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Journal articles on the topic 'Rangifer tarandus'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Cronin, Matthew A., Michael D. MacNeil, and John C. Patton. "Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA Variation in Domestic Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and Relationships with Wild Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, and Rangifer tarandus caribou)." Journal of Heredity 97, no. 5 (July 12, 2006): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl012.

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2

Reimers, Eigil, and Jonathan E. Colman. "Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) response towards human activities." Rangifer 26, no. 2 (January 28, 2009): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.26.2.188.

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We address the question of how human activities and infrastructure influence reindeer/caribou’s (Rangifer tarandus) behaviour and habitat use and review studies based on current methodologies. Anthropogenic activities have a direct affect on Rangifer behaviour through the senses hearing, sight and smell, and all of these are important tools for behavioural risk assessment. Short term indirect responses, such as habituation, sensitisation, avoidance, and displacement, develop through neutral, positive or negative associations towards stimulus in terms of Rangifer’s ability to experience, learn, and remember. Long term behavioural responses develop through interaction with predators and, for reindeer, also domestication. A survey of the literature dealing with behavioural studies reveals that although Rangifer in most cases retreat from anthropogenic activities, comfort distances (i.e. distances beyond which animal behaviour or activity are not influenced) are relatively short. In most cases, energetic implications appear moderate and small compared to other natural, biotic influences such as disturbance (and death) caused by insect and/or predator harassment. Unless obstructing access, physical constructions of various kinds apparently have limited effects on Rangifer behaviour or habitat use. On the other hand, constructions that do obstruct or limit access and recreational or other motorized and non-motorized activities appear to have stronger impacts on avoidance and redistribution of Rangifer. Behavioural effects that might decrease survival and reproduction include retreat from favourable habitat near disturbance sources and reduction of time spent feeding with resulting energy depletion over time. Rangifer habitat use, habitat avoidance, and feeding preferences are governed by a complexity of natural interacting factors. Domestication, habituation and sensitisation are essential in shaping Rangifer’s adaptability, and should be included in future studies on reindeer and caribou responses towards various anthropogenic activities. Although cumulative effects from human activities are likely, it remains difficult to separate these from natural variations in Rangifer habitat use and demography. Habitat avoidance towards various human infrastructures and activities is reported, but most studies reporting relatively far (4-25 km) avoidance distances relied on measurements of range properties and animal distribution recorded on 1-2 days annually in winter to induce a potential response from the animals and lack important environmental variables and/or alternative hypothesises. This methodology should be improved in order to enable identification of correlation versus causation. Studies relying on animal behaviour measurements can more correctly identify and test responses to various stimuli while also controlling for degree of domestication and other various environmental variables, but only in a limited time and spatial scale. Furthermore, such studies may not necessarily capture potential population consequences from disturbances. Thus, there are important weaknesses in the two leading methodologies (measuring animal behaviour and indirectly mapping regional/population movements and habitat use through measurements of range properties). To best study Rangifer’s responses towards anthropogenic infrastructure and activities, we propose that the two methodologies be combined and supplied with modern GPS/telemetry.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag:Rein og caribous reaksjon på forskjellige menneskelige aktiviteter og installasjoner Vi adresserer spørsmålet om hvordan menneskelig aktivitet og infrastruktur påvirker rein/caribous (Rangifer tarandus) atferd og områdebruk og gjennomgår publiserte arbeider basert på aktuelle metoder. Antropogene aktiviteter har direkte effekt på reinens atferd via hørsel, syn og lukt; alle er viktige for deres risikovurdering. Kortsiktige indirekte reaksjonsmønstre, slik som habituering, sensitivisering, unnvikelse og fortrengning utvikles gjennom nøytrale, positive eller negative opplevelser av stimuli i henhold til erfaring, læring og hukommelse. Utviklingen av permanente atferdsmønstre skjer ved samvirke med predatorer og for reinens del, også ved domestisering. En litteraturoversikt om atferdsstudier viser at selv om Rangifer i de fleste tilfeller unnviker antropogene virksomheter, så er de avstander dyrene velger å ha mellom seg og infrastruktur uten at normalatferden endres, relativt korte. De energimessige implikasjonene er også beskjedne sammenlignet med virkningen av naturlige stressfaktorer så som forstyrrelser (og død) forårsaket av insekter og predatorer. Fysiske installasjoner av ulik art har også begrenset effekt med mindre de fysisk hindrer Rangifers områdebruk. På den annen side vil fysiske installasjoner, som hindrer eller begrenser bruken av områder, og trafikk, både fottrafikk og trafikk med motorkjøretøy, kunne ha sterkere virkning på unnvikelsesatferd og områdebruk. Atferdsmessige effekter som kan redusere overlevelse og reproduksjon omfatter unnvikelse fra beiteområder nær forstyrrelseskilder. For Rangifer er det negative resultatet av dette øket aktivitet, redusert beitetid og nedbygging av energireserver. Rangifers områdebruk, unnvikelsesatferd og næringspreferanser bestemmes ut fra et kompleks av naturlige og gjensidig påvirkende faktorer. Domestisering, habituering og sensitivisering som er sentrale begrep i utformningen av Rangifers tilpasningsevne, bør inkluderes i fremtidige studier av rein og caribous reaksjon på antropogene aktiviteter. Selv om en kumulativ atferdseffekt av menneskelige aktiviteter er mulig, er det vanskelig å skille slike fra naturlige variasjoner som følge av variasjoner i områdebruk og bestandsdynamiske forhold. Habitatunnvikelse som følge av menneskelig påvirkning er rapportert. De fleste studiene som rapporterer relativt lange unnvikelsesavstander (4-25 km) er imidlertid basert på målinger av beiteslitasje og lokalisering av dyr registrert i løpet av 1-2 dager årlig i løpet av vinteren og mangler viktige miljøparametere og/eller alternative hypoteser. Denne metoden bør forbedres for å kunne skille mellom korrelasjon og kausalitet. Målinger av atferd gjør mulig en mer korrekt testing av Rangifers reaksjon på ulike antropogene stimuli samtidig som man kontrollerer for graden av domestisering og forskjellige miljøfaktorer. Atferdsstudiene avgrenses imidlertid i både tid og rom og vil vanligvis ikke fange opp eventuelle bestandsdynamiske konsekvenser av forstyrrelser. Det hefter følgelig svakheter ved begge de to dominerende metodene som i dag anvendes; måling av atferd og bestandsfordeling og indirekte kartlegging av områdebruk ved måling av beiteslitasje. For å oppnå en bedre studiedesign for måling av Rangifers reaksjon på antropogen infrastruktur og tilknyttede aktiviteter foreslår vi at de to metodene kombineres og suppleres med GPS/telemetri teknologi.

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3

Handeland, K., A. Skorping, S. Stuen, and T. Slettbakk. "Experimental studies of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): Clinical observations." Rangifer 14, no. 2 (December 1, 1994): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.14.2.1138.

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Clinical observations were made on 12 reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) experimentally infected with 200-1000 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 2.5-196 days post inoculation (p.i). Seven experimental animals autopsied later than 20 days p.i. all developed neurologic signs starting 4-8 weeks p.i. In six of these animals, signs lasted until autopsy 0-12 weeks after onset. The seventh animal recovered completely after a disease period lasting five months. A dose-response relationship between the infective dose and severity of signs was observed. Clinical signs observed in all affected animals were paraparesis, tail paresis and posterior ataxia. Other signs included lowered head, general weakness, lameness, tetraparesis, scoliosis, anal hypotonia, head and neck turn, depression and reduced vision. The prepa-tent period was 4-4.5 months.

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4

Nikander, Sven. "Nikander's Thesis: Studies on the exocrine ducts of the pancreas and the liver in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)." Rangifer 11, no. 2 (October 1, 1991): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.1.971.

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<p>This thesis is based on the following papers, which will be referred to in the next by their Roman numerals:</p><p>I Nikander, S. 1990. On the anatomy and topography of the pancreas and the pancreatic duct in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Rangifer 10: 25-29.</p><p>II Rahko, T. & Nikander, S. 1990. Macroscopical and microscopical studies of the common bile duct in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Rangifer 10: 3-8.</p><p>III Rahko, T. & Nikander, S. 1990. Histochemical studies of the common bile duct in reindeer. Rangifer 10: 9-15.</p><p>IV Rahko, T. & Nikander, S. 1990. Electron microscopical studies of the common bile duct in reindeer. Rangifer 10: 17-23.</p><p>V Nikander, S. & Rahko, T. 1990. Ultra-structure of granulated cells in the bile duct of reindeer. Rangifer Special Issue No. 3: 363-367.</p>

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5

Mathiesen, Svein D., V. B. Rædergård, M. A. Vader, Ø. E. Haga, H. J. Norberg, W. Sørmoe, and N. J. C. Tyler. "Salivary glands in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Rangifer 19, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.19.1.289.

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<p>The aim of this investigation was to compare the size of salivaty glands in Svalbard reindeer {Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in relation to feeding strategy, season and reproductive status. The mean body mass (BM, standard deviation j) in adult non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer was 72.0, s = 4.2, kg (n = 8) in September and 46.7, s = 7.1, kg (« = 4) in April. The mean BM of adult non-lactating Norwegian reindeer was 67.5, s = 7.7, kg (» = 8) in September and 59.2, s = 9.6, kg (n = 9) in March. In non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer the mean combined mass of parotid glands was 82.7, s = 4.5, g in September and 58.8, s = 8.7, g in April (P < 0.05). In the Norwegian reindeer the mean combined mass of the parotid glands was 95.2, s = 14.4, g in Septembet and 68.1, s = 9.5, g in Match (P < 0.05). We wete not able to find any sub-species differences in the size of the salivaty glands which could be related to phenotypic difference in feeding strategy. Both sub-species had parotid glands sizes similar to that of intermediate ruminant types, ranging from 0.11-0.14% of BM. The larger absolute size of salivaty glands in summer compared to winter reflects the importance of high rates of production of saliva when the dry matter intake and microbial fermentation is high.</p>

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6

Järplid, Bertil, and Claes Rehbinder. "Lymphoma in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Rangifer 15, no. 1 (December 1, 1995): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.15.1.1155.

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In reindeer, only one case of lymphoma, a multiple cutaneous malignant lymphoma, has been reported hitherto. This communicaton describes two additional cases of lymphoma in reindeer. One was a young adult, of unreported sex, slaughtered 1994 in Harads in northern Sweden and the other an elderly female slaughtered 1974 in Strömstad in middle Sweden.

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7

Eloranta, E., V. Ojutkangas, M. Nieminen, J. Leppäluoto, O. Vakkuri, and J. Timisjärvi. "Melatonin secretion in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Rangifer 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.861.

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8

Vemireddi, Vimala, Alok Sharma, Ching Ching Wu, and Tsang Long Lin. "Systemic Nocardiosis in a Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, no. 3 (May 2007): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900320.

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9

Taylor, Rebecca S., Rebekah L. Horn, Xi Zhang, G. Brian Golding, Micheline Manseau, and Paul J. Wilson. "The Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Genome." Genes 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070540.

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Rangifer tarandus, known as caribou or reindeer, is a widespread circumpolar species which presents significant variability in their morphology, ecology, and genetics. A genome was sequenced from a male boreal caribou (R. t. caribou) from Manitoba, Canada. Both paired end and Chicago libraries were constructed and sequenced on Illumina platforms. The final assembly consists of approximately 2.205 Gb, and has a scaffold N50 of 11.765 Mb. BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) reconstructed 3820 (93.1%) complete mammalian genes, and genome annotation identified the locations of 33,177 protein-coding genes. An alignment to the bovine genome was carried out, indicating sequence coverage on all bovine chromosomes. A high-quality reference genome will be invaluable for evolutionary research and for conservation efforts for the species. Further information about the genome, including a FASTA file of the assembly and the annotation files, is available on our caribou genome website. Raw sequence data is available at the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), under the BioProject accession number PRJNA549927.

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10

Aas-Hansen, Øyvind, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix. "Panting in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): R1190—R1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1190.

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Two winter-insulated Norwegian reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were exposed to air temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 38°C while standing at rest in a climatic chamber. The direction of airflow through nose and mouth, and the total and the nasal minute volumes, respectively, were determined during both closed- and open-mouth panting. The animals alternated between closed- and open-mouth panting, but the proportion of open-mouth panting increased with increasing heat load. The shifts from closed- to open-mouth panting were abrupt and always associated with a rise in respiratory frequency and respiratory minute volume. During open-mouth panting, the direction of airflow was bidirectional in both nose and mouth, but only 2.4 ± (SD) 1.1% of the air was routed through the nose. Estimates suggest that the potential for selective brain cooling is markedly reduced during open-mouth panting in reindeer as a consequence of this airflow pattern.

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11

Flydal, Kjetil, Andreas Hermansen, Per Enger, and Eigil Reimers. "Hearing in reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus )." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 187, no. 4 (May 1, 2001): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590100198.

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12

Gjerde, Bjørn. "Ultrastructure of the cysts of Sarcocystis rangiferi from skeletal muscle of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-399.

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Cysts of Sarcocystis rangiferi from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The cysts were located within skeletal muscle cells which were encapsulated by a thick layer of connective tissue. The connective tissue capsule consisted of numerous fibroblasts and a matrix with a moderate number of collagen fibrils, and represents an analogue of the so-called secondary cyst wall of Sarcocystis gigantea and various Besnoitia species. The cysts were limited by a unit membrane, the cyst membrane, which in part was reinforced by a thin subjacent layer of electron-dense material. The cyst surface was covered by closely packed, villiform protrusions, measuring 12–14 μm in length and 8 μm in diameter. The cyst membrane formed vesiclelike invaginations at and between the bases of the protrusions. Cyst ground substance divided the interior of the cyst into numerous compartments containing metrocytes or cystozoites. The cystozoites multiplied by endodyogeny.

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13

Handeland, K. "Experimental Studies of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, and Pathology." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 41, no. 1-10 (January 12, 1994): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1994.tb00238.x.

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14

Mathiesen, S. D., M. A. Vader, V. B. Rœdergård, W. Sørmo, Ø. E. Haga, N. J. C. Tyler, and R. R. Hofmann. "Functional Anatomy of the Omasum in High Arctic Svalbard Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and Norwegian Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41, no. 1 (March 2000): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03549653.

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15

Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. "Evolution of the Dawson caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-062.

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The Dawson caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni) was a rare subspecies of caribou that inhabited Haida Gwaii, an archipelago located 80 km off the west coast of Canada. It became extinct during the early part of the 20th century and to this day all that remains of Dawson caribou are several pelts, skulls, and antlers. With the exception of a physical description based on these remains, not much is known about the taxonomy of this subspecies of caribou. Using molecular and ancient-DNA techniques, we sequenced 215 base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and compared these sequences with those from conspecifics Rangifer tarandus caribou (woodland caribou) and Rangifer tarandus granti (barren-ground caribou). These analyses suggest that the Dawson caribou was not genetically distinct. The unique morphology characterizing this extinct form of caribou may have been of recent origin, either from local selection pressures or from environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity.

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16

Skjenneberg (ed.), Sven. "Terje Skogland; Life history charcteristics of wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in relation to their food resources; ecological effects and behavioral adaptations." Rangifer 5, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.5.2.541.

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The thesis Life history characteristics of wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) is approved for the Phil.dr's degree at the University of Oslo. The dissertation took place in Oslo November 9. 1985.

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17

Evans, Alina L., Marianne Lian, Carlos G. das Neves, Øystein Os, Roy Andersen, Ronny Aanes, Olav Strand, Morten Tryland, and Jon M. Arnemo. "Physiologic Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine Anesthesia in Free-ranging Svalbard (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and Wild Norwegian Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49, no. 4 (October 2013): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-03-049.

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18

Glover, G. J., M. Swendrowski, and R. J. Cawthorn. "AN EPIZOOTIC OF BESNOITIOSIS IN CAPTIVE CARIBOU (RANGIFER TARANDUS CARIBOU), REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS TARANDUS) AND MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS HEMIONUS)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26, no. 2 (April 1990): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-26.2.186.

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19

Folstad, Ivar, Arne C. Nilssen, Odd Halvorsen, and Johan Andersen. "Parasite avoidance: the cause of post-calving migrations in Rangifer?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-340.

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Intensities of warble fly larvae, Hypoderma tarandi (L.), were examined in slaughtered reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) from different summer grazing areas of Finnmark County, northern Norway. To test the hypothesis that larval abundance decreases with increase in post-calving migration distance (i.e., distance from calving grounds), herds with differing migration distances were sampled. The prevalence of infection in the total sample of 1168 animals was 99.9%. The study revealed significant differences in larval abundance among herds from different summer grazing areas. Herds with post-calving migrations have significantly lower larval abundances than herds remaining on or near the calving grounds for the whole summer. Between-herds variation in abundance of H. tarandi larvae is assumed to reflect differing densities of the infective stage (adult flies) on the herds' summer ranges. Larval abundance in a herd is in turn negatively correlated with the distance between the main larval shedding areas (i.e., calving grounds) and the areas of greatest transmission (i.e., summer pastures). These results are discussed in relation to transmission of other parasites common to Rangifer and suggest that this host's post-calving migration may be a behavioural adaptation that reduces levels of parasitic infections.

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20

REH, Ed. "Eva Wiklund; Pre-slaughter handling of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) - effects on meat quality." Rangifer 17, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.17.2.1357.

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Eva Wiklund defended her PhD-thesis in Agriculture "Pre-slaughter handling of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) - effects on meat quality" at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden, on December 20, 1996.

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21

Hull, Emily, Mitchell Semeniuk, Hanna-Leena Puolakka, Sanna-Mari Kynkäänniemi, and Sirpa Niinimäki. "Tendons and ligaments of the Rangifer tarandus metapodial and hoof." Polar Biology 44, no. 9 (July 26, 2021): 1803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02919-z.

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AbstractRangifer tarandus, the northern species including both reindeer and caribou, is a pillar of northern ecosystems and the lives of northern peoples. As the only domestic cervid, reindeer are important not only to the herders and hunters who presently interact with them, but also to zooarchaeologists and palaeontologists tracing their histories. Unfortunately, limited anatomical information on Rangifer tarandus muscles is available beyond descriptions of the large muscle groups. The lower limb and hoof in particular is poorly documented. This is problematic, as this important body part has the potential to be informative in zooarchaeological analyses of habitual activity, especially in regards to historical animal health, movement, and habitual activity. Better understanding of the hoof can additionally be useful to herders and veterinarians seeking to provide veterinary care for living animals. This study has used dissections and comparisons of the reindeer hoof with other domestic ungulates to document both the common and unique structures in Rangifer tarandus hooves, including the presence and attachment points of these structures. As these structures have proved unique, especially in regards to the dewclaw, it is important that other ungulates not be used exclusively in the analysis of Rangifer tarandus remains.

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22

Rehbinder, Claes, Roland Mattsson, and Katinka Belak. "Aspergillosis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L). A case report." Rangifer 14, no. 3 (December 1, 1994): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.14.3.1146.

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23

Flydal, Kjetil, Ingrid Rogstad Kilde, Per S. Enger, and Eigil Reimers. "Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) perception of noise from power lines." Rangifer 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.23.1.310.

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There has been concern about possible effects of noise from power lines on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) behaviour. Based on recent establishment of the reindeer audiogram and measurements of corona noise from two power lines of 300 kV and 420 kV, we found that reindeer are able to hear noise from power lines at frequencies above 250 Hz. A comparison with the human audiogram shows that humans are better able to perceive noise from power lines than reindeer, at least at the lowest frequencies. By simple comparisons of this kind, the perception of different types of sound by reindeer can be determined. Possible noise disturbances from human activities and constructions can be minimised if the intensity can be reduced for frequencies in the best hearing range of reindeer.

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Stuen, S. "Experimental tick-borne fever infection in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Veterinary Record 138, no. 24 (June 15, 1996): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.24.595.

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25

Tryland, M., A. Oksanen, A. Aschfalk, and T. D. Josefsen. "Parapoxvirus infection in Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Veterinary Record 149, no. 13 (September 29, 2001): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.149.13.394.

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26

Hilali, Mosaad, Claes Rehbinder, and Tapio Nikkilä. "Ultrastructure of Besnoitia cysts from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)." Rangifer 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.876.

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The ultrastructure pf Besnoitia cysts in reindeer is described. The observations made on Besnoitia cysts and merozoites indicate a form distinct enough to be placed in a new species - Besnoitia tarandi.

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27

Gonzalez-Alonso-Alegre, Elisa M., Alfonso Rodriguez-Alvaro, Eva Martinez-Nevado, Elena M. Martinez-de-Merlo, and Belen Sanchez-Maldonado. "Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Veterinary Ophthalmology 16 (November 4, 2012): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12002.

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28

Skarin, Anna, Öje Danell, Roger Bergström, and Jon Moen. "Summer habitat preferences of GPS-collared reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus." Wildlife Biology 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[1:shpogr]2.0.co;2.

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29

Rowell, J. E., and M. P. Shipka. "Variation in gestation length among captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Theriogenology 72, no. 2 (July 2009): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.022.

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30

Handeland, K., M. Boye, B. Bergsjø, H. Bondal, K. Isaksen, and J. S. Agerholm. "Digital Necrobacillosis in Norwegian Wild Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 143, no. 1 (July 2010): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.018.

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31

Nagy, Sz, H. Lindeberg, E. Nikitkina, A. Krutikova, E. Smith, J. Kumpula, and Ø. Holand. "Reproduction of male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Animal Reproduction Science 227 (April 2021): 106722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106722.

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32

Gripenberg, Ulla, and Mauri Nieminen. "The chromosomes of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." Rangifer 6, no. 1 (June 1, 1986): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.1-app.625.

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33

Gjerde, Bjørn. "Ultrastructure of the cysts of Sarcocystis tarandi from skeletal muscle of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-436.

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Cysts of Sarcocystis tarandi from Rangifer tarandus tarandus were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The cysts were located within skeletal muscle cells and were limited by a unit membrane (the cyst membrane). The surface of the cyst was covered with densely packed, erect, villiform processes measuring 10.4 μm in length and 2.5 μm in diameter. The processes contained numerous longitudinally oriented microtubules. The cyst membrane was reinforced by an underlying 20–65 nm thick layer of electron-dense material, except at numerous points between the bases of the protrusions where it formed vesiclelike invaginations. Cyst ground substance formed a layer at the periphery of the cyst, filled the core of the projections, and formed septa that divided the cyst into many compartments. The compartments contained either cystozoites or metrocytes. The metrocytes possessed one or a few large dense bodies containing crystalline inclusions. The cystozoites multiplied by endodyogeny.

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34

Haugerud (ed.), Rolf Egil. "Päivi Soppela; Fats as indicators of physiological constraints in newborn and young reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.4.1519.

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Päivi Soppela presented her PhD-thesis "Fats as indicators of physiological constraints in newborn and young reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)" for public discussion at the Faculty of Science, University of Oulu on June 22nd, 2000.

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35

Skjenneberg (ed.), Sven. "Nikander's Dissertation." Rangifer 11, no. 2 (October 1, 1991): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.1.972.

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Sven Nikander defended his D.Med.Vet. thesis «Studies on the exocrine ducts of the pancreas and the liver in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)» at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland on 10 June 1991.

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36

Nikander, Sven. "Nikander, S.: Studies on the Exocrine Ducts of the Pancreas and the Liver in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Rangifer 11, no. 3 (October 1, 1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.3.983.

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<p>Sven Nikander defended his D.Med.Vet. thesis "Studies on the Exocrine Ducts of the Pancreas and the Liver in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)" at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland on 10 June 1991.</p>

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37

Røed, K. H. "Comparison of the genetic variation in Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 2038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-300.

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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to score for genetic variation in 35 loci in Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, and in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus tarandus, from two localities in northern Norway. In R. t. platyrhynchus the proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.114 and the average heterozygosite was 0.030. In R. t. tarandus the proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.171–0.286 and the average heterozygosity was 0.043–0.045. Excluding the variability in the locus coding for transferrin from calculations reduced the average heterozygosity to 0.020 in R. t. platyrhynchus and to 0.021–0.025 in R. t. tarandus, suggesting that the amount of genetic variation in R. t. platyrhynchus is not very different from that in R. t. tarandus. Unique alleles in the loci coding for transferrin and acid phosphatase for the two subspecies indicate that there has been no interbreeding in recent time. The genetic distance between the two subspecies is within the same range as between subspecies of other organisms. Evolutionary divergence time based on the protein data indicates that either the divergence between these subspecies was initiated a very long time ago or R. t. platyrhynchus originates from other subspecies of reindeer.

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38

Di Giuseppe, Antonella M. A., Jolanda V. Caso, Valeria Severino, Sara Ragucci, Angela Chambery, Rosita Russo, Roberto Fattorusso, José M. Ferreras, Luigi Russo, and Antimo Di Maro. "Insight into the structural and functional features of myoglobin from Hystrix cristata L. and Rangifer tarandus L." RSC Advances 5, no. 33 (2015): 26388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01316j.

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39

Kutz, Susan J., Ingrid Asmundsson, Eric P. Hoberg, Greg D. Appleyard, Emily J. Jenkins, Kimberlee Beckmen, Marsha Branigan, et al. "Serendipitous discovery of a novel protostrongylid (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in caribou, muskoxen, and moose from high latitudes of North America based on DNA sequence comparisons." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 11 (November 2007): 1143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-091.

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Fecal samples are often the only feasible means to assess diversity of parasites in wildlife; however, definitive identification of egg or larval stages in feces by morphology is rarely possible. We determined partial sequences from the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA for first-stage, dorsal-spined larvae (DSL) in feces from caribou ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L., 1758), Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788), Rangifer tarandus grantii (Allen, 1902)), muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780), Ovibos moschatus wardi Lydekker, 1900), moose ( Alces alces gigas Miller, 1899 and Alces alces andersoni Peterson, 1952), and from the tissue of one slug ( Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774)) in Arctic–Subarctic North America. A previously uncharacterized, genetically distinct species was recognized based on sequences of 37 DSL from 19 ungulate hosts and the slug. Sequence similarity among individuals of this novel species was 91%–100%. For many individual DSL, paralogues of ITS-2 were detected. ITS-2 sequences from the novel species were 72%–77% similar to those of Varestrongylus alpenae (Dikmans, 1935) and 51%–61% similar to those of other protostrongylids known in North American and some Eurasian ungulates. Results indicate a discrete lineage of an undescribed protostrongylid infecting muskoxen, caribou, and moose from Alaska to Labrador. Sympatric infections with Parelaphostrongylus andersoni Prestwood, 1972 were found in three caribou herds.

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40

Rehbinder, Claes. "Some vector borne parasites in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)." Rangifer 10, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.2.796.

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<p>A review presented at the Fifth European Regional Meeting of the Society for Vector Ecology, September 2.-6. 1990, Uppsala, Sweden. The clinical and pathological manifestations as well as some meat hygienic aspects of <em>Megatrypanum</em> trypanosomes, <em>Babesia divergens</em>, <em>Setaria tundrae</em>, <em>Onchocerca tarsicola</em> and <em>Lappnema auris</em> infections in reindeer are reported on.</p><p>Vektorburna parasiter hos svensk ren.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfatting: En oversikt presenterad vid «the Fifth European Regional Meeting of the Society for Vector Ecology», September 2.-6. 1990, Uppsala, Sverige. Kliniska och patologiska manifestationer liksom i viss utsträckning livsmedelshygieniska aspekter diskuteras med avseende på infektioner med Vektorburna parasiter hos svensk ren. trypanosomer, <em>Babesia divergens</em>, <em>Setaria tundrae</em>, <em>Onchocerca tarsicola</em> och <em>Lappnema auris</em>.</p>

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41

Præsteng, K., S. Mathiesen, R. Mackie, I. Cann, and M. Sundset. "Novel rumen bacterial isolates from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 13, Suppl. 1 (August 30, 2004): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/73772/2004.

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42

MARKUSSEN, K. A., A. ROGNMO, and A. S. BLIX. "Some aspects of thermoregulation in newborn reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 123, no. 2 (February 1985): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07580.x.

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43

Kautto, Arja H., Stefan Alenius, Torgny Mossing, Paul Becher, Sándor Belák, and Magdalena Larska. "Pestivirus and alphaherpesvirus infections in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)." Veterinary Microbiology 156, no. 1-2 (April 2012): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.018.

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44

Säkkinen, H., J. Tornberg, P. J. Goddard, E. Eloranta, E. Dahl, E. Ropstad, and S. Saarela. "Adrenal responsiveness of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) to intravenously administered ACTH." Animal Science 81, no. 3 (December 2005): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc41870399.

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AbstractPlasma cortisol concentrations were determined from the blood of eight mature female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) after an intravenous injection of either saline (control) or 100, 250 or 500 μg of synthetic ACTH. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after the injections. The aims were to determine the appropriate dose of ACTH for adrenal stimulation tests, to define the dose level of ACTH which elicited a maximal cortisol response and to describe the range of blood cortisol concentrations for reference when evaluating the stress responses of reindeer.The mean plasma cortisol concentrations (s.e.) at the zero sample times (t0) of the control and the ACTH treatments varied between 93·4 (11·8) and 132·5 (18·1) nmol/l. The total plasma cortisol response (area under curve, AUC, nmol/l × min) increased with increasing dose of ACTH (P < 0·001). The AUC of the control treatment was significantly smaller than of the ACTH treatments (P < 0·001). The highest dose of ACTH (500 μg) gave a significantly bigger AUC than the lowest dose (100 μg) (P = 0·008). The maximal plasma cortisol concentrations (CMAX) were achieved within 60 min of the ACTH injections. The ranges of individual CMAX were 59·0 to 136·8 nmol/l for the control treatment, and 110·0 to 252·0, 152·0 to 247·5 and 135·1 to 257·1 nmol/l for 100, 250 and 500 μg ACTH, respectively. The difference in CMAX was significant between the control treatment and the ACTH treatments (P < 0·001) but not between the different doses of ACTH. The plasma cortisol concentrations at the end of the observation period at t180 were not significantly affected by the ACTH treatment (P > 0·05).In conclusion, the 100-μg dose of ACTH was sufficient to produce a significant cortisol response compared with the control treatment. Increasing the dose did not increase the maximal response, but tended to elongate the response profile. The blood sampling frequency used in the study was found suitable for detection of the cortisol response in reindeer.

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45

Dubey, J. P., C. Sreekumar, B. M. Rosenthal, M. C. B. Vianna, M. Nylund, S. Nikander, and A. Oksanen. "Redescription of Besnoitia tarandi (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)." International Journal for Parasitology 34, no. 11 (October 2004): 1273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.07.002.

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46

Bye, Karstein. "Abomasal nematodes from three Norwegian wild reindeer populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-105.

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Three separate populations of wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in Norway were examined for the presence of abomasal nematodes. The following six species were recorded: Ostertagia grühneri, Skrjabinagia arctica, Trichostrongylus axei, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Teladorsagia davtiani, and Nematodirus tarandi. Ostertagia grühneri dominated both in prevalence and intensity of infection. Teladorsagia davtiani occurred in only one of the populations investigated, and N. tarandi was found in calves only. Reindeer and sheep grazed the same areas, but no evidence of transfer of parasites from sheep to reindeer was found. All 72 adult reindeer and 10 calves examined during February–April harboured adult abomasal nematodes. The mean intensity of abomasal nematodes was highest in the population with the highest density of reindeer. Reindeer from this population were in poor physical condition. The influence of abomasal nematodes on life-history parameters of the host population is discussed.

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47

Mizin, Ivan. "Modern Status of the Wild Reeindeer on the Northern Part Of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000433.

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48

Klein, D. R., M. Meldgaard, and S. G. Fancy. "Factors Determining Leg Length in Rangifer tarandus." Journal of Mammalogy 68, no. 3 (August 28, 1987): 642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381597.

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49

Chernyavskii, Felix B., and Mikhail A. Kretchmar. "Wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus (L.) in Chukotka." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.3-4.1456.

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We reviewed historical records of the abundance and distribution of wild reindeer {Rangifer tarandus L.) in Chukotka and studied reindeer numbers, distribution and behavior from 1983 to 1993. There were large numbers of wild reindeer in Chukotka until the end of the eighteenth century, but during the nineteenth century the population declined probably from intensive harvest after the introduction of firearms by the Cossacks. During the nineteenth century herding of domestic reindeer also increased, and reindeer herders continued to hunt wild reindeer intensively. During the 1950s there were only about 8500 wild reindeer in two separate herds in Chukotka. By the late 1970s the wild reindeer population had increased to about 11 000. Ten years later we estimated 16 534 reindeer, and found only one contiguous population. Presently, the population calves and spends the summer in the Anadyr Uplands and migrates west and southwest to spend the winter in forest tundra and northern taiga regions. Predators, primarily wolves and brown bears, kill a significant number of calves. Today, the wild reindeer in Chukotka coexist with 300 000 domestic reindeer. However, current costs of gasoline and helicopters make it prohibitive to herd reindeer in much of central Chukotka, so that wild reindeer have room for expansion. Poaching is a major conservation problem. Poachers shoot wild reindeer from helicopters to obtain velvet antlers. Leaders of domestic reindeer cooperatives encourage poaching by telling people that wild reindeer are in fact just stray domestic reindeer and there is no enforcement of game laws.

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50

Williams, T. Mark, and Douglas C. Heard. "World status of wild Rangifer tarandus populations." Rangifer 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.6.2.553.

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We recognized 184 herds of wild Rangifer tarandus, 102 in North America, 55 in Europe, 24 in Asia and 3 on South Georgia. Seventy-five percent of the world population of 3.3 to 3.9 million animals occurred in nine herds. All seven herds larger than 120 000 animals were censused by some means of aerial photography and all were increasing. Herds between 20 000 and 120 000 were most often censused using aerial strip transect methods, while total counts were usually employed to census smaller herds. The most pronounced changes in Rangifer herd status between 1979 and 1985 occurred in North America where population "estimates for five herds increased by a total of about one million animals. Part of this increase is attributable to a change from visual to photographic surveys. Eighty-three percent of North American, 88% of European, and 68% of Asian herds were stable or increasing.

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