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Journal articles on the topic 'Rangifer Rangifer'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Reimers, Eigil, and Jonathan E. Colman. "Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) response towards human activities." Rangifer 26, no. 2 (2009): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.26.2.188.

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We address the question of how human activities and infrastructure influence reindeer/caribou’s (Rangifer tarandus) behaviour and habitat use and review studies based on current methodologies. Anthropogenic activities have a direct affect on Rangifer behaviour through the senses hearing, sight and smell, and all of these are important tools for behavioural risk assessment. Short term indirect responses, such as habituation, sensitisation, avoidance, and displacement, develop through neutral, positive or negative associations towards stimulus in terms of Rangifer’s ability to experience, learn,

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2

Handeland, K., A. Skorping, S. Stuen, and T. Slettbakk. "Experimental studies of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): Clinical observations." Rangifer 14, no. 2 (1994): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.14.2.1138.

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Clinical observations were made on 12 reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) experimentally infected with 200-1000 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 2.5-196 days post inoculation (p.i). Seven experimental animals autopsied later than 20 days p.i. all developed neurologic signs starting 4-8 weeks p.i. In six of these animals, signs lasted until autopsy 0-12 weeks after onset. The seventh animal recovered completely after a disease period lasting five months. A dose-response relationship between the infective dose and severity of signs was observed. Clinical sign

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3

Stéen, Margarets, Ibrahim Warsame, and Arne Skorping. "Experimental infection of reindeer, sheep and goats with Elaphostrongylus spp. (Nematoda, Protostrongylidae) from moose and reindeer." Rangifer 18, no. 6 (1998): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.2.1448.

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Six reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), five sheep and six goats (Ovis ovis and Capra hircus) were experimentally infected with the nematode Elaphostrongylus alces. Additionally, one sheep was infected with E. rangiferi. Reindeer infected with E. alces showed no neurological signs. Sheep and goats infected with the same parasite also remained clinically healthy; however, the sheep infected with E. rangiferi showed severe neurological signs and became paralysed. Pathological lesions were minimal in reindeer and domestic ruminants infected with E. alces, but were prominent in the lamb infected with E.

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4

Nikander, Sven. "Nikander's Thesis: Studies on the exocrine ducts of the pancreas and the liver in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)." Rangifer 11, no. 2 (1991): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.1.971.

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<p>This thesis is based on the following papers, which will be referred to in the next by their Roman numerals:</p><p>I Nikander, S. 1990. On the anatomy and topography of the pancreas and the pancreatic duct in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Rangifer 10: 25-29.</p><p>II Rahko, T. &amp; Nikander, S. 1990. Macroscopical and microscopical studies of the common bile duct in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Rangifer 10: 3-8.</p><p>III Rahko, T. &amp; Nikander, S. 1990. Histochemical studies of the common bile duct in reindeer. R

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5

Cronin, Matthew A., Michael D. MacNeil, and John C. Patton. "Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA Variation in Domestic Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and Relationships with Wild Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, and Rangifer tarandus caribou)." Journal of Heredity 97, no. 5 (2006): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl012.

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6

Haugerud (ed.), Rolf Egil. "Rangifer Volume 18, 1998." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (1998): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.3-4.1473.

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7

Anderson, David G. "Rangifer and human interests." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (2000): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1510.

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This article reviews biological and anthropological literatute on wild and tame Rangifer to demonstrate the powerful effect that this species has had on the imaginations of biologists, social scientists and local hunters. Through identifying a general 'human interest' in Rangifer, the author argues that there is great potential for these three communities to work together. To demonstrate this idea, the paper reviews several examples of successful and unsuccessful 'alliances' between local peoples and both natural and social scientists which have had a fundamental impact upon the history of the

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8

Haugerud (ed.), Rolf Egil. "Rangifer - an online journal." Rangifer 28, no. 1 (2008): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.28.1.157.

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9

Taylor, Rebecca S., Rebekah L. Horn, Xi Zhang, G. Brian Golding, Micheline Manseau, and Paul J. Wilson. "The Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Genome." Genes 10, no. 7 (2019): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070540.

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Rangifer tarandus, known as caribou or reindeer, is a widespread circumpolar species which presents significant variability in their morphology, ecology, and genetics. A genome was sequenced from a male boreal caribou (R. t. caribou) from Manitoba, Canada. Both paired end and Chicago libraries were constructed and sequenced on Illumina platforms. The final assembly consists of approximately 2.205 Gb, and has a scaffold N50 of 11.765 Mb. BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) reconstructed 3820 (93.1%) complete mammalian genes, and genome annotation identified the locations of 33,

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10

Flydal, Kjetil, Andreas Hermansen, Per Enger, and Eigil Reimers. "Hearing in reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 187, no. 4 (2001): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590100198.

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11

Aas-Hansen, Øyvind, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix. "Panting in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 4 (2000): R1190—R1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1190.

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Two winter-insulated Norwegian reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were exposed to air temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 38°C while standing at rest in a climatic chamber. The direction of airflow through nose and mouth, and the total and the nasal minute volumes, respectively, were determined during both closed- and open-mouth panting. The animals alternated between closed- and open-mouth panting, but the proportion of open-mouth panting increased with increasing heat load. The shifts from closed- to open-mouth panting were abrupt and always associated with a rise in respiratory frequency an

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12

Pruitt, Jr., William O., and Hubert Pepper. "«Pepper's patches» on Rangifer pelage." Rangifer 6, no. 2 (1986): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.2.650.

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We describe and give frequencies of occurrence of a rarely-mentioned pattern of spots in Rangifer pelage. We also show that the pattern was well-known to Palaeolithic humans who recorded it in their cave art. We also discuss some of the symbolic possibilities resulting from the recognition by Palaeolithic humans of the biological characteristics of the pattern in Rangifer.

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13

Handeland, K. "Experimental Studies of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, and Pathology." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 41, no. 1-10 (1994): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1994.tb00238.x.

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14

Gjerde, Bjørn. "Ultrastructure of the cysts of Sarcocystis rangiferi from skeletal muscle of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (1985): 2669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-399.

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Cysts of Sarcocystis rangiferi from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The cysts were located within skeletal muscle cells which were encapsulated by a thick layer of connective tissue. The connective tissue capsule consisted of numerous fibroblasts and a matrix with a moderate number of collagen fibrils, and represents an analogue of the so-called secondary cyst wall of Sarcocystis gigantea and various Besnoitia species. The cysts were limited by a unit membrane, the cyst membrane, which in part was reinforced by a thin subjacent layer of

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15

Mathiesen, Svein D., V. B. Rædergård, M. A. Vader, et al. "Salivary glands in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Rangifer 19, no. 1 (1999): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.19.1.289.

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<p>The aim of this investigation was to compare the size of salivaty glands in Svalbard reindeer {Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in relation to feeding strategy, season and reproductive status. The mean body mass (BM, standard deviation j) in adult non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer was 72.0, s = 4.2, kg (n = 8) in September and 46.7, s = 7.1, kg (&laquo; = 4) in April. The mean BM of adult non-lactating Norwegian reindeer was 67.5, s = 7.7, kg (&raquo; = 8) in September and 59.2, s = 9.6, kg (n = 9) in March. In non-lactatin

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16

Mallory, Conor D., and Mark S. Boyce. "Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer." Environmental Reviews 26, no. 1 (2018): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0032.

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The ability of many species to adapt to the shifting environmental conditions associated with climate change will be a key determinant of their persistence in the coming decades. This is a challenge already faced by species in the Arctic, where rapid environmental change is well underway. Caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) play a key role in Arctic ecosystems and provide irreplaceable socioeconomic value to many northern peoples. Recent decades have seen declines in many Rangifer populations, and there is strong concern that climate change is threatening the viability of this iconic Arct

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17

Gripenberg, Ulla, and Mauri Nieminen. "The chromosomes of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Rangifer 6, no. 1 (1986): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.1-app.625.

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18

Reimers, Eigil. "Rangifer population ecology: a Scandinavian perspective." Rangifer 17, no. 3 (1997): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.17.3.1359.

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Population ecology is concerned with measuring changes in population size and composition, and identifying the causes of these fluctuations. Important driving variables include animal body size and growth rate, and their relationship to reproduction and mortality. Among wild and domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), reproductive performance, calving time, calf birth weight and neonatal mortality are strongly correlated to maternal weight. Heavy females enjoy higher pregnancy rates, calve earlier, and give birth to heavier calves which have a higher neonatal survival rate than light f

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19

Haugerud (ed.), Rolf Egil. "Rangifer vol 17, Nos. 1-3." Rangifer 17, no. 3 (1997): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.17.3.1367.

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20

Gordon, Bryan. "Rangifer and man: An ancient relationship." Rangifer 23, no. 5 (2003): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.23.5.1651.

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A long-term relationship between Rangifer and humans is documented in three case studies: the Canadian Barrenlands (8000 years ago to Historic period), Ice-Age France (11 000-19 000 years ago) and Mesolithic Russia (7000&not;10 000 years ago). Ancient human and herd migration occurred in all areas, based upon Rangifer remains and seasonal variations in tools along reconstructed migration routes, with few if any hunting camps outside the routes. An April peak of ancient human births is inferred from the historic record where we see births occurring nine months after peak nutritional states

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21

Nagy, Sz, H. Lindeberg, E. Nikitkina, et al. "Reproduction of male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Animal Reproduction Science 227 (April 2021): 106722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106722.

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22

Skjenneberg (editor), Sven. "Samnordisk reinforskningskonferanse, Hemavan 1981: Tap av rein." Rangifer 2, no. 1-App (2013): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.2.1-app.448.

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23

Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. "Evolution of the Dawson caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 5 (2002): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-062.

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The Dawson caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni) was a rare subspecies of caribou that inhabited Haida Gwaii, an archipelago located 80 km off the west coast of Canada. It became extinct during the early part of the 20th century and to this day all that remains of Dawson caribou are several pelts, skulls, and antlers. With the exception of a physical description based on these remains, not much is known about the taxonomy of this subspecies of caribou. Using molecular and ancient-DNA techniques, we sequenced 215 base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and compared these sequences with

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24

Chief, Editor in. "Key note presentations, 10th Arctic Ungualate Conference, Tromsø, Norway, 1999." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (2000): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1478.

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Two hundred delegates from 14 countries attended and presented more than 150 scientific papers, making it one of the biggest Arctic Ungulate Conferences ever. The scientific and social programme as well as the abstracts have been published in Rangifer Report No. 4, 1999. In an important break with normal practice, keynote speakers included scientists of international reputation who do not normally work with Arctic ungulates. They were asked to review recent work in northern species/ecosystems thus providing the conference with novel criticism and new perpectives. Their papers are published in

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25

Malygina, Natalia Vladimirovna, and Platon Gennad'evich Surkov. "On the modeling of water obstacles overcoming by Rangifer tarandus L." Computer Research and Modeling 11, no. 5 (2019): 895–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/2076-7633-2019-11-5-895-910.

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26

Ball, Mark C., Murray W. Lankester, and Shane P. Mahoney. "REGULAR ARTICLES / ARTICLES RÉGULIERSFactors affecting the distribution and transmission of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi (Protostrongylidae) in caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) of Newfoundland, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 7 (2001): 1265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-080.

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Elaphostrongylus rangiferi was introduced to caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) of Newfoundland by infected reindeer (R. t. tarandus) from Norway and has caused at least two epizootics of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE), a debilitating neurologic disease. In an attempt to understand the conditions necessary for such outbreaks, we examined the effects of herd density and climatic factors on parasite abundance. The abundance of E. rangiferi was represented by counts of first-stage larvae in feces collected from young caribou (calves and yearlings) in 7 distinct caribou herds in Newfoundl

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27

Klein, D. R., M. Meldgaard, and S. G. Fancy. "Factors Determining Leg Length in Rangifer tarandus." Journal of Mammalogy 68, no. 3 (1987): 642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381597.

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28

Fontaine, Pierre A. "REINDEER Rangifer tarandus) AT THE DALLAS ZOO." International Zoo Yearbook 3, no. 1 (2008): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03401.x.

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29

Järplid, Bertil, and Claes Rehbinder. "Lymphoma in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Rangifer 15, no. 1 (1995): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.15.1.1155.

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In reindeer, only one case of lymphoma, a multiple cutaneous malignant lymphoma, has been reported hitherto. This communicaton describes two additional cases of lymphoma in reindeer. One was a young adult, of unreported sex, slaughtered 1994 in Harads in northern Sweden and the other an elderly female slaughtered 1974 in Str&ouml;mstad in middle Sweden.

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30

Chernyavskii, Felix B., and Mikhail A. Kretchmar. "Wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus (L.) in Chukotka." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (1998): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.3-4.1456.

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We reviewed historical records of the abundance and distribution of wild reindeer {Rangifer tarandus L.) in Chukotka and studied reindeer numbers, distribution and behavior from 1983 to 1993. There were large numbers of wild reindeer in Chukotka until the end of the eighteenth century, but during the nineteenth century the population declined probably from intensive harvest after the introduction of firearms by the Cossacks. During the nineteenth century herding of domestic reindeer also increased, and reindeer herders continued to hunt wild reindeer intensively. During the 1950s there were on

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31

Williams, T. Mark, and Douglas C. Heard. "World status of wild Rangifer tarandus populations." Rangifer 6, no. 2 (1986): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.2.553.

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We recognized 184 herds of wild Rangifer tarandus, 102 in North America, 55 in Europe, 24 in Asia and 3 on South Georgia. Seventy-five percent of the world population of 3.3 to 3.9 million animals occurred in nine herds. All seven herds larger than 120 000 animals were censused by some means of aerial photography and all were increasing. Herds between 20 000 and 120 000 were most often censused using aerial strip transect methods, while total counts were usually employed to census smaller herds. The most pronounced changes in Rangifer herd status between 1979 and 1985 occurred in North America

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32

Skjenneberg (ed.), Sven. "3. nordiske reinforskermøte, Rovaniemi 1986." Rangifer 6, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.1-app.559.

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33

Skjenneberg (ed.), Sven. "The First Arctic Ungulate Conference (AUC) 1991." Rangifer 11, no. 2 (1991): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.2.975.

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<p>The First Arctic Ungulate Conference (AUC) was held in Nuuk, Greenland, 3-8 September, 1991. It was planned as the Third International Muskox Symposium, but it was subsequently merged with the Sixth International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium into a AUC.</p><p>Regarding Proceedings, the Conference at Nuuk decided, in order to speed up the rate of publication, papers delivered at the AUC at Nuuk should appear in ordinary issues of RANGIFER. Consequently papers of the 1991 AUC will be found in Rangifer vols. 11-14.</p>

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34

Loginova and Belova. "HELMINTOFAUNA OF THE YOUNG REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS) IN THE LENINGRAD REGION." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.199-202.

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Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) traditionally inhabit the circumpolar territories. However, in recent years, about ten reindeer farms have been created in the Leningrad Region, in which imported animals began to breed. Freshly excreted feces of calves were collected in the ethnic park Lesnaya Izbushka and in the zoo Shishki Na Lampushke in the summer of 2019 and on the day of sampling they were delivered to the Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Diseases at the Department of Parasitology of the St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. Ovoscopy was performed according to the Darling

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35

Di Giuseppe, Antonella M. A., Jolanda V. Caso, Valeria Severino, et al. "Insight into the structural and functional features of myoglobin from Hystrix cristata L. and Rangifer tarandus L." RSC Advances 5, no. 33 (2015): 26388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01316j.

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36

Mathiesen, S. D., M. A. Vader, V. B. Rœdergård, et al. "Functional Anatomy of the Omasum in High Arctic Svalbard Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and Norwegian Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41, no. 1 (2000): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03549653.

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Hull, Emily, Mitchell Semeniuk, Hanna-Leena Puolakka, Sanna-Mari Kynkäänniemi, and Sirpa Niinimäki. "Tendons and ligaments of the Rangifer tarandus metapodial and hoof." Polar Biology 44, no. 9 (2021): 1803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02919-z.

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AbstractRangifer tarandus, the northern species including both reindeer and caribou, is a pillar of northern ecosystems and the lives of northern peoples. As the only domestic cervid, reindeer are important not only to the herders and hunters who presently interact with them, but also to zooarchaeologists and palaeontologists tracing their histories. Unfortunately, limited anatomical information on Rangifer tarandus muscles is available beyond descriptions of the large muscle groups. The lower limb and hoof in particular is poorly documented. This is problematic, as this important body part ha

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Skírnisson, Karl, and Christine Cuyler. "Eimeria rangiferis (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) reported from caribou in Ameralik, West Greenland." Rangifer 35, no. 1 (2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.35.1.3335.

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In recent decades the native Barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) south of the Godthaabs fjord (Nuup Kangerlua fjord) in West Greenland have mixed with semi-domesticated Norwegian reindeer (R. t. tarandus) imported in 1952 from Finnmark Norway and released onto the range of the Ameralik caribou population. Fecal samples from three calves of the Ameralik caribou population were examined for the presence of nematode eggs and eimerid oocysts. Two distinct nematode egg types were observed: the first, Nematodirella longissimespiculata, was found in all calves, while the second, a

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39

Eloranta, E., V. Ojutkangas, M. Nieminen, J. Leppäluoto, O. Vakkuri, and J. Timisjärvi. "Melatonin secretion in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Rangifer 10, no. 3 (1990): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.861.

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40

Nieminen, Mauri. "Hoof and foot loads for reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Rangifer 10, no. 3 (1990): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.865.

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Hoof and foot measurements and body weights were taken from 60 living semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) (8 female and 13 male calves, 10 young females (age 2 yrs), 9 young males (age 2-3 yrs) and 20 adult hinds) at the Kaamanen Reindeer Research Station during the winter 1988. The outline of the hooves and the feet (hoof + dew claws) from front and hind legs were drawn when pressed down on a hard substrate in a natural position. Measurements were taken also from foot prints of 26 wild forest reindeer (R. t. fennicus Ldnn.) (7 calves, 11 hinds and 8 stags) made on hard

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41

Dubey, J. P., B. Lewis, K. Beam, and B. Abbitt. "Transplacental toxoplasmosis in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) fetus." Veterinary Parasitology 110, no. 1-2 (2002): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00320-5.

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42

Palmer, Mitchell V., William C. Stoffregen, Douglas G. Rogers, et al. "West Nile Virus Infection in Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16, no. 3 (2004): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600307.

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43

Vemireddi, Vimala, Alok Sharma, Ching Ching Wu, and Tsang Long Lin. "Systemic Nocardiosis in a Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, no. 3 (2007): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900320.

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44

Cunningham, A., N. Tyler, and A. Levene. "Cholangioma in a Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)." Veterinary Record 132, no. 5 (1993): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.5.112.

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45

Teece, S., B. A. Foex, and K. Mackway-Jones. "Weather dependent nasal erythema in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Emergency Medicine Journal 24, no. 12 (2007): 848–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2007.055004.

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46

Cronin, M. A., J. C. Patton, N. Balmysheva, and M. D. MacNeil. "Genetic variation in caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus )." Animal Genetics 34, no. 1 (2003): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00927.x.

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47

Engelhardt, Sacha C., Robert B. Weladji, Øystein Holand, Knut H. Røed, and Mauri Nieminen. "Evidence of Reciprocal Allonursing in Reindeer,Rangifer tarandus." Ethology 121, no. 3 (2014): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12334.

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Gaare, Eldar. "A hypothesis to explain lichen-Rangifer dynamic relationships." Rangifer 17, no. 1 (1997): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.17.1.377.

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Abstract:

A small group of fruticous lichen species, viz. Cetraria nivalis, Cladonia mitis, C. stellaris, and Stereocaulon paschale forms extensive mats in the most winter habitats of Rangifer tarandus populations in Norway. The plant communities accessible for grazing are often found on easily drained, moraine ridges. These lichen species are perennial, lying on the ground while growing slowly at the top. As they decompose they add humus to the top of the soil profile. The lichen mats catch all water from small showers, thus preventing vascular plants from obtaining a more regular water supply. Grazing

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Schaefer, James A. "Incorporating spatial scale into ecological studies of Rangifer." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (1998): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.5.1563.

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Heggberget, Thrine Moen. "Retrospective reproduction analysis in female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Rangifer 22, no. 1 (2002): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.22.1.695.

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