilizaram a tecnologia de construção do painel monolítico de solo-cimento, mapeou os canteiros de obra, identificou os painéis e as atividades do processo, bem como as ferramentas e equipamentos, materiais e mão-de-obra e as informações necessárias; identificando finalmente a ocorrência de não conformidades. A partir da investigação do processo foi possível indicar possibilidades de melhorias com o investimento em equipamento, treinamento e qualificação de mão de obra e utilização de procedimentos de execução e de controle de qualidade das atividades. E para as etapas do processo foram calculadas as médias produtivas e através das tabelas e gráficos foram analisadas as produtividades do processo, resultando, assim, em recomendações para melhoria da eficiência e da produtividade do processo
Abstract: The universe of the building site is turning the main focus of the scientific and technological researches in the several fields of the human knowledge, for being one of the responsible for the high degree of environmental and social problems. Through the technological innovation it is possible to reduce these problems, using processes that generate few pollutant residues and they include the people in its processes, improving the conditions and the quality of life of the population. The principal objectives of this work: to map, to identify stages, to calculate your productive averages and to propose improvements for the process of production of the monolithic panel of soil-cement in rammed earth. The author investigated five builder¿s yard that used the technology of construction of the monolithic panel of soil-cement, it mapped the builder¿s yard, it identified the panels and the activities of the process, as well as the tools and equipments, materials and labor and the necessary information; identifying the occurrence of non conformities finally. Starting from the investigation of the process it was possible to indicate possibilities of improvements with the investment in equipment, training and qualification of work hand and use of execution procedures and of control of quality of the activities. And for the stages of the process the productive averages were calculated and through the tables and graphs were analyzed the productivities of the process, resulting, like this, in recommendations for improvement of the efficiency and of the productivity of the process
Mestrado
Edificações
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Eric, Philip. "Stampad lerjord som ett hållbart konstruktionsmaterial." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45501.
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Stampad lerjord är ett byggmaterial som använts under människans historia där vissa konstruktioner står än idag. Tekniken bakom materialet är simpelt, men saknar till viss del modern forskning för att det ska kunna integreras till en standard som till viss del kan ersätta betong. I rapporten samlas empiriskt data som kan öppna nya idéer samt leda till framtida möjligheter för forskning när det kommer till att integrera stampad lerjord som en standard för att designa framtida konstruktioner för ett mer hållbart byggande. Metodiken går ut på att genom praktiska experiment, tillverka samt utföra tester på jord samt tryckhållfasthet hos flertal kuber tillverkade i stampad lerjord. Alla tester och provkroppar utförs i ett betonglabb på Högskolan i Halmstad, sedan analyseras och diskuteras den data som givits. Resultatet jämförs därefter med styrkan hos betongklassen C16/20 som motsvara en tryckhållfasthet på 20 MPa för kuber. De 18 kuber som tillverkats innehåller blandningar med jord, vatten och cement. Provkropp nummer 2 adderas med halm. Härdningsprocessen uppgår till 7, 14 och 28 dagar för de två olika blandningar som analyseras. Totalt tillverkas det tre exemplar för respektive härdningsdag samt de två olika blandningar. Det maximala medelvärdet för tryckhållfastheten ges efter 28 dagar. Det existerar tillräckligt mycket allmän information om hur tillverkningen utförs, men saknar till viss del data som beskriver hur olika faktorer påverkar det slutgiltiga resultatet. Därav är frågeställningen anpassad för att på ett experimentellt vis kunna analysera de påverkade faktorerna. Koldioxidutsläpp vid produceringen av cementen som används vid tillverkning av betongklass C16/20 är baserat på produktblad för bascement från Cementa (2020) för att beräkna den mängd cement som krävs för nå upp till den önskade tryckhållfastheten. Beräkningen för utsläppen är en approximation då fler faktorer bör räknas in vid det totala utsläppet med hänsyn till transport och bränslen. Resultatet visar att kuberna varierar mellan de olika blandningar som framställts, där blandningen utan halm presterar 142% mer med hänsyn till tryckhållfasthet. Denna kub representerar i sin tur 51,7% av tryckhållfastheten hos betongklass C16/20 men minskar samtidigt den brukade cementmängden med 26%. Rapporten visar att materialet fungerar för konstruktioner där låg styrka kan anpassas.
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Bexiga, Pedro Emanuel Cabrita Neves. "A arquitectura de terra na Serra de Monchique: bases para a conservação futura." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16353.
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Este trabalho de investigação destina‐se a conhecer a arquitetura em terra da Serra de Monchique, recolher informações que possam constituir as bases de um plano para a conservação futura deste património construído, assim como indicar métodos de conservação. São abordados aspetos arquitetónicos, como as tipologias e os métodos de construção mais especificamente a caracterização do solo, definição da capacidade resistente da taipa e métodos
de estabilização da mesma. A investigação incide ainda sobre o comportamento da arquitetura de terra face aos
sismos e aos incêndios, neste campo foram aprofundados conhecimentos já desenvolvidos no estudo do “lnventário dos danos resultantes dos incêndios ocorridos de 8 a 16 de Agosto 2003 e de 11 a 18 de Setembro de 2004” e da informação regional existente sobre os danos do terramoto de 1755, do “Inquérito aos prejuízos causados pelo sismo de 28‐2‐69 em habitações no Algarve”. /ABSTRACT ‐ The aim of the research is the knowledge of rammed earth
architecture in Serra of Monchique and gather information for a future conservation plan of such buildings, as well as
describing conservation methods for their rehabilitation. Architectural aspects, as typologies and building techniques
are treated as do engineering ones such as soil characterization, definition of the resistant capacity of rammed earth
and methods earth stabilization. The “survey of the resulting damages from the fires between 8 and 12 August 2003 and 11 to 18 September 2004" the information on the damages caused by the 1755 earthquake and from the “lnquiry of the damages caused by earthquake of 28‐2‐69 on households in the Algarve” as well as the most recent investigation on the subject were used to describe the behavior of rammed earth in situation of earthquakes.
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Al-Hout, Julie. "Etudes expérimentales et numériques du comportement des structures en Pisé et en maçonnerie : Apport de la MED." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI079/document.
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Cette contribution, en s’appuyant sur un travail expérimental et de modélisation numérique à l’aide de la méthode des éléments distincts, vise l’étude de structures en maçonnerie et de structures en pisé. Pour la partie maçonnerie, notre étude traite tout d’abord de modèles réduits testés sur table inclinable, puis dans un second temps nous avons testé des murs en briques à une échelle représentative. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons mené des essais sur des murs en pisé sous un chargement en cisaillement, avec ou sans précontrainte axiale de confinement qui correspond à une descente de charge. Une modélisation numérique par la méthode des éléments discrets a été réalisée pour ces différents cas d’étude. La comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques, nous a permis, d’évaluer les pertinences et limites de la modélisation via la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM)This contribution, based on experimental work and numerical modeling using the distinct elements method, aims to study masonry structures and rammed earth structures. For the masonry part, our study first deals with reduced models tested on tilting table, then in a second time we tested brick walls on a representative scale. In the second part, we conducted tests on rammed earth walls under a shear loading, with or without axial prestressing of the containment which corresponds to a descent of load. Numerical modeling using the discrete element method has been carried out for these different case studies. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results, allowed us to evaluate the relevance and limits of modeling via the discrete element method (DEM)
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Phung, Tuan anh. "Formulation et caractérisation d'un composite terre-fibres végétales : la bauge." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC219/document.
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La terre est le premier matériau de construction par les hommes, disponible et peu consommateur d’énergie. Aujourd’hui encore, environ 30 % des habitants de la planète vit dans des habitats en terre, et pour les pays en développement, ce pourcentage s’élève à 50 % de la population rurale. De plus, les matériaux à base de terre permettent un meilleur équilibre et contrôle du climat thermique et acoustique intérieur par rapport aux matériaux usuels de construction. Cependant, la majorité des constructions en terre ne répondent pas aux exigences actuelles en termes de contraintes mécaniques, thermiques ou architecturales. Afin de répondre à ces exigences, un travail tant au niveau scientifique qu’au niveau des praticiens est à accomplir dans ce domaine.L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’influence des propriétés des matériaux utilisés sur le comportement mécanique et hygrothermique de composites terre-fibres végétales. Pour cela, différents types de sols et de fibre végétales (paille de lin, paille de blé) ont été utilisés. Ensuite, les performances mécaniques (compression, flexion) et hygrothermiques (sorption/désorption, perméabilité à la vapeur d’eau, conductivité thermique) ont été déterminées pour différents composites terre-fibres végétales. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation de paille de lin permet d’obtenir des performances mécaniques supérieures à celles obtenues pour la paille de blé. Cependant, il est à noter que l’introduction de fibres aux sols diminue les performances mécaniques due à la diminution de la densité du matériau. Aucune influence claire de la longueur des fibres sur les performances mécanique n’a été constatée. L’étude du comportement hygrothermique a permis de montrer que le comportement à la sorption/désorption du matériau terre-fibres végétales peut être approximer à partir des résultats obtenus pour les matériaux de base. De plus, il a été démontré que l’évolution de la conductivité thermique du matériau terre-fibres végétales au cours du séchage est reliée au comportement au retraitSoil is the first construction material used by man, widely available and low energy consuming. Indeed, about 30% of the current world population lives in earthen structures and, in developing countries, this rate rise to 50%, mostly rural. Moreover, earth-based materials allow an improved balance and control of thermal and acoustic indoor climate compared to industrial construction materials. However, most of earthen structures do not reach current requirements in terms of mechanical, thermal or architectural. To respond to these requirements, a work at scientific and craftsman levels is necessary.The objective of this study is to determine the influence of materials’ properties on the mechanical and hygrothermal behaviour of earth-fiber composites. In order to do this, different types of soil and plant fiber (flax straw, wheat straw) were used. Then, mechanical (compression, bending) and hygrothermal performances (sorption / desorption, water vapor permeability, thermal conductivity) were determined for different soil-fiber composites. Results show that the use of flax straw provides better mechanical performances than use of wheat straw. However, it should be noted that fibers addition to soil decreases mechanical performance due to the decrease of material density. No clear influence of fiber length on mechanical performance was found. The study of hygrothermal behaviour has shown that the sorption / desorption behaviour of earth-fiber material can be approximated from the results obtained from basic materials. In addition, it has been shown that the thermal conductivity evolution of earth-fiber material during drying is related to the shrinkage behaviour
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Pereira, Vanessa Cristina Silvestre. "Sustentabilidade da arquitetura oriental." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13673.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura, apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.Na era de grande progresso tecnológico em que vivemos e que assume um papel importante nas nossas vidas, torna-se quase impensável regressar às formas rudimentares de construir. A Arquitectura vernacular assume-se, aos olhos dos entusiastas do progresso, como um método retrógrado de criar habitação, que nos transporta a um passado nostálgico, carregado de elementos obsoletos. No entanto, esquecemo-nos de que estes métodos vernaculares são uma forma de combater problemas ambientais catastróficos que assolam o planeta, bem como de solucionar a actual crise habitacional e de carência económica; trata-se da forma mais simples de satisfazer as necessidades habitacionais mais básicas. Assim, tomemos como ponto de partida o bambú como material emergente e em abundância na China, onde já possui um grande passado histórico, para desenvolver o presente estudo. Apesar de ser um material quase esquecido, devido ao fraco desenvolvimento da tecnologia a ele associado, possui um carácter bastante ecológico, resistente e versátil, tratando-se da planta de mais rápido crescimento no planeta. Desde que há registo que tem sido aplicado nas mais diversas construções, com uma vasta aplicabilidade, do pavimento à estrutura. Com esta investigação procura-se, portanto, fazer uma aproximação entre Oriente e Ocidente, através do estudo de um material ecológico e de grande poder estético, capaz de se proliferar em ambientes diversos, já que cada vez mais procuramos alternativas e métodos de construção sustentáveis, com base em materiais que a Natureza nos disponibiliza, de forma a minimizar o impacto ambiental. Numa última parte, ao percebermos como o bambú é aplicado e de que forma pode ser melhorado para corresponder às exigências do contexto Europeu, mais concretamente de Portugal, o material recolhido culminará no desenvolvimento de um protótipo habitacional sustentável, que parte do bambú enquanto material base para a sua estruturação. Será interessante contornar as fraquezas do bambú face às características do clima mediterrânico de Portugal Continental, mediante a sua conjugação com outro material igualmente sustentável: a terra crua
ABSTRACT: In an era of great technological progress, which we live and plays an important role in our lives, it is almost unthinkable to return to the rudimentary forms of building. The vernacular architecture is assumed, in the eyes of progress enthusiasts, as a retrograde method of creating shelter, which leads us to a nostalgic past, loaded with obsolete elements. However, we forget that these vernacular methods are a way to fight catastrophic environmental problems facing the planet, and to solve the current housing crisis and economic hardship; it is the simplest way to meet the most basic housing needs. So, let us take bamboo as an emerging and abundant material in China as a starting point, where it already has a great historical past, to develop this study. Despite being an almost forgotten material, due to the weak development of the technology associated with it, it has a very eco-friendly, durable and versatile character, as it is the fastest growing plant on the planet. Since it is known, bamboo has been applied in several buildings, with a wide applicability, from the pavement till the structure. This investigation seeks to make a rapprochement between East and West, through the study of a material with an ecological and great aesthetic power, able to proliferate in many environments, as we increasingly seek for alternative and sustainable construction methods, based on materials available in nature, to minimize environmental impact. In a last part, when we realize how bamboo is used and how it can be improved to match the European context requirements, specifically in Portugal, the collected data will culminate in the development of a sustainable housing prototype, that takes bamboo as the material base for structuring. It will be interesting to contour the bamboo weaknesses, due to the characteristics of our Mediterranean climate of Continental Portugal, through the conjugation of it with an equally sustainable material: raw land.
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Pereira, Catarina Saraiva. "A técnica da taipa em Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18149.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.Esta dissertação analisa os processos de formação, transmissão e aprendizagem de saberes e competências sobre construção em taipa em Portugal, entre 1960 e a contemporaneidade. O trabalho baseia-se em experiência de prática formativa e activismo associativo, em dados recolhidos através de entrevistas, em observação directa do património edificado e na análise de estudos e bibliografia existente. O objectivo é oferecer uma síntese sólida do estado da aprendizagem dos saberes e competências da taipa como técnica construtiva em Portugal, e em especial na região do Baixo Alentejo, no presente e no passado recente. O trabalho divide-se em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo caracteriza-se a situação do património construído em taipa, concentrado na região do Alentejo. O segundo capítulo debruça-se sobre o estado dos saberes e competências vernaculares de construção em taipa, detidos por antigos taipeiros e mestres-taipeiros. O terceiro capítulo centra-se na reintrodução da construção em taipa no mercado da construção civil, em Portugal, a partir de finais da década de 1980. O quarto capítulo investiga o lugar da taipa no sistema educativo português, analisando os principais projectos, cursos, agentes e instituições que, ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, se dedicaram ao ensino da taipa, em contexto formal ou informal.
ABSTRACT: This dissertation analyzes production, learning, and transfer of rammed earth knowledge and earthen architecture techniques in Portugal, between 1960 and today. The work is based on the author’s experience as architect and trainer and on data collected through interviews, documental research, and the direct observation of rammed earth vernacular buildings. It aims at presenting a solid synthesis of the history and state of teaching and learning of rammed earth knowledge and skills in Portugal, especially in the region of Baixo Alentejo, in the present and in the recent past. The work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter characterizes the situation of rammed earth architectural heritage in Alentejo. The second chapter describes the vernacular knowledge and techniques associated with rammed earth, as possessed by former laborers and ancient master builders in the past. The third chapter deals with the re-emergence of rammed earth in the construction market, as a valid building technique in Portugal, in last thirty years. Finally, this work consider the place of earthen architectures in the Portuguese educational system, analyzing the main projects, courses, agents and institutions that have been involved in either formal or informal teaching of rammed earth.
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Sato, Márcia Helena Yamamoto. "Análise de estruturas em taipa de pilão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-26082011-140706/.
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Este trabalho pretende estabelecer bases para a análise de estruturas correntes feitas em taipa de pilão. Esse material, constituído quase que somente por terra obtida no local da obra, tem todas as propriedades do que se chama uma construção sustentável, incluindo um mínimo de consumo de energia, se comparado as estruturas convencionais em aço e concreto. O texto é dividido em três temas principais. O primeiro trata de revisão da pouca literatura técnica existente sobre o assunto, incluindo a descrição das técnicas de construção e de seleção e preparo dos materiais. O segundo abrange a pesquisa feita pela autora no preparo e ensaio de corpos de prova do material, com a intenção de obter parâmetros que são o insumo para a análise propriamente dita de estruturas desse tipo. Esta análise é a terceira parte do trabalho, a qual consiste no processamento de modelos tridimensionais de elementos finitos de estruturas de construções hipotéticas em taipa de pilão.This work intends to provide basis for the analysis of common structures built of rammed earth. This material, constituted almost entirely of earth obtained in the place where the building will stand, has all the properties of what is known as sustainable construction, including a minimal consume of energy, as compared to conventional steel or concrete structures. The text is divided in three main themes. The first reports the review the little existing technical literature on the subject, including the description of the building procedures and the selection and preparation of the materials. The second reports research conducted by the author on the preparation and testing of samples of the material, in order to obtain the parameters needed in the analysis of structures of this type. This is the third part of the work, consisting in the numerical analysis of three dimensional finite element models of hypothetical buildings made of rammed earth.
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Kemppainen, Tuula. "Årsta 4-9." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-208519.
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En grundskola för barn i årskurserna 4 till 9 i stadsdelen Årsta i Stockholm. Skolan är placerad i anslutning till ett nybyggt bostadsområde vid Årstafältet. Skolan ska inhysa drygt 500 elever och även innehålla en offentlig del med idrottshall. Programmet är uppdelat i två volymer på tomten, där den offentliga ligger som ett avslut till det aktivitetsstråk som planeras på Årstafältet. Skolan är planerad med trästomme med lerelement, och invändigt exponerat trä och lera. Tre massiva lerväggar går genom byggnaden och markerar ut elevernas hemvister. Varje klass har sin egen hemvist, bestående av kapprum, klassrum och grupprum, som är klassens gemensamt egna rum och är tänkt att fungera som en trygg bas varifrån man kan utgå eller dra sig tillbaka under skoldagen. Skolans studieytor och allrumsytor är planerade för att möta olika preferenser och sociala sammanhang. De gemensamma studieytorna består av utrymmen för enskilt arbete och för samarbete. Sociofugala ytor skiljer av eleverna från varandra i mindre nischer, medan centrerade sociopatala ytor ger samlande rum.An elementary school for children aged 4 to 9 in the suburb Årsta in Stockholm. The school is located adjacent to a new residental area surrounding Årstafältet. The school will cater to around 500 students and a sport centre which will be available to the public. The program is divided into two volumes, where the sports centre is placed as the endpoint to an activitypath stretching across Årstafältet. The school is constructed with a wooden frame with adobe features, and interiorly exposed wood and earth. Three massive rammed earth walls mark the students abiding-places. Each class has its own abiding-place constituted by cloakroom, homeroom and a group activity room, which is intended to work as a safe base point throughout the school day. Workspaces and community spaces are designed to meet different preferences and social contexts. The shared workspaces consists of sociofugal spaces ment for separating the students from each other, while centered sociopatal spaces bring students together.
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El, Nabouch Ranime. "Comportement mécanique des murs en Pisé soumis à la poussée progressive." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA014/document.
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La détermination des comportements mécaniques des murs en pisé est d’une importance capitale dans un contexte où il y a un regain d’intérêt pour l’utilisation de matériaux de construction à très faible impact environnementaux. D’une part, cette étude contribue à trouver des moyens appropriés pour la conservation et la restauration du patrimoine bâti et, d’autre part, permet d’établir de nouvelles recommandations pour la conception de nouvelles structures en pisé dans le respect des règlements de la construction (réglementation thermique et réglementation parasismique).Dans ce contexte, cette thèse étudie le comportement des murs en pisé soumis à des sollicitations horizontales. Quatre murs de terre en pisé non stabilisés ont été testés sous une combinaison de charge verticale et horizontale monotone (type pushover) jusqu'à la rupture. Le comportement au cisaillement et les modes de ruptures de ces murs sont étudiés à l’aide d’une technique de corrélation d’images à grande échelle. Les résultats ont montré que le pisé est caractérisé par un comportement mécanique non linéaire très significatif et une ductilité remarquable. D’une manière générale, les murs ont subi une rupture de cisaillement due à une fissuration principale au niveau de la bielle de compression. Des fissures à l'interface entre les différentes couches ont également été observées.L'évaluation de la performance de ces murs a été effectuée sur la base de la méthodologie pushover. Le travail expérimental a été complété avec la détermination des caractéristiques mécaniques du matériau pisé en compression puis une étude en cisaillement directe (cohésion et angle de frottement) à l’aide de deux boites de Casagrande de tailles différentes. Enfin, l’importance de ces paramètres a été analysée en réalisant des simulations numériques à l’échelle du murDetermining the mechanical behavior of rammed earth walls is a highly important feature giving that there is a renewed interest in the use of the natural material in building construction. On one hand, it contributes to finding suitable and appropriate ways for the conservation and restoration of these building and on another hand, it draws new recommendations for the conception of new rammed earth structures with respect to new building regulations (earthquake building guideline, new thermal regulation).In this context, this thesis investigates the behavior of rammed earth walls subjected to lateral loading. Four unstabilized rammed earth walls were tested under a combination of vertical and monotonic pushover tests up to failure. The shear behavior of these walls is studied along with the failure modes by means of digital image correlation. Results showed that the response of the rammed earth is characterized by significant non-linear behavior with a remarkable ductility. In general, the walls experienced a shear failure due to the failure of diagonal struts. Cracks at the interface between the bottom layers were also observed.The performance of these walls was assessed based on the pushover methodology. The experimental work was completed with the determination of the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth in compression and an investigation of the shear components: cohesion and friction angle of the rammed earth through shear box tests on a different scale. Finally, the relevance of these parameters was tested by performing a numerical model that aims to simulate the experimental tests done on the scale of the walls
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de, las Heras Reverte Víctor. "Evaluation of natural materials in Sustainable Buildings : A potential solution to the European 2050 long-term strategy." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300115.
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Today, buildings consume 40% of total energy demand in the EU and are responsible for 36% of GHG emissions. For this reason, and due to the delicate situation of climate change that planet Earth is experiencing, solutions are being sought to make the building sector more sustainable. In the current project, the use of natural materials has been chosen as a solution in line with the EU 2050 long-term strategy. This research broadens the knowledge on sustainable building with natural materials as an alternative to conventional construction. To this end, first, an extensive state of the art has been carried out to gather information and identify research gaps on natural building materials and energy efficiency, proving the suitability of natural construction materials. Special emphasis has been put on straw bale construction and rammed earth construction, which have been studied individually. In addition, geometrically identical building models of both building techniques have been developed and simulated in Stockholm and Valencia in order to see how they would perform in different climates. Total energy demand for the straw-bale building of 140.22 kWh/(m2·year) in the case of Stockholm and 37.05 kWh/(m2·year) in the case of Valencia has been obtained. For the rammed earth building, a total demand of 301.82 kWh/(m2·year) has been obtained in Stockholm and 78.66 kWh/(m2·year) in Valencia. Once passive measures are applied in the different models, a reduction in demand for the straw bale building of 77.8% and 36.3% has been achieved for Stockholm and Valencia, respectively. In the rammed earth building, in contrast, the demand has been reduced by 86.3% in Stockholm and 73.9% in Valencia. Heat recovery ventilation and high insulation level have been identified as imperative needs in Stockholm, in contrast to Valencia. Other improvement strategies such as windows substitution, air permeability improvement, or natural ventilation for cooling have been implemented. Apart from that, better performance of the straw-bale buildings has been identified for both climates. Additionally, focusing on thermal inertia, its influence has been identified as not completely significant in terms of annual demand in the simulated climates.
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Pinto, Eduardo da Silva [UNESP]. "Solo-cimento compactado: proposta de métodos de ensaio para dosagem e caracterização física e mecânica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/147987.
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No presente trabalho são propostos métodos de ensaio para caracterização física e mecânica de solo-cimento compactado. Para que esse objetivo seja alcançado, é proposto um novo modelo de molde, para produção de corpos de prova, tornando os ensaios mais práticos e confiáveis, com intuito de incentivar o uso de técnicas de construção civil que gerem menos impactos ambientais negativos. Além disso, através dos resultados obtidos, pretendeu-se produzir subsídios para futuras discussões com outros pesquisadores, com intuito de que seja feita uma revisão das normas brasileiras de solo-cimento, junto a Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). Os resultados obtidos através dos ensaios realizados com o novo molde são promissores no que diz respeito a facilitar o processo de caracterização física e mecânica do material, mantendo um nível de confiabilidade compatível com o obtido através da metodologia atual.
In this research we propose a new methodology for testing physical and mechanical characterization of rammed earth stabilized with cement. For this objective to be achieved, it proposes a new mold for the production of test specimens, making it more practical and reliable, aiming to encourage the use of construction techniques that generate less negative environmental impacts. In addition, through the results obtained, we intend to generate a basis for future discussions with other researchers, with an objective to a revision of Brazilian soil-cement standards, with the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards - ABNT. Results obtained from the tests performed with the new mold are promising with regard to facilitate the process of physical and mechanical characterization of the material while maintaining a reliability level consistent with that obtained over the current methodology.
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Vepřková, Adéla. "Elementární architektura / Škola pro země třetího světa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445384.
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Unrest has been going on in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo for several years. People live in refugee camps or temporary shelters, and children do not attend school for several years. Now it seems that the situation is calming down, so there could be an opportunity for change. The aim of the work is to design a school for Buleosa village in a cooperation with the local ranger Alain Hamisi Mitondo, with whom I have been communicated during the course. The school project is supported by Buleosa‘s management and locals. Everyone in the community should be involved in the construction, because above all they should benefit from the school. I know that it is not possible to build a European-type building here, but rather to combine knowledge of these two worlds with the use of local materials. The simplicity of such a project is fundamental, because it will involve more different people, even without the slightest experience.
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Genis, Léa. "Réhabiliter le bâti ancien et les cultures constructives : engagements, épreuves et attachements autour de la réhabilitation du bâti ancien en pisé en Isère." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH018/document.
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Le bâti ancien est aujourd’hui confronté à des enjeux normatifs, environnementaux et patrimoniaux qui favorisent sa réhabilitation et engagent une multiplicité d’acteurs dans cette activité. Ces engagements mettent en débat les savoirs, les mondes professionnels et les attachements que ces acteurs tissent autour des espaces édifiés. La thèse explore ces dynamiques autour du cas particulier du bâti ancien en pisé (bâtiments construits en terre crue damée dans des coffrages) dans le département de l’Isère. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre et de décrire comment et par qui ce bâti est mis en projet et réhabilité, dans un double sens d’amélioration physique et de revalorisation d’un objet aux significations multiples. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les projets de réhabilitation, par les multiples formes d’engagement qu’ils construisent, participent à détacher l’expérience de ce bâti d’une expérience ordinaire. Ces projets mettent à l’épreuve les attachements que leurs porteurs développent autour du bâti existant et de la matière terre qui le constitue autant que les savoirs et les pratiques constructives qui s’y appliquent. Ces épreuves participent à l’émergence de collectifs qui tissent un maillage politique au sein duquel se composent des espaces de dialogue et d’appropriation des usages, de la pratique et du devenir du bâti existant.Pour explorer cette hypothèse, la recherche s’inscrit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire qui articule ressources théoriques et méthodes développées en architecture, en ethnologie et en sociologie. Elle développe une anthropologie pragmatique des cultures constructives qui compose une problématisation commune entre ces disciplines autour des questions soulevées par la réhabilitation du bâti ancien. L’exploration de ces questions se base sur un travail d’enquête qualitative multi-située. Il décrit les mondes de la réhabilitation en action, en suivant des parcours de projet portés par plusieurs catégories d’acteurs (habitants, professionnels, institutions). La thèse revient d’abord sur les différentes formes d’engagement qui participent à mettre le bâti ancien en projet, de l’intervention sur un bâtiment spécifique à sa mise en valeur de manière générale. Ces expériences de réhabilitation portent l’attention sur différentes qualités du bâti et contribuent à le faire sortir de l’ordinaire. Le bâti ancien en pisé est ainsi engagé – et engage lui-même – dans de multiples réalités. À la fois maison, lieu de vie, lieu de travail, patrimoine local ou architecture de terre, il fait agir, réagir et rentrer en relation les acteurs qui s’y intéressent. La deuxième partie de l’analyse décrit comment la difficulté d’appliquer des protocoles de réhabilitation entraine les porteurs de projet à s’engager dans des épreuves et à chercher des prises leurs permettant de mener à bien leurs projets. Ces épreuves entrainent les acteurs qui s’y investissent à ajuster leurs relations entre eux et avec le bâti au fur et à mesure du processus de projet. À mesure qu’ils s’approprient les savoirs de la réhabilitation, ils développent différentes formes d’attachement autour du bâti. Les projets de réhabilitation contribuent alors à l’émergence de collectifs plus ou moins pérennes qui se réapproprient les modalités d’intervention sur le bâti et les décisions qui le concernent. La thèse s’attache finalement à mieux comprendre les dimensions plurielles (matérielle, constructive, architecturale et interactionnelle) des cultures constructives du pisé et de sa réhabilitation et propose les éléments d’un dialogue à poursuivre avec les acteurs de terrain autour de l’intérêt et des conditions permettant de faire tenir un espace politique autour des usages et du devenir du bâti existantAncient buildings face today normative, environmental and patrimonial issues which foster their renovation and engage a great diversity of actors. This multiplicity initiates a debate around knowledge, professional worlds and attachments which are woven around existing buildings. This thesis delves into these dynamics focusing on the case of ancient rammed earth building (raw earth compressed into an external formwork) in the French department of Isere, France. It aims at describing how and by whom rammed earth buildings are involved in retrofitting projects, considering both their physical and representational improvement. We make the hypothesis that retrofitting projects, through the multiple ways of engagement they imply, help to free the experience of this buildings from an ordinary experience. Indeed, they put on trial the attachments developed by the actors around existing buildings and earthen material as much as the building knowledge and practices. These trials bring out collectives that weave a political meshwork. At different scales, this meshwork composes spaces for dialogue and appropriation of uses, practices and futures of existing buildings.The exploration of this hypothesis follows an interdisciplinary perspective that connect theoretical resources and methods developed in architecture, ethnology and sociology. It develops a pragmatic anthropology of building cultures composing a common problematic for these disciplines to discuss ancient building retrofitting. The investigation is based on multi-sited qualitative ethnography. Following projects paths carried by different actors (inhabitants, professionals, institutions), it describes the retrofitting worlds in action. First, the thesis describes the various forms of engagement in retrofitting projects, from the intervention on a specific building to its evaluation as heritage. These experience draw attention on different qualities of the buildings and bring them out of their ordinary status. Ancient rammed earth buildings are therefore engaged – and engage themselves – in multiple realities: house, place of life, workplace, local heritage, earthen architecture. It makes the actors act, react and interact. Then, the analysis shows how the difficulty of applying strict rehabilitation protocols leads the actors to engage in trials and to develop holds to carry out their projects. As the project progresses, these trials lead them to adjust their relations with each other and with existing buildings. As they grasp knowledge about retrofitting, they develop different attachments. Therefore, retrofitting projects contribute to the emergence of collectives, more or less durable. At their own scale, these collectives reclaim the methods of interventions on buildings and the decision that concern them. The thesis eventually aims to better understand the plural dimensions (material, constructive, architectural and interactional) of rammed earth building retrofitting and propose components for a dialogue to carry on with local stakeholders around the interests and conditions that would make possible to hold a political space around the uses and futures of existing buildings
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Dovberg, Ludvig, and Löfgren Tobias. "LERGJORD : Stampad lerjord som ett innovationsmaterial i Skåne." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44670.
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Lergjord is a thesis that puts emphasis on the possibility of innovation by using local biobased material in the building industry of Skåne in Sweden. The thesis examines if rammed earth can be used in the implementation of LFM30 (Translated into English: Local Sustainable Goals in Malmö by 2030). By use of qualitative research methods, views on rammed earth as a building technique was explored by three stakeholders. This research has concluded if rammed earth is possible in Skåne as a conventional material in the future. We (Ludvig Dovberg and Tobias Löfgren) have examined the practical aspect of rammed earth on Urban Living Lab in the municipality of Lund by the use of local clay material from excavation for an expansion of a new railway between Malmö and Lund in collaboration with Trafikverket. This thesis concludes that rammed earth is feasible with clay from the excavation masses through project LERGJORD. Also, due to the vast quantity of it the resource might be useful for future rammed earth projects in Skåne. However, the building technique itself has some major drawbacks such as time-consumption and the knowledge gap is easily addressed. Although, there has been a development of a pre-fabrication concept of the building technique in Germany since the late 1990s, that could be a solution to the problem. The thesis also concludes that higher education and research is compulsory to establish a knowledge base for architects to work by. The case study showcased that a standardization of the material is needed to prevent vast material testing before being accepted for construction, like the Lehmbau-praxis in Germany. According to the material’s low impact in CO₂-emission and circularity this resourceful extraction could be of interest by the members of LFM30 to implement in the building industry of Skåne.Lergjord är ett arbete som undersöker möjligheten till innovation genom att utnyttja lokala biobaserade material i Skåne i Sverige. Arbetet undersöker om stampad jordbyggnad kan användas för att genomföra de Lokala Färdplansmålen som Malmö Stad sätter fram till år 2030 (förk. LFM30). Genom kvalitativa forskningsmetoder undersöktes stampad lerjord som byggnadsteknik hos tre intressenter. Studien har sammanfattat möjligheten om hur stampad lerjord i Skåne kan bli ett konventionellt byggmaterial i framtiden. Vi (Ludvig Dovberg och Tobias Löfgren) har utvärderat den praktiska aspekten i stampad lerjord på Urban Living Lab i Lund med användandet av lokal lerjord från utgrävningar av tillbyggnation för järnvägsspår mellan Malmö och Lund i samarbete med Trafikverket. Arbetet visar att stampjordstekniken är möjlig med utvunnen lera från schaktmassorna mellan Lund och Malmö med hänvisning till projekt LERGJORD. Med tanke på den stora kvantitet av lera som finns kan denna utvinning vara användbar för andra projekt i Skåne. Hursomhelst, byggtekniken besitter på utmaningar såsom tidskrav och kunskapsluckan är tämligen lätt att adressera. Trots det, har ett prefabriceringskoncept inom byggtekniken utvecklats sedan slutet på 1990-talet i Tyskland, som kan vara en lösning på problemet. Arbetet tyder också på att högre utbildning och forskning krävs för att etablera en kunskapsbas som arkitekter kan arbeta vidare på. Fallstudien visar på att en standardisering av materialet krävs för att undvika långa och omständliga materialtester innan godkännande för konstruktion, likt Lehmbau-lagstiftningen i Tyskland. Materialets låga klimatpåverkan och cirkularitet gör det relevant för LMF30’s medlemmar att se vidare på alternativet för implementering i den skånska byggindustrin.
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Yang, Jin Rong. "The Application of Fuzzy Logic and Virtual Reality in the Study of Ancient Methods and Materials Used for the Construction of the Great Wall of China in Jinshanling." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152410262072719.
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Liu, Chang. "Phytostabilization of ion-adsorption rare earth element mine tailings using the fiber plant ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0341.
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Les gisements à argiles ioniques sont l’une des principales sources mondiales de REEs lourdes (HREEs). Leur exploitation a engendré de vastes surfaces de stériles miniers, qui sont une menace sérieuse pour l'environnement et la santé des populations voisines. La restauration des écosystèmes nécessite des solutions efficaces et adaptées à de telles surfaces. La phytostabilisation repose sur l’installation de plantes avec ou sans amendement et, en général, utilise des plantes tolérantes. Mais des plantes à intérêt économique peuvent être envisagées. La ramie est une plante vivace qui produit des fibres de haute qualité. Elle est potentiellement utilisable en phytostabilisation car tolérante aux métaux lourds. Mais cette option n’a pas été encore testée avec des REEs et dans des milieux difficiles (e.g. pH). C’est pourquoi cette thèse a étudié : (i) la tolérance de la ramie à des concentrations élevées de REEs ; (ii) la réponse de la ramie en termes de croissance et de développement sur des résidus miniers de REEs ; (iii) la faisabilité de la phytostabilisation avec la ramie et l’apport d'amendements et les conséquences sur l’évolution des propriétés du sol. L’approche générale a reposé sur des essais culturaux en conditions contrôlées, hydroponiques et en rhizotrons, et sur des essais en vraie grandeur conduits sur un ancien site minier de REEs. Les cultures hydroponiques ont montré que la biomasse de ramie n’est pas affectée par des concentrations faibles de REEs (1,6 à 80 μmol/L), tandis que des concentrations supérieures (160–800 µmol/L) inhibent la croissance. Les concentrations de P et Mo dans les racines augmentent avec l'augmentation des concentrations de REEs. Les processus d'absorption conduisent à une anomalie positive en Ce et à un enrichissement en HREEs dans les feuilles. L’expérience en rhizotron a montré l’intérêt de l’amendement organique. Il augmente le pH et les concentrations en éléments nutritifs (Ca, Mg, N, P), et diminue les REEs et l'Al extractibles (90%) ; la croissance et le développement de ramie sont alors favorisés. Seules les racines fines se développent durant les premiers mois d’expérience, tandis que 75% de la biomasse racinaire est représentée par les grosses racines après cinq mois. Elles contiennent 7–15% des REEs et 31–35% de l’Al absorbés par la plante. Ramie ne modifie pas la concentration des REEs extractibles, mais diminue celle d'Al dans les horizons supérieurs du sol. Le suivi pendant deux ans d’une expérimentation in situ de phytostabilisation avec apport d’amendement organique confirme les changements observés des propriétés chimiques du sol en surface (pH, éléments nutritifs, REEs et Al extractibles). Les grosses racines stockent plus de 60% des REEs et de l’Al absorbé. En plus de l'amélioration des propriétés du sol par l’amendement organique, les racines de ramie contribuent à l'apport de C, l'activation des nutriments et la stabilisation des éléments toxiques. Au plan des propriétés physiques du sol, la phytostabilisation augmente la porosité du sol, et favorise la différentiation du profil en horizons distincts. Les concentrations de REEs et d’Al extractibles dans les horizons traités sont significativement inférieures à celle des témoins. Les grosses racines sont observées dans l’horizon amendé, tandis que les racines fines atteignent 50 cm. L’observation des lames minces de sol a révélé des associations racines-minéraux, matière organique-minéraux et minéraux-minéraux, qui contribuent à l’édification de la structure du sol. En conclusion, la thèse a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de tolérance de la ramie aux REEs, de montrer les effets de la plante sur la dynamique des REEs et des éléments nutritifs, et de décrire les processus pédogénétiques précoces qui suivent l’implantation, notamment les processus de structuration du sol. Au plan pratique, le travail a montré que la phytostabilisation de sites miniers difficiles est possible avec une plante à fibre à usage [...]Ion-adsorption REE deposits are one of the world's main sources of heavy REEs (HREEs). Their exploitation has generated vast areas of mine tailings, which are a serious threat to the environment and the health of neighboring populations. The restoration of ecosystems requires effective solutions adapted to such large surfaces. Phytostabilization is based on the installation of plants with or without amendment and, in general, uses tolerant plants. But plants of economic interest can be considered. Ramie is a perennial plant that produces high quality fiber. It is potentially usable in phytostabilization because it is tolerant to heavy metals. But this option has not yet been tested with REEs and in difficult environments (e.g. pH). This is why this thesis studied: (i) the tolerance of ramie to high concentrations of REEs; (ii) the response of ramie in terms of growth and development on REE mine tailings; (iii) the feasibility of phytostabilization with ramie and the addition of amendments and the consequences on the evolution of soil properties. The general approach was based on cultivation trials under controlled, hydroponic and rhizotron conditions, and on full-scale trials conducted on a former REE mining site. Hydroponic cultures showed that ramie biomass is not affected by low concentrations of REEs (1.6–80 μmol/L), while higher concentrations (160–800 μmol/L) inhibit growth. P and Mo concentrations in the roots increased with increasing REE concentrations. The uptake processes lead to a positive Ce anomaly and an enrichment of HREEs in the leaves. The rhizotron experiment has shown the interest of organic amendment. It increases pH and nutrient concentrations (Ca, Mg, N, P), and decreases extractable REEs and Al (90%); the growth and development of ramie are then favored. Only the fine roots develop during the first months of the experiment, while 75% of the root biomass is represented by the large roots after five months. They contain 7–15% of the REEs and 31–35% of the Al taken up by the plant. Ramie does not modify the concentration of extractable REEs, but decreases that of Al in the upper soil horizons. The two-year follow-up of an in situ phytostabilization experiment with the addition of organic amendment confirms the changes observed in the chemical properties of the surface soil (pH, nutrients, REEs and extractable Al). Large roots store more than 60% of REEs and absorbed Al. In addition to improving soil properties through organic amendment, ramie roots contribute to the supply of C, the activation of nutrients and the stabilization of toxic elements. In terms of the soil physical properties, phytostabilization increases soil porosity, and favors the differentiation of the profile into distinct horizons. The concentrations of REEs and extractable Al in the treated horizons are significantly lower than those of the controls. Large roots are observed in the amended horizon, while fine roots reach 50 cm. Observation of the soil thin sections revealed root-mineral, organic matter-mineral and mineral-mineral associations, which contribute to building the soil structure. In conclusion, the thesis made it possible to better understand the mechanisms of tolerance of ramie to REEs, to show the effects of the plant on the dynamics of REEs and nutrients, and to describe the early pedogenetic processes that follow implantation, in particular the processes of soil structuration. Practically, the work has shown that phytostabilization of harsh mine sites is possible with a fiber plant for commercial use
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Gudéhn, Oskar, and Linda Ringqvist. "Wastescape Bhubaneswar & Cuttack." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146605.
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This project is a study of the wastescape - a network of waste - of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack in Odisha, India. The study incorporates key locations, e.g. landfills, urban wastelands and waste warehouses; major actors in the formal and informal waste sector; and flows of waste through economic and social systems. Drawing from the studies, multiple interventions within the wastescape are proposed for improvement of the economic, ecologic and social situation. An important aspect of the project is the development of an approach for how to, as architects, work with big, complex, contingent networks; how to map and understand such a system; and how to determine where to intervene. To improve the existing wastescape, interventions must consciously and holistically address multiple scales; levels of formal-informal; and phases within the waste cycle. The study includes a vast amount of possible interventions. Some of the interventions are further detailed to show feasibility; impact on the wastescape; and synergies with other interventions within the wastescape.Projektet “Wastescape of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack” är en studie av ett nätverk av skräpflöden genom Bhubaneswar och Cuttack i Odisha, Indien. Studien inkorporerar viktiga platser, t.ex. deponier, urbana ödemarker och lokaler för skräphandel; stora aktörer i den formella och informella skräpsektorn; och flöden av skräp genom ekonomiska och sociala system. Utifrån dessa studier, ett flertal interventioner i “the wastescape” föreslås för att förbättra den ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala situationen. En viktig aspekt av arbetet är utvecklingen av ett sätt att, som arkitekt, arbeta med storskaliga, komplexa och inter-beroende nätverk; hur sådana system kan kartläggas och förstås; samt hur det går att avgöra vart och hur interventioner passar in i “the wastescape”. För att förbättra “the wastescape”, interventioner måste medvetet och holistiskt adressera multipla skalor; nivåer av formell-informell; och faser i skräpets kretslopp. Studien innehåller ett stort nummer av möjliga interventioner. Några av dessa interventioner är ytterligare detaljerade för att visa på genomförbarhet; påverkan på “the wastescape”; och synergier gentemot andra interventioner i “the wastescape”.
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Holah, Noha. "Potentiel des nouveaux capteurs radar multi-polarisation et polarimétrique pour la caractérisation des états de surface en milieu agricole." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010194.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser l'information issue du nouveau capteur radar ASAR d'ENVISAT et des futurs capteurs polarimétriques en bande X pour l'estimation de la rugosité et de l'humidité du sol. Les résultats obtenus par le capteur aéroporté RAMSES montrent le faible potentiel des radars en bande X à 30° pour la discrimination des classes de rugosité. Néanmoins, cette étude a montré qu'il est possible d'identifier un état structural de surface dégradé en raison de la présence d'une croûte de battance et de distinguer les parcelles fraîchement labourées. L'utilisation du capteur ASAR a permis de définir les configurations radar optimales pour une meilleure estimation de l'humidité (polarisation HH, et faibles incidences) et de la rugosité du sol (polarisations HH et HV, et fortes incidences). Après avoir observé une faible corrélation entre les mesures expérimentales et celles simulées par le modèle de rétrodiffusion IEM, nous avons appliqué la calibration semi-empirique du modèle IEM proposée par Baghdadi et al. (2004) dans le but de mieux reproduire le coefficient de rétrodiffusion radar sur des sols nus en milieu agricole. Les résultats obtenus montrent que cette calibration permet de mieux restituer le signal radar. Des procédures d'inversion ont été utilisées pour estimer l'humidité à partir des signaux ASAR. Les résultats obtenus montrent une nette amélioration de l'estimation de l'humidité quand deux angles d'incidence sont utilisés (l'une faible et l'autre élevé). L'utilisation des données en mode multi-polarisation n'améliore pas l'estimation de l'humidité par rapport à l'utilisation d'une seule polarisation (amélioration inférieure à 1%).
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Zaragosi, Sébastien. "LES SYSTEMES TURBIDITIQUES PROFONDS DE LA MARGE CELTIQUEARMORICAINE (GOLFE DE GASCOGNE) : PHYSIOGRAPHIE ET EVOLUTION AU COURS DES DERNIERS 30 000 ANS." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999640.
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Ce travail, basé sur l'analyse et l'interprétation de données acoustiques (sismique 3.5 kHz et multifaisceaux EM12) et de prélèvements (carottes Kullenberg), propose une reconstruction du fonctionnement sédimentaire récent (derniers 30 000 ans) du domaine profond de la Marge Celtique-Armoricaine. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'interpréter l' ensemble des systèmes turbiditiques localisés au sein de la marge, comme un système multi-source de type "rampe". En effet, contrairement à la majorité des systèmes turbiditiques modernes, alimentés par une source ponctuelle, le domaine profond de la Marge Celtique-Armoricaine semble équitablement alimenté et abrite plusieurs systèmes turbiditiques de taille réduite, localisés au débouché de chaque canyon majeur. L' analyse détaillée des facièse t séquences sédimentaires a permis de mettre en évidence un fonctionnement sédimentaire lié aux conditions environnementales régnant au sein de la plateforme continentale Celtique. En bas niveau marin, la position du Delta de la Mer Celtique associé à de forts courants tidaux, semble représenter le facteur dominant contrôlant les apports sédimentaires vers le domaine profond. Cette configuration a entraîné, au cours du Stade isotopique 2, d' importants apports sédimentaires d' origine fluv-dioeltaïque qui se sont traduits par des séquences turbiditiques argilo-silteuses déposées sur les levées. En haut niveau marin, malgré la disparition de la totalité des réseaux hydrographiques, des apports sableux récents témoignent d' une alimentation épisodique du domaine profond. Ces apports, mis en évidence par des niveaux sableux centimétriques à métriques intercalés dans des argiles d' origine hémipélagique, témoignent d' écoulements turbiditiques de haute densité. Ce deuxième type de fonctionnement semble lié à la présence de corps sableux tidaux localisés sur la plateforme externe, ainsi qu' au transport sableux résiduel, orienté actuellement pour l' ensemble de la Mer Celtique vers le rebord de pente.
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Blanc, Eric. "Transect plate-forme-bassin dans les séries carbonatées du Berriasien supérieur et du Valanginien inférieur (domaines jurassien et nord-vocontien) : chronostratigraphie-transferts des sédiments." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00723723.
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La synthèse des connaissances sur la sédimentation au Berriasien supérieur et au Valanginien inférieur dans les domaines jurassien et nord-vocontien et l'homogénéisation des interprétations séquentielles ont abouti à une reconstruction de l'agencement des corps sédimentaires le long d'un transect plate-forme-bassin. Une interprétation phylogénétique de l'évolution des faunes de calpionelles en domaine de bassin autorise un nouveau découpage zonal à très haute résolution (précision de l'ordre de +/- 250 000 ans) notamment pour l'intervalle Berriasien supérieur-Valanginien inférieur. Dans ce cadre chronostratigraphique, les répartitions de quelques foraminifères benthiques ont également pu être calées et utilisées pour les corrélations à longue distance. Une trentaine de coupes en domaine de bassin, de talus et de plate-forme a fait l'objet d'une étude sédimentologique et biostratigraphique fine qui a permis d'enrichir le découpage séquentiel. La nature et l'importance des transferts de sédiments dans les corps sédimentaires en fonction des variations du niveau marin relatif ont pu être ainsi estimés. Il ressort de cette étude que la plupart des particules sédimentaires dans les dépôts carbonatés peuvent être, contrairement à l'idée classiquement admise, allochtones, comme dans le cas des dépôts silicoclastiques. Depuis la plate-forme jurassienne jusqu'au Bassin Vocontien, les corrélations biochronologiques, séquentielles et géométriques aboutissent à un schéma correspondant à une morphologie de rampe carbonatée complexe pour la période étudiée. Dans cet intervalle, le long du transect, les accumulations sédimentaires sont particulièrement disproportionnées: - Sur la plate-forme, notamment dans les parties les plus internes (Jura neuchâtelois), l'ensemble Berriasien-Valanginien n'excède pas 25 mètres: les séquences Be0, Be1, Be2, Be3, Va0 et Va3 ne sont représentées que très partiellement, les autres séquences Be4, Be5 et Val ont été érodées (karstifiées) ou n'ont pas été déposées (Be6). Certaines séquences (Be5 ou Va3) sont préservés de façon très variable d'une coupe à l'autre en domaine de plate-forme, l'importance des matériaux remaniés et l'irrégularité de la surface qui les caractérise semble liée à des géométries de vallées incisées. - Dans la partie médiane de la rampe (bordure de plate-forme et talus), le même intervalle stratigraphique peut être représenté par plus de 500 mètres de dépôt ; les séquences de dépôt qui constituent la série deviennent de plus en plus complètes et de nouveaux corps sédimentaires apparaissent (cortèges de bas niveau progradant et agradant). - Dans le bassin, la sédimentation est aussi lacunaire (limite de séquence Va0 par exemple) à cause de la présence de surfaces de discontinuité (liées ou non à des remaniements gravitaires). Les séquences de dépôt qui constituent la série deviennent de plus en plus complètes en direction du talus et de nouveaux corps sédimentaires apparaissent (cortèges de bas niveau). La synthèse des coupes de terrain a abouti à un transect à haute résolution chonostratigraphique qui permet par encadrement des corrélations fines à l'échelle de la séquence de dépôt. Ces datations montrent qu'en domaine de plate-forme, les intervalles de temps documentés par des sédiments sont beaucoup plus réduits que les intervalles de temps correspondant aux périodes de non-dépôt ou de non préservation des dépôts.
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Raju, Lepakshi. "Studies on Characteristics of Cement Stabilised Rammed Earth and Flexural Behaviour of Plain and Reinforced Rammed Earth." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4200.
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The rammed earth technique has been explored in the past, for the construction of load bearing walls in the buildings. Rammed earth construction involves compaction of partially saturated loose soil-sand mix in a rigid formwork. The thesis presents results of investigations on cement stabilised rammed earth (CSRE). A brief summary on the origin and development of rammed earth has been summarised in the first chapter. The literature review highlights the gaps in the current knowledge on CSRE and the need for such studies. Initial part of the investigations examines the optimum compacted layer thickness needed for CSRE resulting in maximum compressive strength for the CSRE. Also, the influence of super-plasticiser additives in reducing the compaction energy in CSRE and the effects on mechanical characteristics of CSRE has been dealt in detail. The results show that the optimum compacted layer thickness for CSRE is in a narrow of range of 90 – 100 mm and small dosages of superplasticiser reduce the compaction energy of CSRE drastically. The stress-strain characteristics of CSRE have been examined in greater detail. The influence of dry density, soil composition, cement content and moisture content on the compressive strength and stress-strain characteristics of CSRE are presented. An analytical model to predict the stress-strain response of CSRE was developed and validated. Establishing the shear strength parameters and developing Mohr-Coulomb failure envelopes for CSRE in dry and wet conditions formed the next part of the investigations. The influence of cement content and moisture content on the shear strength parameters of CSRE was investigated in greater detail. The thesis delves on reinforced CSRE mainly to improve the flexure strength due to out of plane bending. The bond strength between rebars and CSRE matrix was assessed through standard pullout tests and the results presented. With this background, the study focuses into the flexural behaviour of plain and steel reinforced CSRE beams. Development of the stress block and stress block parameters, and thereby arriving at the design calculations for reinforced CSRE were the main contribution of the study. The thesis concludes by providing a summary of all the investigations carried out. The immediate usefulness of the results of the thesis to the construction industry has been highlighted.
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Jerónimo, Sara Alves de Melo. "Hygrothermal Behaviour of Insulated Rammed Earth Walls." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/31863.
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Rammed earth is an ancient construction technique for monolithic walls which consists in compacting raw earth in successive layers inside a formwork. The properties of the earth contribute to improve indoor comfort, acting as a buffer to relative humidity levels and internal temperature variations. Moreover, it has a low incorporated energy and it can be reused, contributing to a sustainable building industry.
However, earth walls have a low thermal resistance when compared with other solutions used nowadays, which in some regions makes it necessary to add further insulation. The sensitivity of earth wall to moisture content requires the added insulation material to be sufficiently vapour permeable to allow the necessary moisture regulation of the wall.
This dissertation aim is to measure in laboratory the behaviour of a rammed earth wall placed into a climatic chamber. In this regard, sensors measuring the temperature, relative humidity, heat flux and water content in different locations of the climatic chamber were introduced. The wall behaviour was monitored without any insulation and was then combined with two types of insulation materials: a synthetic and waterproof insulation board (polystyrene) and a bio-based plaster insulation (hemp-lime), both applied on the interior surface of the wall. The tests consisted in 8h cycles of defined temperature and relative humidity.
The obtained results confirmed that rammed earth walls present high thermal inertia properties. With the addition of a polystyrene insulation on the interior surface, the wall is no longer able to release heat when the interior temperature drops, as polystyrene acts as a barrier and the vapour exchange is blocked.
The hemp-lime plaster was added with the objective to include an insulation adequate to the vapour permeability requirements of the rammed earth wall. Due to the slow drying process of this particular insulation -with ~11% /month of relative humidity decrease- both the wall and insulation hygrothermal behaviours were not submitted to tests, being this left as future work.
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Kumar, Prasanna P. "Stabilised Rammed Earth For Walls : Materials, Compressive Strength And Elastic Properties." Thesis, 2009. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/987.
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Rammed earth is a technique of forming in-situ structural wall elements using rigid formwork. Advantages of rammed earth walls include flexibility in plan form, scope for adjusting strength and wall thickness, variety of textural finishes, lower embodied carbon and energy, etc. There is a growing interest in the construction of rammed earth buildings in the recent past. Well focused comprehensive studies in understanding the structural performance of rammed earth structures are scanty. Clear-cut guidelines on selecting soil grading and soil characteristics, assessing strength of rammed earth walls, density strength relationships, limits on shrinkage, standardised testing procedures, behaviour of rammed earth walls under in-plane and out of plane loads, etc are the areas needing attention. The thesis attempts to address some of these aspects of cement stabilized rammed earth for structural walls.
Brief history and developments in rammed earth construction with illustrations of rammed earth buildings are presented. A review of the literature on rammed earth has been provided under two categories: (a) Unstabilised or pure rammed earth and (b) stabilised rammed earth. Review of the existing codes of practice on rammed earth has also been included. Summary of the literature on rammed earth along with points requiring attention for further R&D are discussed. Objectives and scope of the thesis are listed.
The thesis deals with an extensive experimentation on cement stabilised rammed earth (CSRE) specimens and walls. Four varieties of specimens (cylindrical, prisms, wallettes and full scale walls) were used in the experiments. A natural soil and its reconstituted variants were used in the experimental work. Details of the experimental programme, characteristics of raw materials used in the experimental investigations, methods of preparing different types of specimens and their testing procedures are discussed in detail.
Influence of soil grading, cement content, moulding water content, density and delayed compaction on compaction characteristics and strength of cement stabilised soil mixes were examined. Five different soil gradings with clay content ranging between 9 and 31.6% and three cement contents (5%, 8% and 12%) were considered. Effect of delayed compaction (time lag) on compaction characteristics and compressive strength of cement stabilised soils was examined by monitoring the results up to 10 hours of time lag. Influence of moulding water content and density on compressive strength and water absorption of cement stabilised soils was examined considering for a range of densities and water contents. The results indicate that (a) there is a considerable difference between dry and wet compressive strength of CSRE prisms, and the strength decreases as the moisture content at the time of testing increases, (b) wet strength is less than that of dry strength and the ratio between wet to dry strength depends upon the clay fraction of soil mix and cement content, (c) saturated moisture content depends upon the cement content and the clay content of the soil mix, (d) optimum clay percentage yielding maximum compressive strength is about 16%, (e) compressive strength of compacted cement stabilised soil increases with increase in density irrespective of cement content and moulding moisture content, and the strength increases by 300% for 20% increase in density from 15.70 kN/m3, (f) compressive strength of rammed earth is one - third higher than that of rammed earth brick masonry and (g) density decreases with increase in time lag and there is 50% decrease in strength with 10 hour time lag.
Stress-strain relationships and elastic properties of cement stabilised rammed earth are essential for the analysis of CSRE structural elements and understanding the structural behaviour of CSRE walls. Influence of soil composition, density, cement content and moisture on stress-strain relationships of CSRE was studied. Three different densities (15.7 – 19.62 kN/m3) and three cement percentages (5%, 8% and 12% by weight) were considered for CSRE. Stress-strain characteristics of CSRE and rammed earth brick masonry were compared. The results reveal that (a) in dry condition the post peak response shows considerable deformation (strain hardening type behaviour) beyond the peak stress and ultimate strain values at failure (dry state) are as high as 3.5%, which is unusual for brittle materials, (b) modulus for CSRE increases with increase in density as well as cement content and there is 1 to 3 times increase as the cement content changes from 5% to 12%. Similarly the modulus increases by 2.5 to 5 times as the dry density increases from 15.7 to 19.62 kN/m3 and (c) the modulus of CSRE and masonry in dry state are nearly equal, whereas in wet state masonry has 20% less modulus.
Compressive strength and behavior of storey height CSRE walls subjected to concentric compression was studied. The results of the wall strength were compared with those of wallette and prism strengths. The wall strength decreases with increase in slenderness ratio. There is nearly 30% reduction in strength as the height to thickness ratio increases from 4.65 to 19.74. It was attempted to calculate the ultimate compressive strength of CSRE walls using the tangent modulus theory. At higher slenderness ratios, there is a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values. The storey height walls show lateral deflections as the load approaches failure. The walls did not show visible buckling and the shear failure patterns indicate material failure. The shear failures noticed in the storey height walls resemble the shear failures of short height wallette specimens.
The thesis ends with a summary of the results with concluding remarks in the last chapter.
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Kumar, Prasanna P. "Stabilised Rammed Earth For Walls : Materials, Compressive Strength And Elastic Properties." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/987.
Full textAbstract:
Rammed earth is a technique of forming in-situ structural wall elements using rigid formwork. Advantages of rammed earth walls include flexibility in plan form, scope for adjusting strength and wall thickness, variety of textural finishes, lower embodied carbon and energy, etc. There is a growing interest in the construction of rammed earth buildings in the recent past. Well focused comprehensive studies in understanding the structural performance of rammed earth structures are scanty. Clear-cut guidelines on selecting soil grading and soil characteristics, assessing strength of rammed earth walls, density strength relationships, limits on shrinkage, standardised testing procedures, behaviour of rammed earth walls under in-plane and out of plane loads, etc are the areas needing attention. The thesis attempts to address some of these aspects of cement stabilized rammed earth for structural walls.
Brief history and developments in rammed earth construction with illustrations of rammed earth buildings are presented. A review of the literature on rammed earth has been provided under two categories: (a) Unstabilised or pure rammed earth and (b) stabilised rammed earth. Review of the existing codes of practice on rammed earth has also been included. Summary of the literature on rammed earth along with points requiring attention for further R&D are discussed. Objectives and scope of the thesis are listed.
The thesis deals with an extensive experimentation on cement stabilised rammed earth (CSRE) specimens and walls. Four varieties of specimens (cylindrical, prisms, wallettes and full scale walls) were used in the experiments. A natural soil and its reconstituted variants were used in the experimental work. Details of the experimental programme, characteristics of raw materials used in the experimental investigations, methods of preparing different types of specimens and their testing procedures are discussed in detail.
Influence of soil grading, cement content, moulding water content, density and delayed compaction on compaction characteristics and strength of cement stabilised soil mixes were examined. Five different soil gradings with clay content ranging between 9 and 31.6% and three cement contents (5%, 8% and 12%) were considered. Effect of delayed compaction (time lag) on compaction characteristics and compressive strength of cement stabilised soils was examined by monitoring the results up to 10 hours of time lag. Influence of moulding water content and density on compressive strength and water absorption of cement stabilised soils was examined considering for a range of densities and water contents. The results indicate that (a) there is a considerable difference between dry and wet compressive strength of CSRE prisms, and the strength decreases as the moisture content at the time of testing increases, (b) wet strength is less than that of dry strength and the ratio between wet to dry strength depends upon the clay fraction of soil mix and cement content, (c) saturated moisture content depends upon the cement content and the clay content of the soil mix, (d) optimum clay percentage yielding maximum compressive strength is about 16%, (e) compressive strength of compacted cement stabilised soil increases with increase in density irrespective of cement content and moulding moisture content, and the strength increases by 300% for 20% increase in density from 15.70 kN/m3, (f) compressive strength of rammed earth is one - third higher than that of rammed earth brick masonry and (g) density decreases with increase in time lag and there is 50% decrease in strength with 10 hour time lag.
Stress-strain relationships and elastic properties of cement stabilised rammed earth are essential for the analysis of CSRE structural elements and understanding the structural behaviour of CSRE walls. Influence of soil composition, density, cement content and moisture on stress-strain relationships of CSRE was studied. Three different densities (15.7 – 19.62 kN/m3) and three cement percentages (5%, 8% and 12% by weight) were considered for CSRE. Stress-strain characteristics of CSRE and rammed earth brick masonry were compared. The results reveal that (a) in dry condition the post peak response shows considerable deformation (strain hardening type behaviour) beyond the peak stress and ultimate strain values at failure (dry state) are as high as 3.5%, which is unusual for brittle materials, (b) modulus for CSRE increases with increase in density as well as cement content and there is 1 to 3 times increase as the cement content changes from 5% to 12%. Similarly the modulus increases by 2.5 to 5 times as the dry density increases from 15.7 to 19.62 kN/m3 and (c) the modulus of CSRE and masonry in dry state are nearly equal, whereas in wet state masonry has 20% less modulus.
Compressive strength and behavior of storey height CSRE walls subjected to concentric compression was studied. The results of the wall strength were compared with those of wallette and prism strengths. The wall strength decreases with increase in slenderness ratio. There is nearly 30% reduction in strength as the height to thickness ratio increases from 4.65 to 19.74. It was attempted to calculate the ultimate compressive strength of CSRE walls using the tangent modulus theory. At higher slenderness ratios, there is a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values. The storey height walls show lateral deflections as the load approaches failure. The walls did not show visible buckling and the shear failure patterns indicate material failure. The shear failures noticed in the storey height walls resemble the shear failures of short height wallette specimens.
The thesis ends with a summary of the results with concluding remarks in the last chapter.