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1
Zhou, Tiegang, Bo Liu, Xiang Zhao, and Jun Mu. "Experimental testing of the in-plane behavior of bearing modern rammed earth walls." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 13 (April 10, 2018): 2045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218764978.
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With the introduction of the modern rammed earth technique, a large number of modern rammed earth buildings were constructed in China Mainland. China has a vast territory, which faces the Circum-Pacific seismic belt on the east and the Eurasian seismic belt on the south; earthquake has constantly threatened the safety of people’s lives and property. Consequently, it is necessary to probe in the seismic performance of rammed earth buildings. Two un-stabilized rammed earth specimens, one un-stabilized rammed earth reinforced with geogrid sheets’ specimens, and four stabilized rammed earth specimens were built for obtaining a better insight on the behavior of un-stabilized rammed earth/stabilized rammed earth walls under cyclic in-plane loads. Testing results are discussed in terms of failure mode, shear capacity, hysteretic curve, stiffness degradation, and total energy dissipation to provide comparisons of the seismic performance between un-stabilized rammed earth and stabilized rammed earth specimens. Different failure modes indicated that the cohesion between particles and the bond strength between layers are the two key parameters for the shear capacity of rammed earth buildings. It is also demonstrated that stabilized rammed earth specimens have higher shear and energy dissipation capacity but weaker deformation capacity than un-stabilized rammed earth.
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Kim, Bonggeun. "The Transition of Rammed Earth Technology in Ancient China." Hoseo Archaeological Society 57 (February 28, 2024): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34268/hskk.2024.57.57.
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In this paper, we looked at the rammed earth technology used in the earthen ramparts in ancient China. So far, research related to the rammed earth in China has focused on the combination of pangoe(版塊) and individual traces such as woodboards, wooden pillars, horizontal woods, and strings, and there has been a lack of attempts to identify the rammed earth technology of the entire rampart of each remains. I examined the rammed earth pattern of the entire rampart through the examination of the rampart earth structures and rampart methods. As a result, China's ancient rammed earth technology appears when ramparts begin to be built on mid~downstream of the Yellow river in the late neolithic yangshao culture(仰韶文 化). In the literature records, it can be seen that in addition to rampart earth structures (corresponding to types A and C) that fix the wooden plates with wooden pillar called ‘jeong(楨)’and ‘gan(幹)’, Chinese ancient ramparts were built using various rampart earth structures. The rammed earth method also used various methods such as banggoe rammed earth(方塊 版築), bundan rammed earth(分段版築), yeonjeop rammed earth(連接版築), and if you look at the relationship with the rammed earth structure, you can see that each rammed earth method uses one or two types of rammed earth structures to build the rampart. In particular, the appearance of methods for connection of wood plates and supporting and fixing the wood plate by using horizontal wood has led to a change in the rammed earth structure as well as its methods too. In the meantime, archaeological investigations of ramparts in China have been conducted mainly in the midland areas, and the study of construction technology was not very detailed, so it is still difficult to specifically identify the transformation of rammed earth technology in other areas except mid~downstream of the Yellow river. In the future, if archaeological research and research continue to be accumulated and a lot of achievements, we hope that more advanced research will be conducted not only on the transformation of rammed earth technology in each region of China, but also on its relationship with Korea, and I hope that this paper will help us understand Korea's ancient rammed earth technology.
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Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "Modern Rammed Earth in Earth Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.399.
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Rammed earth is a technique for building walls using the raw materials of earth, chalk, lime and gravel. Rammed earth is a structural wall system built of natural mineral soils compacted in thin layers within sturdy formwork. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. The ancient „rammed earth‟ building technique has been used in Neolithic architecture sites and modern buildings alike. From underground green homes to other futuristic green houses. Modern architecture is a new architectural style that emerged in many countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the “rational” use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. This paper is included many examples of structures made from rammed earth using modern architecture. The result has shown the earthen buildings create safer, more people-friendly buildings. The earthen buildings are very low in embodied energy, and extremely comfortable to live in based on modern architecture.
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Wu, Ren Wei, Xing Qian Peng, and Li Zhang. "Influence of Water Contents on Shear Strength of Rammed Earth Wall of Earth-Building." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.172.
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As the "Fujian earth-building" have been inscribed by UNESCO in 2008 as World Heritage Site, attentions of protection about the "Fujian earth-building" has getting more and more. This article takes samples of a rammed-earth wall from Yongding earth-buildings and determines the shear strength of the samples with different water content through triaxial compression tests. The influence on shear strength of water content of rammed-earth samples is analyzed. Test results show that the shear strength of rammed-earth has much to do with the water content of the soil, the greater the water content is，the smaller the shear strength is. With water content increasing, cohesion and internal friction angle of rammed-earth were decreases, and its changing trend is of marked characteristic of stage. When water contents of rammed-earth is under some value, its cohesion changes in small ranges; when water contents of rammed-earth is over the value, its cohesion decreases with water content increasing.
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Zhou, Tie Gang, Dao Qiang Peng, and Jing Hua Cheng. "Research and Application of Green Rammed Earth Wall Construction Technology." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2780.
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The traditional rammed earth building refers theses structures which uses tools such as pestle or hammer etc to fill undisturbed soil materials after a simple processing by the method of compacting layer by layer. construction technology of the modern rammed earth mainly makes improvements in terms of rammed earth materials、ramming tools and construction technology which can effectively improve the durability and safety performance of rammed earth building. This article is focusing on how to select scientifically which one is the best rammed earth material and introducing improvement situation about construction technology of rammed earth wall, which combined with researching and practicing of pilot project, under the guidance of the International centre for research and application of earth construction.
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Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas, Francisco Javier Alejandre, Juan Jesús Martín, and Lidia García Soriano. "Lime-Crusted Rammed Earth: Materials Study." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.9.
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This study analyses the durability of rammed-earth wall construction techniques. The analysis focuses on three medieval masonry types from the Castle of Villavieja (Castellón, Spain) using two variations of lime-reinforced rammed earth in its walls: lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth. Materials analysis reveals the good properties of the materials used in the outer wall facing despite its age. It also clearly shows how deterioration depends more on the construction technique (construction of the wall with a base, cornice, facings, core; on-site installation, bonds, etc.) than on the material itself. These two types of lime-reinforced rammed earth (lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth) are the most common kinds of fortified architecture in the Iberian Peninsula as well as in northern Africa and the Middle East. The case presented herein is therefore highly relevant as it advances our knowledge of the behaviour of the materials comprising these walls and lays the foundations for suitable future conservation works of a vast array of architectural heritage.
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Lu, Xiang Ting, and Yuan Ping Liu. "Rammed Earth Construction: A Sustainable Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3131.
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Abstract. Present concerns for sustainable development have led to a revival of Rammed earth construction using natural or recycled resources. In human history, rammed earth constructions has a long history and wide application. The rammed earth construction is a symbol of the coexistence between mankind and nature, and especially with today’s energy depletion and environmental degradation, it became the focus of attention for its excellent function. The factors contributing to raw soil construction’s bleak prospect are that architect rarely focus on the rammed earth buildings and lack of people to participate in construction system. Since the sustainable development has been a theme of contemporary society, architect and engineer should pain more attention to the rammed earth construction.
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Du, Shu Ting, Jin Zhu Ma, and Dong Wang. "Experimental Research on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Modified Rammed Earth Material." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.773.
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Taking the mix proportion of rammed earth dwellings in Anji as the basic standard, the physical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties of rammed earth in various mix proportion have been tested by means of experiments. The results showed that the proportion of hydrated lime added to the rammed earth have a direct influence on the thermal conductivity, specific heat, compressive strength and shear strength of rammed earth specimens, the thermal and mechanical properties of modified rammed earth material is better when hydrated lime in the proportion of 10%～20%.
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R K, Adityaa. "STABILZED RAMMED EARTH- A REVIEW." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 06 (June 12, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem35778.
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Rammed earth construction has gained prominence as a sustainable building technique due to its eco-friendly nature and aesthetic appeal. However, ensuring the long-term durability of rammed earth structures remains a critical challenge. This paper investigates the efficacy of incorporating stabilizers, including cement, bagasse ash, and glass fibers, to address these concerns and enhance the performance of rammed earth structures. Drawing upon extensive research and experimentation, the paper examines the impact of stabilizers on material composition, structural integrity, and long-term durability. Through comparative analysis and empirical studies, the effectiveness of various stabilizers in improving compressive strength and resistance to weathering is evaluated. The role of cement as a traditional stabilizer is scrutinized, alongside emerging alternatives such as bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugarcane processing, and innovative additives like glass fibers. Furthermore, the paper investigates the influence of stabilizer incorporation on construction practices and life cycle considerations. Key factors such as cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and compatibility with traditional rammed earth methods are analyzed to provide comprehensive guidance for practitioners and researchers. The findings highlight promising avenues for enhancing the durability and compressive strength of rammed earth structures through stabilizer utilization. Practical recommendations are offered for implementing these strategies in real-world construction projects, emphasizing the potential for innovation and sustainability in contemporary architectural practice. Keywords: · Stabilized Rammed Earth · Un-Stabilized Rammed Earth
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Naufal, Maulana Farras, and Wanita Subadra Abioso. "PENGGUNAAN RAMMED EARTH SEBAGAI SOLUSI MATERIAL RAMAH LINGKUNGAN." DESA - DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/desa.v1i2.7775.
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Rammed Earth mempunyai sejarah yang cukup panjang dan dianggap berhasil. Banyak bangunan-bangunan bersejarah yang bahkan sudah diakui sebagai warisan dunia menggunakan Rammed Earth sehingga dianggap sebagai alternatif baru dan juga inovasi yang sukses. Kekuatan yang dimilikinya menjadikan bangunan memiliki umur yang panjang. Teknik pembuatannya yang terbilang kuno namun dinilai berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan sehingga menjadi solusi dalam perkembangan pembangunan yang semakin pesat mengingat kondisi saat ini bumi harus diperhatikan sebaik mungkin dengan lebih melihat sustainabilitynya. Rammed Earth sendiri diklasifikasikan secara general menjadi Rammed Earth stabil dan tidak stabil berdasar bahan pengikat yang digunakan. Karakteristiknya yang dinilai ramah lingkungan cukup menarik untuk dipelajari sehingga penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gagasan dan jawaban dalam segala hal yang terkait seputar perancangan dan Rammed Earth itu sendiri.
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Zhang, Yin, Xin Gao, and De Jun Zhao. "Study on Formative Mechanism and Preventive Measures of Rammed Earth Wall Cracks." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2630.
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Rammed earth is a construction form featuring energy saving and economical. However, affected by many factors, the existing rammed earth buildings, in the course of usage, would emerge various forms of cracks. Based on the research findings on rammed earth buildings in northwest, north, central and southwest regions of China, crack forms of rammed earth walls and the formative mechanism were analyzed, in turn corresponding preventive measures were proposed in this article.
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Yu, Shenwei, Shimeng Hao, Jun Mu, Dongwei Tian, and Mosha Zhao. "Research on Optimization of the Thermal Performance of Composite Rammed Earth Construction." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041519.
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Rammed earth (RE) is a low-tech recyclable building material with good heat storage and moisture absorption performance that can better maintain the stability of the indoor thermal environment and improve indoor comfort. With innovations in and the development of new technology, the field of rammed earth construction technology is gradually expanding. However, deficiencies in the thermal insulation of traditional rammed earth structures make it impossible for them to meet China’s building energy codes in cold regions. This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index of the thermal performance of rammed earth walls that is based on the heat transfer mechanism, optimizing the thickness of the boundary conditions of the building interior’s design temperature, as well as the energy demand and economic efficiency. This research also offers a new design for the thermal insulation of rammed earth construction by combining the building energy savings design code with WUFI Pro software. This study demonstrates that the optimum thickness of rammed earth construction in Beijing is about 360 mm, the thickness of extruded polystyrene board (XPS) is 50 mm (for public buildings) and 70 mm (for residential buildings), and the structural form of external insulation offers the highest performance benefit. In addition, this work also evaluates the risk of condensation inside composite rammed earth construction, finding that there is a risk of condensation on the exterior side of the wall and at the interface between the insulation panels and rammed earth wall, thus requiring an additional moisture-proof layer. In this study, thermal mass and insulation are fully considered and a design strategy for rammed earth construction given quantitatively, providing a theoretical basis for the application of rammed earth materials in cold regions.
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., Mihir vora. "STABILIZATION OF RAMMED EARTH." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 04 (April 25, 2014): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0304053.
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Maiti, Surjya K., and Jnanendra N. Mandal. "Rammed Earth House Construction." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 11 (November 1985): 1323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:11(1323).
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Liang, Jiahua, Jiaye Tan, and Bin Jiang. "Thermal and humid environment of rammed-earth dwellings in Northwest Sichuan." Indoor and Built Environment 31, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x211061113.
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As a traditional building material, rammed earth has gained popularity for its environmental friendliness and reusability. In this study, the hygrothermal performance of the wall material of traditional rammed-earth dwellings was experimentally measured, and the indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity variations of rammed-earth dwellings were experimentally measured for five days. Considering temperature and relative humidity as the driving potential for heat and humidity transfer and air penetration, an unsteady model of heat and humidity transfer of the rammed-earth wall and indoor and outdoor air was established. The accuracy of the model was verified using the measured data. The model was used to determine the rationality of the wall thickness in local rammed-earth dwellings. Based on data from typical local meteorological years, the indoor temperature and humidity changes in rammed-earth dwellings were numerically predicted. The average indoor temperature and humidity in summer were 26.56°C and 69.74%, and the variances were 3.26 and 43.17, respectively. The average indoor temperature and humidity in winter were 7.25°C and 83.62%, and the variances were 1.14 and 14.83, respectively. The research results demonstrate that a rammed-earth wall significantly reduces the influence of outdoor temperature fluctuation on the indoor thermal environment, with good humidity regulating performance.
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Zhou, Tiegang, Zaiyu Zhang, Zhifan Su, and Peng Tian. "Seismic performance test of rammed earth wall with different structural columns." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220944506.
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Rammed earth wall load-bearing dwellings are widely distributed in western China. Rammed earth has the advantages of warm in winter and cool in summer, and it is a kind of sustainable construction material. In recent years, in previous earthquakes, the collapse of rammed earth buildings is serious, resulting in huge losses of personnel and property. To improve the seismic performance of rammed earth buildings and retain the characteristics of local buildings, a reinforcement measure with additional structural columns is proposed in this article. Three kinds of structural columns are designed, which are cast-in-place concrete, square steel tube, and concrete-filled square steel tube core column. Through the quasi-static experimental study on the rammed earth wall, the effects of different structural columns on the failure shape, bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity of the wall are compared. The test results show that adding structural columns on both sides of the wall can effectively restrain the rammed earth wall, restrain its brittle failure, significantly improve the energy dissipation capacity of the wall, and obviously improve the seismic performance of the wall. This measure is applicable to rammed earth buildings and provides theoretical support for improving the seismic performance of traditional dwellings.
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Narloch, P. L., P. Woyciechowski, E. Dmowska, and K. Halemba. "Durability Assessment Of Monolithic Rammed Earth Walls." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0015.
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AbstractOne of the main threats to constructions made from rammed earth is destruction due to exposure to water. The way to limit this dangerous phenomenon is to supplement the local soil mixtures with stabilizing agents. The main component used is Portland cement. This article analyses the results of research which focused on the resistance of rammed earth to water erosion. Because of the lack of national standards regarding the method of examining the durability of rammed earth, the research was based on the New Zealand standard NZS 4298: 1998. The results confirm the possibility of using rammed earth stabilized by cement in a temperate climate.
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Guo, Li Qun, An Lu Li, and Xing Qian Peng. "Rammed-Earth Material Compressive Strength Nondestructive Testing for Fujian Earth-Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1233.
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Fujian earth-buildings have much attention of the world for their protection since they have became the world heritage in 2008,and have do various building protection research, but the research of rammed-earth material strength nondestructive testing has not began. Through the research of working principle of the rebound hammer and rammed-earth material mechanical properties, increasing the end of the rod to improve the detection precision. Consult the method of building the testing strength curve for concrete to build testing strength curve of rammed-earth material, lays a foundation of field detection for the earth-building in service, contribute to improve protection measures.
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Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "Modern Rammed Earth in Earth Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.457-458.399.
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Yang, Xinlei, Hailiang Wang, and Ziliang Zhao. "Cyclic Behavior of Confined Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Walls." Shock and Vibration 2018 (September 25, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2983052.
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Rammed earth is widely utilized in both developed and developing countries due to its low embodied energy and good natural moisture buffering of indoor environments. However, its application in seismic active regions was limited owing to its intrinsically low resistance to dynamic actions. This paper presents the test results of four cement-stabilized rammed earth walls with confining tie-column elements under cyclic loading, aiming at assessing the cyclic behavior of proposed rammed earth walls with confining tie-column elements. The test results revealed that the proposed confining tie-column elements could significantly improve the cyclic behavior of cement-stabilized rammed earth wall, exhibiting good strength and ductility.
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Ma, Jin Zhu, and Shu Ting Du. "Analysis on Ecological Technology and Environment Impact Evaluation of Rammed Earth Residence." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1588.
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Taking rammed earth residence of anji eco-house project in zhejiang province as an example, the ecological building technology used in its material selection, construction method, palisade structure practice, building design was analyzed, environmental impact of rammed earth residence was evaluated from two aspects of energy consumption and CO2 emission. It was found that energy consumption and annual CO2 emissions per area of rammed earth residence is far lower than that of common brick masonry structure residential, it shows the rammed earth residence has good ecological environmental protection performance and is worth to reference in other rural residential construction.
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Tao, Zhong, Liang Bin Qin, Wen Pan, Xiao Dong Yang, and Yu Bai. "Experimental Research on Raw Soil Structure in Yunnan Province." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1338.
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Experimental study on the behavior of Single Adobe, Rammed Earth Wall, Single modified adobe block, modified adobe wall and Reinforcement of Bamboo Rammed-earth Wall is put forward in this paper. The experiments include compression, shear and bending test of single adobe, and uniaxial lateral loading test of rammed earth and modified adobe wall and reinforcement of bamboo rammed-earth wall. The mechanical properties of the specimens are obtained through test. The test and research will offer a technological support for the Chinese Government started the Rural House Earthquake Safety Project（RHESP）and formulation of the code for seismic design of rural buildings.
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Kim, Jinsung, Hyeonggil Choi, Keun-Byoung Yoon, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092050.
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Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of the existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method was introduced herein. When constructing an autonomous rammed-earth construction method, an alternative means of assuring the performance at the initial age of the binder in terms of materials is needed. In this study, in order to satisfy the performance of the red clay binder, epoxy emulsion was added to analyze the compressive strength, water loosening, shrinkage, rate of mass change, and microstructure in the range of the initial age. As a result of the analysis, the applicability of the epoxy emulsion was confirmed as a new additive for application to an autonomous rammed-earth construction method.
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Hu, Rong Rong, Yu Jiang Dong, and Xing Hu Zhang. "Analysis for the Shake Table Test of Rammed Earth Wall Panels." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.21.
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Traditional Rammed earth houses are still widespread in rural areas of western China. However, the seismic damage of earth houses is usually serious due to its poor seismic resistance and little research has been conducted on dynamic tests of rammed earth structure. A simple and low-cost method to reinforce the rammed earth wall is put forward in the paper. The shake table testing for both the wall panels with and without reinforcements has been carried out. The test results are analyzed from the aspects of damage phenomenon, dynamic behavior, and acceleration and displacement responses of both specimens. The results show the effectiveness of the reinforcement method on improving the seismic capacity of the rammed earth wall.
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D, Poorvik. "INFLUENCE OF CEMENT AND COIR FIBER ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RAMMED EARTH." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 06 (June 9, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem35550.
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Rammed earth, a construction is widely used globally due to its ease of availability of materials and mechanical performance. Stabilization is necessary in rammed earth construction to enhance the binding of the soil particles which in turn increases the mechanical and durability properties of rammed earth. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum percentage of chemically treated Coir fiber dust and cement for rammed earth. Fibers and cement can be easily integrated into the soil mixture, increasing the wall's strength and durability. Compressive, flexural, and tensile strength tests were performed on the samples, and failure patterns were studied. Cement is varied in percentages of 6%, 9% and 12% and coir fiber dust (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 percent by weight of soil) were added as stabilizer and reinforcement. To assess the optimum strength and durability, it is recommended to utilize 0.2 percent fiber content Coir fiber dust, along with 9 percent cement by weight of soil. It is observed that with the cement and fiber dust incorporation there has been increase in the mechanical properties of rammed earth. Keywords- Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth (CSRE), Coir Fiber Dust, wet compressive strength, flexural strength.
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Liu, Kai, Ya An Wang, and Ming Wang. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Enhancing the Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.925.
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Rammed earth structures are widely used as farmers dwellings in the southwest of China, however, they are extremely vulnerable to earthquake loadings. An economic, environmental-friendly and less-intervention seismic retrofitting technique is required to reinforce these dwellings so as to increase regional seismic capability. A preliminary laboratory testing was conducted to investigate the enhancement of the seismic behavior of the rammed earth wall with externally bonded fibers. Different retrofitting materials and adhesives were tested to characterize their mechanical properties and bonding performance when externally glued on rammed earth blocks. The most suitable and practical retrofitting material and adhesive were chosen based on the experimental results. Furthermore, a numerical analysis was performed to investigate the improvement of the shear capacity of the rammed earth wall with the proposed technique. It was verified that the proposed retrofitting technique is a promising option for seismic retrofitting of rammed earth walls.
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Gao, Qinglong, Tao Wu, Lei Liu, Yong Yao, and Bin Jiang. "Prediction of Wall and Indoor Hygrothermal Properties of Rammed Earth Folk House in Northwest Sichuan." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051936.
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The climate crisis is one of the most important problems today. In the process of human building, the use of cement, steel, and other industrial materials in the process of building construction and recycling has brought a huge burden to the natural environment. Earth is one of the oldest building materials, its availability and insulation make it an excellent constructive solution in human history. Among several existing earth construction techniques, rammed earth is one of the most relevant. In this paper, a numerical model of the rammed earth folk house in Mianyang was established, and an experimental device was built to verify it. With the typical meteorological year data of Mianyang in northwest Sichuan, the heat and moisture transfer in rammed earth wall, as well as the indoor thermal and moisture environment were numerically simulated. The results show that the rammed earth wall weakens the temperature fluctuation of the inner surface of the wall and makes the peak temperature of the inner surface of the wall lag the outer surface. The relative humidity in the center of the rammed earth wall can be maintained at about 60%, both in winter and summer. The moisture absorption and desorption capacity of rammed earth walls without inner decorative materials is about three times that of gypsum board, and the use of a waterproof coating will render the rammed earth wall almost unable to adjust the indoor relative humidity. Additionally, the use of decorative materials will increase the fluctuation range of indoor relative humidity and the risk of mold breeding.
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Mužíková, Barbora, Tereza Plaček Otcovská, and Pavel Padevět. "FRACTURE ENERGY OF ILLITIC RAMMED EARTH WITH HIGH WATER-CLAY RATIO." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 30 (April 22, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2021.30.0053.
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The article is focused on design of mixture of rammed earth, producing, testing and determination of fracture energy of unfired rammed earth and its stress-strain curve in tensile bending test. Three different mixtures of rammed earth were designed and tested. The amount of water and binder is one of the key properties of the rammed earth, the amount of the water is expressed by the water-clay ratio. Mechanical properties of the earth material highly depend on the composition of sand, clay and water. The prescription AGL III with 80 % of sand, 20 % of clay and 0.400 water-clay ratio reached the maximum value of fracture energy 4.858±0.002 J/m2 and set AGL V had the minimum value 1.934±0.310 J/m2.
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Hu, Rong Rong, and Yu Jiang Dong. "Shake Table Test on Rammed Earth Wall Panels." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.795.
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Traditional Rammed earth houses, which possess people traditional cultures, are still widespread in rural areas of western China. However, the earth houses damage is usually serious due to its poor seismic resistance. A simple and low-cost method to reinforce the rammed earth wall is put forward in the paper. In order to test the reinforcement effectiveness, shake table testing for both the wall panels with and without structural reinforcements have been carried out. The performances of the wall panels during dynamic testing are presented and discussed briefly. The result of the test demonstrated the effectiveness of the reinforcement method on improving the seismic capacity of the rammed earth wall. The reinforcement can restrain the crack development and increase the structural integrity of the wall panels. The method can be applied to both existing and new building rammed earth houses.
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ChESNOKOVA, D. M. "EARTHEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES REWIEW." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.8.
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Gn stage of the building are described in this article. There are: Earth-house, Mudbricks, Rammed Earth, Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth Bricks, Bottle House, Rammed Earth Tire (Earthships), Straw House, Sandbags House etc. The usage of these techniques allowed the construction of energy-efficient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses was quite high and at the same time the use of heating and air-conditioning systems was minimized.
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Jiang, Maqi, Bin Jiang, Renzi Lu, Liang Chun, Hailun Xu, and Gaolin Yi. "Thermal and Humidity Performance Test of Rammed-Earth Dwellings in Northwest Sichuan during Summer and Winter." Materials 16, no. 18 (September 19, 2023): 6283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16186283.
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Rammed-earth dwellings have a long history in the construction field. It is a natural material that is both green and environmentally friendly. In recent years, the advantages of rammed earth, such as environmental protection, low cost, and recyclability, have attracted considerable attention. In this study, the thermal and humidity physical properties of rammed–earth materials in the northwest Sichuan region, the variation laws of thermal physical parameters, such as the thermal conductivity of rammed–earth under different moisture content conditions, and isothermal moisture absorption and desorption curves were investigated. The results indicated that the thermal physical parameters of the rammed earth measured in the experiment increased with an increase in moisture content, and its moisture absorption performance was better than the moisture release performance in the range of 11.31–97.3% relative humidity. The experimental site, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, is a subtropical monsoon humid climate zone characterized by warm winters and hot summers with four distinct seasons. In this study, we investigated the hygrothermal coupling transfer of walls, as well as the indoor temperature and humidity changes in new rammed–earth buildings during summer and winter climates. During the test period, the maximum indoor temperature in summer was 35.08 °C, the minimum temperature was 33.76 °C, and the average daily temperature fluctuation was 3.62 °C. In winter, the maximum indoor temperature was 8.59 °C, the minimum temperature was 6.18 °C, and the average daily temperature fluctuation was 1.21 °C. An analysis was performed on the thermal insulation performance of rammed–earth buildings in an extremely high-temperature climate during summer, thermal insulation performance, the thermal–buffering capacity of walls in a low–temperature and high-humidity climate during winter, and thermal and humidity regulation of indoor environments provided by walls during summer and winter. The results showed that the rammed–earth buildings exhibited warmth in winter, coolness in summer, and a more stable and comfortable indoor environment.
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Lovec, Vesna, Milica Jovanovic-Popovic, and Branislav Zivkovic. "The thermal behavior of rammed earth wall in traditional house in Vojvodina: Thermal mass as a key element for thermal comfort." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 4 (2018): 1143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170524230l.
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The conducted research examines the thermal behaviour of the rammed earth walls, which is the basic structural and fa?ade element of traditional Vojvodina house. The traditional rammed earth house represents an important part of the total building stock of Vojvodina. Earth is a locally available, cheap, natural, environmentally friendly building material and has been used extensively for traditional family houses in Vojvodina. It has ecological and ?green? characteristics, which can be assessed as very high quality, and they are of significant importance in the context of sustainable development and striving to reduce energy consumption today. The research examines thermal behaviour of rammed earth wall, including theoretical analysis of: the heat transfer coefficient, U, the thermal resistance, R, and thermal conductivity, ?. One of the basic elements of thermal behaviour, the thermal mass, has been analyzed both theoretically and by measuring in situ. The in situ measurements were conducted on the traditional house in Vojvodina by measuring inside and outside surface wall and air temperature in summer. Analyses of rammed earth wall thermal performances have shown that the wall has low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity and significant thermal mass effect which is the key element enabling thermal stability. The research indicates rather good thermal properties of the rammed earth walls. Potential of rammed earth wall in Vojvodina should be an issue of further analysis, although the possibility of improvement of existing facilities to meet current standards in terms of energy efficiency should be considered.
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Holub, M., C. Stone, M. Balintova, and R. Grul. "Intrinsic Hydrophobicity of Rammed Earth." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 96 (November 2, 2015): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/96/1/012024.
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Abdulsamad, F., A. Revil, N. Prime, P. Y. Gnonnoue, M. Schmutz, and O. Plé. "Complex conductivity of rammed earth." Engineering Geology 273 (August 2020): 105697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105697.
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Ghasemalizadeh, Saeid, and Vahab Toufigh. "Durability of Rammed Earth Materials." International Journal of Geomechanics 20, no. 11 (November 2020): 04020201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001829.
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Plaček Otcovská, Tereza, Barbora Mužíková, and Pavel Padevět. "DETERMINATION OF DRYING TIME OF THE RAMMED EARTH WALLS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 15 (December 31, 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2018.15.0081.
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The unburned earth is a building material with long history of use. Buildings made of unburned clay are all over the world. But at present, unburned earth is minority building material and its properties are not sufficiently investigated. The rammed earth is one of main kind of unburned earth. This paper is focused on drying rate of the rammed earth of known composition. The significant part of the paper is focused on principle of our own research and the main idea of our research is explained here. The second part of the paper is devoted to drying rate experiment and measured results from this experiment. Determination of drying time of universal rammed earth walls is the main result of the experiment.
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Brandl, Erika. "Earthly Matters, Earthy Visions: National Architecture Narratives and the Unexpected Culture of Norwegian Rammed Earth Houses." Change Over Time 12, no. 1 (March 2023): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cot.2023.a927230.
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Abstract: This research paper shares the neglected story of rammed earth houses in Norway, with a focus on the past conditions that enabled its craft and emergence. Architectural representations in the country have been inexorably tied to craft traditions and localisms, framed as a marriage of natural materials and the built form; however, wood and stone occupy center stage of this material-oriented ethos. Very little attention is given to old rammed earth building techniques. Beyond tectonic considerations, the paper's aim is to document the value-tinged discourse around the making of rammed earth houses, or jordhus, built at the end of the nineteenth century, between 1920 and 1930, and during the post–World War II building boom. I examine and document the social circumstances and ideologies that caused Norwegian individuals to turn to—and away from—such a material. Based on Asbjørn Klepp's seminal "Jordhus i Norge," as well as Akershus Museum's little-known surveys, building projects in Østland, Vestland, and Sørland are the focus of this study of the social, cultural and technological histories embedded in rammed earth free-standing walls. Notions of sustainability and craft, of vernacular knowledge and home aesthetics are then utilized to qualify and weigh the significance of jordhus for present-day building narratives of Norway, thus shedding new light on established methods for the writing and telling of the country's architectural narratives: in the concluding section, I briefly comment on rammed earth's resurgence in the face of current climate concerns and describe a contemporary case study (Raab Jordhus, 2019) that shows the material's significance for future Norwegian architectural cultures.
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Ghanem, Hassan, Chouk El Bouz, Rawan Ramadan, Adrien Trad, Jamal Khatib, and Adel Elkordi. "Effect of Incorporating Cement and Olive Waste Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Rammed Earth Block." Infrastructures 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2024): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9080122.
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Rammed earth blocks have recently gained substantial popularity in construction materials due to their environmental benefits, energy saving, and financial effectiveness. These benefits are even more pronounced if waste materials such as olive waste ash (OWA) are incorporated in rammed earth blocks. There is limited information on the use of OWA in rammed earth blocks. This paper investigates the use of OWA and cement in improving rammed earth block characteristics. OWA was incorporated to partially replace the soil by 10, 20, 30 and 40% of its weight and cement was added in percentages of 2, 4, 6 and 8% by the dry weight of the composite soil. Proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed at 7, 28, and 56 days. Results indicated that OWA inclusion decreased the maximum dry density while it increased the optimum moisture content. However, cement addition improved the maximum dry density of soil. The UCS results revealed that OWA possessed cementitious and pozzolanic behavior, and soil mechanical properties improved by up to 30% due to OWA inclusion, after which there was a significant drop of 40%. The trend in the CBR results was similar to those of UCS. To further clarify the experimental results, a mathematical model was proposed to determine the variation in strength as a function of time. Furthermore, correlations between soil mechanical properties were conducted. Predicted equations were developed to determine the properties of rammed earth block. All in all, the inclusion of OWA in cement stabilized earth block suggests the potential to improve the properties of rammed earth blocks.
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Zhao, De Jun, Yin Zhang, and Jun Long Lu. "Research on Construction of Rammed Earth Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.934.
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As for the form of a earth buildings ,rammed earth buildings have the advantages of green and environmental protection, easy and fast construction, low cost. This paper analyzes the raw material requirements ,structural types , construction technology and inspection of rammed earth buildings, focusing on the discussion of the quality inspection methods to provide a reference for the construction of rural residential adobe buildings.
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Hamilton, H. R., John McBride, and Joseph Grill. "Cyclic Testing of Rammed-Earth Walls Containing Post-tensioned Reinforcement." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 4 (November 2006): 937–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2358382.
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Rammed-earth walls are generally constructed by hand-compacting (or mechanically) a moist, soil-cement mixture into forms. These walls, when constructed in seismically active areas, require the use of steel reinforcement. The installation of steel reinforcement during rammed-earth construction can be difficult logistically. In particular, vertical reinforcing bars are difficult to place and to reach proper compaction of the surrounding rammed earth. To evaluate the use of post-tensioned reinforcement in lieu of bonded mild steel, eight full-scale rammed-earth walls were constructed and tested in out-of-plane and in-plane bending. The loads were cyclic and fully reversed to determine the ability of the walls to undergo large displacements that might accompany an earthquake. The out-of-plane tests were conducted with the specimen supported as a cantilever and the lateral load applied to the top of the wall. The specimens in the in-plane tests were also supported as a cantilever with the top unrestrained.
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Zhu, Jiahang, Fuxia Zhang, Lingqiong Kong, and Jianxiong Wang. "Investigation and Analysis of Sustainability of New Seismic Rammed Earth Buildings in Jinning County, Yunnan Province." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 10 (August 16, 2022): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v10i.1232.
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With the promotion of “green building” and the concept of sustainable development, rammed earth architecture is receiving increasing attention. In this study, a practical study was conducted to critically assess whether the new rammed earth buildings in Dabaiyi Village, a demonstration site in Jinning County, Yunnan Province, whether meet the needs of local residents, whether they are environmental friendly and have good sustainability. The survey found that the modern rammed earth architecture in Jinning County is sustainable, even though it has deficiencies in team building, owner communication and floor plan layout.
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Raj, Shubham, Sher Mohammad, Rima Das, and Shreya Saha. "Coconut fibre-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-10-2016-0101.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the optimum proportion of coconut fibre and cement suitable for rammed earth wall construction. Coconut fibres and cement can be easily incorporated into the soil mixture which adds strength and durability to the wall. This paper highlights the salient observations from a systematic investigation on the effect of coconut fibre on the performance of stabilized rammed earth blocks. Design/methodology/approach Stabilization of soil was done by adding Ordinary Portland Cement (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent by weight of soil), whereas coconut fibre in length about 15 mm was added (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 per cent by weight of soil) as reinforcement. Thirty types of mixes were created by adding different proportions of cement and fibre to locally available soil and compacting the mix at constant compaction energy in three layers with Proctor rammer. Findings Samples were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength, and failure patterns were analysed. The use of cement and fibre increases ultimate strengths significantly up to an optimum limit of 0.8 per cent fibre content, provides a secondary benefit of keeping material bound together after failure and increases residual strength. Benefits of fibre reinforcement includes both improved ductility in comparison with raw blocks and inhibition of crack propagation after its initial formation. Originality/value After analysing the results, it is recommended to use 0.8 per cent fibre and 5-10 per cent cement by weight of soil to achieve considerable strength. This research may add a value in the areas of green and sustainable housing, waste utilization, etc.
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Romanazzi, Antonio, Michiel Van Gorp, Daniel V. Oliveira, Rui A. Silva, and Els Verstrynge. "Experimental Shear Behaviour of Rammed Earth Strengthened with a TRM-Based Compatible Technique." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.544.
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Earthen constructions are spread worldwide, not only as architectural heritage but also as new buildings, in which a total of around one fourth of the global population is estimated to live in. Among the different raw earth techniques, rammed earth was widely used to build vernacular dwellings in different regions. Despite the raising awareness for the high seismic hazard, recognized seismic vulnerability and high seismic exposure associated with earthen structures, the reduction of their seismic risk has been a topic insufficiently addressed. In general, the seismic vulnerability of rammed earth structures is due to poor connections between structural elements (walls and floors), high self-weight and low strength of the material. Hence, a TRM-based strengthening technique is proposed to improve their seismic capacity. To estimate the enhancement of the in-plane performance achieved with the TRM, an experimental program was conducted. Rammed earth wallets were tested under diagonal compression considering their unstrengthened and strengthened condition. The TRM strengthening was performed by embedding a glass fibre mesh (GRE) or a nylon mesh (NRE) in a compatible earth-based mortar. In general, the proposed TRM-based strengthening seems to improve the shear behaviour of rammed earth by enhancing the shear strength and promoting stress distribution after cracking, while no significant influence on the shear modulus of rammed earth seems to occur.
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Richter, Jan, Kamil Staněk, Filip Havlik, and Jan Růžička. "Stabilization of Indoor Humidity by Rammed Earth." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.342.
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Clay and earthen materials are highly hygroscopic and thus able to effectively adsorb and release moisture from their surroundings. This paper analyses the ability of rammed earth to stabilize internal course of relative humidity. A numerical hygrothermal model is introduced and validated using a set of measured data according to IEA Annex 41. The model is then used to determine the stabilization effect of rammed earth in a residential room with defined moisture sources and ventilation rate. The simulation is performed for gypsum boards, concrete and red brick as well and a clear comparison is made. The results show that the rammed earth can most effectively moderate the indoor air humidity variations; followed by concrete, gypsum boards, and red brick.
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Lovec, Vesna, Milica Jovanovic-Popovic, and Branislav Zivkovic. "Analysis of heat transfer coefficient of rammed earth wall in traditional houses in Vojvodina." Thermal Science 21, no. 6 Part B (2017): 2919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160714027l.
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Traditional Vojvodina house represents an important part of the building stock of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The research examines the thermal transmittance of the walls of rammed earth, which is the basic structural and fa?ade element of traditional Vojvodina house, in two ways: by calculations in accordance with Serbian regulations and by measuring in situ. Parameters obtained from the measurements are compared with the calculated values for the three typical traditional Vojvodina rammed earth single family residential houses. The comparison between the values of the heat transfer coefficient, obtained by the calculation, and the results determined by in situ measurements show significant differences. It indicates that the thermal characteristics are better than calculated ones according to national regulations, but at the same time that, due to the complexity of the rammed earth walls and differences in the rammed earth structures, the results differ from case to case and can not be standardized.
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Kaluđer, Jelena, Ivan Kraus, Ana Perić, and Lucija Kraus. "Shear Strength of Reproduced Soil Mixtures Based on Samples from Rammed Earth Walls from Eastern Croatia." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 11708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211708.
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Earthen architecture largely supports the concept of sustainable building. In the seismically active area of eastern Croatia, there is a large number of rammed earth houses, many of which are over 100 years old. All these houses were built using empirical knowledge, i.e., without applying national design standards. In order to support the preservation of ethnic villages and traditional rammed earth houses, a field survey was conducted. Parts of the walls of traditional rammed earth houses were collected, and the material was thoroughly analyzed. Samples of rammed earth were reproduced, and tests were carried out with the aim of determining the shear strength to subsequently determine the seismic behavior of Croatian traditional earthen architecture. This paper presents the results of shear strength tests on samples with different particle size distributions, lime content, the straw of different cereals but also hemp fibers. An increase in shear strength was observed with the addition of natural fibers to the samples.
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Narloch, Piotr, Wojciech Piątkiewicz, and Barbara Pietruszka. "The Effect of Cement Addition on Water Vapour Resistance Factor of Rammed Earth." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092249.
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The article aims to determine the effect of cement addition on the water vapour resistance factor of stabilized rammed earth. Literature analysis indicates that different earthen materials show large differences in water vapour resistance factor values. The high diffusion resistance of concrete concerning other construction materials suggests that cement will be one of the factors significantly affecting these values. The paper presents water vapour resistance factor test results of rammed earth with various soil particle sizes and cement contents. The obtained results showed that an increase of cement addition increases the diffusion resistance of the material. However, the diffusion resistance of cement stabilized rammed earth is still low compared to concrete.
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Moya-Muñoz, J., A. Gonzalez-Serrano, and F. Pinto-Puerto. "PRELIMINARY STUDIES TO VALUE ENHANCEMENT OF THE OLD CITADEL IN ORIA, ALMERIA, SPAIN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-389-2020.
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Abstract. During the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the alcazaba of Oria (Old citadel) was considered one of the most outstanding medieval defensive ensembles in the province of Almeria. This defensive complex, located in the Almanzora Valley at an altitude of over a thousand metres, was built around the 12th-14th centuries and has been registered as an Asset of Cultural Interest since 1985. Nevertheless, unfortunate decisions to intervene in the monument and lack of maintenance facilitated the loss of most of its wall, which had been preserved until the twentieth century. Despite the critical situation of the complex, two sections of the rammed-earth wall are currently identified as standing. This study represents an opportunity to broaden the knowledge of this relevant wall structure and the characterisation of the rammed-earth reinforced wall with lime mortar layers. As a preliminary step towards the rammed-earth walls analysis, the graphic representation of wall elevations by photogrammetry tools is proposed. This technique allows to graphically define the morphology of the rammed-earth wall, to perform its typological analysis and constructive characterisation; and furthermore, to evaluate the state of constructive elements conservation by means of the identification of its damages. The information and results obtained will allow to establish the appropriate laboratory tests for the rammed-earth materials characterisation and to define a report that justifies the inexcusable need to consolidate and preserve them.
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Petcu, Cristian, Cornelia Florentina Dobrescu, Claudiu Sorin Dragomir, Adrian Alexandru Ciobanu, Adrian Victor Lăzărescu, and Andreea Hegyi. "Thermophysical Characteristics of Clay for Efficient Rammed Earth Wall Construction." Materials 16, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16176015.
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This case study focuses on twelve compacted clay soil samples to understand their fundamental physical and thermal properties. For each sample, the density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and drying shrinkage were assessed. The identification and characterisation of the materials were also carried out by positioning them into the ternary diagram based on the percentage of sand, silt, and clay. These properties are definitive for the performance characteristics of materials used in rammed earth wall construction. The aim is to provide information for better knowledge and prediction regarding the dynamic heat flow in rammed earth walls. Experimental results show a relatively wide range of values for each property, reflecting the diverse properties of the sampled clays. The thermophysical characteristics of the 12 types of earth analysed showed correlations with reports in the literature in terms of density (1490–2150 kg/m3), porosity (23.22–39.99%), specific heat capacity (701–999 J/kgK), and thermal conductivity (0.523–1.209 W/mK), which indicates them as materials suitable for use in the construction of rammed earth walls. Using test data, a dynamic assessment of heat flow through simulated rammed earth walls was performed. For a better understanding of the results obtained, they were compared with results obtained for simulations where the building element would be made of concrete, i.e., a mineral wool core composite. Thus, heat flux at the wall surface and mass flux, respectively, during the 16 years of operation showed similar evolution for all 12 types of clay material analysed, with small variations explained by differences in thermophysical characteristics specific to each type of S1–S12 earth. In the case of walls made from clay material, there is a stabilisation in the evolution of the water content phenomenon by the 5th year of simulation. This contrasts with walls made of concrete, where the characteristic water content appears to evolve continuously over the 16-year period. Therefore, it can be said that in the case of the construction elements of existing buildings, which have already gone through a sufficient period for the maturation of the materials in their construction elements, the rammed earth wall quickly develops a moisture buffer function. In the case of simulating a mineral wool core composite wall, it cannot perform as a temperature or humidity buffer, exhibiting an enthalpy exchange with indoor air that is only 4% of that of the rammed earth walls; consequently, it does not play a significant role in regulating indoor comfort conditions. Overall, there is confirmation of the temperature and moisture buffering capabilities of rammed earth walls during both warm and cold periods of the year, which is consistent with other reports in the literature. The findings of this research provide a better insight into clay as a material for rammed earth walls for more efficient design and construction, offering potential improvements regarding indoor comfort, energy efficiency, and sustainability. The data also provides useful information in the fields of architecture and civil engineering regarding the use of clay as an eco-friendly building material. The results emphasise the importance of thoroughly understanding the thermophysical properties of clay to ensure the efficiency of rammed earth construction.
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Brkanić Mihić, Ivana, Ivan Kraus, Jelena Kaluđer, and Ana Perić Fekete. "Architectural Features and Soil Properties of Traditional Rammed Earth Houses: Eastern Croatia Case Study." Buildings 14, no. 7 (July 4, 2024): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072049.
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Rammed earth buildings constitute a large part of the housing stock in rural areas. Although these houses are recognized as a cultural heritage, detailed analyses of their architectural features, geometric parameters crucial for structural stability, and soil properties used for their construction have not yet been carried out in Croatia. The aim of this study is to collect basic data on the architectural features and material properties of rammed earth walls through field research in Croatia. These data are crucial for both numerical and experimental studies to improve the understanding of the structural behavior of rammed earth houses. Data were obtained through field research and a detailed survey of 22 houses. The houses were analyzed, samples of the rammed earth walls were collected, and their properties were tested in the laboratory. This study contributes to a better understanding of regional building practices and provides data that will enable us to identify the causes of damage in future studies and to select rehabilitation measures to preserve the authentic symbols of cultural heritage.