Academic literature on the topic 'Range Site (Ill.)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Range Site (Ill.)"
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Evans, A., and EH Winslow. "Oxygen saturation and hemodynamic response in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults during intrahospital transport." American Journal of Critical Care 4, no. 2 (March 1, 1995): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1995.4.2.106.
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BACKGROUND: Despite the frequency of intrahospital transport of critically ill patients, little research has been done on this topic and the findings are contradictory. OBJECTIVES: To describe arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, heart rate, heart rhythm, and systolic blood pressure and equipment problems in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults during intrahospital transport. METHODS: The sample consisted of 36 critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults who required transport out of the intensive care unit for diagnostic testing or procedures within the hospital. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, heart rhythm, and systolic blood pressure were measured at baseline, at least every 5 minutes during transport to and from the test site and at the test site, and every 5 minutes for 15 minutes after return to the unit. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (53%) had clinically important changes in arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and/or systolic blood pressure. New cardiac arrhythmias developed in two patients. The clinically important changes occurred most frequently at the test/procedure site. Equipment problems such as monitor power failure and ventilator disconnection occurred during transport of 4 patients (11%). Total time out of ICU averaged 62 +/- 30 (range = 26 to 166) minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Transport outside the intensive care unit places the critically ill patient at additional risk. Although transport is often unavoidable, its risks versus benefits should be carefully and collaboratively evaluated for every patient prior to making the decision for transport.
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Woods-Hill, Charlotte Z., Danielle W. Koontz, Annie Voskertchian MPH, Anping Xie PhD, Marlene R. Miller, James C. Fackler MD, Elizabeth A. Colantuoni PhD, Aaron Milstone, and Aaron Milstone. "1350. Optimizing Blood Culture Use in Critically Ill Children: Year One of a Multi-Center Diagnostic Stewardship Collaborative." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S685—S686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1532.
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Abstract Background Overuse of blood cultures can lead to false positives and unnecessary antibiotics. Our objective was to describe the implementation and 12-month impact of a multi-site quality improvement collaborative to reduce unnecessary blood cultures in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. Methods In 2018, 14 PICUs joined the Blood Culture Improvement Guidelines and Diagnostic Stewardship for Antibiotic Reduction in Critically Ill Children (Bright STAR) Collaborative, designed to understand and improve blood culture practices in PICUs. Guided by a multidisciplinary study team, sites 1) reviewed existing evidence for safe blood culture reduction, 2) assessed local practices and barriers to change, and 3) developed and implemented new blood culture practices informed by local context. We facilitated and monitored project progress through phone calls, site visits, and collaborative-wide teleconferences. We collected monthly blood culture rates and monitored for delays in culture collection as a safety balancing metric. We compared 24 months of baseline data to post-implementation data (2-14 months) using a Poisson regression model accounting for the site-specific patient days and correlation of culture use within a site over time. Results Across 14 sites, there were 41,986 pre-implementation blood cultures collected over 238,182 PICU patient days. The mean pre-implementation site-specific blood culture rate was 19.42 cultures/100 patient days (range 9.59 to 48.18 cultures/100 patient days). Post-implementation, there were 12,909 blood cultures collected over 118,600 PICU patient days. The mean post-implementation rate was 14.02 cultures/100 patient days (range 5.40 to 37.57 cultures/100 patient days), a 23% decrease (relative rate 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.99, p = 0.04). In 12 months post-implementation, sites reviewed 463 positive blood cultures, and identified only one suspected delay in culture collection possibly attributable to the site’s culture reduction program. Bright STAR Collaborative Site Blood Culture Rate 100 Patient Days Conclusion Multidisciplinary teams facilitated a 23% average reduction in blood culture use in 14 PICUs. Future work will determine the impact of blood culture diagnostic stewardship on antibiotic use and other important patient safety outcomes. Disclosures James C. Fackler MD, MD, Rubicon Health LLC (Other Financial or Material Support, Founder)
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Eschenfelder, Kristin R., Tien-I. Tsai, Xiaohua Zhu, and Brenton Stewart. "How Institutionalized Are Model License Use Terms? An Analysis of E-Journal License Use Rights Clauses from 2000 to 2009." College & Research Libraries 74, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 326–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl-289.
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This paper explored the degree to which use terms proposed by model licenses have become institutionalized across different publishers’ licenses. It examined model license use terms in four areas: downloading, scholarly sharing, interlibrary loan, and electronic reserves. Data collection and analysis involved content analysis of 224 electronic journal licenses spanning 2000–2009. Analysis examined how use terms changed over time, differences between consortia and site license use terms and differences between commercial and noncommercial publisher license use terms. Results suggest that some model license use terms have become institutionalized while others have not. Use terms with higher institutionalization included: allowing ILL, permitting secure e-transmission for ILL, allowing e-reserves with no special permissions, and not requiring deletion of e-reserves files. Scholarly sharing showed lower institutionalization with most publishers not including scholarly sharing allowances. Other use terms showing low institutionalization included: recommendations to avoid printing requirements related to ILL and recommendations to allow hyperlinks for e-reserves. The results provide insight into the range of use terms commonly employed in e-journal licenses.
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Umadat, Deviani, Dharscika Arudkumaran, and Deirdre Cocks Eschler. "Intravenous Insulin Resistance in a Critically Ill Patient Secondary to Decreased Peripheral Perfusion." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.791.
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Abstract Introduction: Intravenous (IV) insulin infusion is the preferred treatment modality for hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to its short duration of action and easy titratability. However, administration of IV insulin has challenges. These include frequent monitoring, site infiltration, and high insulin dose requirements with other ICU medications such as epinephrine. There are, however, limited reports demonstrating an elevated insulin requirement due to poor peripheral perfusion. Below illustrates such a case, necessitating a change from peripheral to central IV insulin administration. Case Presentation: A 50 year old male with well controlled type 2 diabetes and previous aortic valve replacement presented to our facility for prosthetic valve endocarditis complicated by aortic root abscess. He was admitted to the ICU, treated with IV antibiotics, abscess washout and aortic valve replacement. Preoperatively, he was started on IV regular insulin via continuous infusion through a central line. During the pre and intraoperative periods, his hourly IV insulin requirement ranged from 2.4 to 5 units/ hour (hr). His blood glucose (BG) ranged from 107-251mg/dL (n 70-99mg/dL). The patient became hypotensive intraoperatively requiring vasopressor support. Dobutamine and norepinephrine infusions were started via central access and were continued postoperatively at steady rates. Vasopressin was added through central access as the patient failed to meet hemodynamic targets. Postoperatively, the propofol infusion was discontinued and the IV regular insulin infusion was moved to the peripheral line where the propofol had previously been administered. BG increased steadily to a maximum of 402 mg/dL despite an increase in the peripheral IV insulin rate to 152.4 units/hr. The site of the IV insulin drip was changed to another solitary peripheral access without success in decreasing the IV insulin infusion rate. The elevated requirements were deemed secondary to the patient’s lack of peripheral perfusion and should decrease with transition to a central line. A preemptive decrease in insulin drip rate to 10% of the peripheral dose was used to avoid hypoglycemia. The insulin drip was changed to a central access with a rate of 15units/ hr. BG values declined to a range of 140 -180 mg/dL. The patient remained on the multiple vasopressors for hemodynamic support, however, the insulin drip was able to be decreased and ultimately, discontinued. Conclusion: This case illustrates a unique challenge in the treatment of hyperglycemia with multifactorial shock and our approach to management. Elevated IV insulin requirements persisted despite stability in vasopressor dose, change to a solitary peripheral IV site, and lack of interfering medications in the treatment regimen. This is the first case to demonstrate a relationship between high IV insulin requirements and poor peripheral perfusion.
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Kindler, Christoph H., Davide Verotta, Andrew T. Gray, Michael A. Gropper, and C. Spencer Yost. "Additive Inhibition of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors by Corticosteroids and the Neuromuscular Blocking Drug Vecuronium." Anesthesiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200003000-00026.
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Background Neuromuscular disorders associated with muscular weakness and prolonged paralysis are common in critically ill patients. Acute myopathy has been described in patients receiving a combination therapy of corticosteroids and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs for treatment of acute bronchospasm. The cause of this myopathy is not fully established and may involve drug interactions that perturb neuromuscular transmission. To investigate the interaction of corticosteroids with neuromuscular blocking drugs, the authors determined the effects of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone alone and in combination with vecuronium on fetal (gamma-subunit containing) and adult (epsilon-subunit containing) subtypes of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Methods Functional channels were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and activated with 1 microM acetylcholine. The resulting currents were recorded using a whole cell two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Results Both forms of the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor were potently inhibited by methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone, with concentrations producing 50% inhibition in the range of 400-600 microM and 1-2 mM, respectively. The corticosteroids produced noncompetitive antagonism of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at clinical concentrations. Both receptor forms were also inhibited, even more potently, by vecuronium, with a concentration producing 50% inhibition in the range of 1-2 nM. Combined application of vecuronium and methylprednisolone showed additive effects on both receptor forms, which were best described by a two-site model, with each site independent. Conclusions The enhanced neuromuscular blockade produced when corticosteroids are combined with vecuronium may augment pharmacologic denervation and contribute to the pathophysiology of prolonged weakness observed in some critically ill patients.
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Zardo, Karen Maciel, Lucas Petri Damiani, Julia Maria Matera, and Ana Carolina B. C. Fonseca-Pinto. "Feline injection site sarcoma: computed-tomographic density and assessment of tumor dimensions by different methods." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 10 (October 2017): 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001000012.
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ABSTRACT: Feline injection site sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm with digitiform projections into muscular planes that are ill recognized during physical examination and may compromise tumor margin demarcation. This study compared tumoral size of 32 cats measured by different methods, and evaluated the CT density of 10 tumoral tissues (Hounsfield unit) based on histograms. Tumor axes were measured by physical examination and CT images. Larger craniocaudal axis measurements were obtained following multiplanar reconstruction of pre- and post-contrast CT images (p=0.049 and p=0.041 respectively); dorsoventral axis measurements taken from post-contrast CT images were also larger (p=0.010). Tumor volume estimates increased following contrast-enhancement. Histograms tended to produce two peaks: one in the fat and another in the soft tissue attenuation range. Multiplanar reconstructed post-contrast CT images provided clearer definition of tumor margins and more judicious determination of tumor size. A tendency of common FISS attenuation profile could be described.
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Byrne, Mary W., Elana Evan, Lorie S. Goshin, Matthew D. Erlich, Jackie H. J. Kim, John M. Saroyan, and Lonnie K. Zeltzer. "Parent self-efficacy for managing pain in seriously ill children and adolescents nearing end of life." Palliative and Supportive Care 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2011): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951511000010.
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AbstractObjective:Using data from a multi-site study of parent–child symptom reporting concordance, this secondary analysis explored the role of parent self-efficacy related to pain management for seriously ill school-age children and adolescents.Method:In the initial study, 50 children and adolescents who were expected to survive 3 years or less were recruited along with their parent/primary caregiver. Parent self-report data were used in this secondary analysis to describe parent self-efficacy for managing their child's pain, caregiver strain, mood states, and perception of the child's pain; to explore relationships among these variables; and to determine predictors of greater self-efficacy.Results:Parents expressed a wide range of self-efficacy levels (Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale; possible range 10–100, mean 76.2, SD 14.7) and higher levels on average than reported previously by family caregivers of adult patients. Caregiver Strain Index scores were markedly high (possible range 0–13, mean 8.1, SD 3.8) and inversely correlated with self-efficacy (r = −0.44, p = 0.001). On the Profile of Mood States parents reported more negative moods (t = 4.0, p < 0.001) and less vigor (t = −5.0, p < 0.001) than adults in a normative sample, yet vigor rather than mood disturbance predicted self-efficacy. With the exception of child age, self-efficacy was not associated with demographics (child gender, ethnicity, household income, parent age, education, family size) or with the diagnostic groups (primarily cardiac and oncologic) comprising the sample. Younger child age, less caregiver strain, more parent vigor, and parent perception that child is without pain predicted more than half of the variance in parent self-efficacy (R2 = 0.51).Significance of results:Findings advance knowledge of parent self-efficacy in managing the pain of a child with life-threatening illness. Results can be used to design supportive interventions enhancing parents’ caregiving roles during their child's last stages of life.
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Finn, Stephen P., Eamon Leen, Liam English, and D. Sean O'Briain. "Autopsy Findings in an Outbreak of Severe Systemic Illness in Heroin Users Following Injection Site Inflammation: An Effect of Clostridium novyi Exotoxin?" Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-1465-afiaoo.
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Abstract Context.—An epidemic of unexplained illness among injecting drug users characterized by injection site inflammation and severe systemic toxicity occurred in Ireland and the United Kingdom from April to August 2000. One hundred eight persons became ill, and 43 persons died. In Dublin, 8 of 22 patients died. Six of the 8 fatal cases were epidemiologically linked to a source of heroin. Most had experienced local injection site lesions for 7 to 14 days before developing a rapidly fatal systemic illness characterized by hypotension, thirst, pulmonary edema, pericardial and pleural effusions, and leukocytosis. Objective.—To document the clinical course and autopsy findings of the fatal cases in Dublin. Design.—To study the clinical, autopsy, microbiologic, and toxicologic findings from the 8 fatal cases in Dublin. Results.—In Dublin, there were 6 men and 2 women who were fatally involved in the epidemic, with the mean age being 34 years (range, 22–51 years). The injection site inflammations involved the buttock (n = 4), leg, iliac region, arm, and a Portacath site. At autopsy, the local lesions were ulcerated, swollen, and indurated but were inconspicuous in 2 patients. All the deceased had pulmonary edema. There were pleural effusions in 7, 2 of whom had pericardial effusions. Five had prominent left ventricular subendocardial hemorrhages. Five had splenomegaly. Microscopy showed pulmonary edema and a granulocytic reaction mainly in the spleen, marrow, and myocardium. Toxicology showed a range of narcotic drugs in the toxic or fatal range. Clostridium novyi type A, a fastidious toxin-producing anaerobe, was identified in 2 cases. Conclusion.—The clinicopathologic findings of a local inflammatory lesion followed 7 to 14 days later by a rapidly fatal systemic illness are consistent with the effect of exotoxin produced by organisms growing in the local inflammatory site. Clostridium novyi–derived exotoxin is the likely cause of such a syndrome, although the fastidious organism was isolated from only 2 of 8 cases (from none of the 14 surviving patients and from only 13 of 60 cases in Scotland). In the setting of an epidemic, the toxic and fatal range blood levels of narcotics are unlikely to explain these events, and no other candidate organism could be isolated. The heroin is likely to have come from Afghanistan, but local contamination at a putative distribution site in the United Kingdom is more likely than international terrorism to be the initiating factor.
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Cesca, Eleonora, Giacomo Garetto, Emanuela Frascella, Simone Cesaro, Patrizia Dall'Igna, and Giovanni Cecchetto. "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of superficial soft tissue lesions in children with oncologic disease." Pediatric Reports 4, no. 1 (December 27, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pr.2012.e1.
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This study aimed to assess the feasibility and results of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT) as supportive treatment of lesions of superficial soft tissues in children with oncological diseases. This was a retrospective analysis and review of all records of children observed at the Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department of the University of Padova and treated adjuvantly with HOT. Between 1996 and 2010, 12 patients (5 males and 7 females, median age 7 years, range 0.5-16) underwent HOT. The effectiveness of HOT varied according to the lesion treated. Ten out of 12 patients were cured. Efficacy was most questionable in 2 patients with skin graft and flaps at risk. Compliance to therapy was close to 100%. In just one case, HOT was interrupted for the appearance of local skin metastases close to the site of primary tumor. HOT showed itself to be safe and effective in most patients even those immunocompromised or critically ill.
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Dr.Chandrasinh Rajput, Dr.Hitendra Shah, Dr.Shruti Mehta, Dr.Tanvi Goyal, Dr.Vinita Karia, and Dr.Viraj Shah. "Etiology and Management of Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia in Completely Edentulous Patients - A Review." Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion 3, no. 09 (September 9, 2020): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/jcmro.v3i09.334.
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Oral mucosa of complete denture wearing patients is subjected to varying amount of stresses as compared to patient having natural teeth. This can leads to different type of oral mucosal lesions like denture stomatitis, epulis fissuratum, angular cheilitis, traumatic ulcers, inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (IPH) etc. IPH is a type of chronic inflammatory proliferative lesion characterized by numerous small, wart like edematous red papillary growth most commonly seen in deepest part of the palate. Review of literature suggest denture associated widely distributed etiology for IPH like over accentuation of palatal relief and vacuum chamber in upper denture, old ill fitting dentures, poor denture hygiene, continuous denture wearing habit, faulty occlusion, skidding of instable denture etc. Treatment for IPH varies with the severity of the condition and may range from conservative to surgical depending on clinical presentation. Conservative approach include discontinuing use of ill fitting denture, correction of faulty prostheses, improving the oral and denture hygiene and antifungal drugs. However, the surgical approach is used when the lesion is more aggressive and this include supraperiosteal excision, resesctive surgery, cryotherapy, and electrosurgery, blade-loop surgery, fulguration, and mucoabrasion or laser surgery. As a method of prevention patient should be advised to avoid continuous day and night wearing of denture. Additionally, avoid providing excessive relief in the palatal region, as these areas become site for bacterial and fungal colonization. Patients should be well motivated for proper care and maintenance of denture hygiene and also for the importance of periodic dental visits and follow-ups.
Books on the topic "Range Site (Ill.)"
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Kelly, John Edward. The Range Site 2: The emergent Mississippian Dohack and range phase occupations (11-S-47). Urbana: Published for the Illinois Dept. of Transportation by the University of Illinois Press, 1990.
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RANGE SITE TWO: The Emergent Mississippian Dohack and Range Phase Occupations. Vol. 20 (American Bottom Archaeology). University of Illinois Press, 1989.
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Gan, Tong J., and John T. Lemm. Vomiting and large nasogastric aspirates in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0181.
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A wide range of conditions can cause nausea and vomiting, making it a common occurrence in the critically ill. A deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of vomiting has led to the emergence of effective anti-emetics, each targeting a specific neurotransmitter in the emetic pathway. Serotonin antagonists are the first line anti-emetic of choice for most cases of nausea and vomiting due to their efficacy and favourable side effect profile. Large nasogastric aspirates are commonly encountered in the critically ill, and must be managed aggressively in order to prevent delays in enteral nutrition. Management of large gastric aspirates involves gastric drainage, prokinetic agents, and if necessary, post-pyloric feeding.
Book chapters on the topic "Range Site (Ill.)"
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Richter, Marlise, and Kholi Buthelezi. "Stigma, Denial of Health Services, and Other Human Rights Violations Faced by Sex Workers in Africa: “My Eyes Were Full of Tears Throughout Walking Towards the Clinic that I Was Referred to”." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_8.
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AbstractAn ethical and forward-looking health sector response to sex work aims to create a safe, effective, and non-judgemental space that attracts sex workers to its services. Yet, the clinical setting is often the site of human rights violations and many sex workers experience ill-treatment and abuse by healthcare providers. Research with male, female, and transgender sex workers in various African countries has documented a range of problems with healthcare provision in these settings, including: poor treatment, stigmatisation, and discrimination by healthcare workers; having to pay bribes to obtain services or treatment; being humiliated by healthcare workers; and, the breaching of confidentiality. These experiences are echoed by sex workers globally. Sex workers’ negative experiences with healthcare services result in illness and death and within the context of the AIDS epidemic act as a powerful barrier to effective HIV and STI prevention, care, and support. Conversely positive interactions with healthcare providers and health services empower sex workers, affirm sex worker dignity and agency, and support improved health outcomes and well-being. This chapter aims to explore the experiences of sex workers with healthcare systems in Africa as documented in the literature. Findings describe how negative healthcare workers’ attitudes and sexual moralism have compounded the stigma that sex workers face within communities and have led to poor health outcomes, particularly in relation to HIV and sexual and reproductive health. Key recommendations for policy and practice include implementation of comprehensive, rights-affirming health programmes designed in partnership with sex workers. These should be in tandem with structural interventions that shift away from outdated criminalized legal frameworks and implement violence prevention strategies, psycho-social support services, sex worker empowerment initiatives, and peer-led programmes.
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Albers, Michael J. "Information Rich Systems and User's Goals and Information Needs." In Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction, 338–43. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch052.
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Currently, most of the Web is designed from the viewpoint of helping people who know what they want but need help accomplishing it. User goals may range from buying a new computer to making vacation plans. Yet, these are simple tasks that can be accomplished with a linear sequence of events. With information-rich sites, the linear sequence breaks down, and a straightforward process to provide users with information in a useful format does not exist. Users come to information-rich sites with complex problems they want to solve. Reaching a solution requires meeting goals and subgoals by finding the proper information. Complex problems are often ill-structured; realistically, the complete sequence can’t even be defined because of users’ tendencies to jump around within the data and to abandon the sequence at varying points (Klein, 1999). To reach the answer, people need the information properly positioned within the situation context (Albers, 2003; Mirel, 2003a). System support for such problems requires users to be given properly integrated information that will assist in problem solving and decision making. Complex problems normally involve high-level reasoning and open-ended problem solving. Consequently, designer expectations of stable requirements and the ability to perform an exhaustive task analysis fall short of reality (Rouse & Valusek, 1993). While conventional task analysis works for well-defined domains, it fails for the ill-structured domains of information-rich sites (Albers, 2004). Instead of exhaustive task analysis, the designer must shift to an analysis focused on providing a clear understanding of the situation from the user’s point of view and the user’s goals and information needs.
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Powers, Susan M., and Sharon Guan. "Examining the Range of Student Needs in the Design and Development of a Web-Based Course." In Instructional and Cognitive Impacts of Web-Based Education, 200–216. IGI Global, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-59-9.ch013.
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Distance learning is by no means a new phenomenon. However, new technologies provide a twist to distance learning that is making it grow and expand at an overwhelming rate. The National Center for Educational Statistics reported that in 1995, a third of U.S. post-secondary schools offered distance education courses with another quarter of these schools planning to do so in the next three years. During the summer of 1999, the UCLA Extension Service will offer more than 100 Web–based courses in continuing higher education to anyone and anywhere (Business Wire, 1999). When the rapid proliferation of Web-based courses as a distance learning option is considered, and then couple that proliferation with the fact that the World Wide Web (WWW) has only been “popular” for the past five years, this expansion is indeed overwhelming. While the numbers alone are enough to amaze and dazzle, what is more interesting, and should be of greater concern, are the instructional design and pedagogical issues that should form the foundation of Web-based courses (Ritchie & Hoffman, 1997). The technical proficiencies necessary to build a course Web site and all of its technological accompaniments are merely psychomotor skills that range from the simple to the highly complex. However, one of the reasons for the rapid proliferation of Web-based courses is the development of courseware packages (Web Course-In-A-Box, WebCT, ILN CourseInfo, etc.) that remedy the needs for instructors to worry about acquiring these technical skills (Hansen & Frick, 1997). Unfortunately, while these courseware packages, and the many Web editors available, may facilitate the development of Web-based courses, these tools don’t address the myriad of instructional design and pedagogical issues that must be considered before and during development. Hill (1997) lists some of these key issues, which include pedagogical, technological, organizational, institutional, and ethical questions. Many of these issues must be resolved prior to the development of the first Web page. In this chapter, we explore some of the research that has been done on Web-based courses, but our intent is to largely delve into the practical realities of designing pedagogically effective and accessible Web-based instruction (WBI). Specifically, we explore the importance of a needs assessment of learner characteristics in the design process to determine and therefore design for the technological abilities and capacities of target students. Additionally, potential solutions and recommendations on how to design a virtual classroom environment that fosters and facilitates active student learning are discussed. Finally, the authors examine the very real issue of course accessibility for all students and how various design elements can enhance the accessibility.
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Fulton, William. "After the Unrest: Ten Years of Rebuilding Los Angeles following the Trauma of 1992." In The Resilient City. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195175844.003.0020.
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It is always difficult to measure urban resilience, but never more so when the trauma results from civil unrest, as opposed to a natural disaster or enemy attack.With natural disasters, it is frequently difficult to place blame, even if “acts of God” are sometimes all too intertwined with ill-advised decisions to site buildings in vulnerable areas. Wars and other attacks usually entail clear enemies, and eventually come to some negotiated halt, accompanied by greater territorial clarity. With riots and civil unrest, by contrast, destruction is community-based. Victims and perpetrators live in close proximity; violence is often inflicted within the very neighborhoods that feel most aggrieved; and recovery entails the need to redress not just physical damage but also deeply ingrained mistrust. Rebuilding, in this sense, requires not just investment in real estate, but also a variety of human capital—local infusions of community dynamism, neighborly cooperation, and no small measure of hope. In the United States, Los Angeles, California, stands out as the site of two generations of civil unrest: the Watts riots of 1965 and the civil unrest of 1992. The 1992 disturbance was the most damaging urban riot in American history, killing fifty-four people and causing hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage. Touched off by the acquittal on April 29 of white police officers accused of beating black motorist Rodney King, the rampage lasted several days and spread to an area much larger than the earlier riots in Watts. The disturbance ranged across dozens of square miles, mostly along the lengthy commercial strips in the southern part of the city of Los Angeles, including many areas not traditionally viewed as part of South Central. It even spilled northward above the Santa Monica Freeway into Hollywood, the traditionally Jewish Fairfax district, and other neighborhoods far from the traditional centers of African-American residence. This chapter investigates a full decade of efforts to rebuild South Central Los Angeles, following the trial of King’s assailants. In so many ways, Los Angeles is a city like no other—a vast but low-rise city, dense and sprawling at the same time. Auto-oriented and generally without high-rises, Los Angeles might seem different from a more traditional metropolis such as New York.
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Kelly, Alan. "The Many Roles of Microorganisms." In Molecules, Microbes, and Meals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687694.003.0010.
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As mentioned already several times, the world of living things can be divided quite simply into that which we can see (animals, plants, us!) and that which we cannot see. We share this planet with microscopic life that actually far outnumber the life-forms we can see and whose importance to our lives across a huge range of areas is completely out of proportion to their size. We need the assistance of microscopes or other tools to reveal the incredible diversity, richness, and sheer vastness of this hidden world. In terms of the sphere of human life with which we are concerned in this book, food, we worry about two things to do with microorganisms in food, which are safety and spoilage, but these are not the same thing. For example, milk containing a bacterium called Pseudomonas could look green, be stinky, and have lumps floating in it, but could be quite safe, while milk containing listeria could look fresh as could be but would make you very ill, perhaps even fatally, were you to drink it. In addition, yogurt containing bacteria called Bifidobacteria might not only be neither unpleasant nor dangerous but might actually be good for you, as these are probiotic bacteria, which are believed to colonize the human gut and help keep us healthy. So (cue Ennio Morricone music, and distinctive whistling), bacteria in food can be good (like the probiotics), bad (like the pathogens), or ugly (like the types that cause spoilage). Of course, the population of living things we cannot see in food is much broader than bacteria too and encompasses viruses (generally these don’t come in good or ugly variants, and are usually simply bad news, as when they cause food poisoning because of their contamination of products like oysters) and fungi such as yeasts and molds.
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"Research Needs for Environmental NMR." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry, edited by Mark A. Nanny, Roger A. Minear, and Jerry A. Leenheer. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0025.
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This chapter is the result of a panel discussion held at the end of the symposium “NMR Spectroscopy in Environmental Science and Technology” that was presented at the ACS National Meeting in Denver, Colorado, March 28–April 2, 1993. The intention of the panel discussion was to examine and make recommendations for the future of environmental NMR research. This chapter is a general synopsis of the answers and comments from the panelists and members of the audience to three posed questions. The six panelists were: . . . Dr. Roger A. Minear (Moderator), University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Dr. H.-D. Lüdemann, Institut für Biophysik & Physikalische Biochemie, Regensburg, Germany Dr. Robert Wershaw, United States Geological Survey, Denver, CO Dr. Jerry A. Leenheer, United States Geological Survey, Denver, CO Dr. Gary Maciel, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Dr. Leo Condron, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand . . . It was generally agreed that the area in which environmental NMR research will be the most influential is the examination of chemical and physical interactions between contaminants and the environmental matrix, especially for heterogeneous and complex matrices. This is because NMR can be used as an in-situ and non-invasive probe. One advantage of NMR for environmental studies is that it can specifically follow the chemistry occurring in complex environments and matrices. In addition, the wide range of NMR-accessible nuclei creates significant potential for research in this area. A specific area where NMR could be useful is the examination of chemicals and their transformation in soils and sediments, both biotic and abiotic, without having to use extraction methods. This could provide information regarding precursors, reaction products, and changes occurring in soils, without jeopardizing sample integrity by extraction methods. Tracking reactions and reaction by-products in such matrices can be carried one step further by labeling compounds with NMR-sensitive nuclei and following the concurrent reactions. It will also be useful to use NMR in this fashion to examine the influence of the biota upon the reaction and the reaction products, which will in turn advance studies examining bioavailability and bioremediation processes.
Conference papers on the topic "Range Site (Ill.)"
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Ban, Maja, Tomislav Đurković, and Nenad Marelić. "Comparison of FMS tests between female and male volleyball players with possible implications on volleyball performance." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-1.
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Purpose: The main goal of this study is to determine possible differences in the range and quality of movement between senior male and female volleyball players of HAOK Mladost. Methods: Respondents, all right-handed and healthy, were members of the senior volleyball team of HAOK Mladost (female n=24, male n=17). The testing was conducted during the transition period, between the first and second competition period. We used seven tests, all part of standard FMS protocol: Deep Squat (DS), Hurdle Step (HS), In-Line Lunge (ILL), Shoulder Mobility (SM), Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR), Trunk Stability Push-up (TSPU), Rotary Stability (RS), with 12 measured variables (left and right side for five bilateral tests plus DS and TSPU). Educated staff at the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb con-ducted the testing. The examination of significance of the differences between senior male and female volleyball players was conducted by using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant difference in three tests: In – Line Lunge Left (ILLL), z= -2,11, p=0,03, with moderate effect size (r=0.33), Active Straight Leg Raise Left (ASLRL), z= -2,58, p=0,01, with moderate to strong effect size (r=0.4) and Stability Push-up (TSPU) z= -3,68, p=0,00, with strong effect size (r=0.58). Conclusion: Statistically significant difference was determined in the range and quality of movement in three measured variables. Male volleyball players achieved better results in two tests: In-Line Lunge Left (ILLL) and Stability Push-up (TSPU). That addresses to a higher ability to keep the balance during lunges (reaction on short balls during reception or defence phase of the game) and considerably higher ability to maintain the stability of the trunk in the transfer of force from the upper extremities to the lower (during block) and vice versa (during spike). It is interesting to note that female volleyball players achieved a significantly better rating in the Active Straight Leg Raise Left (ASLRL) test, suggesting a better flexibility of the left hamstrings and better right hip mobility which enables higher capacity in performing el-ements which require extension, which include almost all volleyball elements (hitting, serve receive and transition into offense, defence and transition into counterattack and blocking, smashing and jump serve).
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Jin, Weiya, Brian H. Dennis, and Bo Ping Wang. "Sensitivities Analysis Using the Semi-Analytic Complex Variable Method in Fracture Mechanics." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-29130.
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In fracture mechanics, due to singularity existing on the crack tip, the corresponding sensitivity analysis of Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is not clear whether the overall finite difference (OFD) or Semi-analytical Method (SAM) can obtain accurate sensitivities. The paper proposes the Semi-analytical Complex Variable Method (SACVM) to compute sensitivities of SIF and compares the sensitivities computed by the SACVM with those computed by the OFD and SAM in Center Cracked Tension (CCT) specimen and Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimen. The results reveal that the OFD obtains oscillated sensitivities because of the ill-conditioned linear system. The sensitivities computed by the OFD and SAM are sensitive to the perturbation size out of a certain range. However, this certain range varies with different variable, and is not known a priori. The proposed SACVM can always obtain accurate, consistent sensitivities with little extra computational cost than the SAM. The SACVM is not sensitive to the perturbation size and is not affected by the ill-conditioned linear system. Therefore, the SACVM is recommended to deal with sensitivity analysis in the fracture mechanics.
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Dawson, Jane, and Lautaro Ganim. "Applying Corrosion Growth Rates Derived From Repeat ILI Runs to Predict Future Severity." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64072.
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Corrosion is still one of the major threats to the integrity of onshore and offshore pipelines. Realistic corrosion growth rates are essential inputs to safe and effective pipeline integrity management decisions. For example, corrosion rates are needed to predict pipeline reliability as a function of time, to identify the need for and timing of field investigations and/or repairs and to determine optimum re-inspection intervals to name just a few applications. The consequences associated with using wrong corrosion growth rates range from the inefficient use of resources (time, people and money) on unnecessary repairs and/or inspections to unexpected pipeline releases. The identification of where corrosion is active on a pipeline and how fast it is growing is a complex process which is understood in the general sense but is highly variable. Corrosion is therefore difficult to predict due to the very localised nature of its behaviour and the many parameters that influence the corrosion reaction. Running an in-line inspection (ILI) tool in a pipeline identifies the internal and/or external corrosion located along the full length of the pipeline. The ILI inspection also determines the depth, length and width measurements for each corrosion site and for the overall feature. The use of repeat ILI data to match and compare metal loss sites in order to estimate the corrosion growth rates at individual defects along a pipeline is a well-used and established practice in the industry. The use of such corrosion rates to make predictions of the future integrity of a pipeline started in earnest approximately 5 to 10 years ago and over that time considerable experience has been gained. Now that we are starting to collect 3, 4 or even 5 or more ILI data sets for the same pipelines we are able to test and validate our earlier ILI based growth rate predictions versus what actually occurred in the pipeline over time. With the benefit of this hindsight, the methodologies employed for evaluating and applying ILI based corrosion rates can be further improved and refined to give more accurate predictions of the future pipeline condition, the response schedule and for setting the timing of re-inspections. This paper shares the experience gained and the improvements that can be made to the determination of corrosion rates and application of these rates in a pipeline integrity assessment. These topics are illustrated and investigated via the use of case studies on real ILI data sets.
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Bond, Alex, George Towler, Alan Paulley, and Simon Norris. "Implementation of a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) in the UK by the NDA Radioactive Waste Management Directorate (RWMD): Coupled Modelling of Gas Generation and Multiphase Flow Between the Co-Located ILW/LLW and HLW/SF Components of a GDF." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16307.
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In June 2008 the UK government published a ‘White Paper’ as part of the “Managing Radioactive Waste Safety” (MRWS) programme to provide a framework for managing higher activity radioactive wastes in the long-term through geological disposal. The White Paper identifies that there are benefits to disposing all of the UK’s higher activity wastes (Low and Intermediate Level Waste (LLW and ILW), High Level Waste (HLW), Spent Fuel (SF), Uranium (U) and Plutonium (Pu)) at the same site, and this is currently the preferred option. It also notes that research will be required to support the detailed design and safety assessment in relation to any potentially detrimental interactions between the different modules. Different disposal system designs and associated Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS) will be required for these different waste types, i.e. ILW/LLW and HLW/SF. If declared as waste U would be disposed as ILW and Pu as HLW/SF. The Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) would therefore comprise two co-located modules (respectively for ILW/LLW and HLW/SF). A study has recently been undertaken by NDA RWMD to identify the key Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) interactions which might occur during both the operational and post-closure phases in order to assess the potential implications of co-location in a range of host rocks. This paper presents supporting modelling work used to help understand the potential interactions between the modules. A multi-phase flow and coupled gas generation model was used to help investigate the potential groundwater and gas fluxes between the modules, in particular considering the operational phase and resaturation behaviour of the different modules. These early phases are important because gas generation rates and hydraulic gradients will be at their maximum, and the pressure gradients associated with GDF operations will, at least initially, dominate over the background hydraulic gradient. The gas generation and multi-phase flow study considered a mudstone host rock in which gas pressurisation might significantly influence resaturation behaviour, or drive water from one module to the other. The results of the multiphase flow modelling show that although gas generation affects pressure recovery in the ILW/LLW module, the smaller size of the HLW/SF excavations compared with the ILW/LLW excavations, and the operational timings, mean that in general the groundwater pressure gradient in the GDF is from the HLW/SF module (higher pressure) to the ILW module (lower pressure). Transport of solutes from the HLW/SF module towards the ILW module is not expected to result in any deleterious interactions, indicating that hydraulic interactions during the resaturation period are unlikely to pose a fundamental barrier to co-location.
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ElSeify, Mohamed, Sylvain Cornu, Raymond Karé, Ali Fathi, and John Richmond. "Slope Movement Inspection Using Axial Strain Data Across Multiple Lines and Repeat Inspections." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9288.
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Abstract Axial strain inspection using the AXISS™ is an established tool in the pipeline operator’s toolbox to assess pipeline geotechnical threats and other strain related events. Consequently, there is a large database of axial strain data for several different pipelines operating in different environments and from multiple inspections at the same geographical locations. The Cheecham slope, located south east of Fort McMurray, Alberta, is a known geohazard site crossed by six individual pipelines. The lines were constructed between 1999 and 2013 and have a size range of 10” to 36”. Five out of the six lines, 12” to 36”, have been inspected using the axial strain tool. The pipelines inspected cover a range of characteristics including, different vintages, pipe diameters and positions in the ROW. These differences, and the ILI runs provide an insight into the effect of a landslide event on the strain response of these pipelines. Axial strain measurement of the multiple pipelines in the Cheecham slope’s ROW allows: i) a direct comparison between lines ii) evaluation of the strain profile across the slope iii) assessment of the magnitude of the axial strain in terms of pipe characteristics e.g. pipe vintage and mechanical properties. More importantly, the axial strain data may provide an additional tool to assess the effectiveness of strain mitigation steps carried out over the years. An increase in the frequency of axial strain ILI runs resulted in additional data being available and more importantly data from run to run inspections spread over months or sometime years. A single run captures the strain at the time of inspection but run to run inspections provide an additional comparative tool to evaluate and monitor pipeline movement. Two out of the five lines inspected have run to run axial strain data. This paper takes the Cheecham slope as a case study to discuss the benefits of run comparison of ILI axial strain data either by comparing strain values of repeated runs for a single line or by the cross comparison of strain responses of different lines in the same ROW. The paper aims to demonstrate how run to run analysis of ILI axial strain data can be implemented as part of geohazard risk management program to asses strain risk profiles of these locations and to assess the effectiveness of strain mitigation programs previously undertaken by operators.
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Sanaati, Bijan, and Naomi Kato. "Experimental Study on the Dynamics of Four Flexible Cylinders in Square Arrangement Subjected to Uniform Cross-Flow." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83278.
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Groups of cylinders can be found in many engineering fields such as marine and civil applications. The behaviors of the group cylinders can be very complex because it undergoes the mutual effects of adjacent cylinders arranged in different positions. In this paper, we present the results of a study on the dynamics of a group of flexible cylinders in square arrangements along with a single (isolated) cylinder subjected to uniform cross-flow (CF). Four cylinders of the same size, properties, and pretensions were tested in two configurations with different centre-to-centre separations. Horizontal and vertical separations were 2.75D & 2.75D and 5.50D & 2.75D for the first and second configurations, respectively. The tandem (horizontal) separations between the downstream and upstream cylinders, i.e., 2.75D and 5.5D, correspond to the reattachment and co-shedding regimes, respectively. Vertical separation, i.e., 2.75 was chosen in a range where the side-by-side cylinders can have proximity interference. Reynolds number ranged from 1400 to 20000 (subcritical regime). The parameter of reduced velocity reached up to 19. The aspect ratio of all the cylinders was 162 (length/diameter). Mass ratio (cylinders mass/displaced water) is 1.17, a low mass ratio. The amplitude ratio of the CF vibration of the downstream cylinders, hydrodynamic force coefficients including mean and fluctuating components of the drag and lift forces, and frequency responses for both CF and inline (IL) directions were analyzed. All the cylinders excited up to the second and fourth mode of vibrations for CF and IL directions, respectively. Mean drag coefficient of the upstream cylinders are almost twice those of the downstream cylinders at high reduced velocities. The mean lift coefficient is much higher for the upstream cylinders than the downstream cylinders with a negative value. Obvious IL and CF lock-in regions exist for all four cylinders at low reduced velocities. Among the four cylinders, the upper downstream cylinder shows the least and the most fluctuating lift and drag forces, respectively. The IL and CF frequencies of the downstream cylinders are much lower than those of the upstream ones and the single cylinder.
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Wickham, S. M., D. A. Galson, T. W. Hicks, R. V. Kemp, and M. J. White. "Towards a Holistic Risk Management Strategy or Long-Term Interim Storage." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4973.
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Long-term surface storage of intermediate-level radioactive waste (ILW) has become an important issue for regulators and site operators in the UK following deferral of the Nirex deep repository for the disposal of ILW, and the resulting hiatus in Government policy. This paper identifies some key life-cycle issues associated with interim safe storage (ISS) of ILW, and also some of the key features of existing stores. Important risk management issues include store design and environmental controls, conditioning and packaging, package handling and cranes, operation, monitoring of waste packages, package retrieval, external environmental factors, stakeholder issues and costs. All of these issues will need to be addressed during the design, construction and operation of an ILW store. Given the wide and diverse range of issues requiring consideration, it may be difficult to choose between alternative design concepts or risk management strategies. We demonstrate a multi-criteria decision analysis approach to ILW storage in which the various attributes of alternative store designs and management strategies are scored and collectively compared using the program OnBalance. By varying the weighting of the different attributes, the sensitivity of the overall score of the various designs to their attributes may be evaluated. Ultimately, the technical issues related to store design, construction and operation will have to be balanced against the non-technical factors that may influence the development of a store, particularly those related to stakeholder interactions and public concerns. Developing a long-term interim storage strategy requires a holistic approach that embraces all of these factors.
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Kariyawasam, Shahani, and Terry Huang. "How Safe Failure Pressure Ratios are Related to %SMYS." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33647.
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Majority of the pipeline operators manage corrosion using inline inspection (ILI). ILIs enable operators to choose which anomalies should be excavated and, on the flip side, which anomalies are safe to remain on the pipe. If the remaining anomalies grow to a critical size before the next ILI cycle there will be in-service failure. This is avoided by forecasting the growth of the measured defects appropriately and assessing them for future integrity. When an ILI is performed on a pipeline the ILI vendor reports the anomaly sizes, burst pressures and the Failure Pressure Ratios for each anomaly. Failure Pressure Ratio (FPR) for an anomaly is defined as the burst pressure divided by the Maximum allowable operation pressure (MAOP). In order to avoid ruptures, operators will excavate anomalies that have a limiting value of FPR. These limiting values are also referred to as response criteria, excavation criteria, safe failure pressure ratios, or safety factors. As the FPR depends heavily on the operating stress (or %SMYS) the limiting FPR value, below which we respond, should also depend on %SMYS. However, currently there is inconsistency in the use of response criteria in the industry. Some utilize the same response criteria for all pipe irrespective of %SMYS. This study shows that using the same limiting FPR does not provide the same level of safety for different %SMYS scenarios. It shows that the size of remaining anomalies in the lower %SMYS pipe would be significantly larger than in higher %SMYS pipe, leading to lower reliability in pipelines that have lower %SMYS. For gas pipelines, these lower %SMYS pipelines are often in higher location class pipelines with higher consequences of failure. In other words, even though the FPR value is the same for two anomalies in two different %SMYS pipes, the two anomalies would have very different probabilities of failure, where one anomaly could be safe while the other is not. This paper examines the ranges of FPR and the safe response criteria as a function of %SMYS. It examines the remaining anomaly sizes in different %SMYS pipe as allowed by current standards. The effect of the uncertainties on the response criteria due to measurement errors, material and geometric properties and model errors are also examined. It examines the response criteria in different jurisdictions. The effect of using different assessment equations, such as Modified B31G or RSTRENG, on the response criteria is also discussed. In order to obtain consistent safety, the consideration of %SMYS and consequences in defining a response criterion is discussed. Many sets of ILI data, which have pipe in different %SMYS, have been assessed in order to examine practical ranges of FPR with %SMYS. The practical implications of different response criteria are studied and discussed.
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Alfonso, L., F. Caleyo, J. M. Hallen, J. H. Espina-Hernandez, and J. J. Escamilla-Davish. "Application of Extreme Value Statistics to the Prediction of Maximum Pit Depth in Non-Piggable, Buried Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64351.
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Currently, the reliability of non-piggable pipelines is mainly assessed either from historical failure data or from the results of direct assessment evaluations. When external, localized corrosion is the main threat to the pipeline integrity, the most important factor in assessing the reliability of a pipeline segment is the distribution of maximum pit depths. This distribution cannot be directly derived from historical failure data, nor from the information obtained from external corrosion direct assessment. In contrast, the statistical modeling of extreme values could be used to predict the distribution of pit depth maxima in a pipeline from a relatively small number of maximum pit depths measured at excavation sites along its length. Despite of the large number of works aimed at the application of the extreme value statistics, there is a lack of studies devoted to the applicability of the method for prediction of the maximum pit depth for the pit densities and pit spatial patterns typical of long buried pipelines. In this work, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted in order to assess the statistical errors associated with the prediction of the maximum pit depth for a wide range of the number and size of the inspection areas, pits per unit area and pit spatial patterns. As a result, the optimum area of inspection is proposed. The Monte Carlo numerical experiments were run by using synthetic and real corrosion data acquired by magnetic flux leakage and ultrasonic in-line inspection (ILI) tools, an approach that has not been reported in previous studies. The ILI data was sampled using standard methods of extreme value analysis, and the predicted maximum pit depth was compared with that reported by the in-line inspection. Monte Carlo simulations with synthetic and real corrosion data have allowed assessing the influence of the number and size of the inspected areas on the accuracy of predictions when pits distribute homogeneously and non-homogeneously in the pipeline. It is shown that, when the distribution of pits is homogeneous, the accuracy in the maximum pit depth prediction using the proposed method is similar to the measurement errors associated with magnetic flux leakage ILI tools.
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Little, Richard, John Avis, Nicola Calder, Nava Garisto, Paul Gierszewski, Helen Leung, Laura Limer, et al. "A Preliminary Postclosure Safety Assessment of OPG’s Proposed L&ILW Deep Geologic Repository, Canada." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16289.
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Ontario Power Generation (OPG) is proposing to build a Deep Geologic Respository (DGR) for Low and Intermediate Level Waste (L&ILW) near the existing Western Waste Management Facility at the Bruce site in the Municipality of Kincardine, Ontario. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), on behalf of OPG, is currently preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Preliminary Safety Report (PSR) for the proposed repository. This involves investigation of the site’s geological and surface environmental characteristics, conceptual design of the DGR, and technical studies to demonstrate the operational and long-term safety of the proposed facility. A preliminary postclosure safety assessment (SA) was undertaken in 2008 and 2009. Consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of the EIS for the DGR and the regulatory guide on assessing the long-term safety of radioactive waste management, the SA evaluated the DGR’s performance and its potential impact on human health and the environment through pathway analysis of contaminant releases, contaminant transport, receptor exposure and potential effects. Consideration was given to the expected long-term evolution of the repository and site following closure (the Normal Evolution Scenario) and four disruptive (“what if”) scenarios (Human Intrusion, Severe Shaft Seal Failure, Open Borehole, and Extreme Earthquake), which considered events with uncertain or low probability that could disrupt the repository system. Conceptual and mathematical models were developed and then implemented in a range of software tools including AMBER, to provide estimates of impacts such as dose, FRAC3DVS, for detailed 2D and 3D groundwater flow and transport calculations, and T2GGM, a code that couples the Gas Generation Model (GGM) and TOUGH2 and models the generation of gas in the repository and its subsequent 2D transport through the geosphere. Calculations have been undertaken to assess the impact of radionuclides on human and non-human biota and the impact of non-radioactive species on humans and the environment. The results indicate that the DGR system provides a high level of postclosure safety.