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1
Henry, Marc. An investigation of long range dependence in intra-day foreign exchange rate volatility. London School of Economics, Financial Markets Group, 1997.
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2
Alizadeh, Sassan. High- and low-frequency exchange rate volatility dynamics: Range-based estimation of stochastic volatility models. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
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3
Giraitis, Liudas. Rate optimal semiparametric estimation of the memory parameter of the gaussian time series withlong range dependence. Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1997.
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4
Elliot, A. J. Rate constants and G-values for the simulation of the radiolysis of light water over the range 0-300C̊. System Chemistry & Corrosion Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, 1994.
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5
Kamenskaya, Valentina, and Leonid Tomanov. The fractal-chaotic properties of cognitive processes: age. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1053569.
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In the monograph the literature information about the nature of stochastic processes and their participation in the work of the brain and human behavior. Established that the real cognitive processes and mental functions associated with the procedural side of external events and the stochastic properties of the internal dynamics of brain systems in the form of fluctuations of their parameters, including cardiac rhythm generation and sensorimotor reactions. Experimentally proved that the dynamics of the measured physiological processes is in the range from chaotic regime to a weakly deterministic — fractal mode. Fractal mode determines the maximum order and organization homeostasis of cognitive processes and States, as well as high adaptive ability of the body systems with fractal properties. The fractal-chaotic dynamics is a useful quality to examine the actual physiological and psychological systems - a unique numerical identification of the order and randomness of the processes through calculation of fractal indices. The monograph represents the results of many years of experimental studies of the reflection properties of stochastic sensorimotor reactions, as well as stochastic properties of heart rate in children, Teens and adults in the age aspect in the speech activity and the perception of different kinds of music with its own frequency-spectral structure. 
 Designed for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers that perform research and development on cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
6
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Hardware test program for evaluation of baseline range/range rate sensor concept: Phase I report, contract NAS8-36144. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1985.
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7
C, Bose Sam, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. Estimation of geopotential from satellite-to-satellite range rate data: Numerical results. Applied Science Analytics, Inc., 1987.
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8
M. Kolakshyapati*, T.V. Nguyen, T.Z. Sibanda, and I. Ruhnke. Range usage and body weight have minor impact on the gastrointestinal passage rate of commercial free-range laying hens. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2020.308.
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Allied Bendix Aerospace. Bendix Guidance Systems Div. Mishawaka Operations. and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. Hardware test program for evaluation of baseline range/range rate sensor concept monthly progress report: 12 May through 11 June 1985, contract NAS8-36144. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1985.
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10
Qi, Yan. Accelerated thermal fatigue of tin-lead and lead-free solder joints: Effect of temperature range and rate of change. 2005.
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11
Wells, George James. Arraying technique for enhanced multiplexing of interferometric signals (ARTEMIS): An enabling technology for long range or high data rate microspacecraft communications. 2006.
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12
Clarke, Andrew. Temperature and reaction rate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0007.
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All other things being equal, physiological reaction rate increases roughly exponentially with temperature. Organisms that have adapted over evolutionary time to live at different temperatures can have enzyme variants that exhibit similar kinetics at the temperatures to which they have adapted to operate. Within species whose distribution covers a range of temperatures, there may be differential expression of enzyme variants with different kinetics across the distribution. Enzymes adapted to different optimum temperatures differ in their amino acid sequence and thermal stability. The Gibbs energy of activation tends to be slightly lower in enzyme variants adapted to lower temperatures, but the big change is a decrease in the enthalpy of activation, with a corresponding change in the entropy of activation, both associated with a more open, flexible structure. Despite evolutionary adjustments to individual enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism (ATP regeneration), many whole-organism processes operate faster in tropical ectotherms compared with temperate or polar ectotherms. Examples include locomotion (muscle power output), ATP regeneration (mitochondrial function), nervous conduction and growth.
13
Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Nonadaptive Forces of Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the relative strengths of the nonadaptive evolutionary forces (drift, mutation, recombination) acting on genomes. It reviews estimators for effective population size, mutation rate, and recombination rate, and summarizes the known genomic results over a wide range of taxa. The mutation rate tends to be lower in organisms with larger effective population sizes, consistent with the drift-barrier hypothesis wherein selection is ineffective when it is less than the reciprocal of the effective population size.
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Benes, Jaromir, Andrew Berg, Rafael Portillo, and David Vavra. Modelling Sterilized Interventions and Balance Sheet Effects of Monetary Policy in a New Keynesian Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0013.
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The authors study a wide range of hybrid inflation-targeting (IT) and managed exchange rate regimes, analysing their implications for inflation, output and the exchange rate in the presence of various domestic and external shocks. To this end, the chapter presents an open economy New Keynesian model featuring sterilized interventions in the foreign exchange (FX) market as an additional central bank instrument operating alongside the Taylor rule, and affecting the economy through portfolio balance sheet effects in the financial sector. The chapter shows that there can be advantages to combining IT with some degree of exchange rate management via FX interventions. Unlike ‘pure’ IT or exchange rate management via interest rates, FX interventions can help insulate the economy against certain shocks, especially shocks to international financial conditions. However, managing the exchange rate through FX interventions may also hinder necessary exchange rate adjustments, e.g., in the presence of terms of trade shocks.
15
1938-, Smith Robert Baer, Renggli Casper, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Kinematics of basin-range intraplate extension. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.
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16
1938-, Smith Robert Baer, Renggli Casper, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. Kinematics of basin-range intraplate extension. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.
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17
1938-, Smith Robert Baer, Renggli Casper, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Kinematics of basin-range intraplate extension. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.
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18
Jones, Bryn. Complications of total knee replacement. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008007.
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♦ 81–89% overall patient satisfaction following total knee replacement♦ 1 in 8 patients experience unexplained postoperative pain♦ Obesity, increasing age, and medical comorbidities increase the risk of postoperative complications♦ Prosthetic infection rate at 1 year is 1–2%♦ Preoperative range of movement often determines postoperative range♦ Low risk of acute vascular event and neurological and ligamentous injury♦ Duration and method of venous thromboprophylaxis remains controversial♦ Periprosthetic femoral and tibial fractures require stabilisation. Fixation of periprosthetic patella fractures is not recommended♦ New surgical techniques and innovations require long term evaluation.
19
Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Fight against Idleness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0006.
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Unemployment has a wide range of adverse consequences over and above the effects of the low income which people out of work receive. In the first decades after the war Britain tended to have a lower unemployment rate than most peer countries but this changed in the 1980s and 1990s, when Britain’s unemployment rate surged during the two recessions—possibly as a result of policies designed to tackle inflation. The young, those with less education, and ethnic minorities have higher risks of unemployment and these risks are cumulative. The evidence suggests that the problems facing young men with only low qualifications became relatively worse in the 1990s and 2000s. This perhaps reflects the dark side of educational expansion, young people with low qualifications being left behind and exposed in the labour market.
20
Gereziher, Hayelom Yrgaw, and Naser Yenus Nuru. Structural estimates of the South African sacrifice ratio. 12th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/946-4.
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This paper estimates the output cost of fighting inflation—the sacrifice ratio—for the South African economy using quarterly data spanning the period 1998Q1–2019Q3. To compute the sacrifice ratio, the structural vector autoregressive model developed by Cecchetti and Rich (2001) based on Cecchetti (1994) is employed. Our findings show us a small sacrifice ratio, which lies within the range 0.00002–0.231 per cent with an average of 0.031 per cent, indicating a low level of output to be sacrificed while fighting inflation. Hence, the reserve bank is recommended to sustain an inflation rate within the target range and reap the benefits of a predictable and stable price path, as restrictive monetary policy has only a transitory effect on real variables like output.
21
Cheng, Russell. Change-Point Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0011.
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This chapter investigates change-point (hazard rate) probability models for the random survival time in some population of interest. A parametric probability distribution is assumed with parameters to be estimated from a sample of observed survival times. If a change-point parameter, denoted by τ, is included to represent the time at which there is a discrete change in hazard rate, then the model is non-standard. The profile log-likelihood, with τ as profiling parameter, has a discontinuous jump at every τ equal to a sampled value, becoming unbounded as τ tends to the largest observation. It is known that maximum likelihood estimation can still be used provided the range of τ is restricted. It is shown that the alternative maximum product of spacings method is consistent without restriction on τ. Censored observations which commonly occur in survival-time data can be accounted for using Kaplan-Meier estimation. A real data numerical example is given.
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Sinclair, Christian T., and Allison E. Jordan. Influence of Survival Probability on Preference for CPR (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0050.
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Informed discussions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) help patients who are elderly correct misunderstandings about the success rate of CPR if the clinician shares likely estimates of survival after CPR. A wide range of preferences exists, and without discussion there is a significant risk that care will be delivered that is not consistent with the patient’s wishes. Clinicians should engage patients and document these discussions to help provide care that is patient-centered and efficient. The chapter describes the basics of this study, briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
23
Roger, Halson. 6 Specific Contracts and Contractual Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198785132.003.0006.
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This chapter examines specific contract types where stipulated damages provisions are frequently used, and thus will overlap with some material in the preceding chapters. The contracts examined include: contracts of employment; construction and engineering contracts; ‘shipping’ contracts, including charterparties and boatbuilding contracts; pervasive forms of contractual terms found in different contractual sub genres, including so-called take or pay clauses, and provisions for the payment of interest at an enhanced rate. Notwithstanding the wide range of contracts surveyed, the chapter only seeks to give an illustrative, rather than an exhaustive, account of the contexts in which stipulated damages clauses are encountered.
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de Geus, Eco, Rene van Lien, Melanie Neijts, and Gonneke Willemsen. Genetics of Autonomic Nervous System Activity. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.010.
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Large individual differences in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play a key role in risk for cardiovascular disease. This chapter presents an overview of the measurement strategies that can be used to study ANS activity in samples that are sufficiently large to allow genetic analyses. Heart rate variability, in particular, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is identified as the measure of choice to index parasympathetic activity, whereas preejection period (PEP) is the measure of choice to index sympathetic activity. Twin studies have demonstrated significant genetic contributions to resting levels of both RSA (heritability estimates range from 25 to 71 percent) and PEP (heritability estimates range from 48 to 74 percent) and the genetic variance in these traits seems to further increase under conditions of psychological stress. Identifying the genetic variants that influence parasympathetic and sympathetic activity may increase our understanding of the role of the ANS in cardiovascular disease.
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Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0062_update_001.
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A common rule of thumb in primary membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is that one-third of patients improve spontaneously, one-third progress, and one-third continue to have substantial proteinuria. The rate of spontaneous recovery may be near the truth, but MGN is usually an indolent condition and few studies have run long enough to give accurate outcomes for the remainder. However MGN is an important cause of end-stage renal failure. Treatment regimens that include cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil can improve the outcome of patients at greatest risk of deterioration, but their toxicity has limited their use in randomized studies to the highest risk patients. Steroids alone, and ciclosporin, do not improve long-term outcomes in these studies. Whether anti-B-cell antibodies offer additional benefits requires randomized studies. After confirming the diagnosis of primary MGN it is recommended to maximize supportive therapy and monitor for at least 6 months to give a clear picture of the long-term risk. For patients at lowest risk, supportive management and monitoring alone is recommended. Patients at medium risk (nephrotic range proteinuria but normal and stable glomerular filtration rate), or high risk (very heavy proteinuria, greater than 8 g/day or deterioration of glomerular filtration rate) may justify specific treatment directed at the immune response. For the medium-risk group it is not certain that it is required; for some in the high-risk group it may come too late. Overall outcomes in the high-risk group remain quite poor even with aggressive treatment.
26
Gordon, Robert, and Olaf Jubin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the British Musical. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.001.0001.
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As the first comprehensive academic survey of British musical theatre from its origins to its current state, this volume is a detailed guide to understanding a vibrant form of entertainment ‘made in Britain’. It provides both a historical account of musical theatre from 1728 to the present day and a range of in-depth critical analyses of key works and productions that illustrate the aesthetic values and sociocultural meanings of the genre. The twenty-eight essays offer new perspectives on the British musical, conceiving it as a cultural form complementary to the American musical rather than its poor relation, and questioning the cultural bias that views shows initiated in the West End of London as second-rate imitations of classic Broadway models. As a result of investigating British musicals, which are situated between commercial and subsidized theatre, in the context of British popular culture and British social history, the handbook reveals their distinctive range of cultural priorities and artistic traditions with the aim of promoting scholarly argument and discussion about its unique musical and dramaturgical forms.
27
Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Systemic Disease and Other Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0017.
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This chapter describes the effect of various activities on the heart and associated disorders. It details the echocardiographic findings of athlete’s heart and differential diagnosis. It considers pregnancy which induces several haemodynamic changes: increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Several echocardiographic changes may also present in normal pregnancy and these must be recognized. Echocardiography should be performed in each pregnant woman with cardiac signs or symptoms to search for new cardiac disease occurring during pregnancy and especially peripartum cardiomyopathy. Pregnancy is well tolerated by most woman with cardiac disease. Pregnancy in contraindicated in woman with pulmonary hypertension. Although the heart is not the principal affected organ in systemic disease there is some involvement. This chapter also details the echo findings of a range of systemic diseases including amyloidosis, connective tissue disease, endocrine disease, and HIV.
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Rees, David. Insects of Stored Grain. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094673.
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A pocket reference that allows the non-specialist to identify major insect and arachnid pests found in stored cereal grains, grain products and grain legumes. It describes most storage pests found worldwide and provides concise information on the biology, distribution, damage and economic importance of each species. 
 Each entry contains at least one colour photograph. The notes for each species tell the nature of the pest or beneficial and the commodity affected; temperature and humidity conditions at which the species can survive; optimum conditions at which eggs take the shortest time to develop into adults; and maximum population growth rate per month. 
 This new edition has twice as many species in it and more detail on distribution, host range and pest status than the previous edition. Short introductory sections on insect biology, principles of control and concepts of pest status evaluation have also been added.
29
Thun, Michael J., Christopher P. Wild, and Graham Colditz. Framework for Understanding Cancer Prevention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0061.
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The worldwide increase in the number of people affected by cancer and the costs of cancer care has increased the urgency of efforts to translate knowledge about the causes of cancer into effective preventive interventions. A wide range of interventions has proven to be effective for cancer prevention, either by reducing exposure to known causes of human cancer or by disrupting the multistage progression of tumors. Examples of progress include the up to 40% decrease in the age-standardized lung cancer incidence rate among men in high- and middle-income countries due to tobacco control; the 30% decrease in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States from widespread screening and the removal of precursor adenomatous tumors; the decreased prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in East Asia due to neonatal vaccination; and protection against excessive sun exposure and decreased incidence of melanoma and keratinocytic carcinomas in Australia.
30
Taillefer, Raymond, and Frans J. Th Wackers. Kinetics of Conventional and New Cardiac Radiotracers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0004.
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The kinetics of radiotracers, that is the mode of uptake, retention and release from the myocardium, are relevant for designing and implementing optimized nuclear cardiac imaging protocols. This chapter addresses the kinetics of commonly used radiotracers for imaging myocardial perfusion, sympathetic neuronal function and cardiac metabolism, both with SPECT and PET cardiac imaging. The optimal timing of imaging after injection either at stress or at rest is determined by rate of uptake in the heart and adjacent organs, as well as the residence time of radiotracers within the myocytes. The efficiency of myocardial extraction over a wide range myocardial blood flows is relevant for reliable detection of obstructive coronary artery disease and absolute quantification of regional myocardial blood flow. For each cardiac imaging agent the cellular mechanism of uptake and its release or retention are discussed with an emphasis on the clinical impact of these parameters.
31
Balding, Christopher, and Kevin Chastagner. The China Investment Corporation. Edited by Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev, and Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.17.
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China’s sovereign wealth fund (SWF), the China Investment Corporation (CIC), was established in 2007 and has grown to become the fourth largest SWF in the world with assets and offices spanning the globe. This chapter looks at the range of unique factors that need to be understood in order to place the CIC in context. When China decided to form its own SWF, it decided to do so by borrowing from the central bank in a complicated swap transaction in order to highlight the CIC’s independence from existing entities like the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. While most SWFs grow from an excess of natural resource wealth, the Chinese SWF is unique in that it grew out of years of current account surpluses accumulated from ensuring a fixed exchange rate. The chapter discusses the macroeconomic interplay between China and the CIC.
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Abbas, Atheir I., and Jeffrey A. Lieberman. Pharmacological Treatments for Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0006.
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Schizophrenia, a chronic mental disorder, has a lifetime prevalence rate of approximately 1%. The first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced in 1954, followed by several similar drugs. With the introduction of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and more recently paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone, antipsychotic drugs are often classified as first generation or typical (chlorpromazine-like) versus second generation or atypical (clozapine-like), although the distinction between the two classes, particularly with respect to efficacy, is not as meaningful as initially believed. Both classes have been demonstrated to safely improve psychotic symptoms in the acute phase of the illness and to reduce the risk of relapse in the maintenance phase of treatment. Because of the limited efficacy of antipsychotics in resolving the full range of schizophrenic psychopathology, adjunctive treatments are often used to reduce morbidity. This chapter reviews controlled trials of the pharmacological agents used to treat schizophrenia.
33
Gandhi, Sanjay, and William R. Lewis. ECG monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0129.
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Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is routinely used in hospitals for patients with a wide range of cardiac and non-cardiac diagnoses. Besides simple monitoring of heart rate and detection of life-threatening arrhythmias, the goals of ECG monitoring include detection of myocardial ischaemia, diagnosis of complex arrhythmia, and identification of a prolonged QT interval. The ECG remains a cornerstone in diagnosis and management of patients with coronary ischaemia. Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number and complexity of electrophysiological interventions, including complex ablations, biventricular pacing, and insertion of implantable defibrillators. ECG monitoring in these patients can serve both a protective and diagnostic purpose. They detect life-threatening arrhythmias and double up as in-patient Holter monitors. Unfortunately, there are no randomized controlled trials of in-hospital cardiac monitoring—expert opinions based on clinical experience and published research in the field of electrocardiography form the basis of current guidelines.
34
Bunch, Chris. Haemolytic anaemia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0280.
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Haemolytic anaemias occur when the rate of red-cell breakdown is increased and exceeds the marrow’s capacity to generate new cells. Increased red-cell destruction, or haemolysis, may reflect a broad range of disorders. Some involve intrinsic defects in the red cell itself; in others, the red cells are normal but are subjected to external factors which lead to premature destruction. Many of the intrinsic defects are due to inherited disorders affecting the red-cell membrane, its enzymes, or haemoglobin. The marrow can normally compensate for moderate haemolysis by increasing red-cell production up to tenfold. Only when haemolysis is severe and the red-cell lifespan is reduced to less than about 15 days, or the marrow is unable to compensate, will anaemia occur. This chapter addresses the diagnosis, investigation, and management of haemolytic anaemias, including hereditary spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, haemoglobinopathies, and mechanical and immune haemolytic anaemias.
35
Pitt, Matthew. Motor unit anatomy and physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on the signals recorded with needle electromyography (EMG) and the measurement of their specific parameters. These parameters include duration, amplitude, number of phases, and stability. The concept of the electrophysiologic biopsy and the explanation of unusual findings seen on EMG are introduced. In relation to the interference pattern, discussions of the firing rate, recruitment order, and interference pattern are given. Moving from the theoretical explanation of the findings, the problems of the accurate quantitative analysis of the motor unit potential are discussed and measures to improve quantification, particularly in children, are highlighted. The importance of filter settings, the storage of signals, and the different ways of collecting and analysing the potentials are all covered. This section finishes with discussion of the normative range for motor unit duration, and concludes with the automatic analysis of the interference pattern, including turns/amplitude analysis, number of short segments measurement, and envelope analysis.
36
Trestman, Robert L. Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0048.
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Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.
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Trestman, Robert L. Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0048_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.
38
Tomczak, Philippa. Prison Suicide. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529203585.001.0001.
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Prison suicide is a global problem, but little is known about about investigatory processes occurring after prison suicides. This book addresses this gap, providing a case study of the investigations that follow prison suicides in England and Wales. Despite the large range of prison oversight institutions in England and Wales, prison suicides reached a record high in 2016, with the rate having doubled between 2012 and 2016. These deaths represent the sharp end of a continuum of suffering, self-harm, despair and distress within prisons, which affects prisoners, their families and prison staff. This book details and critiques the lengthy and expensive police, ombudsman and coroner investigations that follow prison suicides. Drawing on extensive document analysis, including over 100 Prison and Probation Ombudsman fatal incident investigations, and original semi-structured interviews with stakeholders undertaken between 2016-2017, this book provides a novel analysis of prison oversight. This book argues that post-suicide investigations create a significant burden for bereaved families and prison staff. The investigations are valuable, but can manufacture mystery around entirely manifest prison problems and obfuscate the role of deliberate political decisions in creating those problems.
39
Kühn, Wolfgang, and Gerd Walz. The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0303.
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Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a tissue, thereby intersecting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the actin cytoskeleton. The PCP pathway controls two morphogenetic programmes, oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) through cell intercalation that both seem to play a critical role in cyst formation. The two-hit theory of cystogenesis, by which loss of the second normal allele causes tubular epithelial cells to form kidney cysts, has been largely borne out. Additional hits and influences may better explain the rate of cyst formation and inter-individual differences in disease progression. Ciliary defects appear to converge on overlapping signalling modules, including mammalian target of rapamycin and cAMP pathways, which can be targeted to treat human cystic kidney disease irrespective of the underlying gene mutation.
40
Clarke, Andrew. Temperature, growth and size. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0013.
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Growth involves two flows of energy. The first is chemical potential energy in the monomers used to construct the proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids forming the new tissue. The second is the metabolic energy (ATP or GTP) used to construct the new tissue; this is the metabolic cost of growth and can be expressed as a dimensionless fraction of the energy retained in the new tissue. Its value is ~0.33. Typical temperature sensitivities for growth in the wild lie in the range Q10 1.5 – 3. Within species there may be evolutionary adjustments to growth rate to offset the effects of temperature, though these involve trade-offs with other physiological factors affecting fitness. Outside the tropics, many mammals and birds exhibit a cline in size, with larger species at higher latitudes (Bergmann’s rule). Carl Bergmann predicted such a cline from biophysical arguments based on endotherm thermoregulatory costs; Bergmann’s rule thus applies only to mammals and birds. Many ectotherms grow more slowly but attain a larger adult size when grown at lower temperatures (the temperature-size rule). The large size of some aquatic invertebrates at lower temperatures (notably in the polar regions and the deep sea) is associated with a higher oxygen content of the water.
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Zetaruk, Merrilee, and Shareef Mustapha. Young athletes with a physical or mental disability. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0041.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews the prevalence of some of the more common physical and mental impairments and addresses the particular challenges faced by individuals with disabilities who are participating in sports. Although the incidence of sport-significant abnormalities detected amoung able-bodied individuals on preparticipation screening is relatively low (1–3%), the rate may be as high as 40% in disabled populations.9 As such, the injuries that athletes with disabilities are predisposed to and general strategies for prevention are reviewed in this text. In addition, the multitude of benefits that are achieved through physical activity and sport participation are discussed. Some adaptations via adjustments in rules and use of prosthetic devices that allow participation in a more diverse range of athletic activity are also reviewed. Finally, some of the opportunities that exist for athletes with disabilities who wish to participate at high levels of competition such as the Paralympic Games and Special Olympics are highlighted. Given the utility of physical activity for all and the increasing number of athletes with disabilities, it is imperative that health professionals become familiar with the unique challenges faced by these athletes. Knowledge of injuries encountered in this population as well as disability-specific modes of injury prevention is imperative.10
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McShane, Tony, Peter Clayton, Michael Donaghy, and Robert Surtees. Neurometabolic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0213.
Full textAbstract:
Various disorders result from genetically determined abnormalities of enzymes, the metabolic consequences of which affect the development or functioning of the nervous system. The range of metabolic disturbances is wide, as is the resultant range of clinical syndromes. Although most occur in children, some can present in adult life, and increasing numbers of affected children survive into adult life. In some, specific treatments are possible or are being developed. The last 20 years has seen a considerable expansion in our understanding of the genetic and metabolic basis for many neurological conditions. Particular clinical presentations of neurometabolic disorders include ataxias, movement disorders, childhood epilepsies, or peripheral neuropathy. Detailed coverage of the entire range of inherited metabolic diseases of the nervous system is available in other texts (Brett 1997; Scriver et al. 2001; Menkes et al. 2005).Treatment is possible for some metabolic diseases. For instance, the devastating neurological effects of phenylketonuria have been recognized for many years. Neonatal screening for this disorder and dietary modification in the developed world has removed phenylketonuria from the list of important causes of serious neurological disability in children. This success has led to new challenges in the management of the adult with phenylketonuria and unexpected and devastating effect of the disorder on the unborn child of an untreated Phenylketonuria mother. More recently Biotinidase deficiency has been recognized as an important and easily treatable cause of serious neurological disease usually presenting with early onset drug resistant seizures. This and some other neurometabolic diseases can be identified on neonatal blood screening although a full range of screening is not yet routine in the United Kingdom. More disorders are likely to be picked up at an earlier asymptomatic stage as the sophistication of screening tests increases (Wilcken et al. 2003; Bodamer et al. 2007).Although individual metabolic disorders are rare, collectively such disorders are relatively common. In reality most clinicians will see an individual condition only rarely in a career. Furthermore, patients with certain rare conditions are often concentrated in specialist referral centres, further reducing the exposure of general and paediatric neurologists to these disorders. A recent study into progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration, PIND, gives some information about the relative frequency and distribution of some childhood neurodegenerative diseases in the United Kingdom (Verity et al. 2000; Devereux et al. 2004). Although primarily designed to identify any childhood cases of variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, the study also provided much information about the distribution of neurometabolic disease in children in the United Kingdom. The commonest five causes of progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration over 5 years were Sanfilippo syndrome, 41 cases, adrenoleukodystrophy, 32 cases, late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuschinosis, 32 cases, mitochondrial cytopathy, 30 cases, and Rett syndrome, 29 cases. Notably, geographical foci of these disorders were also found and correlate with high rate of consanguinity in some local populations.
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Thomson-Jones, Katherine. Image in the Making. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567616.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Human beings have always made images, and to do so they have developed and refined an enormous range of artistic tools and materials. With the development of digital technology, the ways of making images—whether they are still or moving, 2D or 3D—have evolved at an unprecedented rate. At every stage of image making, artists now face a choice between using analog and using digital tools. Yet a digital image need not look digital; and likewise, a handmade image or traditional photograph need not look analog. If we do not see the artist’s choice between the analog and the digital, what difference can this choice make for our appreciation of images in the digital age? Image in the Making answers this question by accounting for the fundamental distinction between the analog and the digital; by explicating the technological realization of this distinction in image-making practice; and by exploring the creative possibilities that are distinctive of the digital. The case is made for a new kind of appreciation in the digital age. In appreciating the images involved in every digital art form—from digital video installation to net art to digital cinema—there is a basic truth that we cannot ignore: the nature and technology of the digital expands both what an image can be as an image and what an image can be for us.
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Turner, Neil, and Stewart Cameron. Proteinuria. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0050.
Full textAbstract:
Excess protein in the urine almost always comes from the kidney. Proteinuria up to 150 mg/day in an adult (protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) up to 15 mg/mmol) is considered normal. Daily average excretion is 80 mg, of which about 30 mg is albumin that has been filtered and not reabsorbed. Other components comprise low-molecular-weight filtered proteins that have escaped reabsorption, and proteins secreted or lost into urine from cells of the nephron. Increased permeability of the glomerulus to high-molecular-weight proteins is the most common cause of the clinically detected proteinuria, and albumin is the major component of excess glomerular proteinuria. Even small amounts of proteinuria are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and long-term renal risk. In patients with renal disease, regardless of type, proteinuria is a strong predictor of loss of glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria at levels higher than an equivalent of 1 g/24 hours can be considered high renal risk. This limit should be lowered in young patients, and if microscopic haematuria is also present. For both cardiovascular and renal outcomes, risk is graded with severity of proteinuria. In routine clinical practice, ratios of albumin or total protein to creatinine level (ACR or PCR) in spot urine samples are usually more pragmatic and useful than 24-hour collections. ACR is more sensitive as a screening test (normal range up to 2.5 mg/mmol in men, 3.5 mg/mmol in women).
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Chancer, Lynn S., Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, and Christine Trost, eds. Youth, Jobs, and the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.001.0001.
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This book confronts the persistent issues of youth unemployment and worsening socioeconomic precarity in the United States. While overall unemployment has declined, the unemployment rate remains nearly twice as high for young people 16–19 years of age and nearly three times as high for those aged 20–24. Millions of youth are neither in school nor working, and rates of unemployment and underemployment are nearly two to three times higher for black and Latino youth. Despite these glaring statistics, far more attention has been given to diminished social prospects facing young people in Europe than in America, and this is what makes this book so important. The volume’s Introduction places the issue in a global and national context, while suggesting a range of solutions and discussing the distinctive cultural ideology of the American dream as it intersects with young people's diverse experiences. Chapters in each of the book’s four sections explore structural and cultural causes of youth unemployment, their ramifications for both native and immigrant youth, and how both middle- and working-class youth across diverse races and ethnicities are affected within and outside the legal economy. Overall, the book insists that because the youth of today face greater insecurity than earlier generations, the time has come to address factors like technological changes, the rise of the 24/7 and “gig” economy, and the polarization between “good” and “bad” jobs; thus, the book features chapters on potential solutions including effective school-to-work models, shorter and shared hours, full employment, and basic income.
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White, Susan W., Brenna B. Maddox, and Carla A. Mazefsky, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190910761.001.0001.
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People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often diagnosed, and treated for, co-occurring mental health disorders. Co-occurring problems are, in fact, a primary reason for referral and treatment-seeking. Research on comorbidity and its management in youth and adults with ASD has expanded at a rapid rate over the last decade. This is the first comprehensive volume on the topic of co-occurring psychiatric conditions and symptoms in ASD. In this Handbook, internationally recognized clinical scientists synthesize the research on assessment and evidence-based treatment for a broad range of conditions as they present in ASD, from childhood through adulthood. In addition to coverage of formal diagnoses that frequently present in ASD (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders), common behavioural concerns (e.g., psychosexual and sleep problems) are also addressed. Each chapter summarizes the condition or disorder as it presents in ASD, and presents the extant research on its prevalence, developmental course, etiology, and assessment and diagnosis in the context of ASD. Each chapter also includes a summary of evidence-based treatment approaches or current best practices for intervention, as well as a case example to demonstrate application. Chapters are also included to synthesize broader issues related to co-occurring psychiatric conditions in ASD, including a historical overview and conceptual framework for co-occurring conditions in ASD, crisis management, and psychopharmacology. In sum, this handbook is comprehensive compilation of the current evidence-base and recommendations for future research to inform clinical practice related to co-occurring psychiatric conditions and symptoms in ASD.
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Emmott, Bill. Japan's Far More Female Future. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865551.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Japan that the world admired during the 2019 Rugby World Cup is a model of social stability, resilience, and efficiency. But it carries important vulnerabilities, rooted in its ageing demography and a population shrinking by 500,000 a year, made much worse by a declining marriage rate and low fertility, both of which have their source in a combination of growing financial insecurity, severe gender inequality, and poor use of human capital. Over the three decades since its 1990 financial crisis it has seen a deep divide emerge in labour markets both for men and for women between the 60 per cent of ‘regular’ workers who benefit from training and security, and the 40 per cent of ‘non-regular’ workers who have a precarious, untrained, lowly paid existence. To overcome its vulnerabilities will require reforms to improve the use of the country’s superbly educated human capital, by reducing insecurity for both men and women, and by greatly narrowing the gender gap. An opportunity is presenting itself thanks to a big rise in female entry to university education during the 1990s and 2000s and to the emergence of a wide range of role models able to give inspiration and confidence to the next generation. Japan is already becoming a place with more female leaders in politics and even business, but that rise is from a very low base. If that process can be accelerated by both public policy and private action, Japan could achieve much greater social justice and sustainable prosperity in the decades to come.
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Chami, Ralph, Raphael Espinoza, and Peter J. Montiel, eds. Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853091.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Setting macroeconomic policy is especially difficult in fragile states. Political legitimacy concerns are heightened, raising issues such as who the policymakers are, what incentives move them, and how the process of policymaking is likely to work under limited legitimacy and high uncertainty both about the macroeconomic environment and about policy effectiveness. In addition, fragility expands the range of policy objectives in ways that may constrain the attainment of standard macroeconomic objectives. Specifically, in the context of fragility policymakers also need to focus on measures to mitigate fragility itself—namely, they need to address issues such as regional and ethnic economic disparities, youth unemployment, and food price inflation. Socio-political developments around the world have thus pushed policymakers to broaden their toolkit to improve the effectiveness of macroeconomic management in the face of these constraints. The chapters in this book address these issues, both by giving an analytical context from which policymakers can build to answer the questions they face in fragile situations as well as by providing lessons drawn from empirical analyses and case studies. The first section of the volume discusses the interactions between political economy considerations and macroeconomic policymaking. The second section covers the private sector environment in fragile states. The third section focuses on macroeconomic policy, especially fiscal policy, monetary policy, exchange rate policy, external flows, and aid effectiveness. The last section explains the role of the IMF in fragile states and concludes by presenting case studies from the Middle East and from Sub-Saharan Africa. The contributors to the volume are economists and political scientists from academia as well as policymakers from international organizations and from countries affected by fragility.
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Jiménez, Catalina, Julen Requejo, Miguel Foces, Masato Okumura, Marco Stampini, and Ana Castillo. Silver Economy: A Mapping of Actors and Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003237.
Full textAbstract:
Latin America and the Caribbean, unlike other regions, is still quite young demographically: people over age 60 make up around 11% of the total population. However, the region is expected to experience the fastest rate of population aging in the world over the coming decades. This projected growth of the elderly population raises challenges related to pensions, health, and long-term care. At the same time, it opens up numerous business opportunities in different sectorshousing, tourism, care, and transportation, for examplethat could generate millions of new jobs. These opportunities are termed the “silver economy,” which has the potential to be one of the drivers of post-pandemic economic recovery. Importantly, women play key roles in many areas of this market, as noted in the first report published by the IDB on this subject (Okumura et al., 2020). This report maps the actors whose products or services are intended for older people and examines silver economy trends in the region by sector: health, long-term care, finance, housing, transportation, job market, education, entertainment, and digitization. The mapping identified 245 actors whose products or services are intended for older people, and it yielded three main findings. The first is that the majority of the actors (40%) operate in the health and care sectors. The prevalence of these sectors could be due to the fact that they are made up of many small players, and it could also suggest a still limited role of older people in active consumption, investment, and the job market in the region. The second finding is that 90% of the silver economy actors identified by the study operate exclusively in their countries of origin, and that Mexico has the most actors (47), followed by the Southern Cone countriesBrazil, Chile, and Argentinawhich have the regions highest rates of population aging. The third finding is that private investment dominates the silver economy ecosystem, as nearly 3 out of every 4 actors offering services to the elderly population are for-profit enterprises. The sectors and markets of the silver economy differ in size and degree of maturity. For example, the long-term care sector, which includes residential care settings, is the oldest and has the largest number of actors, while sectors like digital, home automation, and cohousing are still emerging. Across all sectors, however, there are innovative initiatives that hold great potential for growth. This report examines the main development trends of the silver economy in the region and presents examples of initiatives that are already underway. The health sector has a wealth of initiatives designed to make managing chronic diseases easier and to prevent and reduce the impact of functional limitations through practices that encourage active aging. In the area of long term careone of the most powerful drivers of job creationinitiatives to train human resources and offer home care services are flourishing. The financial sector is beginning to meet a wide range of demands from older people by offering unique services such as remittances or property management, in addition to more traditional pensions, savings, and investment services. The housing sector is adapting rapidly to the changes resulting from population aging. This shift can be seen, for example, in developments in the area of cohousing or collaborative housing, and in the rise of smart homes, which are emerging as potential solutions. In the area of transportation, specific solutions are being developed to meet the unique mobility needs of older people, whose economic and social participation is on the rise. The job market offers older people opportunities to continue contributing to society, either by sharing their experience or by earning income. The education sector is developing solutions that promote active aging and the ongoing participation of older people in the regions economic and social life. Entertainment services for older people are expanding, with the emergence of multiple online services. Lastly, digitization is a cross-cutting and fundamental challenge for the silver economy, and various initiatives in the region that directly address this issue were identified. Additionally, in several sectors we identified actors with a clear focus on gender, and these primarily provide support to women. Of a total of 245 actors identified by the mapping exercise, we take a closer look at 11 different stories of the development of the silver economy in the region. The featured organizations are RAFAM Internacional (Argentina), TeleDx (Chile), Bonanza Asistencia (Costa Rica), NudaProp (Uruguay), Contraticos (Costa Rica), Maturi (Brazil), Someone Somewhere (Mexico), CONAPE (Dominican Republic), Fundación Saldarriaga Concha (Colombia), Plan Ibirapitá (Uruguay), and Canitas (Mexico). These organizations were chosen based on criteria such as how innovative their business models are, the current size and growth potential of their initiatives, and their impact on society. This study is a first step towards mapping the silver economy in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the hope is to broaden the scope of this mapping exercise through future research and through the creation of a community of actors to promote the regional integration of initiatives in this field.