Journal articles on the topic 'Rang Pas language'

En 2009, le Rwanda, ancienne colonie belge et pays francophone, passe officiellement et sans états d’âme « de Voltaire à Shakespeare » ( Ouazani), en s’affiliant au Commonwealth, au terme d’ un intense lobbying auprès des membres influents de ce club réservé essentiellement aux anciennes colonies britanniques. L’anglais devient langue unique de formation du primaire à l’université, reléguant ainsi le français au rang de simple langue seconde parmi tant d’autres proposées dans les programmes de formation publique ou privée. Eu égard à cette quête de changement d’alliances, d’autres pays tels que le Gabon, le Burundi, le Madagascar seraient des exemples intéressants à examiner, mais nous proposons de nous concentrer sur le cas particulier et sans précédent du Rwanda. En jetant un regard critique sur certains aspects de l’entreprise coloniale belge notamment sa stratégie éducative, nous tenterons de montrer que le déclin du français, c’est-à-dire sa perte de statut de langue officielle et peut-être un jour sa disparition pure et simple comme langue d’usage par les Rwandais, était programmé d’avance, inscrit non seulement dans les gènes mêmes de son implantation par l’autorité coloniale belge, il y a environ un siècle de cela, mais surtout dans la singularité du contexte farouchement et exclusivement monolingue du Rwanda traditionnel ; que même si le rebond de la langue française n’est pas impossible, le chemin est parsemé d’obstacles presque infranchissables, en raison de la nouvelle donne géostratégique, linguistique du Rwanda et une politique économique axée sur les nouvelles technologies de l’information où l’anglais reste prédominant. Abstract In 2009, Rwanda, former belgian colony and francophone country, switches, in Ouazani’s terms, from Voltaire to Shakespeare, becoming officially and unapologetically affiliated with the Commonwealth, after intensely lobbying the influential members of that club, whose membership is essentially composed of former british colonies. English become the sole language of instruction from elementary school to university, while French joined the rank of other optional second languages taught in both public and private institutions. Although some other countries like Gabon, Burundi and Madagascar, which are apparently tempted by the same affiliation, are interesting cases in point, I will rather focus on this singular and unprecedented shift operated by Rwanda. By pointing out some aspects of the belgian colonial enterprise, particularly its instruction rationale and strategies, I will attempt to argue that the actual decline of French - its loss of the status of official language and, perhaps, its pure and simple disappearance in Rwanda one day- was programmed in advance, written not only in the very genes of its colonial inception a century ago, but also in the nationalistic context of traditional Rwanda with its prevailing and self-sufficent monolingualism. I shall also point out that even though the rebirth of French language is not impossible, the path remains mined by daunting obstacles, related to the new geostrategic and linguistic road Rwanda has taken, as well as the actual government’ economic plan, centered on information technologies in which English is predominant.

The article presents the study of the influence of professional competence of EFL learners on their academic writing. The task was approached through analyzing learners’ competence in specific knowledge domains - knowledge of terms and specific concepts, represented as conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphor models were analyzed in the English written texts produced by Russian students with different competences in economics – at both non-professional and professional levels of academic discourse (NPAD and PAD respectively). Metaphor Identification Procedure VU University Amsterdam (MIPVU) was applied to metaphor identification, and alternative metaphor and preferential conceptualization analysis was performed to compare the scope of source and the range of target in NPAD and PAD. Findings highlight the areas of commonality as well as divergence in terms of students’ professional competence represented in conceptual metaphors in L2 writing. The main differences in the scope of the source analysis are quantitative rather than qualitative. The range of target comparison between NPAD and PAD indicates a significantly larger range of targets for the professional level students, a lower level of metaphorization for the non-professional level, and inclusive strategies across the two levels. Practical recommendations suggest an improved research methodology for studying metaphor production in EAP and ESP as well as a deeper understanding of ESP content and its structure.

Though psychoanalysis has tended to disappear from departments of psychiatry in the USA, it has gained increasing prominence in literature departments in the academy. Bonomi and Rand discuss this shift as they review the work of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, recently defined by Elisabeth Roudinesco as an alternative French trend to Jacques Lacan. The discussion then turns to the work's phenomenological basis, its continuity with Sandor Ferenczi's thought, its difference from the project of Lacan himself, and its disparity from both the psychoanalytic mainstream of the 1970s and the deconstructive philosophy of Jacques Derrida. Particular light is shed on Abraham's theory of disasters or symbolic operations that occur as attempts to overcome threats of disintegration. This new conception unites diverse symbolic products such as neurotic symptoms, literary and artistic works. Interpreting symbols psychoanalytically amounts to looking for the underlying ‘original’ obstacle whose readable marks are yet contained within the livable solution, the symbol.

This paper reviews the shift of teacher role in light of the development and innovation of EFL instruction in China and analyses the EFL teachers’ roles in classes adopting the PAD (Presentation-Assimilation-Discussion) mode. It points out EFL teachers play a wide range of roles in PAD classes to meet students’ needs and contribute to their language learning.

The article is devoted to the image of a woman in the Azerbaijani-Turkic picture of the world. It is noted that this concept is complex and ambiguous. The central concept representing an image of the woman in Azerbaijan-Turkic Paremiology is “woman” which in language consciousness of the people associates with a word arvad. In the Azerbaijan language the word qadın which, however, is not comparable to a lexeme arvad neither from the point of view of common use, nor from the point of view of the associations steadily characterizing a place of concept of a language picture of the world is common also. The connotation of linguistic units serving the verbalization of the concept of “woman” is divided into positive and negative. One would assume that the negative connotation is associated with Islamic influence, but the facts indicate the national character of the ideas. Islamic mentality, on the contrary, gives women a place of honor in the world. Most likely, the concept as a whole is affected by the masculinity of the concept. It should also be noted that in the language the manifestation of the concept “woman” is dynamic, it is represented in a wide range and varies both in the semantic and stylistic terms.

Background: Online mental health information represents important resources for people living with mental health issues. Suitability of mental health information for effective self-care remains understudied, despite the increasing needs for more actionable mental health resources, especially among young people. Objective: We aimed to develop Bayesian machine learning classifiers as data-based decision aids for the assessment of the actionability of credible mental health information for people with mental health issues and diseases. Methods: We collected and classified creditable online health information on mental health issues into generic mental health (GEN) information and patient-specific (PAS) mental health information. GEN and PAS were both patient-oriented health resources developed by health authorities of mental health and public health promotion. GENs were non-classified online health information without indication of targeted readerships; PASs were developed purposefully for specific populations (young, elderly people, pregnant women, and men) as indicated by their website labels. To ensure the generalisability of our model, we chose to develop a sparse Bayesian machine learning classifier using Relevance Vector Machine (RVM). Results: Using optimisation and normalisation techniques, we developed a best-performing classifier through joint optimisation of natural language features and min-max normalisation of feature frequencies. The AUC (0.957), sensitivity (0.900), and specificity (0.953) of the best model were statistically higher (p < 0.05) than other models using parallel optimisation of structural and semantic features with or without feature normalisation. We subsequently evaluated the diagnostic utility of our model in the clinic by comparing its positive (LR+) and negative likelihood ratios (LR−) and 95% confidence intervals (95% C.I.) as we adjusted the probability thresholds with the range of 0.1 and 0.9. We found that the best pair of LR+ (18.031, 95% C.I.: 10.992, 29.577) and LR− (0.100, 95% C.I.: 0.068, 0.148) was found when the probability threshold was set to 0.45 associated with a sensitivity of 0.905 (95%: 0.867, 0.942) and specificity of 0.950 (95% C.I.: 0.925, 0.975). These statistical properties of our model suggested its applicability in the clinic. Conclusion: Our study found that PAS had significant advantage over GEN mental health information regarding information actionability, engagement, and suitability for specific populations with distinct mental health issues. GEN is more suitable for general mental health information acquisition, whereas PAS can effectively engage patients and provide more effective and needed self-care support. The Bayesian machine learning classifier developed provided automatic tools to support decision making in the clinic to identify more actionable resources, effective to support self-care among different populations.

The book of poetry by G. Aygi was translated and published into Slovak language as “Žena sprava” (“The Woman on the Right”) in 1967. The same year the book was translated into Czech language. It is the Czech translation that occupies the first place in the research and bibliography of G. Aygi’s publications. The paper examines the features of the Slovak translation through the views of the translator and poet M. Valek. The translations appeared when Slovak poets were in search of finding a modern artistic language and modifying the original in accordance with the artistic concept of the poet-translator. M. Valek’s interest in the poetry of G. Aygi was associated with the same range of problems. The translations have an imprint of M. Valek’s own stylistics and demonstrate his priority for existentiality and metaphor, which he emphasizes, leading to neglecting the peculiarities of the original form. The contemporary Slovak translations of G. Aygi’s poetry are more focused on the transfer of formal innovation, the preservation of the author’s punctuation and graphics. However, the novelty of G. Aygi’s verses, which is still far from being fully explored, was comprehensively analyzed only in the 2000s and contemporary translators rely on new theory as well as a rich history of translations.The novelty of the paper is that it compares the translations of different years, the views of G. Aygi and M. Valek on free verse, and also provides an assessment of the translations by G. Aygi himself.

In this preface we propose a synthetic survey of the main ideas which are in our aim at the origin of the "Physics and the City" Symposium (Bologna–Italy, 15–17 December 2005). These ideas are developed from different point of view in the following collected papers, also with different scientific languages, from the sociological or planning to the mathematical or physical ones. Very schematically we think that the present proceedings could prefigure the emergence of a new "science of the city", really multidisciplinary and with possible spin-off on every single science concerned. Moreover with a large range of possible applications to the actual social life, in order to contribute to a better quality of life. Surely we are at the beginning and the topology of this "science of the city" it is not still well defined, but as H. Poincaré said: Pour obtenir un résultat qui ait une valeur réelle, il ne suffit pas de mettre les choses en ordre; ce n'est pas seulement l'ordre, c'est l'ordre inattendu qui vaut quelque chose.

Abstract The present study investigates whether prior experience with formal study of an L2 influences L3 Korean learners’ Type 1 variation (i.e., use of obligatory forms) and Type 2 variation (i.e., variation between alternative acceptable variants). The patterns of variation in Korean argument realization of early bilingual learners (English-Chinese/Malay/Indonesian/Tamil) of L3 Korean were assessed in light of the distribution of variants present in classroom input, learners’ prior L2 learning experience and home language background, argument animacy and number, and familiarity of verb structure type. Our findings demonstrate that prior experience with a typologically-similar L2 facilitates acquisition of grammatical patterns as well as acquisition of native-like patterns of variation between grammatical forms that are constrained by a range of internal linguistic factors. Any L2 experience, regardless of typological proximity, is found to facilitate acquisition of internal linguistic constraints, but not acquisition of grammatical patterns.

Abstract In 1965, the French choreographer Roland Petit set himself the task of making a ballet out of Victor Hugo’s voluminous novel Notre-Dame de Paris. The result departed radically from earlier attempts to transpose the work into movement by choreographers who included Jules Perrot and Marius Petipa. Although the love plot (which revolves around a dancer), the wide range of emotions depicted, the stark contrasts, and alternation between crowd scenes and more intimate scenes favour its transposition into a ballet, the novel also presents numerous difficulties, such as the importance of politics, philosophy and architecture. Quasimodo, Frollo and the cathedral seem rather unsuitable protagonists for a ballet. This paper argues that Petit’s adaptation of Notre-Dame de Paris engaged with the literary source on a much deeper level than its predecessors. Petit’s innovative ballet does not merely illustrate the novel: it reveals underlying elements in the source and sheds new light on it.

Delivery of mental health services to Hispanic populations requires that assessment methods address the linguistic needs of their clientele. Toward this end, Spanish translations of two recent multiscale inventories (i.e., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, MMPI, and Personality Assessment Inventory, PAI) were published in order to meet these needs. Unfortunately, the linguistic equivalence and criterion-based validation of these Spanish versions were not addressed prior to publication. We sought to take the first step in remedying this oversight by administering the MMPI-2 and PAI to 105 Hispanic patients for whom Spanish is the sole or preferred language. We employed a revised Spanish version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) as a criterion measure. By focusing on four common disorders (i.e., major depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and alcohol dependence), we examined the usefulness of codetypes and clinical elevations for establishing these disorders. Overall, we found moderate hit rates for the MMPI-2 ( N = .60, range from .46-.69) and moderate to high hit rates for the PAI ( M = .72, range from .57-.87). Correlations of selected scales with DIS symptoms varied widely and were generally in the low to moderate range. Finally, exploratory data suggested few within-minority differences on selected MMPI-2 and PAI scales when DIS symptoms were employed as covariates.

This study examines the origins behind the meaning of everyday phrases forming the linguistic world image of Russian speakers. A large corpus of linguistic literature concerns the lexicon and phraseology and only a few studies look at phrases as the most common forms of thought formation in everyday pragmatics. The aim of this study was to identify origins behind the meaning of everyday phrases, and analyze their role and place in the formation and presentation of the linguistic world image in linguistic pragmatics. Unlike most studies, this work examines the problem of the worldview rooted in the language through the content analysis of phrases, rather than single lexemes, and analyzes them in the context of everyday use. The study monitored 128 individuals, aged 18 to 61 years, for three days to determine what phrases they use every day. The collected linguistic data underwent statistical processing and unique categorizes were distinguished. Of these categorizes, only one is likely to convey the linguistic worldview (it contains words with a broad range of meanings and multi-level semantics). The other two categorizes reflect single characteristics of linguistic consciousness and the pragmatics of social interaction. The results of the study may be useful in establishing links between the cognitive and communicative functions of the language and creating a map of the Russian linguistic worldview for the comparative linguistic research purposes.

This article provides an empirical demonstration of the saliency of epistemics to two core conversational organizations, turn-taking and repair. To that end, I examine cases in which a participant of a multiparty conversation intervenes into a repair sequence to respond to a repair initiation addressed to the trouble-source speaker, that is, in violation of the turn-taking rules, without having an epistemically grounded entitlement to do so. I show that such interventions enact a range of corrective actions vis-a-vis the repair initiation, such as contesting and correcting assumptions or understandings conveyed by the repair initiation. In providing these corrections ‘out of turn’, the intervening speakers demonstrate their own attentive recipiency or cultural expertise and, at the same time, expose the repair initiator’s interactional faux pas. The analysis demonstrates the procedural consequentiality of epistemic considerations (such as who knows, should know and has the right to know what) for the interlocutors – and, thus, the necessity to incorporate them into an empirically grounded analysis of their actions.

Bridging dance anthropology and multimodal discourse analysis, the article focuses on language used to teach and/or describe various versions of the pas de basque step in Highland, Scottish country, Scottish step and “called” Ceilidh dancing of Scotland. It analyses pedagogic discourse observed during on- and offline classes and dance events across the globe alongside the author’s own embodied experience as a Scottish dancer, learner and teacher. When examining culturally and somatically contextualised uses of English in Scottish dance pedagogy, the article takes into account a range of dance manuals and instructions published between 1950 and 2020 by the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society, the Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing, the United Kingdom Alliance of Professional Teachers of Dancing and other organisations and individuals. Revisiting issues of communicating (and delegating) authority, (re)shaping the dance tradition(s) and providing/refraining from regulation, the study is aimed at helping to better appreciate the mutual interconnectedness between pedagogic discourse, on the one hand, and dance learning and teaching as an embodied social and cultural experience, on the other.

The paper examines the specific role that metonymic concepts play in the semantics of euphemisms. It is shown that metonymic concepts are basic structures that underlie metaphoric concepts the meaning of euphemisms is modelled on. Such metonymic conceptual structures (metonymic triggers) constitute patterns that may generate numerous metaphoric concepts of different degree of complexity. The findings of our research testify to the fact that it is possible to single out two ways of the metonymic conceptual actualization within the framework of metaphoric concepts. In the first case gradual metaphoric complication of the metonymic concept results in the weakening of the euphemistic potential of a word or a phrase. This transformation may be accompanied by the specification of the conceptual focus though in most cases the focus is preserved. In the second case metaphoric complication of a simple metonymic concept triggers the enhancing of the euphemistic potential of a language unit. As a result, it may function in a wider range of communicative situations. The research shows that the two models are actualized differently in classical euphemy and in modern politically correct discourse. Whereas in traditional euphemistic spheres both models are common, in politically correct discourse it is the first pattern that is especially productive.

The published evidence concerning the safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction for implantation of the current model of the artificial urinary sphincter (AS 800) in men with post prostatectomy urinary incontinence was the objective of this review. A Pub Med English language literature search from 1995 to 2011 was performed. A majority of men who undergo AUS implantation for post prostatectomy urinary incontinence achieve satisfactory results (0 to 1 pad per day). Infection rates range from 0.46 to 7%, cuff erosion rates range from 3.8 to 10%, and urethral atrophy ranges from 9.6 to 11.4%. Kaplan-Meier 5 year projections for freedom from any reoperation were 50% for a small series and 79.4% for a larger series. Kaplan-Meier projections for freedom from mechanical failure were 79% at 5 years and 72% at 10 years. In another series 10 year projections for freedom from mechanical failure were 64%. Although the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the gold standard for the treatment of this disorder, most men will continue to need at least one pad per day for protection, and they are subject to a significant chance of future AUS revision or replacement.

AbstractModels of functional ecospace diversification within life-habit frameworks (functional-trait spaces) are increasingly used across community ecology, functional ecology, and paleoecology. In general, these models can be represented by four basic processes, three that have driven causes and one that occurs through a passive process. The driven models include redundancy (caused by forms of functional canalization), partitioning (specialization), and expansion (divergent novelty), but they also share important dynamical similarities with the passive neutral model. In this second of two companion articles, Monte Carlo simulations of these models are used to illustrate their basic statistical dynamics across a range of data structures and implementations. Ecospace frameworks with greater numbers of characters (functional traits) and ordered (multistate) character types provide more distinct dynamics and greater ability to distinguish the models, but the general dynamics tend to be congruent across all implementations. Classification-tree methods are proposed as a powerful means to select among multiple candidate models when using multivariate data sets. Well-preserved Late Ordovician (type Cincinnatian) samples from the Kope and Waynesville formations are used to illustrate how these models can be inferred in empirical applications. Initial simulations overestimate the ecological disparity of actual assemblages, confirming that actual life habits are highly constrained. Modifications incorporating more realistic assumptions (such as weighting potential life habits according to actual frequencies and adding a parameter controlling the strength of each model’s rules) provide better correspondence to actual assemblages. Samples from both formations are best fit by partitioning (and to lesser extent redundancy) models, consistent with a role for local processes. When aggregated as an entire formation, the Kope Formation pool remains best fit by the partitioning model, whereas the entire Waynesville pool is better fit by the redundancy model, implying greater beta diversity within this unit. The ‘ecospace’ package is provided to implement the simulations and to calculate their dynamics using the R statistical language.

Abstract.In this article we re-establish the relevance of linguistic diversity by highlighting that French is a minority language spoken by a growing number of non-white and non-Christian minority groups, including Muslims. These groups are often characterized in contemporary Canada as essentially non-modern, traditional and opposed to secularism—characterizations that were used historically to depict French ethnic minorities as essentially Catholic, traditional and non-modern. Utilizing a historically grounded case study of the evolution of French language education rights in Alberta, the study reveals how “Franco-Albertans” are a linguistic minority comprised of other minorities. We also show the contradictions inherent in dichotomous representations of “secularism” when it comes to “Western” and “non-Western” societies, or “Christian” and “Muslim” groups. We argue that in expanding the discipline's focus to deal with a wider range of “groups,” analysts need to attend to how “multiple minorities” may take analytically relevant forms, and be wary of evolutionary and dichotomous constructions of diverse “others.”Résumé.Dans cet article, nous redonnons une place importante à la question linguistique comme dimension politique fondamentale au Canada, et au français comme langue minoritaire parlée par un nombre croissant de groupes minoritaires non blancs et non chrétiens, y compris les musulmans. Ces groupes, ce qui n'est pas selon nous sans intérêt, sont souvent globalement décrits aujourd'hui comme étant non modernes, traditionnels et opposés au sécularisme dans un discours qui n'est pas sans évoquer la façon dont les Canadiens français furent historiquement décrits comme une société strictement catholique et prémoderne. Dans ce cas-ci, le Canada francophone est étudié à travers le prisme de la francophonie albertaine, elle-même composée de plusieurs minorités. Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur les droits scolaires en Alberta et un lien est aussi établi entre cette situation et la description souvent dichotomique par rapport au sécularisme de la société canadienne entre les groupes «occidentaux» et «non occidentaux» ou encore entre les groupes «chrétiens» d'un côté, et de l'autre, les groupes de la diversité multiculturelle canadienne, notamment les musulmans francophones. La thèse de cet article est qu'en élargissant le champ d'investigation de la discipline de façon à inclure un éventail de groupes plus grand, les analystes doivent être vigilants quant à l'articulation complexe du concept de «minorités multiples» de façon à éviter les constructions trop évolutionnistes et dichotomiques des divers «autres».

The purpose of this study is to analyze the needs of students towards English courses for non-English Department students. This research is focused on analyzing the need for teaching materials, desired teaching methods and student language learning strategies. This research is a case study involving 136 Islamic Religious Education (PAI) and Islamic Religion Teacher Education (PGMI) students. The data was collected from respondents by conducting surveys and interviews. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS and Thematic analysis was used to analyze data from interviews. The results of this study indicateed that speaking skill is the skill that is mainly needed by students. Furthermor the development of vocabulary is also the main focus of the students. The results of this study with regard to learning methods show that students like mixed methods. In reference to the learning strategy, the students used variety and wide range of learning strategies. This research is very useful for English language teachers especially for the preparation of the lesson plan for non-English major students.

Sparrow, J., Grant, T., Connor, P., & Whitney, N. (2013). The value of the neuropsychological assessment for adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A case study. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2(3), 79-86. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.107 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.107)Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term that reflects the range of potential effects resulting from Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE). Individuals with FASD may demonstrate cognitive, functional and adaptive challenges that are as debilitating as those experienced by individuals with the full fetal alcohol syndrome. This case study describes a young mother with PAE who was enrolled in a three-year intensive case management program and who was suspected of having FASD. Authors describe the neuropsychological battery that was administered and how assessment results were used to help members of a multidisciplinary team reframe their thinking and respond to the client’s neuropsychological strengths and impairments by adjusting their language, expectations and interventions accordingly. Recognized as a valued member throughout the assessment and intervention process, the client learned to develop strategies that supported her autonomy and self-advocacy.

Many learners, even those studying at universities in regions where the target language is spoken, lack opportunities for meaningful language use outside of the classroom. One avenue for learners to increase authentic target-language communication is online affinity spaces within social media platforms, where interactions with other users are formed around shared interests rather than personal connections. International students at an arts and media college in the Midwestern United States were asked to read a discussion thread within a social media platform, summarize what they found useful, and respond to pre- and posttask questionnaires. The platform used, Reddit, features anonymous user-generated content in a wide range of discussion forums based around specific interests and geographic locations. This study used qualitative data to investigate the extent to which international students participate in online communities like these and the factors or barriers that keep them from achieving full participation. The findings are then used to present learner training strategies that can help reduce or remove those barriers, enabling language learners to increase their participation in target-language online communities. Plusieurs apprenantes et apprenants, même parmi celles et ceux qui étudient dans une université située dans une région où la langue cible est parlée, n’ont pas suffisamment d’occasions de pratiquer avantageusement leur nouvelle langue en dehors de la salle de classe. Une avenue qui s’ouvre à elles et à eux pour augmenter leurs chances de s’adonner à des communications authentiques dans leur langue cible est l’espace d’affinité en ligne sur les réseaux sociaux, endroit où les interactions sont davantage basées sur le partage d’intérêts communs que sur des relations personnelles. Des étudiantes et étudiants internationaux d’un collège des arts et des médias du Midwest des États-Unis ont été invités à lire un fil de discussion sur une plateforme de réseau social, à en résumer les éléments jugés utiles et à répondre à un questionnaire avant et après l’exercice. La plateforme utilisée, Reddit, présente des contenus qui sont générés anonymement par les utilisateurs dans un large éventail de forums de discussion et qui sont regroupés autour d’intérêts et de secteurs géographiques particuliers. Cette étude utilise des données qualitatives permettant d’évaluer dans quelle mesure les étudiantes et étudiants internationaux participent à la vie de communautés en ligne de ce genre et de déterminer quels sont les facteurs ou obstacles qui les empêchent de le faire pleinement. Les constatations sont ensuite utilisées pour présenter des stratégies de formation des apprenantes et apprenants qui sont susceptibles d’aider à réduire ou aplanir ces obstacles et à aider par le fait même les participants à s’impliquer davantage dans la vie de communautés en ligne s’exprimant dans leur langue cible.

AbstractDifferent adipokines secreted from adipose tissue, exert a range of physiological effects. The aim of present systematic review and meta-analysis was to critically investigate the consequence of bariatric surgery on circulating adipokines, that is, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and chemerin. After systematically checking the following electronic databases: ISI web of Science, Scopus and PubMed without limitation in time and language up to February 2019, a pool based on a random effect model was established. Eighty-five eligible studies were entered for quantitative analysis. Our meta-analysis revealed that circulating adiponectin increased significantly after bariatric surgery [Standardized mean difference (SMD)=1.401, 95% CI: 1.101, 1.701, p<0.001]; whilst leptin (SMD=–2.178, 95% CI: –2.433, –1.923, p<0.001), PAI-1 (–14.928 ng/ml 95% CI: –21.794, –8.063, p<0.001), and chemerin (–50.238 ng/ml 95% CI: –85.708, –14.768, p<0.001) decreased. However, serum visfatin (2.05 ng/ml, 95% CI: –5.07, 9.17, p=0.573) and resistin (–2.080 ng/ml, 95% CI: –5.352, 1.192, p=0.21) were unchanged. In conclusion, bariatric surgery is associated with a reduction in specific adipokines including leptin, chemerin, and PAI-1, whereas adiponectin is raised, adaptations that could be indicative of improved fat mass and function.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore a range of key deliberations with regards to adopting participatory action research (PAR) and privileged access interviewer (PAI) approaches and methodologies within research on substance use. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a reflective piece; it adopts a mixture of applied practice and theory considerations. These conceptualisations capture what are still relatively early understandings and uses of such methodologies, acquired across several decades of research and service provision experiences. The paper is structured around some of the sequences of the research process and as such provides a broad framework for such approaches. Findings PAR and PAI approaches utilise several key theoretical considerations. There are many critical issues associated with adopting these approaches, including those of ethics, funding, involvement, language, resources and support. Three key principle reasons (moral, political and research based) help explain why the authors should see more adoption of such approaches in substance use-related research. Research limitations/implications This paper represents authors’ views which are by their nature very subjective. Practical implications Implementation of the key considerations highlighted within this paper can lead to an active adoption of PAR and PAI methodologies within alcohol and drug research. Increasing the use of such methodologies will allow commissioners, researchers and service providers to develop a more nuanced understanding of the experiences of and responses to alcohol and drug use. Originality/value This paper captures critical conversations at a time of increased calls for service user involvement across all aspects of alcohol and other drug provision, including evaluation and research

AbstractThis thesis is concerned with the expansions of algebraic structures and their fit in Shelah’s classification landscape.The first part deals with the expansion of a theory by a random predicate for a substructure model of a reduct of the theory. Let T be a theory in a language $\mathcal {L}$ . Let $T_0$ be a reduct of T. Let $\mathcal {L}_S = \mathcal {L}\cup \{S\}$ , for S a new unary predicate symbol, and $T_S$ be the $\mathcal {L}_S$ -theory that axiomatises the following structures: $(\mathscr {M},\mathscr {M}_0)$ consist of a model $\mathscr {M}$ of T and S is a predicate for a model $\mathscr {M}_0$ of $T_0$ which is a substructure of $\mathscr {M}$ . We present a setting for the existence of a model-companion $TS$ of $T_S$ . As a consequence, we obtain the existence of the model-companion of the following theories, for $p>0$ a prime number: • $\mathrm {ACF}_p$ , $\mathrm {SCF}_{e,p}$ , $\mathrm {Psf}_p$ , $\mathrm {ACFA}_p$ , $\mathrm {ACVF}_{p,p}$ in appropriate languages expanded by arbitrarily many predicates for additive subgroups;• $\mathrm {ACF}_p$ , $\mathrm {ACF}_0$ in the language of rings expanded by a single predicate for a multiplicative subgroup;• $\mathrm {PAC}_p$ -fields, in an appropriate language expanded by arbitrarily many predicates for additive subgroups.From an independence relation in T, we define independence relations in $TS$ and identify which properties of are transferred to those new independence relations in $TS$ , and under which conditions. This allows us to exhibit hypotheses under which the expansion from T to $TS$ preserves $\mathrm {NSOP}_{1}$ , simplicity, or stability. In particular, under some technical hypothesis on T, we may draw the following picture (the left column implies the right column): Configuration $T_0\subseteq T$ Generic expansion $TS$ $T_0 = T$ Preserves stability $T_0\subseteq T$ Preserves $\mathrm {NSOP}_{1}$ $T_0 = \emptyset $ Preserves simplicityIn particular, this construction produces new examples of $\mathrm {NSOP}_{1}$ not simple theories, and we study in depth a particular example: the expansion of an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic by a generic additive subgroup. We give a full description of imaginaries, forking, and Kim-forking in this example.The second part studies expansions of the group of integers by p-adic valuations. We prove quantifier elimination in a natural language and compute the dp-rank of these expansions: it equals the number of independent p-adic valuations considered. Thus, the expansion of the integers by one p-adic valuation is a new dp-minimal expansion of the group of integers. Finally, we prove that the latter expansion does not admit intermediate structures: any definable set in the expansion is either definable in the group structure or is able to “reconstruct” the valuation using only the group operation.Abstract prepared by Christian d’Elbée.E-mail: delbee@math.univ-lyon1.frURL: https://choum.net/~chris/page_perso

Abstract Performance on language tests varies as a function of various factors. These factors, according to Bachman (1990) include: communicative language ability, test method facets, personal attributes that are not related to the ability we want to measure, and random factors which are unpredictable and temporary. Since the purpose of language tests is to measure language ability, a fundamental concern in the development and use of language tests is to identify potential sources of error and test bias in a given measure of language ability and to minimize the effects of these factors, hence to maximize the reliability and the validity of the tests. This study with 1984 male and female PhD candidates with an age range of 21-51 who took the Tarbiat Modarres University (TMU) TOEFL-like English Examination as a prerequisite for their admission for PhD programs attempted to identify one of the potential sources of test bias called impulsivity / reflectivity (Imp/Ref) cognitive style. The purpose of the present study was two fold: On the one hand, the present research attempted to investigate the relationships and interaction between impulsivity/reflectivity, age, sex and performance on TMU English Exam. This, on the other hand, required restandardization of Persian Impulsiveness Questionnaire in Iran. To achieve this purpose of the study, having gone through the restandardization procedures, the data obtained from 1822 subjects regarding impulsivity/reflectivity were factor-analyzed through Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) in order to check the construct validity of the test. To achieve the main objective of the research, the subjects were classified into three groups of high, medium and low impulsives to see if this cognitive style has any relationship with Ph.D. candidates’ performance on TMU English Exam. Moreover, the role of gender and age in the subjects’ performance and the interaction effect of impulsivity, age and sex on their performance were taken into consideration. The results revealed that both impulsivity and gender are significant factors in the subjects’ performance. The overall main effect of age and the interaction effect were found to be non significant.

322 Background: Natural language processing (NLP) algorithms can be leveraged to better understand prevailing themes in healthcare conversations. Sentiment analysis, an NLP technique to analyze and interpret sentiments from text, has been validated on Twitter in tracking natural disasters and disease outbreaks. To establish its role in healthcare discourse, we sought to explore the feasibility and accuracy of sentiment analysis on Twitter posts (‘’tweets’’) related to prior authorizations (PAs), a common occurrence in oncology built to curb payer-concerns about costs of cancer care, but which can obstruct timely and appropriate care and increase administrative burden and clinician frustration. Methods: We identified tweets related to PAs between 03/09/2021-04/29/2021 using pre-specified keywords [e.g., #priorauth etc.] and used Twarc, a command-line tool and Python library for archiving Twitter JavaScript Object Notation data. We performed sentiment analysis using two NLP models: (1) TextBlob (trained on movie reviews); and (2) VADER (trained on social media). These models provide results as polarity, a score between 0-1, and a sentiment as ‘’positive’’ (>0), ‘’neutral’’ (exactly 0), or ‘’negative’’ (<0). We (AG, NP) manually reviewed all tweets to give the ground truth (human interpretation of reality) including a notation for sarcasm since models are not trained to detect sarcasm. We calculated the precision (positive predictive value), recall (sensitivity), and the F1-Score (measure of accuracy, range 0-1, 0=failure, 1=perfect) for the models vs. the ground truth. Results: After preprocessing, 964 tweets (mean 137/ week) met our inclusion criteria for sentiment analysis. The two existing NLP models labeled 42.4%- 43.3% tweets as positive, as compared to the ground truth (5.6% tweets positive). F-1 scores of models across labels ranged from 0.18-0.54. We noted sarcasm in 2.8% of tweets. Detailed results in Table. Conclusions: We demonstrate the feasibility of performing sentiment analysis on a topic of high interest within clinical oncology and the deficiency of existing NLP models to capture sentiment within oncologic Twitter discourse. Ongoing iterations of this work further train these models through better identification of the tweeter (patient vs. health care worker) and other analytics from shared content.[Table: see text]

SUMMARY After discussion of several methodological issues, a simpfe method for evaluating nonbinary wordlist comparisons probabilistically is introduced, and the data of Joseph H. Greenberg's "Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (1987: 181-270) are evaluated by that method. It is found that the similarities Green-berg has adduced as evidence for the genetic unity of 'Amerind' fall within the range to be expected by chance alone, and concluded that Greenberg's method of 'multilateral comparison' is utterly unreliable, as well-informed specialists have long claimed. RÉSUMÉ Suivant une discussion de plusieurs questions methodologiques, l'auteur introduit une methode simple pour 1'evaluation probabilistique des listes de mots non binaires de comparaison. Ensuite les donnees tirees du 'dictionnaire etymologique amerindien' de Joseph H. Greenberg (1987:181-270) sont eva-luees a la base de cette methode. Le resultat des calculs demontre que les simi-larites apportees par Greenberg comme preuve pour l'unite genetique de 1''Amerind' tombe a l'interieur de la gamme a laquelle on pourrait s'attendre a la base du hasard seulement. La conclusion de l'auteur est que la methode de 'comparaison multilaterale' de Greenberg n'est absolument pas fiable, comme les specialistes bien-informes des langues amerindiennes I'avaient deja note. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im Anschluß an eine Diskussion verschiedener methodologischer Fragen stellt der Autor eine einfache Methode zur probabilistischen Bewertung nicht-binarer komparatistischer Wortlisten vor. Danach werden Daten bewertet, die Joseph H. Greenbergs "Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (1987:181-270) entnommen sind. Das Ergebnis ist, daß die Ahnlichkeiten, die Greenberg als Nachweis für die genetische Einheit einer 'Amerind'-Grundsprache heran-gefuhrt hat, sich durchaus innerhalb der Breite dessen befinden, was man aus bloßem Zufall erwarten kann. Der Autor kommt zum SchluB, daB Greenbergs Methode eines 'multilateralen Vergleichs' vollkommen unzuverlassig ist, wie wohlinformierte Spezialisten von Indianersprachen schon seit langem behaup-tet haben.

SUMMARY The term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.RÉSUMÉ L’expression ‘articulatory setting’ est d’abord apparu dans les écrits traitant de phonétique anglaise dans un article fréquemment cité de Beatrice Honikman (1964). Laver (1978) a très bien démontré l’existence d’un lien entre cette expression et un jeu de synonymes utilisés par un grand nombre de chercheurs du XIXe siècle. En examinant quelques-unes des nombreuses sources disponibles, cet article cherche à montrer ce que l’article de Laver n’a pas montré, à savoir, que le phénomène dont traite Honikman a presque toujours été présent dans les écrits allemands traitant de phonétique depuis l’époque de Sievers (1876), et que les chercheurs britanniques du XXe siècle ont négligé de prendre ce fait en considération. Par conséquent, le concept était inexistant dans les écrits britanniques traitant de phonétique, de 1909 (environ) jusqu’à 1964. Sur ce fond, l’article cherche également à trouver de possibles sources directes pour les idées de Honikman.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Begriff ‘articulatory setting’ kommt in der Englischen phonetischen Literatur zum ersten Mal in einem vielzitierten Aufsatz von Beatrice Honikman (1964) vor. Auf die Verbindung zwischen diesem Terminus und einer Anzahl von Synonymen bei mehreren kontinental-europäischen Wissenschaftlern des 19. Jahrhunderts hat Laver (1978) ausführlich hingewiesen. Über Lavers Arbeit hinausgehend, zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag unter Heranziehung einer Auswahl von Quellen, dass das von Honikman beschriebene Phänomen in der deutschen phonetischen Literatur seit Sievers (1876) praktisch durchgängig vertreten war, was die Britische Phonetik des 20. Jahrhunderts jedoch nicht zur Kenntnis nahm. Dies bedeutet, dass das Konzept in der Britischen Literatur zur Phonetik zwischen 1909 und 1964 nicht vorkommt. Vor diesem Hintergrund versucht die vorliegende Arbeit auch mögliche direkte Quellen für Honikmans Ideen zu identifizieren.

IntroductionAuditory verbal hallucinations (AVH): the ‘subjective experience of hearing voices speaking in the absence of corresponding physical stimulation’ (Kompus et al 2013) are part of Schneider’s first rank symptoms. They are included in the American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia and can be difficult to treat in a proportion of patients with drug resistance in up to 25% of casesCaseOur case is a 52 year old gentleman with a background of treatment resistant schizophrenia, who presented to hospital with a right sided hemiplegia and aphasia. He was diagnosed with a left middle cerebral artery territory stroke. A post CVA MRI showed ‘an extensive mature infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory and encompassed the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) where the primary auditory cortex (PAC) is located’. He was known to a mental health team from 1989 and had eight inpatient psychiatric admissions, under section, with thought disorder and paranoid thoughts with aggressive behaviour endangering himself and the public.Prior to the stroke he was treated with monthly Pipothiozine Depot Injections, however, these were missed post stroke; he remained untreated for his paranoid schizophrenia and no signs of distress or paranoia were identified by any of the treating staff. Due to his speech impairments, his mental state remained difficult to assess, however, in conjunction with speech and language colleagues the Neuropsychiatrist ascertained that there was no evidence of psychosis, beliefs or behaviours similar to his pre-morbid mental state.DiscussionThe human PAC is part of the temporal lobe and is the final target for afferent auditory signals. It is found bilaterally, specifically within the STG, occupying the dorsal and lateral surface of the STG and encompassing Heschl’s gyrus. There are several different hypotheses regarding the neural mechanisms behind auditory verbal hallucinations. Multiple studies have implicated the primary auditory cortex as being central to this process and functional imaging has shown the STG to be activated in patients with schizophrenia during hallucinations. The resolution of symptoms in this case supports the involvement of the PAC in AVH and could represent a target for future therapies.

Consuming the conventional approaches, processors are incapable to achieve effective energy reduction. In upcoming processors on-chip memory system will be the major restriction. On-chip memories are managed by the software SMCs (Software Managed Chips), and are work with caches (on-chip), where inside a block of caches software can explicitly read as well as write specific or complete memory references, or work separately just like scratchpad memory. In embedded systems Scratch memory is generally used as an addition to caches or as a substitute of cache, but due to their comprehensive ease of programmability cache containing architectures are still to be chosen in numerous applications. In contrast to conventional caches in embedded schemes because of their better energy and silicon range effectiveness SPM (Scratch-Pad Memories) are being progressively used. Power consumption of ported applications can significantly be lower as well as portability of scratchpad architectures will be advanced with the language agnostic software management method which is suggested in this manuscript. To enhance the memory configuration and optimization on relevant architectures based on SPM, the variety of current methods are reviewed for finding the chances of optimizations and usage of new methods as well as their applicability to numerous schemes of memory management are also discussed in this paper.

This article investigates the practice of returning marked papers to rejected candidates in late imperial Chinese examinations. The practice—common from the sixteenth century to the abolition of imperial examinations in 1905—established a sense of personal communication between examiners and examinees and was an opportunity for rejected candidates to benefit from the examination system. The failed papers returned to their authors enabled them to make sense of their performance by interpreting, when not misconstruing, examiners’ comments. The examiners sometimes praised the papers and blamed the decision to fail on other examiners. As a result, most rejected candidates tended not to challenge the examiners through official channels or take collective action against the examination system. Thus, in the late imperial examination system, the ways in which rejecting decisions could be negotiated and construed were no less important than the awarding of degrees to an extremely small proportion of participants. Cet article s’intéresse à la pratique, particulière à la période impériale tardive, consistant à rendre leurs copies aux candidats ayant échoué aux examens. Courante depuis le xvie siècle et jusqu’à l’abolition des examens mandarinaux en 1905, cette pratique créait l’impression d’une relation personnelle entre les examinateurs et les candidats et était un moyen pour ceux qui avaient échoué de tirer profit du système. Les copies rejetées retournées à leurs auteurs permettaient à ces derniers de donner un sens à leur performance en interprétant, voire en dévoyant, les commentaires des examinateurs. Il arrivait que les examinateurs fassent l’éloge des copies et attribuent à autrui la décision de les rejeter. De ce fait, la plupart des candidats malheureux évitaient de contester les examinateurs par la voie réglementaire ou de manifester collectivement contre le système. Ainsi, dans le système des examens à la fin de la période impériale, la manière dont les décisions négatives pouvaient être négociées ou interprétées n’était pas moins importante que l’attribution de rangs académiques à une toute petite proportion de ceux qui concouraient.

Summary The paper deals with a few aspects of the morphosyntax of clitics in Piedmontese (Western Romance) and their historical development. In Piedmontese an element =l= (orthographically l’) is obligatorily inserted between the Subject Clitics and all and only the inflected forms of “to have”; in several varieties of Piedmontese this element has a double interpretation synchronically, either as a semantically null element or as an Object Clitic of 3rd singular. Although the presence of such an element is not rare among neighboring Romance varieties, where it generally acts as a 3rd singular subject clitic, it is argued that in Piedmontese its peculiar distribution is intimately tied to other unusual morphosyntactic features, all of them having developed within the last two-to-three centuries. In particular, historical reanalysis of l’ was crucial in the positioning of the object clitics after the participle in compound verbal forms (a rare pattern among Romance languages). Partially correcting traditional analyses (such as Meyer-Lübke 1900), it is argued that the necessity to avoid ambiguity and clearly identify a pronominal object was at best a contributing factor in triggering morphological change. The postpositioning of the object clitics was rather mainly the result of the extension in use of the subject clitics, and of the ensuing reanalysis of the element l’. This was made possible by two conditions: a restricted set of occurrences in which l’ was found, and a ready-made alternative interpretation. Comparison with neighboring varieties shows that such a development was not possible in those Romance languages which did not have an element similar to l’ in the restricted range of uses of premodern Piedmontese. Résumé Cet article traite de quelques aspects de la morphologie des clitiques en piémontais (une langue romane occidentale) et de leur développement historique. On trouve en piémontais un élément =l= (l’ dans l’orthographe) obligatoirement inséré entre les clitiques du sujet et les formes fléchies du verb ‘avoir’. Dans plusieurs variétés du piémontais cet élément peut être interprété soit comme un élément sémantiquement vide, soit comme le clitique objet de la troisième personne singulier. Bien que la présence d’un élément similaire au l’ piémontais n’est pas rare parmi les variétés voisines (où il joue généralement le rôle de clitique sujet de la troisième personne singulière), l’article démontre que la distribution inhabituelle de cet élément en piémontais est étroitement liée à un certain nombre d’autres particularités morphosyntactiques qui se sont toutes développés durant les deux ou trois derniers siècles. En particulier, la réanalyse historique de l’élément l’ a été décisive pour le positionnement des clitiques objet après le participe dans les temps composés — une solution fort rare parmi les langues romanes. Avec une révision partielle des analyses traditionelles (par ex. Meyer-Lübke 1900), on démontre que la nécessité d’éviter toute ambiguïté et de distinguer clairement un objet pronominal a joué tout au plus un rôle complémentaire dans le changement morphologique. Le positionnement des clitiques object après le participe a été plutôt le résultat d’une extension de l’usage des clitiques sujet, ce qui a amené à une réanalyse de l’élément l’. Cette réanalyse a été permise par deux conditions: une distribution fort limitée de l’ et la possibilité de l’amener à une analyse alternative. La comparaison avec les variétés voisines démontre que le même développement qu’on trouve en piémontais ne s’est pas produit dans ces langues romanes qui étaient dépourvues d’un élément comparable à l’ dans les domaines d’usage bien limités qu’on trouvait en piémontais pré-moderne. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel befaßt sich mit einigen Aspekten der Morphosyntax von Klitika im Piedmontesischen (Westromanisch) und mit ihrer historischen Entwicklung. Im Piedmontesichen ist es obligatorisch, ein Element =l= (ortographisch l’) zwischen Subjektsklitika und allen flektierten Formen (und nur diesen) des Verbs ‘haben’ einzufügen. In manchen Mundarten des Piedmontesischen ist dieses Element in zweifacherweise interpretierbar, und zwar entweder als semantisch leeres Element oder als Objektklitikum der 3. Person Singular. Obgleich das Element selbst in benachbarten romanischen Varietäten nicht selten vorkommt und dort im allgemeinen als Klitikum der 3. Person Singular fungiert, wird hier argumentiert, daß seine eigenartige Distribution im Piedmontesischen in engem Zusammenhang mit anderen ungewöhnlichen morphosyntaktischen Phänomenen steht, die sich allesamt innerhalb der letzten zwei bis drei Jahrhunderte entwickelt haben. Insbesondere war eine historische Reanalyse des Elements l’ entscheidend für die Position von Objektsklitika nach dem Partizip in zusammengesetzten Verbformen, was in romanischen Sprachen selten vorkommt. Dieser Artikel berichtigt teilweise traditionelle Analysen (z. B. Meyer — Lübke 1900) und argumentiert, daß die Notwendigkeit, Mehrdeutigkeit zu vermeiden und ein Objektpronomen eindeutig zu identifizieren höchstens sekundär zu morphologischen Veränderungen beigetragen hat. Vielmehr war die Entwicklung nachgestellter Objektsklitika hauptsächlich das Ergebnis einer Ausweitung des Gebrauchs von Subjektsklitika und einer darauffolgenden Reanalyse des Elements l’. Dies wurde durch zwei Faktoren ermöglicht: eine begrenzte Anzahl möglicher Kontexte für l’ und eine bereits vorhandene alternative Interpretationsmöglichkeit. Der Vergleich mit benachbarten Varietäten zeigt, daß eine solche Entwicklung in denjenigen romanischen Sprachen nicht möglich war, die kein dem l’ ähnliches Element in begrenzt möglichen Kontexten nach Art des Früh-Piedmontesischen aufwiesen.

RésuméL’encyclique papale Laudato Si’ traite de questions environnementales en proposant une synthèse de la foi et de la raison. Prenant en compte la variété des réactions à cette encyclique, l’auteur vise à adopter une approche indépendante de celle-ci. Après un exposé de sa synthèse, il avance qu’elle n’est pas pleinement convaincante parce qu’elle ne prend pas suffisamment en compte les objections rationnelles qui sont opposées à la vision chrétienne de la création et de l’eschatologie. Ce défaut affaiblit l’argumentation de l’encyclique. L’auteur met aussi en question l’usage insistant, dans l’encyclique, de la personnification pour décrire le monde, et sa tendance panenthéiste. On peut estimer et vouloir prendre soin du monde naturel sans décrire la relation de Dieu au monde dans les termes de Laudate Si’. Ces critiques viennent cependant dans un contexte de chaude appréciation du contenu de l’encyclique et d’une exhortation à prendre au sérieux l’exemple personnel de François d’Assise.SummaryThe Papal Encyclical Laudato Si’ approaches environmental questions by offering a synthesis of faith and reason. Acknowledging the range of responses which Laudato Si’ has received, this article tries to adopt an independent approach to the encyclical. After describing the synthesis, it argues that it is not entirely persuasive because the encyclical does not show enough awareness of rational objections that are brought against the Christian understanding of creation and of eschatology. This weakens the argument of the encyclical on its own terms. The article also raises questions about both Laudato Si’s emphasis on personified language to describe the world and its panentheism. We can value and care for the natural world without describing the relationship of God to the world in the terms of Laudato Si’. However, these criticisms are placed in a context of warm appreciation for the encyclical and an exhortation for us to take the personal example of Francis of Assisi seriously.ZusammenfassungDie päpstliche Enzyklika Laudato Si’ befasst sich mit Umweltfragen und bietet dabei eine Synthese von Glaube und Vernunft. Der vorliegende Artikel nimmt das weite Spektrum von Antworten wahr, welche Laudato Si’ hervorgerufen hat, doch er versucht, einen unabhängigen Ansatz im Blick auf die Enzyklika zu vertreten. Nach einer Beschreibung der obigen Synthese argumentiert er, dass diese nicht gänzlich überzeugt, weil die Enzyklika die rationalen Erwiderungen nicht ausreichend wahrnimmt, die dem christlichen Verständnis von Schöpfung und Eschatologie entgegengesetzt werden. Dadurch entkräftet die Enzyklika ihre eigene Argumentation. Der Artikel wirft des weiteren Fragen auf sowohl zum Schwerpunkt, den Laudato Si‘ auf eine personifizierte Sprache legt, mit der sie die Welt beschreibt, als auch zu ihrem Panentheismus. Wir können die natürliche Welt wertschätzen und Sorge für sie tragen, ohne dass wir die Beziehung Gottes zu dieser Welt mit den Worten von Laudato Si‘ beschreiben müssen. Gleichwohl ist diese Kritik eingebettet in eine wohlwollende Wertschätzung der Enzyklika und die gleichzeitige Ermahnung an uns, das persönliche Vorbild von Franz von Assisi ernst zu nehmen.

Background: Early detection of cervical cancer is possible with Pap smear tests. The proportion of women who undergo Pap smear testing ranges from 68% to 84% in developed countries as compared to India where the rates range from 2.6% to 6.9% among women in communities. This study is to assess the knowledge of women about cervical cancer, its screening, role of doctor and source of information.Methods: Cross-sectional study – observational study of Women attending gynecology camps/op clinics held in rural areas of Ernakulam and Thrissur who are between 25 and 65 years of age Non-random sampling with Sequential inclusion of the women who met the study criteria. A questionnaire devised collecting Basic sociodemographic profile like age, parity, educational qualification, Questions to assess knowledge about symptoms of cervical cancer Questions to assess the knowledge about cervical cancer screening and prevention doctor as Source of knowledge from the subjects. Correct response for questions carried score of 1 mark. So, the maximum was 6 and minimum was 0. The knowledge was graded as: <2 being poor knowledge; 2-5 being satisfactory knowledge and ≥5 being good knowledge.Results: 32.9% of women identified discharge per vaginum as the most common symptom. When 50.9% thought multiparity was a risk factor 30% identified early sexual activity. 2.3% women knew that pas smear screening has to be done repeatedly. 8.3% of participants already had screening done. Only 8.3%of doctors advised pap screening during their consultations. Uptake of pap smear after awareness program was 100%.Conclusions: Awareness classes are needed for increasing the coverage for pap smear screening. The women should be educated about cervical cancer, its screening methods and the facilities available for screening in the hospitals. An Information Leaflet has to be provided to these women in the local language. Training programs should be conducted for general practitioners and gynecologists to conduct awareness classes for the public and also to motivate women to undergo screening at every possible opportunity.

The choice of what gestures should be part of a gesture language is a critical step in the design of gesturebased interfaces. This step is especially important when time and accuracy are key factors of the user experience, such as gestural interfaces in vehicle control and sterile control of a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in the operating room (OR). Agreement studies are commonly used to find the gesture preference of the end users. These studies hypothesize that the best available gesture lexicon is the one preferred by a majority. However, these agreement approaches cannot offer a metric to assess the qualitative aspects of gestures. In this work, we propose an experimental framework to quantify, compare and evaluate gestures. This framework is grounded in the expert knowledge of speech and language professionals (SLPs). The development consisted of three studies: 1) Creation, 2) Evaluation and 3) Validation. In the creation study, we followed an adapted version of the Delphi’s interview/discussion procedure with SLPs. The purpose was to obtain the Vocabulary Acceptability Criteria (VAC) to evaluate gestures. Next, in the evaluation study, a modified method of pairwise comparisons was used to rank and quantify the gestures based on each criteria (VAC). Lastly, in the validation study, we formulated an odd one out procedure, to prove that the VAC values of a gesture are representative and sufficiently distinctive, to select that particular gesture from a pool of gestures. We applied this framework to the gestures obtained from a gesture elicitation study conducted with nine neurosurgeons, to control an imaging software. In addition, 29 SLPs comprising of 17 experts and 12 graduate students participated in the VAC study. The best lexicons from the available pool were obtained through both agreement and VAC metrics. We used binomial tests to show that the results obtained from the validation procedure are significantly better than the baseline. These results verify our hypothesis that the VAC are representative of the gestures and the subjects should be able to select the right gesture given its VAC values.

Background: Psoriasis and vitiligo are both autoimmune diseases with an increased incidence noted in genetic relatives. They share similar trigger factors and have been observed to coexist in individuals. Objective: The purpose was to review the literature on the coexistence of psoriasis and vitiligo and to determine if there is a higher than expected prevalence of psoriasis in patients with vitiligo and vice versa. Methods: A literature review was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from 1968 to 2010. All articles that included reports of individuals with both psoriasis and vitiligo in the English language were documented. Results: We identified 338 articles, among which 35 case reports and 7 case series were mentioned. For each case series, the prevalence of psoriasis in patients with vitiligo, or vice versa, falls within the prevalence range of the background population on which the study was based. Conclusion: An increase in the expected prevalence of psoriasis in individuals with vitiligo, or vice versa, was not found in our study, suggesting that the coexistence of the two diseases appears to be due to chance alone. Large epidemiologic studies are required to address with certainty whether psoriasis is more common in individuals with vitiligo and vice versa. Renseignements de base: Le psoriasis et le vitiligo sont deux affections auto-immunes qui ont une incidence accrue observée chez les membres de la famille apparentée. Ils partagent des facteurs déclencheurs similaires, et des études ont démontré leur coexistence chez les personnes. Objectif: Le but était de faire une analyse documentaire sur la coexistence du psoriasis et du vitiligo et de déterminer s'il y a une prévalence plus élevée que prévu du psoriasis chez les patients atteints de vitiligo et vice versa. Méthodes: Une analyse documentaire a été effectuée en utilisant Medline, EMBASE, et la Cochrane Library de 1968 à 2010. Tous les articles comportant des rapports sur des personnes souffrant à la fois de psoriasis et de vitiligo rédigés en anglais ont été documentés. Résultats: Nous avons trouvé 338 articles, parmi lesquels 35 exposés de cas et 7 séries de cas ont été mentionnés. Pour chaque série de cas, la prévalence du psoriasis chez les patients atteints de vitiligo, ou vice versa, s'inscrit dans la fourchette de prévalence de la population de base qui a fait l'objet de l'étude. Conclusion: Notre étude n'a pas démontré une augmentation de la prévalence de psoriasis attendue chez les personnes atteintes de vitiligo, ou vice versa, ce qui suggère que la coexistence des deux affections semble être due au seul hasard. D'importantes études épidémiologiques sont nécessaires pour démontrer avec certitude que le psoriasis est plus fréquent chez les personnes atteintes de vitiligo et vice versa.

Many instructors are reluctant to teach pronunciation in adult ESL classrooms, often because of lack of formal training. However, significant numbers of ESL students want pronunciation instruction. Although stand-alone pronunciation courses for second-language (L2) learners exist, many students cannot gain access to them. One approach to meeting the needs of both instructors and students is for general-skills L2 textbooks to include pronunciation activities. We examined 12 ESL general-skills textbook series (48 texts in total) and six accompanying teachers’ manuals to determine to what extent these popular books include pro- nunciation activities and how consistent the texts are across individual series. We also recorded which aspects of L2 pronunciation are the focus of the lessons. Task types were examined in a subset of five series. We found striking variability in the concentration of pronunciation activities both across and within series. Similarly, whereas some textbooks used several task types, others relied heavily on a limited range. Furthermore, some texts offered little in terms of explicit ex- planations. In some instances teachers’ manuals provided instructors with guid- ance; others included little more than repeated admonitions to remind the students to monitor their L2 pronunciation. The implications for teachers of general ESL courses are discussed.Plusieurs enseignants hésitent à enseigner la prononciation aux adultes dans les cours d’ALS, souvent parce qu’ils manquent de formation formelle. Toutefois, un nombre considérable d’apprenants en ALS voudraient qu’on enseigne la pronon- ciation. Même si les cours autonomes de prononciation pour les apprenants d’une langue seconde existent, plusieurs étudiants n’y ont pas accès. Une démarche qui répondrait tant aux besoins des enseignants que ceux des étudiants consisterait à intégrer des activités de prononciation dans les manuels L2 évoquant des com- pétences générales. Nous avons examiné 12 séries de manuels de compétences générales en ALS (48 volumes en tout) et six manuels pour enseignants dans le but de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces manuels bien répandus Incluent des activités de prononciation et pour évaluer la cohérence interne de chaque série. Nous avons également noté quels aspects de la prononciation en langue seconde on évoquait dans les leçons. Dans un sous-ensemble de cinq séries, nous avons porté notre attention sur les types de tâches présentées. Nous avons trouvé une variabilité frappante dans les activités de prononciation, tant au sein d’une même série que d’une série à l’autre. De même, alors que certains manuels présentent plusieurs types de tâches, d’autres en offrent qu’une gamme limitée. De plus, cer- tains manuels incluent peu d’explications explicites. Dans certains cas, les manuels pour enseignants offraient un certain encadrement; d’autres se con- tentaient d’adresser des admonitions aux enseignants pour qu’ils rappellent aux étudiants de surveiller leur prononciation en langue seconde. Nous discutons des retombées pour les enseignants de cours généraux d’ALS.

The project aims to help the users get the idea if he/she may be suffering from heart disease or not. Web development is the work involved in developing a Website for the web (world wide web) or an intranet (a private network).Web development can range from Developing an easy single static page of plain text to complex web applications, electronic business and social networking services. The main goal of this website (SYMPTOMATIC ASSISTANCE) is to predict the possibility of having Heart disease. For this , the user needs to provide some information regarding their health. Such as blood pressure, glucose, cigarettes per day etc. According to which the website will respond. This will make people aware and help them improve their health. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of AI supported the thought that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. For this we chose the best dataset from kaggle and used it in the best possible way to predict the output with high accuracy. For being able to predict the correct output, we applied a few machine learning models and chose the best fitted algorithm according to accuracy. For connecting machine Learning models with the webpages we used Flask. Flask is a micro framework written in Python. It is classified as a microframework because it doesn't require particular tools or libraries. It has no database abstraction layer, form validation, or any other components where pre-existing third-party libraries provide common functions. However, Flask supports extensions which will add application features as if they were implemented in Flask itself. Extensions exist for object-relational mappers, form validation, upload handling, various open authentication technologies and several common framework related tools.At the end will deploy our project using Heroku. Heroku is a cloud Platform as a service (PaaS) supporting several programming languages. One of the first cloud platforms, This project will make it easy for the user to know their health closely.

Abstract Objective The literature supports using tests developed in high-income countries to assess children in low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) when carefully translated, adapted, and applied (Holding et al., 2018; Mitchell et al., 2017). Research has shown the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) to have adequate validity and sensitivity when used in LMICs (Bangirana et al., 2014; Koura et al., 2013), as well as equivalency to the American normative sample in lower risk populations (Bornman et al., 2010). Here, we describe the pattern of MSEL results in rural Guatemala. Participants and Method Children (n = 842; M enrollment age = 15.9 months; range 0-5 years) enrolled in an observational study of postnatal Zika exposure in rural Guatemala were administered an adapted and translated version of the MSEL (Connery et al., in press). To date, 352 children completed one, 393 children completed two, and 97 children completed three MSELs, for a total of 1,429 administrations. Results MSEL composite scores were similar to the American normative sample in children &lt;12 months (M = 93.3, SD = 11.1), but lower for children ages 1-5 years (mean = 71.1, SD = 15.1, p &lt; 0.0001). Moreover, lower scores were observed in children ages 1-5 years for all MSEL subscales, with the largest differences observed in receptive language (&lt;12 years: mean = 47.8, SD = 7.1; 1-5 years: mean = 35.1, SD = 10.0, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Results are consistent with research that demonstrates a widening gap in test performance over time between children from higher and lower risk communities (Fernald et al., 2011; Paxson et al., 2005; Schady et al., 2015). Although findings are not meant to diagnose individual children, they highlight population changes in neurodevelopmental skills and the need for a better understanding of developmental patterns in LMICs. Future analyses will evaluate the impact of developmental risk factors over time and the performance of the MSEL in this population. References Bangirana, P., Opoka, R. O., Boivin, M. J., Idro, R., Hodges, J. S., Romero, R. A., … John, C. C. (2014). Severe Malarial Anemia is Associated With Long-term Neurocognitive Impairment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu293. Bornman, J., Sevcik, R. A., Romski, M., & Pae, H. K. (2010). Successfully Translating Language and Culture when Adapting Assessment Measures, ppi_254 111.118. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2010.00254.x. Fernald, L. C. H., Weber, A., Galasso, E., & Ratsifandrihamanana, L. (2011). Socioeconomic gradients and child development in a very low income population: Evidence from Madagascar. Developmental Science, 14(4), 832–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01032.x. Holding, P., Anum, A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Vokhiwa, M., Bugase, N., Hossen, T., … Gomes, M. (2018). Can we measure cognitive constructs consistently within and across cultures? Evidence from a test battery in Bangladesh, Ghana, and Tanzania. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 7(1), 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2016.1206823. Koura, K. G., Boivin, M. J., Davidson, L. L., Ouédraogo, S., Zoumenou, R., Alao, M. J., … Bodeau-Livinec, F. (2013). Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP, 34(7), 486–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829d211c. Mitchell, J. M., Tomlinson, M., Bland, R. M., Houle, B., Stein, A., & Rochat, T. J. (2017). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Kaufman assessment battery in a sample of primary school-aged children in rural South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246317741822. Paxson, C., Schady, N., Izquierdo, S., León, M., Lucio, R., Ponce, J., … Hall, W. (2005). Cognitive Development among Young Children in Ecuador The Roles of Wealth, Health, and Parenting. Retrieved from http://econ.worldbank.org. Schady, N., Behrman, J., Araujo, M. C., Azuero, R., Bernal, R., Bravo, D., … Vakis, R. (2015). Wealth gradients in early childhood cognitive development in five Latin American countries. The Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 446–463. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25983344.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). 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The Moving Finger. Bomaby: Padma Publications Ltd. Boria, Cavellay. (1807). “Account of the Jains, Collected from a Priest of this Sect; at Mudgeri: Translated by Cavelly Boria, Brahmen; for Major C. Mackenzie”. Asiatick Researches: Or Transactions of the Society; Instituted In Bengal, For Enquiring Into The History And Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature, of Asia, 9, 244-286. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104510 Chamber’s Twentieth Century Dictionary [The]. (1971). Bombay et al: Allied Publishers. Print. Chatterjee, Dilip Kumar. (1989). Cousins and Sri Aurobindo: A Study in Literary Influence, Journal of South Asian Literature, 24(1), 114-123. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/40873985. Chattopadhyay, Dilip Kumar. (1988). A Study of the Works of James Henry Cousins (1873-1956) in the Light of the Theosophical Movement in India and the West. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Burdwan: The University of Burdwan. PDF. 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New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. Encarta World English Dictionary. (1999). London: Bloomsbury. Gandhi, M K. (1938 [1909]). Hind Swaraj Tr. M K Gandhi. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. PDF. Retrieved from: www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/hind_swaraj.pdf. Gokak, V K. (n.d.). English in India: Its Present and Future. Bombay et al: Asia Publishing House. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460832 Goodwin, Gwendoline (Ed.). (1927). Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry, London: John Murray. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176578 Guptara, Prabhu S. (1986). Review of Indian Literature in English, 1827-1979: A Guide to Information Sources. The Yearbook of English Studies, 16 (1986): 311–13. PDF. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3507834 Iyengar, K R Srinivasa. (1945). Indian Contribution to English Literature [The]. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/ indiancontributi030041mbp ---. (2013 [1962]). Indian Writing in English. New Delhi: Sterling. ---. (1943). Indo-Anglian Literature. Bombay: PEN & International Book House. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/IndoAnglianLiterature Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (2003). Essex: Pearson. Lyall, Alfred Comyn. (1915). The Anglo-Indian Novelist. Studies in Literature and History. London: John Murray. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet. dli.2015.94619 Macaulay T. B. (1835). Minute on Indian Education dated the 2nd February 1835. HTML. Retrieved from: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/ txt_minute_education_1835.html Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna. (2003). An Illustrated History of Indian Literature in English. Delhi: Permanent Black. ---. (2003[1992]). The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets. New Delhi: Oxford U P. Minocherhomji, Roshan Nadirsha. (1945). Indian Writers of Fiction in English. Bombay: U of Bombay. 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In: Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. 14, (pp. 331-342). A C Award and A R Waller, (Eds). Rpt. ---. (1908). A Sketch of Anglo-Indian Literature, London: Kegan Paul. PDF. Retrieved from: https://ia600303.us.archive.org/0/items/sketchofangloind00oateuoft/sketchofangloind00oateuoft.pdf) Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. (1979 [1974]). A. S. Hornby (Ed). : Oxford UP, 3rd ed. Oxford English Dictionary [The]. Vol. 7. (1991[1989]). J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, (Eds.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2nd ed. Pai, Sajith. (2018). Indo-Anglians: The newest and fastest-growing caste in India. Web. Retrieved from: https://scroll.in/magazine/867130/indo-anglians-the-newest-and-fastest-growing-caste-in-india Pandia, Mahendra Navansuklal. (1950). The Indo-Anglian Novels as a Social Document. Bombay: U Press. Payn, James. (1880). An Indo-Anglian Poet, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 246(1791):370-375. PDF. 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(Eds.) (1997). The Vintage Book of Indian Writing 1947 – 1997. London: Vintage. Sampson, George. (1959 [1941]). Concise Cambridge History of English Literature [The]. Cambridge: UP. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.18336. Sarma, Gobinda Prasad. (1990). Nationalism in Indo-Anglian Fiction. New Delhi: Sterling. Singh, Kh. Kunjo. (2002). The Fiction of Bhabani Bhattacharya. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. (2012). How to Read a ‘Culturally Different’ Book. An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Sturgeon, Mary C. (1916). Studies of Contemporary Poets, London: George G Hard & Co., Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95728. Thomson, W S (Ed). (1876). Anglo-Indian Prize Poems, Native and English Writers, In: Commemoration of the Visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to India. 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Background: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) also termed as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a lethal complication seen after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). There are a limited number of options for prevention of this fatal complication. Recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM), an endothelial anticoagulant co-factor, has been shown to help prevent veno-occlusive complications after stem cell transplantation. Various trials have shown safety and efficacy of recombinant thrombomodulin in preventing SOS. Methods: A search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science. We used the following keywords, "thrombomodulin" AND "stem cell transplantation" from the inception of literature till June 2020. Out of 239 articles, we screened and included nine trials (N=850) in the systematic review and meta-analysis. We extracted the data for VOD episodes, graft vs host disease (GVHD) episodes and survival after stem cell transplantation. We excluded case reports, preclinical trials, review articles, meta-analysis, and trials not providing any information about the above-mentioned. We used the R programming language (version 4.0.2) to conduct a meta-analysis. Results: Total number of patients tested was 356 in thrombomodulin group and 494 in control group. The age range was 16 to 74 years. Thrombomodulin group had 254 males and control group had 190 (Table 1.). For VOD, risk ratio (RR) was 0.53 (I2= 0%, 95% CI=0.32-0.89) in favor of rTM vs heparin or no therapy for prevention of VOD after stem cell transplantation (Fig 1.). rTM was effective in prevention of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) after HSCT. RR was 0.48 (I2= 62%, 95% CI=0.20-1.17) with significant lower incidence of TMA in rTM group (Fig 2.). In a trial, seven of nine patients recovered from TA-TMA in the rTM group, but none recovered in the control group who received various therapies including fresh frozen plasma, therapeutic plasma exchange(TPE) or others (p=0.003) (Fujiwara et al). The risk of GVHD was also significantly lower in rTM group and RR was 0.48 (I2= 64%, 95% CI=0.32-0.72) which again favours rTM vs heparin or no therapy (Fig 3.). Ishii et al showed that stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that anti-coagulation therapy without rTM was an independent risk factor for aGVHD (p=0.000, odds ratio=3.006) and VOD (p=0.015, odds ratio=2.65). Yakushijin et al compared rTM with Defibrotide and found similar complete remission (CR) rate and the overall survival (OS) at day 100 in both the groups. Therefore, rhTM could be one of the potential novel candidate for SOS treatment. Use of rTM improved the survival rate of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diagnosed according to the criteria established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, at day 100 (83% vs. 50%, P = 0.026) and significantly prolonged the OS of these patients (P = 0.044). The Kaplan-Meier curves clearly showed the improved non-relapse-related mortality of patients who received rTM after HSCT (Ikezoe et al). Mean DIC scores improved significantly with the use of rhTM (p = 0.003; DIC withdrawal rate 91.7%). FDP and CRP levels were also significantly decreased (p = 0.042 and p = 0.001). The recovery rate from DIC at 28 days was significantly better in rTM than in antithrombin or heparin group (p = 0.011) (Inoue et al). The mean peak plasminogen activator inhibitor type one (PAI- 1) level was significantly lower in the rTM group vs heparin and ursodiol group (P = 0.04), and the mean peak activated protein C (APC) level was significantly higher in the rTM group (P = 0.01) (Yamamoto et al). No serious grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported by trials. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that prophylactic rTM (380 units/kg) has a beneficial role in the prevention of post- HSCT SOS complication in patients that are at high risk of developing the condition. It appears to help improve treatment-related mortality and overcome the poor survival rates. Additional randomized clinical trials are needed to establish efficacy and safety of rTM to prevent VOD and to confirm these results. Disclosures Anwer: Celgene: Research Funding; Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma: Research Funding; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses, Speakers Bureau; AbbVie Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Incyte Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses, Speakers Bureau.

In the original publication of “Image Simulation for Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph in the Decimetre Wave Range,” by Jing Du, Yihua Yan, Wei Wang, and Donghao Liu, there were concerns regarding ambiguity of a few statements. To clarify, the authors have submitted an update regarding Table 6 (p. 12) and the supporting language (p. 13):

AbstractWe investigated the eight decision rules for a same-different task, as summarized in Petrov (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(6), 1011–1025, 2009). These rules, including the differencing (DF) rule and the optimal independence rule, are all based on the standard model in signal detection theory. Each rule receives two stimulus values as inputs and uses one or two decision criteria. We proved that the false alarm rate p(F) ≤ 1/2 for four of the rules. We also conducted a same-different rating experiment on motion discrimination (n = 54), with 4∘ or 8∘ directional difference. We found that the human receiver operating characteristic (ROC) spanned its full range [0,1] in p(F), thus rejecting these four rules. The slope of the human Z-ROC was also < 1, further confirming that the independence rule was not used. We subsequently fitted in the four-dimensional (pAA, pAB, pBA, pBB) space the human data to the remaining four rules—DF and likelihood ratio rules, each with one or two criteria, where pXY = p(responding “different” given stimulus sequence XY). We found that, using residual distribution analysis, only the two criteria DF rule (DF2) could account for the human data.

AbstractThe Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph is a solar dedicated radio interferometric array that will produce high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, and high spectral resolution images of the Sun simultaneously in decimetre and centimetre wave range. Digital processing of intermediate frequency signal is an important part in a radio telescope. This paper describes a flexible and high-speed digital down conversion system for the CSRH by applying complex mixing, parallel filtering, and extracting algorithms to process IF signal at the time of being designed and incorporates canonic-signed digit coding and bit-plane method to improve program efficiency. The DDC system is intended to be a subsystem test bed for simulation and testing for CSRH. Software algorithms for simulation and hardware language algorithms based on FPGA are written which use less hardware resources and at the same time achieve high performances such as processing high-speed data flow (1 GHz) with 10 MHz spectral resolution. An experiment with the test bed is illustrated by using geostationary satellite data observed on March 20, 2014. Due to the easy alterability of the algorithms on FPGA, the data can be recomputed with different digital signal processing algorithms for selecting optimum algorithm.

Characters with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have become increasingly popular in young adult literature. Using a case-study format, this article describes the communication, sensory, and social characteristics of eight protagonists in award-winning young adult novels. All told in the first person, these novels provide insight for young readers regarding what youth with ASD experience. General findings reveal that youth with ASD are portrayed as quirky geniuses, who are sensitive to sounds and light, and are thrown off by changes in routine or in the environment. Misunderstanding idioms is used as comic relief, as are the characters’ social faux pas. The characters do not represent the full range of individuals with autism spectrum disorders, especially those who also have cognitive and language impairments. However, the novels do portray sensory sensitivity well from a first-person perspective. Overall, the novels provide positive images that may challenge ableist attitudes and promote peer acceptance.

Identifying biomarkers of developing mental disorder is crucial to improving early identification and treatment—a key strategy for reducing the burden of mental disorders. Cross-frequency coupling between two different frequencies of neural oscillations is one such promising measure, believed to reflect synchronization between local and global networks in the brain. Specifically, in adults phase–amplitude coupling (PAC) has been shown to be involved in a range of cognitive processes, including working and long-term memory, attention, language, and fluid intelligence. Evidence suggests that increased PAC mediates both temporary and lasting improvements in working memory elicited by transcranial direct-current stimulation and reductions in depressive symptoms after transcranial magnetic stimulation. Moreover, research has shown that abnormal patterns of PAC are associated with depression and schizophrenia in adults. PAC is believed to be closely related to cortico-cortico white matter (WM) microstructure, which is well established in the literature as a structural mechanism underlying mental health. Some cognitive findings have been replicated in adolescents and abnormal patterns of PAC have also been linked to ADHD in young people. However, currently most research has focused on cross-sectional adult samples. Whereas initial hypotheses suggested that PAC was a state-based measure due to an early focus on cognitive, task-based research, current evidence suggests that PAC has both state-based and stable components. Future longitudinal research focusing on PAC throughout adolescent development could further our understanding of the relationship between mental health and cognition and facilitate the development of new methods for the identification and treatment of youth mental health.

Observed rainfall is a very essential parameter for the analysis of rainfall, day to day weather forecast and its validation. The observed rainfall data is only available from five observatories of IMD; while no rainfall data is available at various important locations in and around Delhi-NCR. However, the 24-hour rainfall data observed by Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) for entire Delhi and surrounding region (up to 150 km) is readily available in a pictorial form. In this paper, efforts have been made to derive/estimate the rainfall at desired locations using DWR hydrological products. Firstly, the rainfall at desired locations has been estimated from the precipitation accumulation product (PAC) of the DWR using image processing in Python language. After this, a linear regression model using the least square method has been developed in R language. Estimated and observed rainfall data of year 2018 (July, August and September) was used to train the model. After this, the model was tested on rainfall data of year 2019 (July, August and September) and validated.With the use of linear regression model, the error in mean rainfall estimation reduced by 46.58% and the error in max rainfall estimation reduced by 84.53% for the year 2019. The error in mean rainfall estimation reduced by 81.36% and the error in max rainfall estimation reduced by 33.81% for the year 2018. Thus, the rainfall can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy at desired locations within the range of the Doppler Weather Radar using the radar rainfall products and the developed linear regression model.

There is increasing acceptance that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), classically considered a neurodegenerative disease affecting almost exclusively motor neurons, is syndromic with both clinical and biological heterogeneity. This is most evident in its association with a broad range of neuropsychological, behavioral, speech and language deficits [collectively termed ALS frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD)]. Although the most consistent pathology of ALS and ALS-FTSD is a disturbance in TAR DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) metabolism, alterations in microtubule-associated tau protein (tau) metabolism can also be observed in ALS-FTSD, most prominently as pathological phosphorylation at Thr175 (pThr175tau). pThr175 has been shown to promote exposure of the phosphatase activating domain (PAD) in the tau N-terminus with the consequent activation of GSK3β mediated phosphorylation at Thr231 (pThr231tau) leading to pathological oligomer formation. This pathological cascade of tau phosphorylation has been observed in chronic traumatic encephalopathy with ALS (CTE-ALS) and in both in vivo and in vitro experimental paradigms, suggesting that it is of critical relevance to the pathobiology of ALS-FTSD. It is also evident that the co-existence of alterations in the metabolism of TDP-43 and tau acts synergistically in a rodent model to exacerbate the pathology of either.

This study documents attitude changes with respect to writing in Japanese as a second language (L2) by using Personal Attitude Construct (PAC) analysis. The study specifically focuses on attitude changes observed in an L2 writing course, which included interpersonal interaction in the L2 via email and oral communication in person. The participants in the study were three male learners of Japanese as an L2 from the United States enrolled in a short-term study abroad program at a university in Tokyo. None of the participants had prior experience of study abroad or extensive writing in Japanese. The L1 of the participants was English and their L2 proficiency level was assessed as intermediate-low according to the placement procedures at the given university. The writing course in which the study was conducted had 11 students from diverse L1 backgrounds from which three participants were recruited for the purpose of the study. The class was 90 minutes long and met once a week (14 times per semester). Volunteer Japanese assistants, who were recruited from Japanese students at the same university, participated in the course to provide intercultural and interpersonal interaction in the L2. The responsibilities of the volunteer Japanese assistants included exchanging email as assigned in the course on a one-to-one basis and assisting the learners as they completed a small-group course project. The data were collected twice, during the first class meeting of the course and right after the course ended. The Personal Attitude Construct (PAC) method proposed by Naito (1993, 2002) was employed as the method of data collection. The participants’ specific tasks included handwriting words or phrases that they associated with “writing in Japanese,” rank ordering the associated items, and comparing the subjective distance between two of the associated items. The data were analyzed following the PAC analysis method (Naito, 1993; 2002) in order to examine the influence that the writing course and the interactive activities with L2 native speakers in the L2, had on participants’ attitudes toward writing in the L2. The results indicated a variety of changes in the participants’ attitudes toward writing in Japanese. For example, one participant who had anxieties about writing in Japanese gained a positive attitude and confidence. On the contrary, another participant who was a very persistent student in the course and stated that he was ready for the challenges of L2 writing at the beginning of the course developed emotional distance toward writing in the L2. It can be speculated that the involvement of the Japanese volunteer assistant in his learning processes negatively affected his attitude toward his learning. The results also indicated discrepancies between the PAC analysis results and the impressions and observations of the instructor regarding the participants’ attitudes. Other sources of data such as the students’ course evaluations or the participants’ course performance did not signal such discrepancies. These findings indicate that PAC analysis can provide unique and constructive information on learners’ attitudes and attitude change which is not available from conventional sources, such as instructors’ impressions, learners’ course performance, and course evaluations. Thus, it is advisable that language educators employ various sources of information on learners’ psychological constructs and changes in order for writing courses to be better tailored to individual learners. 本研究では、日本人学生とのEメールや授業での直接的なやり取りを通した1学期の作文授業の前後にPAC（Personal Attitude Construct：個人別態度構造）分析を行い、 日本語で書くことに対する学習者のイメージの変化を追究し、授業の学習者個々人への影響を明らかにした。調査協力者（日本語中級前半レベルの留学生3名）は、学期前は日本語で書くことに対して葛藤状態にあったものの肯定的イメージが若干勝っていたが、学期後は授業での経験によりそれぞれ異なる変容を示した。留学生Aは幸せな感情を持ち、肯定的イメージが強くなった。留学生Bは自信をつけ、身近で楽しいイメージを持つようになった。これに対し、書く能力の向上が著しかった留学生Cは心理的距離を持つようになった。PAC分析を学期の前後に行ったことにより、授業中の教師の観察や質問紙による一斉調査では気づき得ない学習者の内面が明らかになった。

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive procedure where a weak electrical current (260 μA to 2 mA) is applied across the scalp to modulate brain function. tDCS has been applied for therapeutic purposes (e.g., addiction, depression, mood and sleep disorders) as well as cognitive performance enhancement (e.g., memory consolidation, motor learning, language recall). Despite safety and cost advantages, the developments of tDCS therapies have been restricted by spatial targeting concerns using existing two-channel systems. We have developed novel technology for High-Density tDCS (HD-tDCS) that improves spatial focality. To determine optimal stimulation electrode configurations, based on application specific constraints, we developed a HD-tDCS targeting software. High resolution (gyri/sulci precise) MRI derived finite element (FE) human head models are generated by segmenting grey matter, white matter, CSF, skull, muscle, fatty tissue, eyes, blood vessels, scalp, etc. The models comprised >10 million elements with >15 million degrees of freedom. The induced cortical electric field/current density values are calculated; activation of either radially and tangentially oriented neuronal structures are considered. Our HD-tDCS hardware (4×1-C1, 4×4-S1) currently supports the ‘4×1-Ring’ and the ‘4×4-Strip’ electrode configurations. The peak cortical electric field was matched to ‘conventional’ large rectangular-pad tDCS stimulation; however, the spatial focality was significantly enhanced by 4×1 configuration. Using patient specific head models, our software interface allows simple and rapid screening of stimulation electrode configurations. After selecting a target region, clinicians can customize the electrode configuration to balance: 1) cortical surface and brain depth stimulation focality; 2) total applied current/voltage; and 3) electrode/scalp current density. Our HD-tDCS system allows non-invasive, safe, and targeted modulation of selected cortical structures for electrotherapies that are individualized as well as optimized for a range of therapeutic applications.