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Journal articles on the topic 'Random Intercept Cross Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM)'

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1

Etherson, Marianne E., Martin M. Smith, Andrew P. Hill, and Gordon L. Flett. "Feelings of not Mattering and Depressive Symptoms From a Temporal Perspective: A Comparison of the Cross-Lagged Panel Model and Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 40, no. 1 (2021): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07342829211049686.

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Are feelings of not mattering an antecedent of depressive symptoms, a consequence, or both? Most investigations focus exclusively on feelings of not mattering as an antecedent of depressive symptoms. Our current study examines a vulnerability model, a complication model, and a reciprocal relations model according to a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). A sample of 197 community adults completed the General Mattering Scale (GMS), the Anti-Mattering Scale (AMS), and a depression measure at three time points (i.e., baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 w
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2

Masselink, M., E. Van Roekel, B. L. Hankin, et al. "The Longitudinal Association between Self–Esteem and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: Separating Between–Person Effects from Within–Person Effects." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 6 (2018): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2179.

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Many longitudinal studies have investigated whether self–esteem predicts depressive symptoms (vulnerability model) or the other way around (scar model) in adolescents. The most common method of analysis has been the cross–lagged panel model (CLPM). The CLPM does not separate between–person effects from within–person effects, making it unclear whether the results from previous studies actually reflect the within–person effects or whether they reflect differences between people. We investigated the associations between self–esteem and depressive symptoms at the within–person level, using random
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3

Beyens, Ine, Jessica Taylor Piotrowski, and Patti M. Valkenburg. "Which Came First? Assessing Transactional Relationships Between Children’s Violent Media Use and ADHD-Related Behaviors." Communication Research 47, no. 8 (2018): 1228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650218782300.

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This longitudinal study investigated transactional relationships between violent media use and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–related behaviors among young children (ages 4-8 years). To investigate study hypotheses, we employed a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) using structural equation modeling with panel data from 890 children. Results provided evidence in support of a media selection process rather than media effects process, whereby an increase in a child’s ADHD-related behaviors predicted an increase in the child’s violent media use 1 year later. Resul
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Morinaj, Julia, and Tina Hascher. "On the Relationship Between Student Well-Being and Academic Achievement." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 230, no. 3 (2022): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000499.

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Abstract. Student well-being is considered as both an enabling condition for positive learning outcomes and an essential educational outcome itself. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between student well-being and academic achievement cross-sectionally, leaving unclear the direction of causality. Employing 3 waves of data spaced 1 year apart, this longitudinal study used a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to account for between-person effects and segregate within-person effects between positive and negative dimensions of student well-being and academic achi
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Griffin, Sarah C., Jonathan R. Young, Jennifer C. Naylor, Kelli D. Allen, Jean C. Beckham, and Patrick S. Calhoun. "Reciprocal Effects Between Depressive Symptoms and Pain in Veterans over 50 Years of Age or Older." Pain Medicine 23, no. 2 (2021): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab294.

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Abstract Objective Depression and chronic pain are major problems in American veterans, yet there is limited long-term research examining how they relate to one another in this population. This study examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and pain in U.S. veterans 50 years of age or older. Methods This study used data on veterans from the 2002–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 4,302), a large-scale observational study of Americans 50 years of age or older. Measures included a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and two items asses
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Rodríguez-Hidalgo, C. T., E. S. H. Tan, P. W. J. Verlegh, I. Beyens, and R. Kühne. "Don’t Stress Me Now: Assessing the Regulatory Impact of Face-to-Face and Online Feedback Prosociality on Stress During an Important Life Event." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25, no. 5 (2020): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa006.

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Abstract This study investigates the interplay between online and face-to-face (FtF) feedback on stress during an important life event. We present data on a two-month, six-wave longitudinal study of 468 Chilean adolescents across three important stages of a competitive national university selection test (Prueba de Selección Universitaria [PSU]) to assess longitudinal and reciprocal relationships. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) showed that online feedback had a small effect in decreasing stress during the three short-termed waves, before and after the three main events of
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Chia, Jonathan L., and Andree Hartanto. "Older Adult Employment Status and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Bidirectional Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (2021): 12533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312533.

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Mixed findings in the literature on the effects of older adult employment on well-being and the reciprocal influence of well-being on employment suggest the need for more careful methodology in teasing out this relationship. Moreover, as previous research has shown that different domains of well-being relate to constructs differently, more nuanced definitions of well-being may be appropriate. The present study examined the longitudinal bidirectional associations of employment and different domains of well-being, controlling for stable within-person variables. The present study sampled older ad
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8

Luo, Meng Sha, Lydia W. Li, and Ernest Wing Tak Chui. "Self-Perceptions of Aging and Control of Life in Late Adulthood: Between-Person and Within-Person Associations." Journal of Aging and Health 32, no. 9 (2020): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264320917303.

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Objectives: This study aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship between two central concepts in aging research—self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and perceived control of life (COL). Method: The data came from three measurement points over a 9-year period in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). A random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was estimated. Results: The covariations between SPA and COL across 9 years were evident at both the between-person level and the within-person within-time level. The results revealed a reciprocal relationship between SPA and COL: Higher than u
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Lee, Gina. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL NETWORK AND PURPOSE IN LIFE: APPLICATION OF A RANDOM INTERCEPT CROSS-LAGGED MODEL." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2640.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine if there are reciprocal effects between social network size and purpose in life among older adults using data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. A second aim is to assess whether there are moderated effect of gender on this relationship. The sample included 1,485 male and 2,058 female adults 65 years and older. In order to examine the reciprocal effects between social network size and purpose in life over four time points (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020), a random intercept cross-lagged model (Model 1) was computed. Then, two multiple
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Mund, Marcus, Matthew D. Johnson, and Steffen Nestler. "Changes in Size and Interpretation of Parameter Estimates in Within-Person Models in the Presence of Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Covariates." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666928.

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For several decades, cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) have been the dominant statistical model in relationship research for investigating reciprocal associations between two (or more) constructs over time. However, recent methodological research has questioned the frequent usage of the CLPM because, amongst other things, the model commingles within-person associations with between-person associations, while most developmental research questions pertain to within-person processes. Furthermore, the model presumes that there are no third variables that confound the relationships between the longi
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Serrano-Sánchez, Juan, Julia Zimmermann, and Kathrin Jonkmann. "Personality, behavioral engagement, and psychological adaptation of high school students abroad: A longitudinal perspective on between- and within-person dynamics." European Journal of Personality, September 25, 2022, 089020702211243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08902070221124311.

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International educational mobility is a life event that confronts sojourners with many challenges, such as adapting to a new living environment abroad. Whether these cultural adaptation processes are successful is contingent upon different factors. In the present study, we focused on the role of personality as well as host- and home-cultural behavioral engagement in the psychological adaptation of high school students during an academic year abroad. To that end, we analyzed data from the first four waves of the project Mobility and Acculturation Experiences of Students (MAPS) ( N = 1299 studen
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12

Lee, Gina, and Peter Martin. "Testing the Reciprocal Relationship Between Social Networks and Purpose in Life Among Older Adults: Application of a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model." Journal of Aging and Health, February 17, 2023, 089826432311567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08982643231156721.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine if there are longitudinal reciprocal effects between social network size and purpose in life among older adults. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, the sample included 1485 male and 2058 female adults 65 years and older. We first computed t-tests to assess gender differences in social network size and purpose in life. In order to examine the reciprocal effects between social network size and purpose in life over four time points (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020), a RI-CLPM (Model 1) was computed. In addition to th
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13

Schenk, Loïs, Miranda Sentse, Reshmi Marhe, et al. "The Longitudinal Interplay Between Social Network and Psychopathology in Multi-Problem Young Adult Men; Separating Within-and Between-Person Effects." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (December 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727432.

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Young adulthood is characterized by many life changes. Especially for young men with problems across different life domains (i.e., multi-problem), these changes may entail obstacles. Incidences of psychopathology increase during young adulthood and at the same time important shifts in social networks – such as changing relations with peers and parents, isolation, or deviant peer affiliation – take place. The present study examined the longitudinal interplay between psychopathology and social network characteristics over the course of 1 year in multi-problem young adults, at both between-person
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Zheng, Kejun, Robert J. Coplan, Xinyin Chen, and Yufang Bian. "Longitudinal Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Preference for Solitude Among Chinese Early Adolescents: Separating Between-Person from Within-Person Effects." Journal of Early Adolescence, September 7, 2022, 027243162211247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02724316221124794.

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The goal of this study was to explore longitudinal associations between preference for solitude (PFS) and depressive symptoms among early adolescents in mainland China, with a focus on separating between-person and within-person effects using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). Participants were N = 1039 Chinese early adolescents ( Mage= 12.37, 46.1% girls, at Time 1), who completed annual self-reports of depressive symptoms and peer-nominations of PFS over a 3-years period. Results revealed that fluctuations in depressive symptoms consistently predicted fluctuations in PFS
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15

Alamer, Abdullah, and Fakieh Alrabai. "The Causal Relationship between Learner Motivation and Language Achnievement: New Dynamic Perspective." Applied Linguistics, August 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac035.

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Abstract It is well known that successful second language (L2) learners are motivated individuals. Accordingly, L2 researchers have tested the predictive power of different motivational constructs on language learning outcomes. However, this perspective appears to neglect the assessment of achievement as a predictor of future motivation. To assess this possibility, we first employed the latent growth curve model (LGCM) to evaluate the initial values and growth rates of the two variables. We further applied a newly developed statistical method, the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-
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16

Visscher, Anke H., Savannah Boele, and Jaap J. A. Denissen. "Unraveling the Bidirectional Associations between Parental Knowledge and Children’s Externalizing Behavior." Journal of Youth and Adolescence, February 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01743-4.

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AbstractAlthough within- and between-family bidirectional associations between parental knowledge and children’s externalizing behavior have been theoretically proposed, studies that unravel these associations simultaneously remain scarce. This study examined these bidirectional associations within and between German families. 3611 families participated across one-year intervals between children ages 8 to 15 (50.6% boys, 34.5% fathers, 89.0% German-born, Mwaves = 3.63, SDwaves = 2.00). Random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) with linear slopes revealed negative between-family asso
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17

Fredrick, Stephanie S., Amanda B. Nickerson, and Jennifer A. Livingston. "Family cohesion and the relations among peer victimization and depression: A random intercepts cross-lagged model." Development and Psychopathology, March 30, 2021, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457942100016x.

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Abstract The relation between peer victimization and depressive symptoms is complex, requiring the use of methodologically rigorous designs to examine these relations and potential mediating factors. The current study used a random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to investigate both between-person and within-person associations in peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and family cohesion across five waves in a sample of adolescents (N = 801, ages 13–15 years at recruitment) in the Northeast. We also investigated the moderating effects of sex and victimization status (i.e., bul
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18

Grosz, Michael P., Shalom H. Schwartz, and Clemens M. Lechner. "The longitudinal interplay between personal values and subjective well-being: A registered report." European Journal of Personality, May 14, 2021, 089020702110129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08902070211012923.

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A large body of cross-sectional research on personal values and subjective well-being has inspired theories of the interplay between personal values and subjective well-being. In this registered report, we investigated which of these theories fit best with the longitudinal associations between values and cognitive and affective subjective well-being. We hypothesized that openness-to-change values have a causal effect on subjective well-being and that subjective well-being, in turn, has a causal effect on openness-to-change values. We analyzed 12 waves of a German panel study ( N = 9,723) with
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19

Sander, Julia, Paul Schumann, David Richter, and Jule Specht. "Leisure Activities as a Driver of Personality Development? A Random-Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model Across 13 Years in Adulthood." Collabra: Psychology 7, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/collabra.23473.

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Repeated experiences and activities drive personality development. Leisure activities are among the daily routines that may elicit personality change. Yet despite the important role they play in daily life, little is known about their prospective effects on personality traits and vice versa. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which within-person changes in leisure activities lead to prospective changes in personality traits, and whether changes in personality elicit prospective changes in leisure activities. We applied random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM)
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Yamada, Keiko, Heather Adams, Tamra Ellis, et al. "The temporal relation between pain and fatigue in individuals receiving treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain." BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 23, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05162-7.

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Abstract Background Numerous investigations have revealed significant relations between pain and fatigue in individuals with persistent pain conditions. However, the direction of influence between pain and fatigue remains unclear. Shortcomings of design and analytic approaches used in previous research limit the nature of conclusions that can be drawn about possible causal or directional relations between pain and fatigue. The present study investigated the temporal relation between changes in pain and changes in fatigue in individuals with musculoskeletal pain enrolled in a 10-week behavioral
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Lauriola, Marco, Sara Iannattone, and Gioia Bottesi. "Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional Processing in Adolescence: Separating Between-Person Stability and Within-Person Change." Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, January 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-01020-1.

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AbstractPrevious research on the relation between Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) and Emotional Processing (EP) during adolescence is limited. The present study aimed to clarify how IU and EP evolve over time, to what extent they are related, and whether changes in one precede or follow changes in the other. A total of 457 Italian adolescents (53.1% girls) aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.1 ± 2.27) completed the IU and EP scales on three separate occasions three months apart (T1, T2, and T3). Data were modeled using a Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) that separates individual dif
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Marsh, Herbert W., Reinhard Pekrun, and Oliver Lüdtke. "Directional Ordering of Self-Concept, School Grades, and Standardized Tests Over Five Years: New Tripartite Models Juxtaposing Within- and Between-Person Perspectives." Educational Psychology Review, April 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09662-9.

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AbstractMuch research shows academic self-concept and achievement are reciprocally related over time, based on traditional longitudinal data cross-lag-panel models (CLPM) supporting a reciprocal effects model (REM). However, recent research has challenged CLPM's appropriateness, arguing that CLPMs with random intercepts (RI-CLPMs) provide a more robust (within-person) perspective and better control for unmeasured covariates. However, there is much confusion in educational-psychology research concerning appropriate research questions and interpretations of RI-CLPMs and CLPMs. To clarify this co
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Rautanen, Pihla, Tiina Soini, Janne Pietarinen, and Kirsi Pyhältö. "Dynamics between perceived social support and study engagement among primary school students: A three-year longitudinal survey." Social Psychology of Education, October 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-022-09734-2.

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AbstractPerceived high study engagement relates to higher school achievement and has been found to promote social and emotional well-being as well. Social support for studying has typically been examined as a resource for study engagement. However, the interrelation between social support and study engagement is likely to be bidirectional: engaged students might be more willing to find and share social support in their studies. The students' emotions and attitudes toward studying (i.e., study engagement) may also influence the teachers’ and guardians’ tendency to provide support for that indiv
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Hare, Megan M., Elisa M. Trucco, Samuel W. Hawes, Michelle Villar, and Robert A. Zucker. "Pathways to substance use: Examining conduct problems and parenting behaviors from preschool to adolescence." Development and Psychopathology, February 6, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579422001328.

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Abstract While many studies have identified risk and protective factors of substance use (SU), few have assessed the reciprocal associations of child conduct problems (CP) and parenting practices and behaviors in the prediction of SU across development. A greater understanding of how these factors relate over time is needed to improve the timing of targeted prevention efforts. This study examined how child CP, parenting behaviors, and parents’ own antisocial behavior relate from preschool to adolescence and eventuate in SU. Participants included 706 youth (70.6% male; 89.7% white) enrolled in
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Bargmann, Carina, and Simone Kauffeld. "The interplay of time management and academic self-efficacy and their influence on pre-service teachers’ commitment in the first year in higher education." Higher Education, February 14, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00983-w.

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AbstractThe first academic year involves a variety of challenges students must overcome to maintain their commitment to enter the teaching profession. Students can build on their initial experience in the second semester, while everything is new in the first semester. This longitudinal study investigates the interplay of academic self-efficacy and time management, which are seen as crucial in the first year, and their effects on pre-service teachers’ commitment to their studies in the first year. By considering three measurement points in a random intercept-cross lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) t
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Boele, Savannah, Stefanie A. Nelemans, Jaap J. A. Denissen, Peter Prinzie, Anne Bülow, and Loes Keijsers. "Testing transactional processes between parental support and adolescent depressive symptoms: From a daily to a biennial timescale." Development and Psychopathology, May 12, 2022, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579422000360.

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Abstract Transactional processes between parental support and adolescents’ depressive symptoms might differ in the short term versus long term. Therefore, this multi-sample study tested bidirectional within-family associations between perceived parental support and depressive symptoms in adolescents with datasets with varying measurement intervals: Daily (N = 244, Mage = 13.8 years, 38% male), bi-weekly (N = 256, Mage = 14.4 years, 29% male), three-monthly (N = 245, Mage = 13.9 years, 38% male), annual (N = 1,664, Mage = 11.1 years, 51% male), and biennial (N = 502, Mage = 13.8 years, 48% male
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Dijk, Willeke van, Marleen H. M. de Moor, Mirjam Oosterman, Anja C. Huizink, and Karen Matvienko-Sikar. "Longitudinal relations between parenting stress and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors: Testing within-person changes, bidirectionality and mediating mechanisms." Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 16 (December 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.942363.

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IntroductionParenthood can be experienced as a pleasant but challenging period for parents, possibly accompanied by parenting stress. Early parenthood in particular is a vulnerable period as many parents experience biological and psychosocial changes related to new parenthood. Previous studies have shown that parenting stress is related to child behavior problems, but few studies have investigated the transactional relations across time between parenting stress and child internalizing and externalizing outcomes separately, examining within-person changes. The first aim of this study was to exa
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Metrik, Jane, Angela K. Stevens, Rachel L. Gunn, Brian Borsari, and Kristina M. Jackson. "Cannabis use and posttraumatic stress disorder: prospective evidence from a longitudinal study of veterans." Psychological Medicine, June 17, 2020, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329172000197x.

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Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most highly co-occurring psychiatric disorder among veterans with cannabis use disorder (CUD). Despite some evidence that cannabis use prospectively exacerbates the course of PTSD, which in turn increases the risk for CUD, the causal nature of the relationship between cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity is debated. The longitudinal relationship between PTSD diagnosis and traumatic intrusion symptoms with cannabis use and CUD was examined using cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) analysis. Methods Prospective data from a longitudinal
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Lim, Michele C., Sam Parsons, Alessia Goglio, and Elaine Fox. "Anxiety, stress, and binge eating tendencies in adolescence: a prospective approach." Journal of Eating Disorders 9, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00444-2.

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Abstract Background Recent years have witnessed an increasing prevalence of binge eating tendencies in adolescence—warranting a clearer understanding of their underlying predisposing and precipitating factors. The current study investigated whether the interaction between high levels of anxiety and stress predicted increased levels of binge eating tendencies in a prospective cohort of adolescents (N = 324). Methods Measurements were taken over three waves (M ages: 13.33, 14.48, 15.65) as part of the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study. Longitudinal associations between levels of anxiety and stress with
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Hübner, Nicolas, Wolfgang Wagner, Steffen Zitzmann, and Benjamin Nagengast. "How Strong Is the Evidence for a Causal Reciprocal Effect? Contrasting Traditional and New Methods to Investigate the Reciprocal Effects Model of Self-Concept and Achievement." Educational Psychology Review 35, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09724-6.

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AbstractThe relationship between students’ subject-specific academic self-concept and their academic achievement is one of the most widely researched topics in educational psychology. A large proportion of this research has considered cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs), oftentimes synonymously referred to as reciprocal effects models (REMs), as the gold standard for investigating the causal relationships between the two variables and has reported evidence of a reciprocal relationship between self-concept and achievement. However, more recent methodological research has questioned the plausibili
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Wehner, Caroline, and Matthias Ziegler. "Narcissism and friendship quality: A longitudinal approach to long-term friendships." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, August 19, 2022, 026540752211220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02654075221122023.

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Narcissistic admiration and rivalry have been studied in various social relationship contexts, with findings indicating that the former is related to initial popularity while the latter tends to cause problems in the longer term. In particular, the social partners of individuals with high narcissism tend to have higher costs and fewer benefits. But how does narcissism affect the perception of a long-term friendship? To gain insight into perceived friendship quality in dependence on narcissism, NT1 = 831 individuals reported on their narcissism and relationship quality with a close friend at fo
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Kellij, Sanne, Gerine M. A. Lodder, Matteo Giletta, Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, Berna Güroğlu, and René Veenstra. "Are there negative cycles of peer victimization and rejection sensitivity? Testing ri-CLPMs in two longitudinal samples of young adolescents." Development and Psychopathology, February 16, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579423000123.

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Abstract This study’s aim was to examine whether there are negative increasing cycles of peer victimization and rejection sensitivity over time. Drawing from Social Information Processing Theory, we hypothesized that victimization leads to higher levels of rejection sensitivity, which would put adolescents at risk for higher future victimization. Data were collected in a four-wave study with 233 Dutch adolescents starting secondary education (Mage = 12.7 years), and a three-wave study with 711 Australian adolescents in the last years of primary school (Mage = 10.8 years). Random-intercept cros
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Choate, Alexandria M., Marina A. Bornovalova, Alison E. Hipwell, Tammy Chung, and Stephanie D. Stepp. "The general psychopathology factor (p) from adolescence to adulthood: Exploring the developmental trajectories of p using a multi-method approach." Development and Psychopathology, July 11, 2022, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579422000463.

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Abstract Considerable attention has been directed towards studying co-occurring psychopathology through the lens of a general factor (p-factor). However, the developmental trajectory and stability of the p-factor have yet to be fully understood. The present study examined the explanatory power of dynamic mutualism theory – an alternative framework that suggests the p-factor is a product of lower-level symptom interactions that strengthen throughout development. Data were drawn from a population-based sample of girls (N = 2450) who reported on the severity of internalizing and externalizing pro
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