Journal articles: 'Raoul (14..-14..)'

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Sarwono, Sarwono. "PERSPEKTIF RASUL PAULUS TENTANG BERBAHASA ROH BERDSARKAN 1 KORINTUS 14." Manna Rafflesia 2, no. 1 (October 31, 2015): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.38091/man_raf.v2i1.53.

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The gift of speaking in tongues is a message to the body of Christ which is given in tongues and is not understood by the user. Therefore, it must be followed by an interpretation by the language understood by the congregation. The gift of tongues is usually news of a prophecy for the Lord's church and must be followed by an interpretation. If the gift of tongues is not followed by an interpretation, it cannot build up the church. Therefore, the author will discuss the apostle Paul's perspective on tongues based on 1 Corinthians 14.

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Lo, Timotius. "Kenali Diri, Kenali Musuh, Gunakan Strategiyang Tepat : Pengajaran Tentang Peperangan Rohani Menurut Surat Efesus." Veritas : Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v13i2.267.

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“Apakah Iblis dan kuasa kegelapan lainnya sudah dikalahkan?” Jawabannya adalah, “Ya” dan “Tidak.” Jawaban “Ya” karena di kayu salib Yesus Kristus sudah melucuti segala pemerintah dan penguasa kegelapan serta menjadikan mereka tontonan umum dalam kemenangan-Nya atas mereka (Kol. 2:14-15; Ibr. 2:14). Sedangkan jawaban “Tidak” karena Iblis dan para pengikutnya masih memiliki sisa-sisa kuasa untuk memberontak kepada Allah. Natur pemberontakan Iblis kepada Allah adalah sebuah usaha untuk menggagalkan pemerintahan Allah atas dunia ini dengan cara menyerang, menciderai, menipu, bahkan menguasai umat manusia (Yoh. 8:44; 1Ptr. 5:8; Luk. 22:31; 1Kor. 12:7-8; Mat. 17:14-18), sebelum akhirnya ketika masanya genap Iblis dan semua pengikutnya akan selama-lamanya dibuang ke dalam api neraka (Why. 20:1-7). Salah satu karya Iblis pada masa kini adalah menciptakan chaos yang dilakukan atas umat manusia lewat menggelapkan atau membutakan pikiran dan mata hati umat manusia (2Kor. 4:4). Pikiran manusia yang gelap dan mata hati yang buta menghasilkan pandangan dunia yang salah dan tidak sesuai dengan pengajaran Alkitab, yang pada gilirannya akan menghasilkan pengajaran dan praksis yang salah. Sebagai orang Kristen, kita harus hidup waspada dan memiliki strategi yang tepat dalam menghadapi serangan Iblis dan para pengikutnya dalam kehidupan kita pada masa kini. Untuk itu, makalah ini secara khusus menampilkan pengajaran rasul Paulus dalam surat Efesus yang menyajikan sebuah strategi khusus dalam memenangkan peperangan rohani ini.

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Bay, Kaizal. "KRITERIA SUNNAH TASYRI’IYAH YANG MESTI DIIKUTI." Jurnal Ushuluddin 23, no. 1 (January 14, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jush.v23i1.1079.

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Ulama sepakat bahwa Sunnah dengan sanad yang shahih memfaedahkan qath’i dan kebenarannya adalah hujjah (dalil) bagi kaum muslimin. Maka ia dipandang sebagai sumber tasyri’, dan sebagaimana halnya al-Qur’an wajib diikuti. Satu hal yang harus diyakini, pada umumnya Sunnah Rasul, baik yang berbentuk ucapan, perbuatan, dan ketetapannya mempunyai implikasi hukum yang mesti diikuti (Sunnah Tasyri’iyyah), dengan kriteria di antaranya seperti perbuatan Nabi Saw. dalam bentuk penyampaian risalah dan penjelasannya terhadap al-Qur’an tentang berbagai masalah yang masih bersifat umum dan mutlak. Beliau menjelaskan bentuk dan tata cara shalat, haji, dan lainya dalam kapasitasnya sebagai Rasul. Banyak ayat al-Qur’an yang memerintahkan untuk mengikuti Sunnah nabi Saw. itu dalam kehidupan. Adapun sebagian ulama menyepakati, ada sekian banyak Sunah yang tidak berimplikasi hukum yang tidak mesti diikuti (ghairu tasyri’iyyah), terutama yang berkaitan dengan beberapa persoalan keduniaan yang timbul dari hajat insani dalam kehidupan keseharian Nabi, seperti cara berpakaian, urusan pertanian dan lainnya, dan hukum mengikutinya hanya sebatas sunnah atau mubah. Istilah Sunnah ghairu tasyri’iyah masih diperdebatan (ada yang pro dan ada yang kontra) dan tidak dikenal pada masa salaf al-salih. Munculnya istilah Sunnah ghairu tasyri’iyah pada akhir abad 14 H, di antara pencetus Syekh Muhammad Syaltut

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Zega, Sabaria. "Pentingnya Memahami Entrepreneurship Secara Biblikal bagi Hamba Tuhan." KHARISMATA: Jurnal Teologi Pantekosta 1, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47167/kharis.v1i2.16.

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The servant of God who serves does not always depend on the life of the church served if the church economic is not established yet. God's servants can work, or empower their congregation to work. This article is a qualitative research literature that aims to show the importance of God's servants' understanding of entrepreneurship in order to be able to apply it to the congregation that they serve. The method used is descriptive and biblical analysis by considering several texts that can be a reference for entrepreneurship in the congregation. In conclusion, several passages like Matthew 25: 14-30, Acts 18: 3, and 2 Thessalonians 3: 6-15 can be used as a foundation for God's servants to teach entrepreneurship to their congregations. AbstrakHamba Tuhan yang melayani tidak selalu menggantungkan kehidupannya dari jemaat yang dilayani jika kehidupan perekonomiannya belum mapan. Hamba Tuhan dapat bekerja, atau memberdayakan jemaatnya untuk bekerja. Artikel ini merupakan sebuah penelitian kualitatif literatur yang bertujuan untuk menunjukkan pentingnya pemahaman hamba Tuhan tentang entrepreneurship agar dapat menerapkannya dalam jemaat yang dilayaninya. Metode yang digunakan adalah deksriptif dan analisis Alkitab dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa nas yang dapat menjadi acuan bagi entrepreneurship dalam jemaat. Kesimpulannya, beberpa nas seperti Matius 25:14-30, Kisah Para Rasul 18:3, dan 2 Tesalonika 3:6-15 dapat dijadikan landasan untuk hamba Tuhan mengajarkan entrepreneurship bagi jemaatnya.

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GEA, IBELALA. "ALLAH MENJADI MANUSIA Sebuah Uraian Teologis." KENOSIS: Jurnal Kajian Teologi 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37196/kenosis.v2i2.37.

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Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan apa motif dan tujuan teologis mengapa Allah menjadi manusia, dan bagaimana cara rasul Yohanes menjelaskan secara kontekstual, hingga dapat difahami oleh para pembaca dan pendengar, khususnya sebagaimana yang dijumpai pada prolog Injil Yohanes 1:1-18. Hasil penelitian adalah bahwa rasul Yohanes menggunakan istilah “Logos” untuk menjelaskan bagaimana prosesnya Allah menjadi manusia atau Firman yang menjadi daging; dengan tetap mengakar pada pemahaman Yudaisme dimana oleh Hokmah-Yahwe yakni melalui “Dabar Yahwe” telah menciptakan alam semesta (kejadian 1:1). Yohanes memahami sebagaimana Allah oleh Firman-Nya telah menciptakan langit dan bumi dalam konsepsi dan pola pikir Yudaisme. Sebab itu Yohanes memperkenalkan ke-Illahi-an Yesus yang se-zat dan setara dengan Allah, sebagaimana Allah sama dengan Firman-Nya. Untuk menjelaskan hal itu, Yohanes memberitakan eksistensi Yesus Kristus sejak pra-eksistensi yakni sebelum kemenjadian Yesus Kristus menjadi daging, yakni pada mulanya adalah Firman, Firman itu bersama-sama dengan Allah dan Firman itu adalah Allah, Yohanes 1:1 (In the begining was the Word, and the Word was God). Kemenjadian Allah menjadi manusia adalah tindakan resposisi diri Allah untuk berkomunikasi dengan manusia berdosa dan bersifat final, setelah berulang kali Dia berfirman kepada manusia (Ibrani 1:1-3). Sebab itu Yesus Kristus adalah sebagai kepenuhan Allah atau Pleromai (Yohanes 1:16; Kolose 1:19). Maka berdasarkan fungsi dan eksistensi Yesus Kristus sebagai finalisasi kepenuhan Allah, maka Yesus Kristus menjadi sumber kasih karunia, sehingga hanya dalam Dia, kasih karunia Allah dapat diterima, bukan yang lain (Yohanes 14:6).

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Yeganeh, Ali, Mehdi Moghtadaei, Amir Sobhani, Mehdi Abbasi, Habib-o.-lah Gorgani, Babak Otoukesh, and Shayan Amiri. "Four-Year Prospective Evaluation of Femoral Neck Fractures: Types and Complications." Journal of Research in Orthopedic Science 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jrosj.7.3.715.1.

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Background: Despite the advances in the methods of treating femoral neck fractures, treating some types of these fractures is still challenging. Therefore, understanding these fractures, their treatments, and the ways to control their complications are necessary for the orthopedists. Objectives: In this study, we evaluate patients with acute femoral neck fractures with respect to the type of fractures and complications. Methods: In a 4-year cross-sectional study, the patients with acute femoral neck fractures who were admitted to Rasoul Akram Hospital were selected. Anatomical features and the type of fracture were determined by using plain radiography and CT scan. Fractures were classified according to the Garden classification. The patients were also evaluated for any postoperative complications for at least 6 months. Results: A total of 124 patients were enrolled. The Mean±SD age of the patients was 64.9±12.7 years and 87 (74.4%) were male. Based on the Garden classification, 7 fractures (5.9%) belonged to type I, 10 fractures (8.5%) to type II, 48 fractures (41%) to type III, and 52 fractures (44.4%) to type IV. Avascular necrosis in 28 cases (23.9%), non-union in 14 cases (12%), and claudication and pain in 35 cases (29.9%) were noted. The mean age of patients was different between fracture groups (P=0.01). Conclusion: Our results showed that most of the patients with femoral neck fractures admitted to Rasoul Akram Hospital were associated with displacement. In this study, the most common complications were pain and claudication, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and nonunion. In sum, further displacement of the fracture will result in more complications.

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Ndiy, Ferderika Pertiwi, and S. Susanto. "Prinsip Pertumbuhan Gereja Mula-Mula Ditinjau Dari Kisah Para Rasul 2:1-47 Dan Aplikasinya Bagi Gereja Masa Kini." Integritas: Jurnal Teologi 1, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47628/ijt.v1i2.13.

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Church growth is an important study in church history. The Bible has important principles in church growth, therefore these principles need to be analyzed so that they can contribute to the study of church growth. The Acts of the Apostles is a book that has a history and principles of church growth, therefore the author conducted research on church growth based on Acts 2: 1-47. The author uses a qualitative approach to literature study to find the principles of church growth based on Acts 2: 1-47. The results showed that there were three principles for the growth of the early church. The first principle based on the fourth verse is to depend on the Holy Spirit, the second principle based on verses 14-36, 42 is to preach the Word of God, the third principle based on verses 42-46 is to live in fellowship. For the growth of the church today the church must depend on the power of the Holy Spirit, teaching based on the word of God, and the church lives in fellowship.

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Goebel, R. J. "Intermedialitat - Multimedialitat. Literatur und Musik in Deutschland von 1900 bis heute. Herausgegeben von Raul Calzoni, Peter Kofler und Valentina Savietto. Gottingen: V&R unipress, 2015. 206 Seiten + 14 Abbildungen. 40,00." Monatshefte 108, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/m.108.4.668.

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Abdullah, Rahmiwati, and Sulaiman Sulaiman. "Peranan Organisasi ROHIS Dalam Membentuk Akhlak Peserta Didik Di SMA Negeri 2 Kota Pariaman." An-Nuha 1, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/annuha.v1i2.35.

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Abstrak Dalam keseharian peserta didik di SMAN 2 Pariaman kurang menerapkan nilai-nilai akhlak. Secara ideal PAI menjadi solusi dalam masalah tersebut, tetapi minimnya alokasi waktu menjadi faktor penghambat, ROHIS sebagai wadah organisasi dakwah berupaya memperbaiki kualitas akhlak dengan program kegiatan keagamaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan program kegiatan, implementasi dan dampak positif dari program ROHIS. Metode yang digunakan kualitatif deskriptif dengan instrumen observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan teknik reduksi, display, kesimpulan dan diabsahkan dengan triangulasi sumber. Hasil yang diperoleh terdapat 14 program tetap: open rekrutmen, mubes, LDKR, pengelolaan mushola, kultum jumat, rihlah, forum annisa, mentoring, bazar, tahfidz, tadarus, ROGAB, mabit,dan buka bareng, dan 8 program tambahan: PHBI, mading, NOBAR, bedah buku, studi banding, PHBN, aksi berbagi, dan pelatihan skil. Dampak dari kegiatan ROHIS terbentuknya akhlak baik terhadap allah, rasul, manusia, dan lingkungan. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah program kegiatan ROHIS sangat berperan dalam pembentukan akhlak, dapat dilihat dari keseharian peserta didik. Kata kunci : ROHIS,Akhlak,Peserta didik Abstract In everyday life, students at SMAN 2 Pariaman do not apply moral values. Ideally PAI is a solution to this problem, but the lack of time allocation is an inhibiting factor, ROHIS as a place for da'wah organizations strives to improve the quality of morals with religious activity programs. This study aims to describe the program activities, implementation and positive impacts of the ROHIS program. The method used is descriptive qualitative with observation instruments, interviews, documentation and questionnaires. Data analysis using reduction techniques, display, conclusions and validated by triangulation of sources. The results obtained are 14 permanent programs: open rekrutmen, mubes, LDKR, pengelolaan mushola, kultum jumat, rihlah, forum annisa, mentoring, bazaar, tahfidz, tadarus, ROGAB, mabit, and buka bareng, and 8 additional programs: PHBI, mading, NOBAR, bedah buku, studi banding, PHBN, aksi berbagi, and pelatihan skil. The impact of ROHIS is the formation of good morals for God, apostles, humans, and the environment. The conclusion of this research is that the ROHIS activity program plays a very important role in the formation of morals, it can be seen from the daily lives of students. Keywords: ROHIS,morals, students

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Santoso, David Iman. "Kristologi Kitab Wahyu." Veritas : Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v6i1.137.

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Kitab Wahyu ditulis adalah untuk menghibur dan menguatkan orang Kristen dan gereja pada waktu itu, yang mengalami banyak kekecewaan, penderitaan dan penganiayaan di bawah pemerintahan Romawi. Kitab ini ditulis agar mereka membaca dan menjadi tabah dan tetap bertahan menghadapi segala penderitaan, tetap setia dan berpegang teguh pada iman mereka, serta selalu berharap dan memandang pada Kristus yang adalah Anak Domba Allah yang menang, sebab orang Kristen dan gereja pada waktu mengalami banyak penganiayaan di bawah pemerintahan Romawi, bahkan banyak yang mati syahid (6:9-11; 7:14.) Oleh sebab itu dalam kitab Wahyu ini ajaran tentang person Kristus sangat ditonjolkan, yang sering kali digambarkan penuh dengan kemenangan dan kemuliaan. Kristus sebagai Anak Domba Allah, sebagai Alfa dan Omega di dalam banyak hal bahkan dikisahkan setara dengan Allah. Rasul Yohanes bisa menulis semuanya ini karena memang Kristus menyatakan diri-Nya dan memberikan visi-Nya kepadanya. Dr. Walvoord mengatakan bahwa tujuan penulisa kitab Wahyu adalah “to reveal Jesus Christ as the glorified One in contrast to the Christ of the Gospels, who was seen in humiliation and suffering.” Oleh sebab itu dalam tulisan ini kami berusaha untuk memaparkan person Kristus yang begitu berkuasa dan mulia, namun yang juga begitu peduli dan memperhatikan gereja-Nya. Dan kemuliaan Kristus itu pada akhirnya akan dinyatakan sepenuhnya dalam parousia, suatu pengharapan yang terakhir dan yang selalu dinantikan oleh setiap orang yang percaya. Bagi kami, gereja dan orang Kristen di Indonesia hari ini perlu sekali banyak membaca dan merenungkan kitab Wahyu.

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Anggraini, Wilda Wisnofa, and Isnarmi Isnarmi. "Guru Perempuan Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak." Journal of Civic Education 1, no. 3 (December 28, 2018): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jce.v1i3.237.

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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi ikut sertanya perempuan berpartisipasi menjadi guru mengaji dalam mengajarkan Al-Qur’an. Perempuan berpartisipasi menjadi guru mengaji karena suka membaca Al-Qur’an, sayang terhadap anak-anak bahkan memang keinginan dari dalam hati untuk mengajarkan Al-Qur’an. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran guru perempuan serta kendala-kendala yang dihadapi guru perempuan dalam pembentukan karakter anak didik di TPA/MDA Masjid Taqwa Nagari Malai III Koto Kecamatan Sungai Geringging. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Informan penelitian sebanyak 13 guru mengaji perempuan, 16 anak didik, 7 pengelola dan 14 orangtua. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa guru perempuan dalam pembentukan karakter anak dapat dikategorikan baik hal ini ditunjukan guru perempuan berperan sebagai pengajar dalam memperbaiki bacaan Al-Quran dan Iqra dengan baik, benar dan fasih, yang dilakukan dengan cara guru mengaji terlebih dahulu, kemudian diikuti oleh anak didik. Sebagai pendidik yaitu guru menanamkan sikap saling menghargai, guru memberikan hukuman yang mendidik, guru mencontohkan adab yang mengikuti sunnah Rasul, guru memberi motivasi dan guru memberi peluang kepada anak didik untuk tampil saat didikan subuh. Sebagai teladan guru menanamkan jiwa disiplin, serta guru menanamkan jiwa taat dalam beribadah. Kendala yang dihadapi yaitu kebiasaan masyarakat yang mencela profesi guru mengaji, guru sabar mengajar karena daya tangkap anak didik lambat serta kurang maksimalnya kerjasama guru mengaji dengan orangtua anak didik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa peran guru perempuan dalam membentuk karakter anak diantaranya sebagai pengajar, pendidik dan teladan.

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Noorbakhsh, Samileh, Mohammad Farhadi, M. R. Shokrollahi, Hesamodin E. Jomeh, and Sarvenaz Ashouri. "Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma Gondii: Common Causes of Profound Sensori Neural Hearing Loss in Children with Cochlear Implant Surgery in a Highly Immune Population: Tehran; Iran." Open Neurology Journal 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874205x01913010045.

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Background: Iranian population is highly immune from T.Gondii and CMV infection. Objective: To determine the immunity to T.Gondii and CMV in children with the cochlear implant surgery accompanied with the profound Idiopathic type of SNHL Methods and Materials: We studied 45 cases with the cochlear implant surgery (Idiopathic profound SNHL) and 30 controls with the normal OAEs in a cross-sectional study in Rasoul Akram Hospital in Tehran (2010 -2012). Blood samples (2 ml) were centrifuged and were kept frozen at -20°C. Sera searched for the specific antibodies against CMV and T.Gondii. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; BioChem Immune System) was calculated qualitatively. (P value< 0.05) Results: Range of age in cases with profound SNHL (<95 dB) was 6 months- to-14 years; mean=3.4+3.16 y; Idiopathic type of SNHL children diagnosed in 45 cases were younger than cases with non-Idiopathic SNHL (mean age=20 months; PV=0.05). Positive T.Gondii - IgM was found in 8 /45 (17.7%) and also one of these cases (2.2%) had positive T.Gondii –IgG test. Positive CMV- IgM & IgG were determined in 23% and 51% of cases, respectively. Positive T.Gondii –IgG was observed in 60% (18/30) of controls but none of them had positive T.Gondii – IgM. Positive CMV- IgM & IgG in controls was 3.3% and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: CMV infection is one of the most common infections found in profound idiopathic SNHL children especially in younger cases (< 2 years) even in highly immune Iranian populations. Probably, T.Gondii infection has a relative role in younger cases with profound SNHL but a higher role in mild to moderate SNHL in our pediatric population. Most of the T.Gondii infected SNHL cases never require cochlear implant surgery. In future, a cohort study for prenatal diagnosis of the intrauterine infection and the role of infection in producing SNHLwould be very helpful. It has been recommended to search the specific antibodies against these two common infections in all types of SNHL in pediatric groups which are treatable especially in younger cases (<2 year).

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Kaharuddin, Kaharuddin, and Syafruddin Syafruddin. "PERNIKAHAN BEDA AGAMA DAN DAMPAK TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ANAK." SANGAJI: Jurnal Pemikiran Syariah dan Hukum 4, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52266/sangaji.v4i1.479.

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Allah Swt. sebagaimana dalam Al Quran surat al Nisa’, surat al Dzariat maupun surat al Qiyamah telah memerintahkan kepada para hamba-hambaNya untuk mencari pasangan hidup atau menikah. Begitu pula Rasulullah Saw. dalam hadits-haditsnya. Jumhur ulama (mayoritas ulama) sepakat bahwa perintah tersebut bersifat wajib, karena banyaknya dalil-dalil nash yang menjelaskan, belum lagi beberapa pandangan dan pendapat ulama yang menjelaskan tentang akibat dan dampak negative yang terjadi apabila perintah tersebut tidak diindahkan. Selain menjaga pandangan dan hawa nafsu, khususnya bagi kaum laki-laki sebagaimana dalam hadits riwayat Muslim nomor 2486, tujuan lain yang tidak kalah penting dari sebuah pernikahan adalah melanjutkan kuturunan dengan melahirkan anak. Karena anak adalah bagian dari perhiasan dunia yang dengannya manusia menumpahkan rasa cinta dan sayangnya, hal ini disebutkan oleh Allah Swt dalam surat al Imran ayat 14. Namun demikian, anak bukan hanya sekedar perhiasan yang dengannya ditumpahkan rasa cinta dan sayang saja, lebih dari itu anak adalah titipan yang harus di jaga dan di didik sehingga kelak bisa bermanfaat bukan hanya untuk dirinya pribadi tapi juga untuk masyarakat, bangsa, agama dan termasuk kedua orang tuanya. Oleh sebab itu dalam hadits-haditsnya seringkali Rasul Saw. mengingatkan untuk berhati-hati dalam memilih pasangan hidup, apa dan bagaimana serta seperti apa anak keturunan nanti akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap siapa orang tuanya. Allah Swt.-pun dengan tegasnya mengatakan dalam surat al Baqarah ayat 221 bahwa “Budak yang hitam legam tapi muslim lebih baik dari orang musyrik yang putih, cantik serta kaya.” Dewasa ini terjadi beberapa kali, penikahan beda agama; kadang calon suami Islam sedangkan calon istri musyrik atau sebaliknya. Dengan memilih yang beragama Islam saja belum mampu menjamin bahwa anak akan menjadi pribadi yang baik, apalah lagi dengan memilih orang musyrik lagi kafir. Maka penulis melaui tulisan singkat ini, hendak menjelaskan hukum nikah beda agama serta dampak serius yang ditimbulkan akibat nikah beda agama, dengan harapan memberikan manfaat dan tambahan ilmu bagi diri pribadi dan para pembaca serta menjadi bahan rujukan dan pertimbangan bagi pasangan yang hendak mencoba larangan Allah Swt. ini.

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Azuaga-Piñango, A. B., Y. Li, R. Castellanos-Moreira, V. Ruiz, R. Sanmartí, I. Mira-Avendano, A. Abril, and J. A. Gómez-Puerta. "AB0237 ARE THERE DIFFERENCES IN CLINICAL PROFILE AND TREATMENT AMONG 2 DIFFERENT INTERCONTINENTAL COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS-ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1418.2–1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3895.

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Background:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is characterized by persistent joint synovitis causing progressive destruction of the cartilage and bone. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent extra-articular manifestation of RA. Clinical profiles of patients with RA-associated ILD may vary.Objectives:To describe the clinical characteristics and radiological patterns and evaluate the different clinical profile between two different cohorts of patients (pts) with RA- associated ILD.Methods:Retrospective cohort study. We collected clinical and epidemiological data of pts seen in outpatient clinic from a Hospital from Barcelona, Spain and another from Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Pts who met the RA ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria and the ILD American Thoracic Society /European Respiratory Society 2013 classification criteria were selected. The study was approved by both local committees.Results:A total of 63 pts were included, 37 from Barcelona and 26 from Jacksonville. Forty-one pts (65%) were women with a median age of 68 years. General characteristics are summarized in Table. Thirty-eight pts (60.3%) were former smokers, but only 9 pts (14.3%) were current smokers. Fifty-two pts (82.5%) were Caucasian, 9.5% Mestizo, 3.2% Maghreb and 1.6% Indian. Most were overweight with mean BMI of 28.6 (SD 5.4). The Barcelona cohort showed more erosive disease than the pts from Jacksonville (26 vs 5 pts, p= 0.00). Seven pts had ILD diagnosis before RA. 4.82 (range 0-33) years was the median evolution from RA diagnosis until ILD diagnosis. Most common type of ILD was usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in 40% of pts, followed by nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) in 25% of pts. Respiratory bronchiolitis was significantly more common in Barcelona cohort, while unspecific pattern in Jacksonville cohort (Table). A total of 71.4% were under GC treatment, methotrexate was used in 23 pts (36.5%), leflunomide in 14 (22.2%) and hydroxychloroquine in 7 pts (11.1%) prior to diagnosis of ILD. 6 out of 26 pts from Jacksonville were under MMF. TNF-α inhibitors were the most commonly used bDMARD in both cohorts as a first-line option prior to ILD diagnosis. Currently, half of the patients (50.8%) were under bDMARD. Current use of bDMARD was more often in US cohort (80.7%) than in Barcelona cohort (29.7%). Rituximab (RTX) was the most common bDMARD currently used (17 pts). Jacksonville pts were more commonly treated with RTX, while Barcelona pts were more commonly treated with Abatacept.Conclusion:Globally pts with RA-associated ILD have similar clinical profile in both centers, however, we found some differences in radiological patterns and treatment strategies between both cohorts. Those differences could be explained in part by sociodemographic differences, diagnostic and therapeutic approach and/or access for health care among others.Totaln=63 %Barcelona cohortn= 37Jacksonvillecohortn=26P valueCaucasian, patients (%)52 (82.5%)31 (83.8)21 (77.8)0,49Time RA evolution, mean years (SD)10.58 (8.01)11.63 (7)9 (9.24)0.80Time ILD evolution, mean years (SD)3.89 (3.20)3.86(3.28)4 (3.12)0.28Erosive disease, patients (%)31 (49.2)26 (72,2)5 (18.5)0,00Rheumatoid nodules, patients (%)8 (12,7)7 (18,9)1 (3.8)0,12Current scDMARDs treatment, patients (%)35 (55.55)31 (49.20)4 (6.34)0,002Current bDMARD treatment, patients (%)32 (50.8%)11 (17.5)21 (33.3)0,001ILD typeUsual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), patients (%)25 (40.3)14 (37.8)11 (44)0,08Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), patients (%)16 (25.8)14 (37.8)2 (8)0,23Respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease (RB), patients (%)7 (11.3)7 (18.9)00,039Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (OP), patients (%)4 (6.5)2 (5.4)2 (8)0,43Unspecific, patients (%)8 (12.9)08 (32)0,004Disclosure of Interests:Ana Belén Azuaga-Piñango: None declared, Yan Li: None declared, Raul Castellanos-Moreira Speakers bureau: Lilly, MSD, Sanofi, UCB, Virginia Ruiz Speakers bureau: Lilly, Pfizer, Raimón Sanmartí Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Eli Lilly, BMS, Roche and Pfizer, Isabel Mira-Avendano: None declared, Andy Abril: None declared, Jose A. Gómez-Puerta Speakers bureau: Abbvie, BMS, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Roche

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Harun, Martin. "Craig S. Keener, Gift & Giver: Mengenal dan mengalami Kuasa Roh Kudus, terj. Helda Siahaan & Nancy Pingkan Poyoh, Jakarta: Literatur Perkantas, 2015, 300 hlm." DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA 14, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36383/diskursus.v14i1.75.

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Bertepatan waktu dengan Seminar Sola Scriptura bulan Maret 2015, dengan topik Miracles: The Credibility Of The New Testament Accounts, yang dibawakan oleh Prof. Craig Keener, oleh Perkantas diterbitkan terjemahan bukunya yang berjudul Gift and Giver: The Holy Spirit for Today (2001). Apakah eksemplar yang dihadiahkan kepada saya, akan bernasib sama seperti yang selalu saya kira terjadi dengan buku yang tidak dibayar, yakni tidak dibaca? Penampilan Keener yang sederhana, berbobot dan spiritual dalam seminar tersebut, menantang saya untuk membuka dan membaca buku hadiah ini. Keener mau membantu kita untuk lebih memahami bagaimana Roh Kudus menolong kita menjalani kehidupan dan perutusan kristiani. Buku dimulai dari belajar mengenali suara Roh Kudus dan oleh Roh itu belajar mendengar Allah (bab 1-2). Selalu dengan bantuan Alkitab, Keener menguraikan bagaimana Roh Kudus memberdayakan kita untuk penginjilan (bab 3) dan mengerjakan peruba-han dalam pola hidup kita (bab 4). Sesudah itu Keener membicarakan aspek-aspek yang lebih kontroversial dalam karismatik, pertama-tama karunia-karunia Roh (bab 56), juga baptisan dalam Roh Kudus dan kapannya (bab 7-8), dan lebih khusus bahasa lidah (bab 9). Dalam beberapa bab ini Keener, sendiri seorang “karismatik” dalam arti mempraktikkan karunia-karunia Roh (hlm. 14), mempertahankannya terhadap orang-orang yang mengira tak perlu lagi mempraktikkannya setelah zaman rasul-rasul. Keener yakin bahwa karunia-karunia biblis dimaksud untuk terus dijalankan dalam masa sekarang di mana diberi. Ia juga membahas perbedaanperbedaan pemahaman antara pelbagai kelompok karismatik dan pentekostal tentang karunia-karunia tertentu, juga tentang momen pembaptisan dalam Roh, dan menjelaskan apa yang menurutnya dimaksudkan dalam Alkitab. Keener memang seorang pakar Perjanjian Baru yang disegani. Dalam bab terakhir, Mengapa menguji Roh (bab 10), Keener menjawab beberapa pra-sangka yang tidak benar terhadap gerakan karismatik, tetapi di lain pihak tidak menyembunyikan bahwa dalam jemaat karismatik dan pentekostal juga muncul ekses-ekses yang menurutnya menyimpang dari paham Alkitab dan bisa membahayakan iman pelaku dan kehidupan jemaat. Maka diberinya klarifikasi. ................................ Tekanan Keener pada Roh yang memberdayakan untuk penginjilan dalam arti berprakarsa memberitakan dan mengajarkan injil kepada semua orang, mungkin tak menimbulkan masalah di Amerika Serikat yang dominan Kristen, tetapi menjadi pertanyaan pelik bagi Gerejagereja di Asia. Orang kristen Asia yang didorong oleh Roh untuk hadir di tengah orang-orang beragama lain hanya dengan kesaksian hidup dan bekerja sama, dan —baru bila muncul kesempatan—berdialog dalam arti sharing iman dan bukan perdebatan, tidak menemukan pengarahan untuk itu dalam buku ini. Isu Yesus sebagai satu-satunya jalan keselamatan, prinsip yang Keener percaya sebagai inti injil (267), isu yang ia takut dapat menjadi hal utama yang menimbulkan perpecahan di antara orang kristiani sekarang ini, memang rela ia agendakan di tempat kedua demi misi bersama yang mempersatukan kita sebagai Kristen. Apakah itu berarti bahwa ia juga mau berbuat demikian demi misi bersama seluruh umat manusia, semua agama? Eksklusivisme keselamatan dalam agama-agama tetap mengakibatkan perpecahan yang kini merupakan ancaman yang lebih besar lagi bagi dunia daripada perpecahan-perpecahan di dalam agama Kristen. Apakah sikap dialogal antar kristiani yang sangat mewarnai sikap Keener dalam buku ini, juga diperluas kepada semua orang beragama? Beberapa catatan ini tidak mengurangi penghargaan tinggi saya akan penjelasan Keener tentang pemberian-pemberian Roh Kudus dari dalam pemahamannya yang mendalam akan Alkitab, dan sharingnya. yang tulus, berbobot dan personal tentang pengalamannya sendiri akan karunia Roh Kudus itu dalam hidup dan penginjilannya sendiri. Suatu buku penting untuk setiap orang karismatik untuk memahami yang paling pokok, dan bagi orang non karismatik untuk lebih mengenal yang terbaik di dalam gerakan karismatik. (Martin Harun, Guru Besar Ilmu Teologi Emeritus, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta).

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Residentes, Residentes. "Hematología." Acta Médica Colombiana 43, no. 2S (June 24, 2019): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.36104/amc.2018.1398.

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H-1 MULTIMORBILIDAD Y HEMOSIDEROSIS (ATENCIO DIANA, PARRA DIANA, HERNÁNDEZ ODISMAR) H-2 ANEMIA APLASICA SEVERA ACOMPAÑADO DE CLONAS DE HEMOGLOBINURIA PAROXISTICA NOCTURNA (MOSCOSO EVELYN, CUERVO JESSICA, PALOMINO LEONARDO, OMAÑA PAOLA, PATIÑO BONELL, GONZÁLEZ JAVIER) H-3 PURPURA TROMBOCITOPENIA TROMBÓTICA MANEJADA CON PLASMAFÉRESIS. UNA ENTIDAD DE NUNCA OLVIDAR (HIGUERA JUAN, SOSSA CLAUDIA, OROZCO CARLOS, PRADA MAYRA) H-4 LINFANGIOMATOSIS ESPLÉNICA EN UN PACIENTE ADULTO (BOLAÑOS FERNANDO, BENAVIDES-LÓPEZ ERNESTO FEDERICO, MONDRAGÓN-CARDONA ÁLVARO EDUARDO, JIMÉNEZ-CANIZALES CARLOS EDUARDO) H-5 LEUCEMIA CUTIS PAPULONODULAR EN PACIENTE ADOLESCENTE, A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO. (MONDRAGÓN-CARDONA ÁLVARO EDUARDO, DÍAZ ÁLVARO ERNESTO, BOLAÑOS FERNANDO, TURIZO HERNÁNDEZ JESÚS FRANCISCO, HERRERA-CÉSPEDES CRISTIAN EMILIO, JIMÉNEZCANIZALES CARLOS EDUARDO) H-6 PRIMER CASO DE HEMOFILIA B ADQUIRIDA EN PACIENTE CON INFECCIÓN POR VIH (PÁRAMO LAURA, AMAYA ALEJANDRA, ENCISO LEONARDO) H-7 ANEMIA MEGALOBLÁSTICA CON NIVELES DE VITAMINA B12 NORMALES, DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL (GUTIÉRREZ MARGARITA, AMAYA ALEJANDRA, GUTIÉRREZ CAROL, BARRAGÁN ANDRÉS, ENCISO LEONARDO) H-8 HIPOTERMIA Y LINFOMA HODGKIN (OSORIO LAURA MARCELA, TAMAYO LEIDY JOHANA, ARRUBLA MATEO, ARBOLEDA NATALIA ANDREA) H-9 SARCOIDOSIS CON COMPROMISO DE MEDULA OSEA. EL ROL DEL INTERNISTA (OSWALDO E. AGUILAR, DILAN BERRIO VALENCIA, RAUL A. VALLEJO) H-10 REACCIÓN LEUCEMOIDE: PUNTOS CLAVES PARA DIFERENCIAR CON LEUCEMIA MIELOIDE CRÓNICA (VILLANUEVA JAIME, UTRIA HADER, BARROS RICARDO, ANDRADE EMY, PALACIO HUGO) H-11 POLINEUROPATÍA COMO DEBUT DE UNA AMILOIDOSIS PRIMARIA Y MIELOMA MÚLTIPLE OLIGOSECRETOR LAMBDA CON COMPROMISO SISTÉMICO (NAVARRETE LINDA, MÉNDEZ ALEJANDRO, OMAÑA PAOLA, SOLÓRZANO CARLOS, SARMIENTO EDGAR, LEGRO GIOVANNI) H-12 OCLUSIÓN DE VENA CENTRAL DE LA RETINA COMO MANIFESTACION DE LA PURPURA TROMBOCITOPENICA TROMBOTICA. REPORTE DE UN CASO (GÓMEZ YOSBANA, CASTRO ALBERTO, HERNÁNDEZ ÁNGEL, CAMARGO TOMAS) H-13 HEMATOMA EPIDURAL ESPINAL ESPONTANEO POR SOBREANTICOGULACIÓN CON CUMARINICO (BARRAGÁN ANDRÉS, CUFIÑO DIANA, MARTÍN DANIEL, GARZÓN DIANA) H-14 LINFOMA INTRAVASCULAR: UN RETO DIAGNÓSTICO (DELGADILLO VIVIAN PAOLA, MEJIA CARLOS ANDRÉS, MARÍN JUAN CAMILO, CERQUERA CATALINA) H-15 HEMOFILIA ADQUIRIDA: UN DIAGNOSTICO A CONSIDERAR (AMADO GARZÓN SANDRA, ACEVEDO RAMOS ALFREDO, MEJÍA GÓMEZ CARLOS ANDRÉS) H-16 SÍNDROME HEMOLÍTICO URÉMICO ATÍPICO POSTPARTO (CRIOLLO-VARON KEVIN, GUARIN GLORIA, SUÁREZ WILSON, ECHEVERRI JORGE, LARRARTE CAROLINA) H-17 ANEMIA POR DÉFICIT DE VITAMINA B12 CON NIVELES SÉRICOS NORMALES (RÍOS CESAR AUGUSTO, CASANOVA MARÍA EUGENIA, BALCÁZAR CARLOS, CASTELLANOS DANIEL, CELIS KAREN, CALVACHE SOFÍA, CASTRO VALERIA, CASTRO SANTIAGO) H-18 SÍNDROME DE POEMS (ESTUPIÑÁN MARÍA CAMILA, ARAGÓN DIANA MARCELA, SILVA MARCOS) H-19 SERIE DE CASOS DE 3 PACIENTES: PORFIRIA Y SU CURSO CLÍNICO (MILLÁN SONIA, LEGRO GIOVANNI, NAVARRETE LINDA)

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Rakholiya, J., M. Koster, H. Langenfeld, C. S. Crowson, A. Abril, P. Bansal, L. Mertz, et al. "POS0805 TREATMENT OF GIANT CELL ARTERITIS WITH TOCILIZUMAB: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF 119 PATIENTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 655.1–655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1674.

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Background:Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory condition of medium- and large-sized arteries. Prospective clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ) for treatment of patients with GCA (1). However, there is a limited data on the use of TCZ in routine clinical practice.Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCZ in a retrospective cohort study of patients with GCA treated with TCZ.Methods:Patients with GCA treated with TCZ at 4 clinical centers of a single tertiary care institution (2000-2020) were identified. The diagnosis of GCA was confirmed by at least one of the following modalities: 1. Arterial biopsy 2. Large vessel imaging 3. Clinical diagnosis of GCA meeting ACR classification criteria and established by a rheumatologist. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory studies, treatment course and adverse events were abstracted from the medical record; only patients with at least 6 months of follow-up after TCZ initiation were included. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate time to TCZ discontinuation and time to first relapse after TCZ discontinuation. Poisson regression models were used to compare relapse rates before and after TCZ initiation.Results:The study cohort included 119 patients [61% female; mean (SD) age at GCA diagnosis 70.3 (8.2) years]. The majority of patients (89%) had a biopsy-proven and/or imaging-based diagnosis of GCA, while 13 (11%) had a clinical diagnosis of GCA. In addition to glucocorticoids, 40 (34%) patients received other immunosuppressive agents prior to TCZ. The method of initial TCZ administration was subcutaneous (162mg/ml) weekly in 48 (41%), subcutaneous every other week in 20 (17%), monthly 4mg/kg infusions in 34 (29%), monthly 8mg/kg infusions in 14 (12%) and non-standard dosing in 3 remaining patients. The median (IQR) duration from GCA diagnosis to TCZ initiation was 4.8 (1.2-22.0) months and the median (IQR) duration of TCZ treatment was 18 (11-28) months. The mean (SD) dose of prednisone at TCZ initiation was 31 (19) mg/day and was reduced to a mean (SD) dose of 3.9 (6.7) mg/day at TCZ discontinuation/last follow-up visit. The relapse rate per year decreased 43% from 0.77 to 0.44 after the initiation of TCZ (RR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.44-0.75; p<0.001). The mean (SD) ESR and CRP decreased from 22 (20) mm/hour to 6 (9.2) mm/hour and from 19.1 (25) mg/L to 5.4 (16.6) mg/L, respectively from TCZ initiation to TCZ discontinuation/last follow-up visit. At 2 years of follow-up, 67% of patients had discontinued glucocorticoids. At last follow up, 46 patients had discontinued TCZ, only 14 of which were due to adverse events. The median time to TCZ discontinuation was 2.9 years. Only 17% (95%CI: 10-24%) had discontinued by 1 year after TCZ initiation and 38% (95% CI: 26-47%) had discontinued by 2 years. The most common adverse events were infections and cytopenias. While on TCZ, 1 patient developed new onset vision loss related to GCA and 1 patient, without history of diverticulitis, had bowel perforation. Among those discontinuing TCZ, 61% had relapsed at least once by 1 year after TCZ discontinuation.Conclusion:In this large single institution cohort of patients with GCA, TCZ use resulted in a significantly reduced relapse rate and reduction in glucocorticoid dosage. Overall, patients tolerated long-term use with only 12% discontinuing due to adverse events. However, over half of patients stopping TCZ had a subsequent flare; highlighting ongoing use may be required beyond two years in several patients with GCA to maintain remission.References:[1]Stone JH, et al. Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):317-328. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613849. PMID: 28745999.[2]Calderón-Goercke M, et al. Tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Observational, open-label multicenter study of 134 patients in clinical practice. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Aug;49(1):126-135. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.01.003. Epub 2019 Jan 5. PMID: 30655091.Disclosure of Interests:Jigisha Rakholiya: None declared, Matthew Koster: None declared, Hannah Langenfeld: None declared, Cynthia S. Crowson: None declared, Andy Abril: None declared, Pankaj Bansal: None declared, Lester Mertz: None declared, Alicia Rodriguez-Pla: None declared, Rahul Sehgal: None declared, Benjamin Wang: None declared, Kenneth J Warrington Grant/research support from: Research support: Kiniksa, Eli Lilly

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Rodriguez-García, S. C., C. Sánchez-Piedra, R. Castellanos-Moreira, D. Ruiz-Montesinos, M. Pombo, F. Sánchez-Alonso, and J. J. Gómez-Reino. "POS0610 EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROFILE AND CHANNELING TO TREATMENT IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS TREATED WITH ABATACEPT OVER THE LAST 5 YEARS: DATA FROM THE SPANISH REGISTER BIOBADASER 3.0." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 542.1–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1534.

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Background:Abatacept (ABA) is a selective T-cell co-stimulatory modulator. After its approval, changes in therapeutic recommendations, the arrival of new drugs (e.g., biosimilars or Janus kinase inhibitors) and growing focus on comprehensive patient care may have changed prescription patterns, channeling ABA use towards specific patient subtypes. To date, studies analyzing these aspects in clinical practice settings are scarce.Objectives:We aimed to evaluate the epidemiological profile of ABA users and compare it to other DMARD groups included in the register.Methods:We performed an observational study based on the nationwide Spanish register BIOBADASER, which includes patients with rheumatic diseases receiving biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) or targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs) from 28 tertiary centers. For this analysis, all RA patients included from December 2015 to December 2020 were examined. Baseline features were analyzed descriptively grouping all b/tsDMARDs by mode of action. Clinical effectiveness was assessed through drug survival obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients were right-censored if data were not available if they were still on treatment at the time of data analysis. The safety profile was assessed by the adverse events (AE) and serious AE incidence rates (IR) expressed as events per 1000 patient-years.Results:There were 628 ABA-treated patients, 471 (75%) using the subcutaneous presentation. Only 142 (23%) were on first-line while 381 (61%) were on third or later-line therapy. ABA users were older and more likely to present certain comorbidities compared to the other b/tsDMARD groups. The biggest relative differences were seen for interstitial lung disease (ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes and ischemic heart disease. (Table 1)Table 1.This 12-month interim analysis includes 496 patients (336 with axSpA, 98 with RA and 62 with PsA)NABAIL-6CD20JAKiTNFi6287861816691787Mean age, years (SD)64.1 (12.0)50.7 (12.7)63.2 (12.3)59.6 (12.3)60.7 (13.1)Female sex, n (%)482 (77)652 (83)135 (75)537 (80)1418 (79)Median disease duration (p25-p75)10.1 (5.1-16.5)9.4 (4.6-15.9)13.3 (8.3-20.6)10.4 (5.0-17.2)7.4 (3.2-13.7)ACPA, n (%)352 (72)425 (71)113 (79)407 (70)875 (70)RF, n (%)380 (77)454 (75)124 (86)411 (70)915 (72)Current smokers, n (%)98 (16)137 (17)338 (19)90 (20)259 (18)ILD, n (%)64 (13)21 (3)25 (2)8 (2)19 (2)COPD, n (%)38 (6)23(3)52 (3)14 (3)43 (3)Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%)18 (3)13 (2)19 (1)13 (3)18 (1)Diabetes73 (12)66 (8)13 (7)46 (10)100 (7)Ischemic Heart Disease, n (%)36 (6)23 (3)012 (3)30 (2)Hypertension, n (%)197 (31)198 (25)416 (23)131 (30)338 (23)Heart Failure, n (%)19 (4)12 (2)10 (1)6 (2)5 (1)Osteoporosis, n (%)133 (21)141 (18)26 (14)72 (16)215 (15)IL-6: Tocilizumab and Sarilumab; CD20: Rituximab and biosimilars; JAKi: Janus kinase inhibitors (Tofacitinib and Baricitinib); TNFi: TNF inhibitors and biosimilars; ACPA: anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies; RF: rheumatoid factor; ILD: interstitial lung disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Overall, 63% of patients remained on ABA at 1 year, 48% at 2 and 31% at 5 years after drug initiation. The corresponding proportions were 79%, 65% and 52% for bionaïve and 59%, 43% and 30% for those in third or later-line therapy. From 394 total discontinuations, loss of efficacy in 225 (57%) and AE in 98 (25%) were the main reasons. This trend was consistent among all therapy lines.The total IR of AE was 886.5 (837.3-938.5) and 156.4 (136.5-179.2) for SAE. Infections were the most frequent AE overall, IR 44.4 (34.4-57.3), and the highest IR was seen among bionaïve patients (69.6 (44.9-107.9)).Conclusion:ABA-treated RA patients in Spain are older and have more comorbidities (vs other b/tsDMARDs), especially ILD, COPD, ischemic heart disease and diabetes and receive ABA as third or later-line therapy. Although these features are associated with worse response to treatment and a higher risk of infection, ABA presents a good drug survival and infectious AE are not the main cause of discontinuation.Acknowledgements:On behalf of the BIOBADASER Working groupDisclosure of Interests:Sebastián C Rodriguez-García Speakers bureau: Sanofi, MSD, UCB-Pharma, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Novartis, Janssen, Consultant of: Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Galápagos, Carlos Sánchez-Piedra: None declared, Raul Castellanos-Moreira Speakers bureau: Roche, Sanofi, MSD, UCB-Pharma, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Novartis, Lilly, and Pfizer., Dolores Ruiz-Montesinos: None declared, Manuel Pombo: None declared, Fernando Sánchez-Alonso: None declared, Juan J. Gómez-Reino Consultant of: Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB.

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Prieto-Peña, D., M. Calderón-Goercke, A. Adan, L. Chamorro-López, O. Maiz, J. De Dios-Jiménez Aberásturi, R. Veroz Gonzalez, et al. "AB1055 CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL: A SAFE AND EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS DURING PREGNANCY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1817.1–1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1610.

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Background:Anti-TNFα agents are useful in uveitis(1-5).Certolizumab pegol (CZP) differs from other anti-TNFα agents due to its limited placental transfer.Objectives:To assess efficacy and safety of CZP in women with uveitis during pregnancy.Methods:Multicenter study of women with uveitis under CZP during pregnancy and their neonates.Results:14 women (23 eyes); mean age 34.3±5.5 yrs (TABLE 1). Pattern of uveitis: 10 anterior, 2 posterior, 1 intermediate, 1 panuveitis. Uveitis was bilateral in 9 and chronic in 7. CZP was started before conception in 10 patients and after in 4. All patients obtained or maintained ocular remission throughout pregnancy (FIGURE). Prednisone was reduced from a mean dose of 21.7±19.7 mg/day to 4.1±3.8 mg/day at 6 months (p=0.03), leading to complete discontinuation in 4. 15 healthy infants were born. Only 1 woman presented a mild infection. No infections or malformations were found in neonates after a follow-up of 6 months. 6 infants were breastfed and all received scheduled vaccinations without complications (TABLE 2).TABLE 1.AgeUnderlying diseaseImmunosuppressants before CZPCombined treatment134SpAMTX, AZA, ADAAZA237SpAMTX, AZA, IFX, ADA, GOLI339SpAAZA, ADAAZA446SpACyA, ETN, ADA, IFX, GOLI532SpASSZ, ADASSZ636SpAMTX, HCQ, ADA740SpAMTX, LFN, HCQ, IFX, ADA, GOLIHCQ831IdiopathicMTX, MMF, CyA, ADA933IdiopathicMTX, AZA, ADA, ETN1032RAMTXAZA1123Vogt-Koyanagi-HaradaAZA, ADAAZA1236Juvenil Idiopathic ArthritisADA1332Punctate inner choroidopathyADA1429BehcetCyA, IFX, ADAConclusion:CZP seems to be effective and safe in female patients with uveitis during pregnancy and neonates.References:[1]Llorenç V et al. Certolizumab Pegol, a New Anti-TNF-α in the Armamentarium against Ocular Inflammation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(2):167-72. doi: 10.3109/09273948.2014.967779[2]Urruticoechea-Arana A et al. Efficacy and safety of biological therapy compared to synthetic immunomodulatory drugs or placebo in the treatment of Behçet’s disease associated uveitis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int. 2019 Jan;39(1):47-58. doi: 10.1007/s00296-018-4193-z[3]Martín-Varillas JL et al. Successful Optimization of Adalimumab Therapy in Refractory Uveitis Due to Behçet’s Disease Ophthalmology. 2018 Sep;125(9):1444-1451. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.02.020[4]Santos-Gómez M et al. The effect of biologic therapy different from infliximab or adalimumab in patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet’s disease: results of a multicentre open-label study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016. Sep-Oct;34(6 Suppl 102): S34-S40[5]Calvo-Río V et al. Golimumab in refractory uveitis related to spondyloarthritis. Multicenter study of 15 patients.Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016 Aug;46(1):95-101. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.03.002Disclosure of Interests:D. Prieto-Peña: None declared, Monica Calderón-Goercke: None declared, Alfredo Adan: None declared, Lillian Chamorro-López: None declared, Olga Maiz: None declared, JR De Dios-Jiménez Aberásturi: None declared, Raul Veroz Gonzalez: None declared, Soledad Blanco: None declared, José M Santos: None declared, Francisco Navarro: None declared, Adela Gallego: None declared, Senen González-Suárez: None declared, Arantxa Conesa: None declared, Andrea García-Valle: None declared, Miguel Cordero-Coma: None declared, Nieves Pardiñas-Barón: None declared, Rosalía Demetrio-Pablo: None declared, Vanesa Calvo-Río Grant/research support from: MSD and Roche, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Celgene, Grünenthal, UCB Pharma, Victor Manuel Mora-Cuesta: None declared, Santos Castañeda: None declared, J. Luis Hernández: None declared, Miguel A González-Gay Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Abbvie, MSD, Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Abbvie, MSD, Ricardo Blanco Grant/research support from: AbbVie, MSD, Roche, Consultant of: Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, Bristol-Myers, Janssen, UCB Pharma and MSD, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, Bristol-Myers, Janssen, UCB Pharma. MSD

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Kim, J. S., K. Hyun-Sook, and L. Kyung-Ann. "POS0982 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF SPECT/CT IN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS AND OTHER LOW BACK PAIN." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 758.2–758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2296.

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Background:Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis are characterized by inflammatory arthritis involving the spine and peripheral joints. Bone SPECT/CT is in the spotlight as it can reflect the current level of inflammation.Objectives:We aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of bone SPECT/CT for axial SpA (axSpA) at the level of sacroiliac joints.Methods:Patients with low back pain who had undergone SPECT/CT of the SI joints were selected for inclusion in this study through a retrospective review of medical records from August 2016 and July 2018. We used semi-quantitative scoring methods for SPECT/CT. For visual scoring, a score of 0 was assigned when tracer uptake in the sacroiliac joint was less than that in the sacrum; a score of 1, when equal to that in the sacrum; and a score of 2, when greater than that in the sacrum. A score of 2 was considered positive for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis on SPECT/CT (Figure 1). The diagnosis of axSpA was retained when patients fulfilled the Assessment of SpA International Society criteria.Results:A total of 164 patients were enrolled (34 patients with axSpA). The remaining 130 patients had non-axSpA rheumatic inflammatory disease (n=24), vertebral disk herniation (n=13), avascular necrosis (n=11), and others such as bursitis, and fracture (n=85). The mean age of aSpA (37.8±15.6 years) was lower than controls (49.8±16.4 years) (p<0.001), and axSpA (64.5 %) had more male than others (42.1 %) (p=0.024). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of bone SPECT/CT for axSpA were 83.9%, 63.2%, 34.7%, and 94.4%, respectively. The bone SPECT/CT maximal score and BASDAI score has positive correlation (r=0.481, p=0.007). The bone SPECT/CT compared with MRI is marginal correlation (k=0.369, p<0.001).Conclusion:In patients with low back pain, the bone SPECT/CT has a high negative predictive value that can exclude AS. In addition, when contraindication in MRI the bone SPECT/CT can be an alternative test.References:[1]Rahul V. Parghane, Baljinder Singh, Aman Sharma, Harmandeep Singh, Paramjeet Singh, and Anish Bhattacharya. Role of 99mTc-Methylene Diphosphonate SPECT/CT in the Detection of Sacroiliitis in Patients with Spondyloarthropathy: Comparison with Clinical Markers and MRI. J Nucl Med Technol 2017; 45:280–28[2]Anuj Jain, Suruchi Jain, w A n i l A g a r w a l, Sanjay Gambhir, Chetna Shamshery, and Amita Agarwal(2015). Evaluation of Efficacy of Bone Scan With SPECT/CT in the Management of Low Back Pain. A Study Supported by Differential Diagnostic Local Anesthetic Blocks. Clin J Pain 2015;31:1054–1059[3]Yong-il Kim, Minseok Suh, Yu Kyeong Kim, Ho-Young Lee and Kichul Shin. The usefulness of bone SPECT/CT imaging with volume of interest analysis in early axial spondyloarthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2015) 16:9[4]Jennifer Saunders, Mel Cusi, and Hans Van der Wall. What’s Old Is New Again: The Sacroiliac Joint as a Cause of Lateralizing Low Back Pain. Tomography (2018) VOLUME 4 NUMBER 2[5]Satoshi Kato, Satoru Demura, Hidenori Matsubara, Anri Inak2, Kazuya Shinmura, Noriaki Yokogawa, Hideki Murakam1, Seigo Kinuya and Hiroyuki Tsuchiya. Utility of bone SPECT/CT to identify the primary cause of pain in elderly patients with degenerative lumbar spine disease. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (2019) 14:185[6]Romain De Laroche, Erwan Simon, Nicolas Suignard, Thomas Williams, Marc-Pierre Henry, Philippe Robin, Ronan Abgral, David Bourhis Pierre-Yves Salaun, Frédéric Dubrana, Solène Querellou. Clinical interest of quantitative bone SPECT-CT in the preoperative assessment of knee osteoarthritis. De Laroche et al. Medicine (2018) 97:35[7]Inki Lee, Hendra Budiawan, Jee Youn Moon, Gi Jeong Cheon, Yong Chul Kim, Jin Chul Paeng, Keon Wook Kang, June-Key Chung, and Dong Soo Lee. The Value of SPECT/CT in Localizing Pain Site and Prediction of Treatment Response in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1711-1716Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

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Sundy, J. S., K. L. Otipoby, N. Higginson-Scott, J. Visweswaraiah, E. Sampson, K. Kis-Toth, A. Monsef, et al. "AB0282 SAFETY, TOLERABILITY AND SELECTIVE EXPANSION OF REGULATORY T CELLS BY A SINGLE DOSE OF THE NOVEL IL-2 MUTEIN PT101 IN A PHASE 1 STUDY IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 1167.1–1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1200.

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Background:Activation and expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been proposed as a strategy to treat autoimmunity. When administered in low doses, IL-2 expands and activates Tregs leading to clinical response in several autoimmune diseases. However, the narrow therapeutic window of IL-2 results in loss of selectivity for Tregs and concurrent activation of conventional T cells (Tconv) and NK cells, limiting its clinical utility. This loss of selectivity may negate the clinical benefit of Treg activation and lead to dose-limiting side effects. PT101 is a novel engineered variant of IL-2 fused to an Fc protein backbone which in preclinical studies selectively activates Tregs without expanding Tconv or NK cells. PT101 is in clinical development for the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases.Objectives:To assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of PT101 after a single dose in healthy human volunteers.Methods:We conducted a randomized, double-blind, single-ascending dose trial of PT101 or placebo (3:1 allocation). Five dose levels from 1 mg to 10 mg were administered by subcutaneous injection. Adverse events, physical examination findings, and clinical laboratory results were assessed for 29 days. Serum PT101 levels and antidrug antibody were assessed. Changes in mononuclear cell populations were measured in peripheral blood by flow cytometry.Results:56 subjects were administered PT101 or placebo. All subjects completed the study. There were no deaths, serious adverse events, dose limiting toxicities, or clinically significant changes in vital sign, ECG, or laboratory results. All adverse events were Grade 1 or 2 and self-limited. Injection site reactions were the most common adverse event. Transient increases in eosinophil counts were observed in some subjects, consistent with the known class effect of IL-2. Peak levels of PT101 occurred 11.0 to 14.6 hours after administration, and declined with a mean half-life of 20.4 to 28.3 hours, demonstrating linear exposure through the dose range. No anti-drug antibodies were induced. PT101 caused dose-related expansion of Tregs that plateaued at doses between 3.5 and 10 mg. Mean maximum expansion above baseline was 3.6-fold for total Tregs and 72.5-fold for the CD25bright subset of Tregs. Maximal expansion was observed by Day 8-10 with a return toward baseline by Day 29. Over 80% of subjects achieved a 2-fold or greater expansion of total Tregs (Table 1). No significant expansion of Tconv or NK cells was observed at any dose level.Table 1.Percent Total Treg RespondersFold Change Total TregsPlacebo(n=14)1 mg(n=6)3.5 mg(n=12)5 mg(n=12)7.5 mg(n=6)10 mg(n=6)≥ 2X7%33%83%83%100%100%≥ 3X0%0%58%75%33%50%≥ 4X0%0%24%42%33%17%Conclusion:PT101 was safe and well tolerated after a single dose in healthy volunteers. Marked expansion of both total Treg and CD25bright Treg cells was observed. High selectivity for Tregs was observed with no significant expansion of pro-inflammatory Tconv and NK cells even at the highest dose studied. These results support the therapeutic potential of PT101 in planned multiple dose studies in systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, and other autoimmune diseases.References:[1]Klatzmann, D., Abbas, A. The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 15, 283–294 (2015)Acknowledgements:Pandion Therapeutics acknowledges the participants and research staff who contributed to this clinical trialDisclosure of Interests:John S Sundy Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Kevin L. Otipoby Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Nathan Higginson-Scott Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Jyothsna Visweswaraiah Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Erik Sampson Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Katalin Kis-Toth Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Adrianne Monsef Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Parika Petaipimol Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, David Essayan Consultant of: Pandion Therapeutics, Mary Ellen Cosenza Consultant of: Pandion Therapeutics, Rahul Kakkar Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics, Jo Viney Shareholder of: Pandion Therapeutics, Employee of: Pandion Therapeutics

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Rodriguez-García, S. C., C. Sánchez-Piedra, R. Castellanos-Moreira, D. Ruiz-Montesinos, V. Hernandez, M. Pombo, F. Sánchez-Alonso, L. Carmona, and J. J. Gómez-Reino. "SAT0063 THE COMBINED VACCINATION SCHEME AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IS EFFECTIVE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS TREATED WITH DMARD: DATA FROM BIOBADASER 3.0." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 964.2–965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.706.

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Background:Respiratory tract infections are among the leading causes of hospitalization in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Sp) is one of the most frequent pathogens involved. For these patients, the CDC recommends a combined vaccination scheme (CVS) using two types of Sp vaccines but evidence on its effectiveness remains insufficient.1Objectives:To assess the impact of the combined vaccination scheme on the incidence of Sp infections in patients with RA treated with DMARD.Methods:A cohort was nested in a register including patients with RA who were prescribed a bDMARD or tsDMARD -either naïve or switch- from 2000 to March 2019.The target outcomes were invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and all-cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), as defined by relevant MedDRA codes. Demographic and clinical features were also retrieved. Each participant centre informed about the date when they implemented a systematic Sp vaccination protocol and whether they were using the CVS. Those not adopting this practice were excluded from the analysis.Crude incidence rates (IRs) were calculated for each outcome as well as for its combination (combined variable defined as “Sp infections”). Exposure was split into two periods, considering the date when the CVS was officially recommended in Spain (May 2015). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing pre and post implementation periods was estimated with a Poisson regression model adjusted for sex, age and comorbidities (Charlson Index).Results:1704 patients were included, their characteristics are shown in table 1. One centre was excluded for not using any Sp vaccination protocol while the remaining ones reported using the CVS. Crude IRs by periods (pre and post CVS implementation) and age groups are shown in table 2. The IRR of the post-vaccination period after adjusting for age, sex and comorbidities (Charlson index) was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.29 - 0.56), p<0.001.Table 1.Baseline features of the cohort.DemographicsAge, years *60.6 (12.5)Female1356 (79.6%)Current smoking287 (16.8%)RA clinical characteristicsDisease duration, years*9.1 (7.9)RF positive875 (74%)ACPA positive831 (71%)DAS28*4.6 (1.4)Other clinical characteristicsBody Mass Index*27.5 (5.2)Charlson index*2.3 (1.5)Chronic pulmonary Disease125 (9.3%)Diabetes mellitus147 (9%)*Data presented as mean (standard deviation).Table 1Characteristics of patients with RA at time of RA diagnosis and patients with SAB with/without RA at time of SAB diagnosisCharacteristic, n (%)At RA diagnosisAt first-time SABRA (n=34,627)RA (n=228)Non-RA (n=25,268)Age, years (IQR)59.8 (48.8-70.3)71.8 (62.3-79.2)69.7 (57.7-79.7)Female, %69%59%38%Diabetes mellitus2,467 (7.1%)51 (22.4%)5,678 (22.5%)Heart failure1,018 (2.9%)42 (18.4%)4,718 (18.7%)Liver disease454 (1.3%)12 (5.3%)2,189 (8.7%)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1,677 (4.8%)36 (15.8%)3,412 (13.5%)Cancer2,124 (6.1%)60 (26.3%)6,742 (26.7%)HIV11 (0.0%)0 (0%)127 (0.5%)Solid organ transplant8 (0.0%)0 (0%)357 (1.4%)Alcohol abuse642 (1.9%)12 (5.3%)3,356 (13.3%)Chronic dialysis29 (0.1%)11 (4.8%)2,256 (8.9%)Orthopedic implant3,807 (11.0%)89 (39.0%)5,422 (21.5%)Cardiac or vascular implant731 (2.1%)18 (7.9%)1,940 (7.7%)Glucocorticoid (0-90 days prior)7,062 (20.4%)99 (43.4 %)2,911 (11.5%)Invasive surgery (0-30 days prior)1,962 (5.7%)62 (27.2%)8,451 (33.5%)Table 2.Crude IRs (95% CI) of the outcomes of interest split by age.Overall<65≥65PrePostPrePostPrePostSP-Infections33 (27.4-39.9)12.7 (9.8-16.4)28 (22.4-35)11.8 (8.9-15.6)60.3 (42.4-85.8)19.5 (10.8-35.2)IPD–0.4 (0.1-1.6)–0.4 (0.1-1.8)––All cause CAP23.6 (19.0-29.3)11.5 (8.8-15)18.7 (14.4-24.4)10.4 (7.7-14)50.8 (34.8-74)19.5 (10.8-35.2)Conclusion:The incidence of Sp infections experienced a decrease in RA patients taking bDMARD or tsDMARD after the introduction of the stepwise combined vaccination scheme that is not related to age, sex or comorbidities.References:[1] Furer V,et al.Ann Rheum Dis2019;0:1–14Disclosure of Interests:Sebastian C Rodriguez-García Speakers bureau: Novartis Farmaceutica, S.A., Merck Sharp & Dohme España, S.A., Sanofi Aventis, UCB Pharma, Carlos Sánchez-Piedra: None declared, Raul Castellanos-Moreira Speakers bureau: Lilly, MSD, Sanofi, UCB, Dolores Ruiz-Montesinos: None declared, Victoria Hernandez: None declared, Manuel Pombo: None declared, Fernando Sánchez-Alonso: None declared, Loreto Carmona Grant/research support from: Novartis Farmaceutica, SA, Pfizer, S.L.U., Merck Sharp & Dohme España, S.A., Roche Farma, S.A, Sanofi Aventis, AbbVie Spain, S.L.U., and Laboratorios Gebro Pharma, SA (All trhough institution), Juan Jesús Gómez-Reino: None declared

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Rahman, Md Naimur. "Urban Expansion Analysis and Land Use Changes in Rangpur City Corporation Area, Bangladesh, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) Techniques." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i3.13921.

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This study aim to attempt mapping out the Land Use or Land Cover (LULC) status of Regional Project Coordination Committee (RPCC) between 2009-2019 with a view of detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place using RS and GIS techniques; serving as a precursor to the further study on urban induced variations or change in weather pattern of the cityn Rangpur City Corporation(RCC) is the main administrative functional area for both of Rangpur City and Rangpur division and experiencing a rapid changes in the field of urban sprawl, cultural and physical landscape,city growth. These agents of Land use or Land cover (LULC) varieties are responsible for multi-dimensional problems such as traffic congestion, waterlogging, and solid waste disposal, loss of agricultural land. In this regard, this study fulfills LULC changes by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) as well as field survey was conducted for the measurement of change detection. The sources of data were Landsat 7 ETM and landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of both C1 level 1. Then after correcting the data, geometrically and radiometrically change detection and combined classification (supervised & unsupervised) were used. The study finds LULC changes built-up area, water source, agricultural land, bare soil in a change of percentage is 17.23, 2.58, -9.94, -10.19 respectively between 2009 and 2019. Among these changes, bare soil is changed to a great extent, which indicates the expansion of urban areas is utilizing the land to a proper extent. Keywords: Urban expansion; land use; land cover; remote sensing; geographic information system (GIS); Rangpur City Corporation(RCC). References Al Rifat, S. A., & Liu, W. (2019). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and major explanatory factors of urban expansion in miami metropolitan area during 1992-2016. Remote Sensing, 11(21) doi:10.3390/rs11212493 Arimoro AO, Fagbeja MA, Eedy W. (2002). The Need and Use of Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Impact Assessment in Africa: With Example from Ten Years Experience in Nigeria. AJEAM/RAGEE, 4(2), 16-27. Belal, A.A. and Moghanm, F.S. (2011).Detecting Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Al Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt.The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 14, 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2011.09.001 Dewan, A.M. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Detect and Monitor and Use and Land Cover Change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960-2005. Environmental Monitor Assessment, 150, 237- 249. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0226-5 Djimadoumngar, K.-N., & Adegoke, J. (2018). Satellite-Based Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes around Lake Fitri, Republic of Chad. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(5), 71. doi:10.5539/jsd.v11n5p71 Edwards, B., Frasch, T., & Jeyacheya, J. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of land-use zoning for the protection of built heritage in the bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar—A satellite remote-sensing approach. Land use Policy, 88 doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104174 Fallati, L., Savini, A., Sterlacchini, S., & Galli, P. (2017). Land use and land cover (LULC) of the Republic of the Maldives: first national map and LULC change analysis using remote-sensing data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8). doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6120-2 Fučík, P., Novák, P., & Žížala, D. (2014). A combined statistical approach for evaluation of the effects of land use, agricultural and urban activities on stream water chemistry in small tile-drained catchments of south bohemia, czech republic. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(6), 2195-2216. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3131-y Elbeih, S. F., & El-Zeiny, A. M. (2018). Qualitative assessment of groundwater quality based on land use spectral retrieved indices: Case study sohag governorate, egypt. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 10, 82-92. doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2018.03.001 Fasal, S. (2000). Urban expansion and loss of agricultural land – A GIS based study of Saharanpur City, India. Environment and Urbanization, 12(2), 133 – 149 He, S., Wang, X., Dong, J., Wei, B., Duan, H., Jiao, J., & Xie, Y. (2019). Three-dimensional urban expansion analysis of valley-type cities: A case study of chengguan district, lanzhou, china. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20) doi:10.3390/su11205663 Heimlich, R.E and W.D. Anderson. (2001). Development at the Urban Fringe and Beyond: Impacts on Agriculture and Rural Land. 803, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., pg 80 Im, N., Kawamura, K., Suwandana, E., & Sakuno, Y. (2014). Monitoring land use and land cover effects on water quality in cheung ek lake using ASTER images. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 11(1), 1-12. doi:10.3844/ajessp.2015.1.12 Kalnay, E., & Cai, M. (2003). Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature, 423(6939), 528-531. doi:10.1038/nature01675 Matlhodi, B., Kenabatho, P. K., Parida, B. P., & Maphanyane, J. G. (2019). Evaluating land use and land cover change in the gaborone dam catchment, botswana, from 1984-2015 using GIS and remote sensing. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(19) doi:10.3390/su11195174 Uddin, M. M. M. (2015). Causal relationship between agriculture, industry and services sector for GDP growth in Bangladesh: An econometric investigation. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 8. Mondal, I., Srivastava, V. K., Roy, P. S., & Talukdar, G. (2014). Using logit model to identify the drivers of landuse landcover change in the lower gangetic basin, india. Paper presented at the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, , XL-8(1) 853-859. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-853-2014 Navale, V. B., & Mhaske, S. Y. (2019). Land use/land cover changes in sangamner city by using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2), 4614-4621. doi:10.35940/ijrte.B3386.078219 Nicolson, L.D. (1987). The Greening of the cities; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Nong, D., Fox, J., Miura, T., & Saksena, S. (2015). Built-up Area Change Analysis in Hanoi Using Support Vector Machine Classification of Landsat Multi-Temporal Image Stacks and Population Data. Land, 4(4), 1213–1231. doi:10.3390/land4041213 Park, H., Fan, P., John, R., Ouyang, Z., & Chen, J. (2019). Spatiotemporal changes of informal settlements: Ger districts in ulaanbaatar, mongolia. Landscape and Urban Planning, 191 doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103630 Rajeshwari D. (2006). Management of the Urban Environment Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems.J. Hum. Ecol., 20(4), 269-277. Retrieved from http://www.krepublishers.com/02_journals/JHE/ Rasul, A., Balzter, H., Ibrahim, G., Hameed, H., Wheeler, J., Adamu, B., … Najmaddin, P. (2018). Applying Built-Up and Bare-Soil Indices from Landsat 8 to Cities in Dry Climates. Land, 7(3), 81. doi:10.3390/land7030081 Risma, Zubair, H., & Paharuddin. (2019). Prediction of land use and land cover (LULC) changes using CA-Markov model in Mamuju Subdistrict. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1341, 082033. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082033 Schilling, K. E., Jha, M. K., Zhang, Y.-K., Gassman, P. W., & Wolter, C. F. (2008). Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions. Water Resources Research, 44(7). doi:10.1029/2007wr006644 Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

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"“El Arlequín en Venecia” 1938: Raoul Dufy (1877–1953)." Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes 25, no. 5 (September 2014): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0716-8640(14)70121-x.

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Rahimzadeh, Poupak, Saied Amniati, Reza Farahmandrad, Seyed Hamid Reza Faiz, Setareh Hedayati Emami, and Azadeh Habibi. "Clinical Characteristics of Critically Ill Patients Infected with COVID-19 in Rasoul Akram Hospital in Iran: A Single Center Study." Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 10, no. 5 (September 16, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/aapm.107211.

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Background: Knowledge about clinical features of critically ill patients with COVID-19 still lacks adequate information up to now. Objectives: We aimed to describe and compare the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Rasoul Akram Hospital. Methods: In this case series, 70 critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted in ICU wards of Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 29 February to 25 April 2020 were enrolled. Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and outcomes of the patients were all collected and compared between deceased and recovered patients. Results: Fifty-six cases had died of COVID-19, and 14 patients had fully recovered and discharged. The median age of the patients was 68 years old, ranging from 22 to 91 years, 66% were men, 80% had one or more comorbidities, and hypertension was the most common comorbidities (45% of deceased cases). The most common signs and symptoms at the onset of illness were SPO2 depression (92%) and dyspnea (90%). Dyspnea was significantly more common in deceased patients (95%) than recovered patients (70%) (P = 0.048). Most patients had lymphopenia (80%). The number of patients who needed mechanical ventilation in the deceased patients was 53 (95%), which was significantly more than the recovered patients (10 [70%]) (P = 0.048). Conclusions: The mortality rate of critically ill patients with COVID-19 is very high, and the patients with dyspnea and required mechanical ventilation are at higher risk for death.

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Belkacemi, Souad, Jacques Bou Khalil, Yusuke Ominami, Akiko Hisada, Anthony Fontanini, Aurelia Caputo, Anthony Levasseur, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Saber Khelaifia, and Didier Raoult. "Passive Filtration, Rapid Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Treponema Culture and Identification from the Oral Cavity." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 57, no. 10 (July 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00517-19.

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ABSTRACT We present here a new passive-filtration-based culture device combined with rapid identification with a new electron microscope (Hitachi TM4000) for the detection and culture of Treponema species from the human oral cavity. Of the 44 oral samples cultivated, 15 (34%) were found to be positive for Treponema using electron microscopy and were also culture positive. All were subcultured on agar plates; based on genome sequencing and analyses, 10 were strains of Treponema pectinovorum and 5 were strains of Treponema denticola. The 29 samples that were negative for Treponema remained culture negative. In addition, 14 Treponema species ordered from the DSMZ collection were cultured in the T-Raoult culture medium optimized here. Finally, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used and 30 novel spectra were added to the MALDI-TOF MS database. We have successfully developed a new and effective method for treponemal detection, culture, and identification.

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Yunus Ibrahim, Muhammad. "Evolusi Institusi Pendidikan Islam Klasik Evolution Of Classical Islamic Education Institutions." At- Tarbawi 12, no. 1 (June 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/tarbawi.v12i1.1619.

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Artikel ini bertujuan mengeksporasi Sejarah Pendidikan Islam telah berlangsung kurang lebih 14 abad yang telah lalu, yakni sejak nabi Muhammad diutus menjadi rasul. Pada awalnya pendidikan berlangsung secara sederhana, dengan masjid sebagai pusat proses pembelajaran, Alquran dan Hadis sebagai kurikulum utama Rasulullah sendiri berperan sebagai guru dalam proses pendidikan tersebut, tetapi setelah Rasulullah wafat Islam terus berkembang sampai ke ujung jazirah Arab. Lembaga pendidikan Islam merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam mencapai keberhasilan proses pendidikan, karena lembaga berfungsi sebagai mediator dalam mengatur jalannya proses pendidikan. Dewasa ini tampaknya tidak bisa disebut pendidikan apabila tidak ada lembaganya. Karena pendidikan memainkan peran sentral dalam Islam. Ilmu menjadi tulang punggung (backbone) ajaran Islam. Lebih dari 800 ayat Alquran menyebut, menyinggung atau membahas tentang pentingnya keilmuan. Sekedar perbandingan, hanya 90 ayat Alquran yang membahas tentang fiqh atau ilmu hukum Islam. Pendidikan Islam, sangatlah erat hubungannya dengan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan karena suatu pendidikan Islam meliki lembaga yang membantu. Lembaga pendidikan Islam adalah wadah atau tempat berlangsungnya proses pendidikan Islam yang bersamaan dengan proses pembudayaan, dan itu dimulai dari lingkungan keluarga.

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Imran, M., A. M. Khan, M. Altaf, M. Ameen, R. M. Ahmad, M. T. Waseem, and G. Sarwar. "Impact of alien fishes on the distribution pattern of indigenous freshwater fishes of Punjab, Pakistan." Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.238096.

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Abstract Pakistan is the country with mega freshwater fish diversity of native and alien species. In the presence of enormous native fishes varies species of exotic fishes have been introduced into the freshwater bodies of Pakistan which are competing with native freshwater fish fauna and making them deprive of food and habitat as well. Intentional or accidental introductions of animals, plants and pathogens away from their native niche is considered as major leading problem for biodiversity of invaded habitat. Three years study (from January 2017 to December 2019) was conducted in freshwater bodies of Province Punjab, Pakistan. Study was designed to know exotic species impacts on the distribution of native species of fishes. During current survey a total of 68 (indigenous and exotic) fish species belonging to 14 families were recorded from head Qadirabad, head Baloki, Islam headworks and Rasul barrage. Statistical analysis showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity index was the highest (1.41) at both Rasul barrage and Islam headworks but, invasive species were present in very less number in these study sites i.e. Oreochromis mozambicus, O. niloticus, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Carassius auratus, Ctenophryngdon idella, Cyprinus carpio and H. molitrix. The diversity index showed that comparatively low diversity was present in both area head Qadirabad (1.30) and head Baloki (1.4) due to high pressure of invasive species. Direct observation of species and statistical analysis showed that aliens’ species produced negative impact on the local fish fauna diversity, evenness, and numbers. It is concluded that many factors are impacts on the diversity of native fishes, but alien (invasive) species also play a major role to reduction of native species, because aliens’ species produce competition for native species. So it is urgent need to analysis the aliens and native food web and roosting sites in Pakistan, in future.

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Menon, Bijoy K., Mohamed Najm, Fahad Al-Ajlan, Josep Puig Alcantara, Dar Dowlatshahi, Ana Calleja, Sung-Il Sohn, et al. "Abstract 186: IV tPA Recanalization Rates by Site of Occlusion and Time After tPA Bolus- Main Results Of The Interrsect Multinational Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study." Stroke 48, suppl_1 (February 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.186.

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Introduction: Decisions to transport patients from primary to comprehensive stroke centre would be influenced by info on likelihood/timing of spontaneous or IV tPA recanalization (recan). We examined recan rates by time for a wide range of occlusion sites in the INTERRSeCT multicenter prospective cohort study. Methods: Acute stroke patients consented/enrolled at 12 centers/5 countries if intracranial occlusion present on baseline CTA; eGFR≥60 ml/min. CTA was repeated 2-6 hrs later for recan unless patient taken for EVT (first run of angio used instead). Primary outcome was successful recan (rAOL scale score 2b/3) interpreted by central core lab. Results: 619 patients enrolled, 81.6% received IV tPA. 59.9% recan by follow-up CTA and 40.1% by first run angio. Median baseline NIHSS 14 (IQR 11); mean age 70.1 yrs (SD 13); median onset to baseline CTA 115 mins (IQR 108). Recan assessment imaging median 162 mins (IQR 198) from IV tPA bolus or baseline CTA (if no IV tPA). Successful recan (rAOL 2b-3) rates comparing baseline to repeat imaging shown in Figure 1a (IV tPA red; no IV tPA blue). IV tPA had much higher recan than non-IV tPA group (30.5% vs 11%, p<0.0001). Successful recan rates by occlusion site and by time from IV tPA bolus shown in Figure 1b. Site of occlusion, tPA administration, time from tPA to recan assessment and baseline residual flow were the only independent predictors of recan (all p<0.0001). Distal M1 MCA had highest recan [RR 4.12; 95% CI 1.91-8.86 vs. ICA]. Conclusions: Early recan rates were low across all occlusion sites. Beyond 6 hrs post tPA, recan rates approached EVT levels except for ICA. Imaging factors such as residual flow may further refine transport/triage decisions.

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Noorbakhsh, Samileh, Ali Asghar Rabiei, Ali Akbar Rahbarimanesh, Morteza Haghighi, and Sarvenaz Ashouri. "Searching the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin -1 in septic children with negative cultures: A comparative study in Tehen,Iran." Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 20 (July 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526520666200731180641.

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Background: Bacteria induced sepsis is common in infants and children Staphylococcus aureus produces numerous exotoxins; like staphylococcal Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST- 1) which stimulate the immune system by T cell activation and inflammation in various organs. Recent studies suggest that staphylococcal toxins; generally named super antigens (SAgs) may also have a significant role in the pathogenesis of some pediatric disorders especially in clinical presentation of sepsis and septic shock. This study was carried out in order to compare staphylococcal TSST- 1 (SAgs) in children with sepsis symptoms (and septic shock) with negative blood culture versus a control group. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was done during 2 years (2014 -2016) in two referral hospitals (Rasoul Akram and Bahrami hospitals) in Tehran, Iran. We selected 44 children )mean age of 4 years) who were admitted in pediatrics and PICUs wards with sepsis symptoms- /+septic shock. Forty five children (mean age of 3.9 years) were selected as a control group. All cases with blood samples were examined for TSST-1 (SAgs) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in both case and control groups and results compared. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16software. Chi-square or Fisher test was used to compare variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered as a valuable tool. Results: Positive blood cultures with other bacteria; Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli were detected in 5 cases with negative TSST-1 in blood samples. S.aureus isolated from blood culture in 2 cases with positive TSST- 1.Positive TSST-1 (SAgs ) was detected in 6 cases (14% ) with negative blood culture for S.aureus , It was significantly higher in cases ( 14% vs. 2%;P value = 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates the probable role of TSST-1(SAgs) in the progression of sepsis (and septic shock) in toxic children with negative blood culture for S.aureus. Anti-staphylococcal treatment is immediately required, especially in toxic children with related clinical presentation even in cases with negative blood cultures. Indeed, the clinical use against SAgs suppressants of downstream cell-destructive events might be helpful.

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Vaz, Caroline De F�tima Matiello. "Conselho editorial." Secretariado Executivo em Revist@ 14 (August 13, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/ser.v14i0.8503.

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Secretariado Executivo em Revist@ N� 14/2018 ISSN 1809-2802 Acesso: www.upf.br/seer EDITORA Josete Alzira Passamani Stocco Universidade de Passo Fundo � UPF, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil EDITORA CIENT�FICA Caroline de F�tima Matiello Vaz Universidade de Passo Fundo � UPF, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil CONSELHO EDITORIAL Aline Cantarotti, Universidade Estadual de Maring� � UEM, Paran�, Brasil Cibele Barsalini Martins, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina � UFSC, Santa Catarina, Brasil Cibelle da Silva Santiago, Universidade Federal da Para�ba � UFPB, Para�ba, Brasil Chussy Karlla Souza Antunes, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco � UFPE, Pernambuco, Brasil Daniela Giareta Durante, Universidade Federal do Cear� - UFC, Cear�, Brasil Eduardo C�sar Pereira Souza, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul � UNICSUL, S�o Paulo, Brasil Emili Barcellos Martins Santos, City University of Seattle, Seattle, Washington Eliane Wamser, Universidade Regional de Blumenau � FURB, Santa Catarina, Brasil Fernanda Cristina Sanches, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran� � UNIOESTE, Paran�, Brasil Keila Raquel Wenningkamp, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran� � UNIOESTE, Paran�, Brasil Maria do Carmo Assis Todorov, Universidade Nove de Julho � Uninove, S�o Paulo, Brasil Maria Elisabete Mariano dos Santos, Universidade de Passo Fundo � UPF, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Maria Luzitana Concei��o dos Santos, Universidade Federal da Para�ba � UFPB, Para�ba, Brasil Raul Vitor Oliveira Paes, Universidade Federal do Par� � UFPA, Par�, Brasil Rodrigo M�ller, Universidade Tecnol�gica Federal do Paran� - UFTPR, Brasil Rosimeri Ferraz Sabino, Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brasil

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32

Rasul, Sajida, Morven Dockery, Rachel Tattersall, Dan Hawley, Sarah Maltby, and Anne-Marie McMahon. "P35 Vasculitis by any other name would present just the same." Rheumatology 59, Supplement_2 (April 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa111.034.

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Abstract Background Vasculitis can present in many ways and large vessel vascultis is reported rarely to co-present with inflammatory bowel disease. We would like to present two adolescent patients who presented in very similar ways via the gastroenterology team with a seemingly clear diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease but who were found to have large vessel vasculitis later in their disease journey. The presentation is to raise awareness of this rare co-presentation and to discuss treatment challenges in particular those apparent in adolescent patients crossing the transition bridge. Methods Patient A is a 17 year old boy who has had a long and rocky road to control of his inflammatory bowel disease which presented when he was 2 years old. Histologically it fitted a Crohn’s classification. His journey included moderate response to oral steroids and little to no response to a range of DMARDs, biologics (including infliximab and adalimumab which both had secondary failure) and elemental nutrition, over a period of 12 years. Vedolizumab was introduced this year with almost immediate improvement of gut symptoms, but with ongoing raised inflammatory markers (CRP 79, ESR 86). Incidental investigations of neck pain following the start of vedolizumab revealed significant abnormality in the external carotids, with 70% stenosis. MR angiography confirmed a typical pattern of stenotic large vessel vasculitis. The second patient, B is also 17 and was diagnosed with histological ulcerative colitis aged 14. He has an older brother with IBD but has recently been found to have small bowel disease and is likely therefore to have Crohn’s disease. He is on infliximab 10mg/kg 4 weekly but presented with a 3-month history of high inflammatory markers, malaise towards the end of the 4 week infliximab cycle and drenching night sweats. CT Chest confirmed vasculitis in the thoracic aorta, subclavians and carotids. On PET CT there is mural thickening and no stenosis. Results Patient A presented in paediatric care and B in adult care but because of the seamless rheumatology service and combined MDT with gastroenterology both patients’ care has been widely discussed amongst relevant adult and paediatric teams. Conclusion Large vessel vasculitis might be driving the inflammatory bowel disease in both patients as such the life threatening element of the disease ought to be managed immediately, while ensuring safe transition to between paediatric and adult care. Disclosures S. Rasul None. M. Dockery None. R. Tattersall None. D. Hawley None. S. Maltby None. A. McMahon None.

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33

Shaw, Janice Marion. "The Curious Transformation of Boy to Computer." M/C Journal 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1130.

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Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time has achieved success as “the new Rain Man” or “the new definitive, popular account of the autistic condition” (Burks-Abbott 294). Integral to its favourable reception is the way it conflates the autistic main character, the fifteen-year-old narrator Christopher Boone, with the savant, or individual who exhibits both neurological problems and giftedness, thereby engaging with the way autism is presented in popular culture. In a variety of contemporary films and television series, autism has been transformed from a disability to a form of giftedness by relating it to abilities associated in contemporary media with a genius, in particular by invoking the metaphor of an autistic mind as a type of computer. As a result, the book engages with the current association of giftedness in mathematics and science with social awkwardness and isolation as constructed in popular culture: in idiomatic terms, the genius “nerd” figure characterised by an uncertain, adolescent approach to social contact (Kendall 353). The disablement of the character is, then, lessened so that the idea of being “special,” continually evoked throughout the text, has a transformative function that is related less to the special needs of those with a disability and more to the common element in adolescent fiction of longing for extraordinary power and control through being a special, gifted individual. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time relates the protagonist, Christopher, to Sherlock Holmes and his methods of detection, specifically through the title being taken from a story by Conan Doyle, “Silver Blaze,” in which the “curious incident” referred to is that the dog did nothing in the night. In the original story, that the dog did not bark or react to an intruder was a clue that the person was known to the animal, so allowing Holmes to solve the crime by a process of deduction. Christopher copies these traditional methods of the classical detective to solve his personal mystery, that of who killed a neighbour’s dog, Wellington. The adoption of this title allows a double irony to emerge. Christopher’s attempts to emulate Holmes in his approach to crime are predicated on his assumption of his likeness to the model of the classical detective as he states, “I think that if I were a proper detective he is the kind of detective I would be,” pointing out the similarity of their powers of observation and his ability, like Holmes, to “detach his mind at will” as well as his capacity to find patterns in events (92). Through the novel, these attributes are aligned with his autism, constructing a trope of his disability conferring extraordinary abilities that are predicated on a computer-like detachment and precision in his method of thinking. The accessible narrative of the autistic Christopher gives the reader the impression of being able to understand the perspective of an individual with a spectrum disorder. In this way, the text not only engages with, but contributes to the construction of this disability in current popular culture as merely an extension of giftedness, especially in mathematics, and an associated unwillingness to communicate. Indeed, according to Raoul Eshelman, “one of its most engaging narrative devices is to make us identify with a mentally impaired narrator who is manifestly not interested in identifying either with us or anyone else” (1). The main character’s reference to mathematical and scientific ideas exploits an interest in giftedness already established by popular literature and film, and engages with a transformation effected in popular culture of the genius as autistic, and its corollary of an autistic person as potentially a genius. Such a construction ranges from fictional characters like Sheldon in The Big Bang Theory, Charlie and his physicist colleagues in Numb3rs, and Raymond Babbitt in Rain Man, to real life characters or representative figures in reality series and feature films such as x + y, The Imitation Game, The Big Short, and the television program Beauty and the Geek. While never referring specifically to autism, all the real or fictional representations contribute to the construction of a stereotype in which behaviours on the autistic spectrum are linked to a talent in mathematics and the sciences. In addition to this, detectives in the classical crime fiction alluded to in the novel typically exhibit traits of superhuman powers of deduction, pattern making, and problem solving that engage with the popular notion of genius in general and mathematics in particular by possessing a mind like a computer. Such detectives from current television series as Saga from The Bridge and Spencer Reid from Criminal Minds exhibit distance, coldness, and lack of social awareness or empathy with others, and this is presented as the basis of their extraordinary ability to discern patterns and solve crime. Spencer Reid, for example, has three PhDs in Science disciplines and Mathematics. Charlie in the television series Numb3rs is also a genius who uses his mathematical abilities to not only find the solution to crime but also explain the maths behind it to his FBI colleagues, and, in conjunction, the audience. But the character with the clearest association to Christopher is, naturally, Sherlock Holmes, both as constructed in Conan Doyle’s original text and the current adaptations and transformations of it. The television series Sherlock and Elementary, as well as the films Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows all invoke a version of Holmes in which his powers of deduction are associated with symptoms to be found in a spectrum disorder.Like Christopher, the classical detective is characterised by being cold, emotionless, distant, socially inept, and isolated, but also keenly observant, analytical, and scientific; one who approaches the crime as a puzzle to be solved (Cawelti 43) with computer-like precision. In what is considered to be the original detective story, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, Poe included a “pseudo-mathematical logic in his literary scenario” (Platten 255). In Conan Doyle’s stories, Holmes, too, adopts a mathematical and scientific approach to construct patterns from clues that he alone can discern, and thereby solve the crime. The depiction of investigators in contemporary media such as Charlie in Numb3rs engages with these origins so that he is objective, dispassionate, and able to relate to real-world problems only through the filter of mathematical formulae. Christopher is presented similarly by engaging with the idea of the detective as implied savant and relying on an ability to discern patterns for successful crime solving.The book links the disabling behaviours of autism with the savant, so that the stereotype of the mystic displaying both disability and giftedness in fiction of earlier ages has been transformed in contemporary literature to a figure with extraordinary powers related both to autism and to the contemporary form of mysticism: innate mathematical ability and computer-style calculation. Allied with what Murray terms the “unknown and ambiguous nature” of autism, it is characterised as “the alien within the human, the mystical within the rational, the ultimate enigma” (25) in a way that is in keeping with the current fascination with the nature of genius and its association with being “special,” a term continually evoked and discussed throughout the book by the main character. The chapters on scientific ideas relate to Christopher’s world view, filtered through a mathematical and analytical approach to life and relationships with other people. Christopher examines beliefs such as the concept of humanity as superior to other animals, and the idea of religion and creationism, that is, the idea of humanity itself as special, with a cold and logical approach. He similarly discusses the idea of the individual person as special, linking this to a metaphor of the human mind being a computer (203, 148). Christopher’s narrow perspective as a result of his autism is not presented as disabling so much as protective, because the metaphorical connection of his viewpoint to a computer provides him with distance. Although initially Christopher fails to realise the significance of events, this allows him to be “switched off” (103) from events that he finds traumatising.The transformative metaphor of an autistic individual thinking like a computer is also invoked through Christopher’s explanation of “why people think that their brains are special, and different from computers” (147). Indeed, both in terms of his tendency to retreat or by “pressing CTRL + ALT + DEL and shutting down programs and turning the computer off and rebooting” (178) in times of stress, Christopher metaphorically views himself as a computer. Such a perspective invokes yet another popular cultural reference through the allusion to the human brain as “Captain Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek: The Next Generation, sitting in his captain’s seat looking at a big screen” (147). But more importantly, the explanation refers to the basic premise of the book, that the text offers access to a condition that is inherently unknowable, but able to be understood by the reader through metaphor, often based on computers or technology as a result of a popular construction of autism that “the condition is the product of a brain in which the hard drive is incorrectly formatted” (Murray 25).Throughout the novel, the notion of “special” is presented as a trope for those with a disability, but as the protagonist, Christopher, points out, everyone is special in some way, so the whole idea of a disability as disabling is problematised throughout the text, while its associations of giftedness are upheld. Christopher’s disability, never actually designated as Asperger’s Syndrome or any type of spectrum disorder, is transformed into a protective mechanism that shields him from problematic social relationships of which he is unaware, but that the less naïve reader can well discern. In this way, rather than a limitation, the main character’s disorder protects him from a harsh reality. Even Christopher’s choice of Holmes as a role model is indicative of his desire to impose an eccentric order on his world, since this engages with a character in popular fiction who is famous not simply for his abilities, but for his eccentricity bordering on a form of autism. His aloof personality and cold logic not only fail to hamper him in his investigations, but these traits actually form the basis of them. The majority of recent adaptations of Conan Doyle’s stories, especially the BBC series Sherlock, depict Holmes with symptoms associated with spectrum disorder such as lack of empathy, difficulty in communication, and limited social skills, and these are clearly shown as contributing to his problem-solving ability. The trope of Christopher as detective also allows a parodic, postmodern comment on the classical detective form, because typically this fiction has a detective that knows more than the reader, and therefore the goal for the reader is to find the solution to the crime before it is revealed by the investigator in the final stages of the text (Rzepka 14). But the narrative works ironically in the novel since the non-autistic reader knows more than a narrator who is hampered by a limited worldview. From the beginning of the book, the narrative as focalised through Christopher’s narrow perspective allows a more profound view of events to be adopted by the reader, who is able to read clues that elude the protagonist. Christopher is well aware of this as he explains his attraction to the murder mystery novel, even though he has earlier stated he does not like novels since his inability to imagine or empathise means he is unable to relate to their fiction. For him, the genre of murder mystery is more akin to the books on maths and science that he finds comprehensible, because, like the classical detective, he views the crime as primarily a puzzle to be solved: as he states, “In a murder mystery novel someone has to work out who the murderer is and then catch them. It is a puzzle. If it is a good puzzle you can sometimes work out the answer before the end of the book” (5). But unlike Christopher, Holmes invariably knows more about the crime, can interpret the clues, and find the pattern, before other characters such as Watson, and especially the reader. In contrast, in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, the reader has more awareness of the probable context and significance of events than Christopher because, like a computer, he can calculate but not imagine. The reader can interpret clues within the plot of the story, such as the synchronous timing of the “death” of Christopher’s mother with the breakdown of the marriage of a neighbour, Mrs Shears. The astute reader is able to connect these events and realise that his mother has not died, but is living in a relationship with the neighbour’s husband. The construction of this pattern is denied Christopher, since he fails to determine their significance due to his limited imagination. Such a failure is related to Simon Baron-Cohen’s Theory of Mind, in which he proposes that autistic individuals have difficulty with social behaviour because they lack the capacity to comprehend that other people have individual mental states, or as Christopher terms it, “when I was little I didn’t understand about other people having minds” (145). Haddon utilises fictional licence when he allows Christopher to overcome such a limitation by a conscious shift in perspective, despite the specialist teacher within the text claiming that he would “always find this very difficult” (145). Christopher has here altered his view of events through his modelling both on the detective genre and on his affinity with mathematics, since he states, “I don’t find this difficult now. Because I decided that it was a kind of puzzle, and if something is a puzzle there is always a way of solving it” (145). In this way, the main character is shown as transcending symptoms of autism through the power of his giftedness in mathematics to ultimately discern a pattern in human relationships thereby adopting a computational approach to social problems.Haddon similarly explains the perspective of an individual with autism through a metaphor of Christopher’s memory being like a DVD recording. He is able to distance himself from his memories, choosing “Rewind” and then “Fast Forward” (96) to retrieve his recollection of events. This aspect of the precision of his memory relates to his machine-like coldness and lack of empathy for the feelings of others. But it also refers to the stereotype of the nerd figure in popular culture, where the nerd is able to relate more to a computer than to other people, exemplified in Sheldon from the television series The Big Bang Theory. Thus the presentation of Christopher’s autism relates to his giftedness in maths and science more than to areas that relate to his body. In general, descriptions of inappropriate or distressing bodily functions associated with disorders are mainly confined to other students at Christopher’s school. His references to his fellow students, such as Joseph eating his poo and playing in it (129) and his unsympathetic evaluation of Steve as not as clever or interesting as a dog because he “needs help to eat his food and could not even fetch a stick” (6), make a clear distinction between him and the other children, who despite being termed “special needs” are “special” in a different way from Christopher, because, according to him, “All the other children at my school are stupid” (56). While some reference is made to Christopher’s inappropriate behaviour in times of stress, such as punching a fellow student, wetting himself while on the train, and vomiting outside the school, in the main the emphasis is on his giftedness as a result of his autism, as displayed in the many chapters where he explains scientific and mathematical concepts. This is extrapolated into a further mathematical metaphor underlying the book, that he is like one of the prime numbers he finds so fascinating, because prime numbers do not fit neatly into the pattern of the number system, but they are essential and special nevertheless. Moreover, as James Berger suggests, prime numbers can “serve as figures for the autistic subject,” because like autistic individuals “they do not mix; they are singular, indivisible, unfactorable” yet “Mathematics could not exist without these singular entities that [. . .] are only apparent anomalies” (271).Haddon therefore offers a transformation by confounding autism with a computer-like ability to solve mathematical problems, so that the text is, as Haddon concedes, “as much about a gifted boy with behavior problems as it is about anyone on the autism spectrum” (qtd. in Burks-Abbott 291). Indeed, the word “autism” does not even appear in the book, while the terms “genius,” (140) “clever,” (32, 65, 252) and the like are continually being invoked in descriptions of Christopher, even if ironically. More importantly, the reader is constantly being shown his giftedness through the reiteration of his study of A Level Mathematics, and his explanation of scientific concepts. Throughout, Christopher explains aspects of mathematics, astrophysics, and other sciences, referring to such well-known puzzles in popular culture as the Monty Hall problem, as well as more obscure formulae and their proofs. They function to establish Christopher’s intuitive grasp of complex mathematical and scientific principles, as well as providing the reader with insight into both his perspective and the paradoxical nature of an individual who is at once able to solve quadratic equations in his head, yet is incapable of understanding the simple instruction, “Take the tube to Willesden Junction” (211).The presentation of Christopher is that of an individual who displays an extension of the social problems established in popular literature as connected to a talent for mathematics, therefore engaging with a depiction already existing in popular mythology: the isolated and analytical nerd or genius social introvert. Indeed, much of Christopher’s autistic behaviour functions to protect him from unsettling or traumatic information, since he fails to realise the significance of the information he collects or the clues he is given. His disability is therefore presented as not limiting so much as protective, and so the notion of disability is subsumed by the idea of the savant. The book, then, engages with a contemporary representation within popular culture that has transformed spectrum disability into mathematical giftedness, thereby metaphorically associating the autistic mind with the computer. ReferencesBaron-Cohen, Simon. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1995. Berger, James. “Alterity and Autism: Mark Haddon’s Curious Incident in the Neurological Spectrum.” Autism and Representation. Ed. Mark Osteen. Hoboken: Routledge, 2007. 271–88. Burks-Abbott, Gyasi. “Mark Haddon’s Popularity and Other Curious Incidents in My Life as an Autistic.” Autism and Representation. Ed. Mark Osteen. Hoboken: Routledge, 2007. 289–96. Cawelti, John G. Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula Stories as Art and Popular Culture. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1976. Eshelman, Raoul. “Transcendence and the Aesthetics of Disability: The Case of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time.” Anthropoetics: The Journal of Generative Anthropology 15.1 (2009). Haddon, Mark. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. London: Random House Children’s Books, 2004. Kendall, Lori. “The Nerd Within: Mass Media and the Negotiation of Identity among Computer-Using Men.” Journal of Men’s Studies 3 (1999): 353–67. Murray, Stuart. “Autism and the Contemporary Sentimental: Fiction and the Narrative Fascination of the Present.” Literature and Medicine 25.1 (2006): 24–46. Platten, David. “Reading Glasses, Guns and Robots: A History of Science in French Crime Fiction.” French Cultural Studies 12 (2001): 253–70. Rzepka, Charles J. Detective Fiction. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2005.

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Hoang Thuy Bich Tram, Nguyen, and Tran Thi Thuy Linh. "Institutional Quality Matter and Vietnamese Corporate Debt Maturity." VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business 33, no. 5E (December 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4099.

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This article studies whether firm-level and country-level factors affect to the corporation's debt maturity in case of Vietnam or not. The paper adopts the balance panel data of 267 listed companies on two trading board HOSE and HNX in the period from 2008 to 2015, estimated by FEM, REM, 2SLS and GMM method. To intrinsic factors, research results show that financial leverage and default risk control have high positive statistical significance with the debt maturity, but tangible assets are lower than those factors. In addition, growth opportunities and company quality have negative impacts to the debt maturity. To external factors, the results point out that economic growth, stock market development and governmental regulation's efficiency demonstrate the positive relationship to the debt maturity with fairly low correlation levels. In spite of that, inflation rate, financial development, the rule of law, corruption control and the rights of creditor factors have negative correlations to the debt maturity. Keywords Debt maturity, long-term debt ratio, GMM system, firm-level factors, country-level factors References [1] Barclay, M., Smith, C., Jr., “The maturity structure of corporate debt”, Journal of Finance, 50 (1995), 609-631. [2] Kirch, G., Terra, P.R.S., “Determinants of corporate debt maturity in SouthAmerica: Do institutional quality and financial development matter?”, Journal ofCorporate Finance, 18 (2012) 4, 980-993.[3] Cai, K., Fairchild, R., Guney, Y., “Debt maturity structure of Chinese companies”, Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 16 (2008), 268-297.[4] Deesomsak, R., Paudyal, K. & Pescetto, G., “Debt Maturity Structure and the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management ,19(2009) 1, 26-42. [5] Goyal, V.K., Wang, W., “Debt maturity and asymmetric information: Evidence from default risk changes”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48 (2013), 789-817.[6] Tesfaye T. Lemma, Minga Negash, “Debt Maturity Choice of a Firm: Evidence from African Countries”, Journal of Business and Policy Research, 7 (2012) 2, 60-92[7] Sérgio Costaa, Luis M. S. Laureanoa, Raul M. S. Laureanoa, “The debt maturity of Portuguese SMEs: The aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis”, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150 (2014 ), 172-181.[8] Myers, S. C., “The Capital Structure Puzzle”, Journal of Finance, 39 (1984), 575-592.[9] Lucas, D., and R. L. McDonald, R. L., “Equity Issues and Stock Price Dynamics”, Journal of Finance, 45 (1990),1019-1043.[10] Flannery, M. J., “Asymmetric Information and Risky Debt Maturity Choice”, Journal of Finance, 41 (1986), 19-37.[11] Douglas W. Diamond, “Monitoring and Reputation: The Choice between Bank Loans and Directly Placed Debt”, The Journal of Political Economy, 99 (1991) 4, 689-721.[12] Morris, “On corporate debt maturity strategies”, Journal of Finance, 31 (1976) 1, 29-37.[13] Myers, S. C.,“Determinants of Corporate Borrowings”, The Journal of Finance, 5 (1977), 147-175.[14] Amir Barnea, Robert A. Haugen, Lemma W. Senbet, “A rationale for debt maturity structure and call provisions in the agency theoretic framework”, The Journal of Finance, 35 (1980) 5, 1223-1234.[15] Jensen M. and W. Meckling, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976), 305-360.[16] Douglass C. North, “Institutions”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (1990) 1, 97-112.[17] Meyer, K. E., “Institutions, transaction costs and entry mode choice in Eastern Europe”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (2001), 357-67.[18] Barclay, M.J., Marx, L.M., Smith, C.W., “The joint determination of leverage and maturity”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 9 (2003), 149-167.[19] Johnson, S.A., “Debt maturity and the effects of growth opportunities and liquidity risk on leverage”, Review of Financial Studies, 16 (2003), 209-236.[20] Antoniou, A., Guney, Y., Paudyal, K., “The determinants of debt maturity structure: Evidence from France, Germany and the UK”, European Financial Management, 12 (2006) 2, 161-194.[21] Lopez-Gracia, J., Mestre-Barbera, R., “Tax effect on Spanish SME optimum debt maturity structure”, Journal of Business Research, 64 (2011), 649-65.[22] Custódio, C., Ferreira, A., Laureano, L., “Why are US firms using more short-term debt?”, Journal of Financial Economics, 108 (2013) 1, 182-212.[23] El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Pittman, J., Rizeanu, S., “Cross-country evidence on the importance of auditor choice to corporate debt maturity”, Contemporary Accounting Research (2014).[24] Belkhir, M., Ben-Nasr, H., Boubaker, S., “Labor protection and corporate debt maturity: International evidence”, UAE University working paper (2014).[25] Stephan, A., Talavera,O., Tsapin, A., “Corporate debt maturity choice in emerging financial markets”, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 51 (2011), 141-151.[26] Bae, K. H., Goyal, V. K., “Creditor rights, enforcement, and bank loans”, The Journal of Finance, 64 (2009) 2, 823-860.[27] Gonzalez-Mendez, V.M., “Determinants of debt maturity structure across firm size”, Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 17 (2013), 187-209.[28] Mark Hoven Stohs, David C. Mauer, “The Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure”, Journal of Business, 69 (1996) 3.[29] Scherr, F. C. and Hulburt, H. M., “The Debt Maturity Structure of Small Firms”, Financial Management, 1 (2001), 85-111.[30] Magri, S., “Debt maturity of Italian firms”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 42 2010, 443-463.[31] Oman, C., Köksal, B., “Debt maturity across firm types: Evidence from a major developing economy”, Emerging Markets Review, 30 (2017), 169-199.[32] Awartani, B., Belkhir, M., Boubaker, S., Maghyereh, A., “Corporate debt maturity in the MENA region: Does institutional quality matter?”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 46 (2016), 309-325.[33] Antonios Antoniou, Yilmaz Guney, Krishna Paudyal, The Determinants of Debt Maturity Structure: Evidence from France, Germany and the UK, European Financial Management, 12 (2006) 2, 161-194.[34] Antoniou, A., Guney, Y., Paudyal, K., “The determinants of capital structure: Capital market-oriented versus bank-oriented institutions”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 43 (2008) 1, 59-92.[35] Fan, J. P., Titman, S., Twite, G., “An international comparison of capital structure and debt maturity choices”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47 (2012) 1, 23.[36] Garcia-Teruel P, Martinez-Solano P., “Short-term debt in Spanish SMEs”, Int Small Bussiness Journal, 25 (2007), 579-602.[37] Giannetti, M., “Do better institutions mitigate agency problems? Evidence fromcorporate finance choices”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 38 (2003) 1, 185-212.[38] Diamond, W., “Presidential address, committing to commit: Short-term debtwhen enforcement is costly”, The Journal of Finance, 59 (2004) 4, 1447-1479.[39] Qian, J., Strahan, E., “How laws and institutions shape financial contracts: The case of bank loans”, The Journal of Finance, 62 (2007) 6, 2803-2834.[40] Aris, “Legal systems, capital structure, and debt maturity in developing countries”, Corp. Gov., 24 (2016), 130-144.[41] Cuneyt Orman, Bülent Köksal, “Debt Maturity across Firm Types: Evidence from a Major Developing Economy”, Emerging Markets Review, 30 (2016). [42] Zheng, X., El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C., “National culture and corporate debt maturity”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 36 (2012) 2, 468-488.[43] Jun Qian, Philip E. Strahan, “How Laws and Institutions Shape Financial Contracts: The Case of Bank Loans”, The Journal of Finance, 62 (2007) 6, 2803-2834.[44] Vig, V., “Access to collateral and corporate debt structure: Evidence from a natural experiment”, The Journal of Finance, 68 (2013) 3, 881-928.[45] Cho, S., El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Suh, J., “Creditor rights and capital structure: Evidence from international data”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 25 (2014), 40-60.[46] Mark Hoven Stohs, David C Mauer, “The Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure”, The Journal of Business, 69 (1996) 3, 279-312. [47] Kane, A., A. J. Marcus, R. L. McDonald, “Debt Policy and the Rate of Return Premium to Leverage”, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 20 (1985) 4, 479-499.[48] E. I. Altman, “Corporate financial distress: A complete guide to predicting, avoiding, and dealing with bankruptcy”, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983. [49] Mackie-Mason, Jeffrey K., “Do Taxes Affect Corporate Financing Decisions?”, Journal of Finance, 45 (1990) 5, 1471-1493.[50] Djankov, S., C. McLiesh, and A. Shleifer, “Private credit in 129 countries”, Journal of Financial Economics, 84 (2007), 299-329.

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Macken, Marian. "And Then We Moved In." M/C Journal 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2687.

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Working drawings are produced, when a house is designed, to envisage an imagined building. They are a tangible representation of an object that has no tangible existence. These working drawings act as a manual for constructing the house; they represent that which is to be built. The house comes into being, therefore, via this set of drawings. This is known as documentation. However, these drawings record the house at an ideal moment in time; they capture the house in stasis. They do not represent the future life of the house, the changes and traces the inhabitants make upon a space, nor do they document the path of the person, the arc of their actions, within the space of the house. Other types of documentation of the house allow these elements to be included. Documentation that is produced after-the-event, that interprets ‘the existing’, is absent from discourses on documentation; the realm of post factum documentation is a less examined form of documentation. This paper investigates post factum documentation of the house, and the alternative ways of making, producing and, therefore, thinking about, the house that it offers. This acknowledges the body in the space of architecture, and the inhabitation of space, and as a dynamic process. This then leads to the potential of the‘model of an action’ representing the motion and temporality inherent within the house. Architecture may then be seen as that which encloses the inhabitant. The word ‘document’ refers to a record or evidence of events. It implies a chronological sequence: the document comes after-the-event, that is, it is post factum. Within architecture, however, the use of the word documentation, predominantly, refers to working drawings that are made to ‘get to’ a building, drawings being the dominant representation within architecture. Robin Evans calls this notion, of architecture being brought into existence through drawing, the principle of reversed directionality (Evans 1997, 1989). Although it may be said that these types of drawings document the idea, or document the imagined reality of the building, their main emphasis, and reading, is in getting to something. In this case, the term documentation is used, not due to the documents’ placement within a process, of coming after the subject-object, but in referring to the drawings’ role. Other architectural drawings do exist that are a record of what is seen, but these are not the dominant drawing practice within architecture. Documentation within architecture regards the act of drawing as that process upon which the object is wholly dependent for its coming into existence. Drawing is defined as the pre-eminent methodology for generation of the building; drawings are considered the necessary initial step towards the creation of the 1:1 scale object. During the designing phase, the drawings are primary, setting out an intention. Drawings, therefore, are regarded as having a prescriptive endpoint rather than being part of an open-ended improvisation. Drawings, in getting to a building, draw out something, the act of drawing searches for and uncovers the latent design, drawing it into existence. They are seen as getting to the core of the design. Drawings display a technique of making and are influenced by their medium. Models, in getting to a building, may be described in the same way. The act of modelling, of making manifest two-dimensional sketches into a three-dimensional object, operates similarly in possessing a certain power in assisting the design process to unfurl. Drawing, as recording, alters the object. This act of drawing is used to resolve, and to edit, by excluding and omitting, as much as by including, within its page. Models similarly made after-the-fact are interpretive and consciously aware of their intentions. In encapsulating the subject-object, the model as documentation is equally drawing out meaning. This type of documentation is not neutral, but rather involves interpretation and reflection through representational editing. Working drawings record the house at an ideal moment in time: at the moment the builders leave the site and the owners unlock the front door. These drawings capture the house in stasis. There is often the notion that until the owners of a new house move in, the house has been empty, unlived in. But the life of the house cannot be fixed to any one starting point; rather it has different phases of life from conception to ruin. With working drawings being the dominant representation of the house, they exclude much; both the life of the house before this act of inhabitation, and the life that occurs after it. The transformations that occur at each phase of construction are never shown in a set of working drawings. When a house is built, it separates itself from the space it resides within: the domain of the house is marked off from the rest of the site. The house has a skin of a periphery, that inherently creates an outside and an inside (Kreiser 88). As construction continues, there is a freedom in the structure which closes down; potential becomes prescriptive as choices are made and embodied in material. The undesignedness of the site, that exists before the house is planned, becomes lost once the surveyors’ pegs are in place (Wakely 92). Next, the skeletal frame of open volumes becomes roofed, and then becomes walled, and walking through the frame becomes walking through doorways. One day an interior is created. The interior and exterior of the house are now two different things, and the house has definite edges (Casey 290). At some point, the house becomes lockable, its security assured through this act of sealing. It is this moment that working drawings capture. Photographs comprise the usual documentation of houses once they are built, and yet they show no lived-in-ness, no palimpsest of occupancy. They do not observe the changes and traces the inhabitants make upon a space, nor do they document the path of the person, the arc of their actions, within the space of the house. American architects and artists Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio have written of these traces of the everyday that punctuate floor and wall surfaces: the intersecting rings left by coffee glasses on a tabletop, the dust under a bed that becomes its plan analog when the bed is moved, the swing etched into the floor by a sagging door. (Diller & Scofidio 99) It is these marks, these traces, that are omitted from the conventional documentation of a built house. To examine an alternative way of documenting, and to redress these omissions, a redefinition of the house is needed. A space can be delineated by its form, its edges, or it can be defined by the actions that are performed, and the connections between people that occur, within it. To define the house by what it encapsulates, rather than being seen as an object in space, allows a different type of documentation to be employed. By defining a space as that which accommodates actions, rooms may be delineated by the reach of a person, carved out by the actions of a person, as though they are leaving a trace as they move, a windscreen wiper of living, through the repetition of an act. Reverse directional documentation does not directly show the actions that take place within a house; we must infer these from the rooms’ fittings and fixtures, and the names on the plan. In a similar way, Italo Calvino, in Invisible Cities, defines a city by the relationships between its inhabitants, rather than by its buildings: in Ersilia, to establish the relationships that sustain the city’s life, the inhabitants stretch strings from the corners of the houses, white or black or grey or black-and-white according to whether they mark a relationship of blood, of trade, authority, agency. When the strings become so numerous that you can no longer pass among them, the inhabitants leave: the houses are dismantled; only the strings and their supports remain … Thus, when travelling in the territory of Ersilia, you come upon the ruins of the abandoned cities without the walls which do not last, without the bones of the dead which the wind rolls away: spiderwebs of intricate relationships seeking a form. (Calvino 62) By defining architecture by that which it encapsulates, form or materiality may be given to the ‘spiderwebs of intricate relationships’. Modelling the actions that are performed in the space of architecture, therefore, models the architecture. This is referred to as a model of an action. In examining the model of an action, the possibilities of post factum documentation of the house may be seen. The Shinkenchiku competition The Plan-Less House (2006), explored these ideas of representing a house without using the conventional plan to do so. A suggested alternative was to map the use of the house by its inhabitants, similar to the idea of the model of an action. The house could be described by a technique of scanning: those areas that came into contact with the body would be mapped. Therefore, the representation of the house is not connected with spatial division, that is, by marking the location of walls, but rather with its use by its inhabitants. The work of Diller and Scofidio and Allan Wexler and others explores this realm. One inquiry they share is the modelling of the body in the space of architecture: to them, the body is inseparable from the conception of space. By looking at their work, and that of others, three different ways of representing this inhabitation of space are seen. These are: to represent the objects involved in a particular action, or patterns of movement, that occurs in the space, in a way that highlights the action; to document the action itself; or to document the result of the action. These can all be defined as the model of an action. The first way, the examination of the body in a space via an action’s objects, is explored by American artist Allan Wexler, who defines architecture as ‘choreography without a choreographer, structuring its inhabitant’s movements’ (Galfetti 22). In his project ‘Crate House’ (1981), Wexler examines the notion of the body in a space via an action’s objects. He divided the house into its basic activities: bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and living room. Each of these is then defined by their artefacts, contained in their own crate on wheels, which is rolled out when needed. At any point in time, the entire house becomes the activity due to its crate: when a room such as the kitchen is needed, that crate is rolled in through one of the door openings. When the occupant is tired, the entire house becomes a bedroom, and when the occupant is hungry, it becomes a kitchen … I view each crate as if it is a diorama in a natural history museum — the pillow, the spoon, the flashlight, the pot, the nail, the salt. We lose sight of everyday things. These things I isolate, making them sculpture: their use being theatre. (Galfetti 42–6) The work of Andrea Zittel explores similar ideas. ‘A–Z Comfort Unit’ (1994), is made up of five segments, the centrepiece being a couch/bed, which is surrounded by four ancillary units on castors. These offer a library, kitchen, home office and vanity unit. The structure allows the lodger never to need to leave the cocoon-like bed, as all desires are an arm’s reach away. The ritual of eating a meal is examined in Wexler’s ‘Scaffold Furniture’ (1988). This project isolates the components of the dining table without the structure of the table. Instead, the chair, plate, cup, glass, napkin, knife, fork, spoon and lamp are suspended by scaffolding. Their connection, rather than being that of objects sharing a tabletop, is seen to be the (absent) hand that uses them during a meal; the act of eating is highlighted. In these examples, the actions performed within a space are represented by the objects involved in the action. A second way of representing the patterns of movement within a space is to represent the action itself. The Japanese tea ceremony breaks the act of drinking into many parts, separating and dissecting the whole as a way of then reassembling it as though it is one continuous action. Wexler likens this to an Eadweard Muybridge film of a human in motion (Galfetti 31). This one action is then housed in a particular building, so that when devoid of people, the action itself still has a presence. Another way of documenting the inhabitation of architecture, by drawing the actions within the space, is time and motion studies, such as those of Rene W.P. Leanhardt (Diller & Scofidio 40–1). In one series of photographs, lights were attached to a housewife’s wrists, to demonstrate the difference in time and effort required in the preparation of a dinner prepared entirely from scratch in ninety minutes, and a pre-cooked, pre-packaged dinner of the same dish, which took only twelve minutes. These studies are lines of light, recorded as line drawings on a photograph of the kitchen. They record the movement of the person in the room of the action they perform, but they also draw the kitchen in a way conventional documentation does not. A recent example of the documentation of an action was undertaken by Asymptote and the students at Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture in their exhibition at the Venice Biennale of Architecture in 2000. A gymnast moving through the interior space of the pavilion was recorded using a process of digitisation and augmentation. Using modelling procedures, the spatial information was then reconstructed to become a full-scale architectural re-enactment of the gymnast’s trajectory through the room (Feireiss 40). This is similar to a recent performance by Australian contemporary dance company Chunky Move, called ‘Glow’. Infra-red video tracking took a picture of the dancer twenty-five times a second. This was used to generate shapes and images based on the movements of a solo dancer, which were projected onto the floor and the dancer herself. In the past, when the company has used DVDs or videos, the dancer has had to match what they were doing to the projection. This shifts the technology to following the dancer (Bibby 3). A third way of representing the inhabitation of architecture is to document the result of an action. Raoul Bunschoten writes of the marks of a knife being the manifestation of the act of cutting, as an analogy: incisions imply the use of a cutting tool. Together, cuts and cutting tool embrace a special condition. The actual movement of the incision is fleeting, the cut or mark stays behind, the knife moves on, creating an apparent discontinuity … The space of the cut is a reminder of the knife, its shape and its movements: the preparation, the swoop through the air, the cutting, withdrawal, the moving away. These movements remain implicitly connected with the cut as its imaginary cause, as a mnemonic programme about a hand holding a knife, incising a surface, severing skin. (Bunschoten 40) As a method of documenting actions, the paintings of Jackson Pollack can be seen as a manifestation of an act. In the late 1940s, Pollack began to drip paint onto a canvas laid flat on the floor; his tools were sticks and old caked brushes. This process clarified his work, allowing him to walk around it and work from all four sides. Robert Hughes describes it as ‘painting “from the hip” … swinging paintstick in flourishes and frisks that required an almost dancelike movement of the body’ (Hughes 154). These paintings made manifest Pollack’s gestures. As his arm swung in space, the dripping paint followed that arc, to be preserved on a flat plane as pictorial space (Hughes 262). Wexler, in another study, recorded the manifestation of an action. He placed a chair in a one-room building. It was attached to lengths of timber that extended outdoors through slots in the walls of the building. As the chair moved inside the building, its projections carved grooves in the ground outside. As the chair moved in a particular pattern, deeper grooves were created: ‘Eventually, the occupant of the chair has no choice in his movement; the architecture moves him.’ (Galfetti 14) The pattern of movement creates a result, which in turn influences the movement. By redefining architecture by what it encapsulates rather than by the enclosure itself, allows architecture to be documented by the post factum model of an action that occurs in that space. This leads to the exploration of architecture, formed by the body within it, since the documentation and representation of architecture starts to affect the reading of architecture. Architecture may then be seen as that which encloses the inhabitant. The documentation of the body and the space it makes concerns the work of the Hungarian architect Imre Makovecz. His exploration is of the body and the space it makes. Makovecz, and a circle of like-minded architects and artists, embarked on a series of experiments analysing the patterns of human motion and subsequently set up a competition based around the search for a minimum existential space. This consisted of mapping human motion in certain spatial conditions and situations. Small light bulbs were attached to points on the limbs and joints and photographed, creating a series of curves and forms. This led to a competition called ‘Minimal Space’ (1971–2), in which architects, artists and designers were invited to consider a minimal space for containing the human body, a new notion of personal containment. Makovecz’s own response took the form of a bell-like capsule composed of a double shell expressing its presence and location in both time and space (Heathcote 120). Vito Acconci, an artist turned architect by virtue of his installation work, explored this notion of enclosure in his work (Feireiss 38). In 1980 Acconci began his series of ‘self-erecting architectures’, vehicles or instruments involving one or more viewers whose operation erected simple buildings (Acconci & Linker 114). In his project ‘Instant House’ (1980), a set of walls lies flat on the floor, forming an open cruciform shape. By sitting in the swing in the centre of this configuration, the visitor activates an apparatus of cables and pulleys causing walls to rise and form a box-like house. It is a work that explores the idea of enclosing, of a space being something that has to be constructed, in the same way for example one builds up meaning (Reed 247–8). This documentation of architecture directly references the inhabitation of architecture. The post factum model of architecture is closely linked to the body in space and the actions it performs. Examining the actions and movement patterns within a space allows the inhabitation process to be seen as a dynamic process. David Owen describes the biological process of ‘ecopoiesis’: the process of a system making a home for itself. He describes the building and its occupants jointly as the new system, in a system of shaping and reshaping themselves until there is a tolerable fit (Brand 164). The definition of architecture as being that which encloses us, interests Edward S. Casey: in standing in my home, I stand here and yet feel surrounded (sheltered, challenged, drawn out, etc.) by the building’s boundaries over there. A person in this situation is not simply in time or simply in space but experiences an event in all its engaging and unpredictable power. In Derrida’s words, ‘this outside engages us in the very thing we are’, and we find ourselves subjected to architecture rather than being the controlling subject that plans or owns, uses or enjoys it; in short architecture ‘comprehends us’. (Casey 314) This shift in relationship between the inhabitant and architecture shifts the documentation and reading of the exhibition of architecture. Casey’s notion of architecture comprehending the inhabitant opens the possibility for an alternate exhibition of architecture, the documentation of that which is beyond the inhabitant’s direction. Conventional documentation shows a quiescence to the house. Rather than attempting to capture the flurry — the palimpsest of occupancy — within the house, it is presented as stilled, inert and dormant. In representing the house this way, a lull is provided, fostering a steadiness of gaze: a pause is created, within which to examine the house. However, the house is then seen as object, rather than that which encapsulates motion and temporality. Defining, and thus documenting, the space of architecture by its actions, extends the perimeter of architecture. No longer is the house bounded by its doors and walls, but rather by the extent of its patterns of movement. Post factum documentation allows this altering of the definition of architecture, as it includes the notion of the model of an action. By appropriating, clarifying and reshaping situations that are relevant to the investigation of post factum documentation, the notion of the inhabitation of the house as a definition of architecture may be examined. This further examines the relationship between architectural representation, the architectural image, and the image of architecture. References Acconci, V., and K. Linker. Vito Acconci. New York: Rizzoli, 1994. Bibby, P. “Dancer in the Dark Is Light Years Ahead.” Sydney Morning Herald 22 March 2007: 3. Brand, S. How Buildings Learn: What Happens after They’re Built. London: Phoenix Illustrated, 1997. Bunschoten, R. “Cutting the Horizon: Two Theses on Architecture.” Forum (Nov. 1992): 40–9. Calvino, I. Invisible Cities. London: Picador, 1979. Casey, E.S. The Fate of Place. California: U of California P, 1998. Diller, E., and R. Scofidio. Flesh: Architectural Probes. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994. Evans, R. Translations from Drawing to Building and Other Essays. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997. ———. “Architectural Projection.” Eds. E. Blau and E. Kaufman. Architecture and Its Image: Four Centuries of Architectural Representation: Works from the Collection of the Canadian Center for Architecture. Exhibition catalogue. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989. 19–35. Feireiss, K., ed. The Art of Architecture Exhibitions. Rotterdam: Netherlands Architecture Institute, 2001. Galfetti, G.G., ed. Allan Wexler. Barcelona: GG Portfolio, 1998. Glanville, R. “An Irregular Dodekahedron and a Lemon Yellow Citroen.” In L. van Schaik, ed., The Practice of Practice: Research in the Medium of Design. Melbourne: RMIT University Press, 2003. 258–265. Heathcote, E. Imre Mackovecz: The Wings of the Soul. West Sussex: Academy Editions, 1997. Hughes, R. The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change. London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1980. Kreiser, C. “On the Loss of (Dark) Inside Space.” Daidalos 36 (June 1990): 88–99. Reed, C. ed. Not at Home: The Suppression of Domesticity in Modern Art and Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, 1996. “Shinkenchiku Competition 2006: The Plan-Less House.” The Japan Architect 64 (Winter 2007): 7–12. Small, D. Paper John. USA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987. Wakely, M. Dream Home. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. 2003. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Macken, Marian. "And Then We Moved In: Post Factum Documentation of the House." M/C Journal 10.4 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/04-macken.php>. APA Style Macken, M. (Aug. 2007) "And Then We Moved In: Post Factum Documentation of the House," M/C Journal, 10(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/04-macken.php>.

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Muonir Der, Edmund, JNA Clegg Lamptey, and EK Wiredu. "EDITORIAL ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP, ANTIMICROBIALS RESISTANCE, AND RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINE This editorial highlights the antibiotic stewardship, antimicrobials resistance, and rational use of medicine. Photo by Freedigitalphotos By Mainul Haque PDF NANO IMAGING: A NOVEL ERA OF CANCER NANO MEDICINE IN 21ST CENTURY The present editorial discusses about Nano imaging: A novel era of cancer Nano medicine in 21st century. Photo by The Scientist Magazine By Behzad Foroutan PDF RESEARCH UNGUIDED BRONCHOSCOPIC BIOPSY: DOES YIELD INCREASE WITH OPERATOR EXPERIENCE This study aims to determine the effect of on- job experience on the yield of unguided bronchoscopic biopsies. Photo by Freedigitalphotos By Tyagi Rahul, Chawla Naveen, Gurjeet Singh Chowdhary, Hande Vivek ABSTRACT PDF ULTRASOUND CERVICAL LENGTH IN PREDICTING PRETERM BIRTH The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of cervical length measured in the first trimester (11–14 Weeks of amenorrhea “WA”) and the second trimester (20–24 Weeks of amenorrhea” WA”) in an asymptomatic population of singleton pregnancies to assess the risk of spontaneous preterm birth compared to the digital assessment. Photo by Freedigitalphotos By Achour Radhouane, Ben Jemaa Nadia, Ksibi Imen, Meriem Cheour, Bouriel Ines, Ayari Feirouz, Samia Kacem, Neji Khaled ABSTRACT PDF PATIENT AGE AT DIAGNOSIS AND THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN." Australasian Medical Journal 10, no. 08 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21767/amj.2017.2938.

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Solis, Randy Jay C. "Texting Love." M/C Journal 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2600.

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The mobile phone found its way to the Philippines when the first generation of Global Systems for Mobile Communication or GSM handsets was introduced in the country in 1994. This GSM protocol eventually developed to introduce a faster and more efficient means of storing, manipulating, and transmitting data by allowing data to be translated into a series of ones and zeroes. Digital technology furthered the mobile phone’s potentials from being a mere “talking device on the move” (Leung and Wei 316) to a more dynamic participant in the new information age. The capacity to merge all forms of binary data enabled mobile phones to allow convergent services such as chatting, voice-mail, news updates, e-mailing, Internet browsing, and even the dissemination of image and audio files. Apart from the allure of the possibilities of digital communication, the mobile phone was also welcomed in the Philippines because of its convenience; it provided the country, especially the rural areas where telephones are unavailable or inaccessible, with a modern means of communication. A survey conducted by the Social Weather Station (SWS) in 2001 reveals the extent of the dissemination of this technology in the Philippines: “Out of the 15 million households in the Philippines, an estimated 2.5 million have a cellular phone, of which 2.3 million have text-messaging capacity. For the entire nation, text-messaging is available to 15% of all households in general, but it is available to 53% of ABC households in particular. Of the 2.3 million text-capable households in the nation, 800 thousand are in Metro Manila.” Of the 80 million Filipinos, there are now 22 million mobile phone owners in the country compared to only 6.7 million subscribed landlines (Lallana 1). Of the various digital applications of the mobile phone, text messaging is still considered to be the most exploited service in the Philippines. A voice call placed through the mobile phone would typically cost around six to seven pesos per minute while a text message costs a peso per message. Corollary, a typical Filipino now sends an average of ten messages every day, contributing to a daily traffic of over 300 million text messages (Pertierra 58). This has led to the popular notion of the Philippines as the “texting capital of the world” (Pertierra et al. 88). In Text-ing Selves, a study that examines the use of mobile phones in the country, Pertierra and other researchers argue that texting has made it possible to create new unsurveilled and unconventional human relationships. In one case cited in the book, for example, a male and a female texter met after an accidental exchange of text messages. Although initially they were very reserved and guarded, familiarity between the two was fostered greatly because the medium allowed for an anonymous and uncommitted communication. Eventually, they met and shortly after that, got engaged. A second instance involved a person who exchanged phone numbers with his friends to pursue strangers and win new friends by texting. He engaged in virtual or text-based “affairs” with women, which would later on result to actual physical sex. Another case examined was that of an 18-year old bisexual who met “textmates” by participating in interactive Text TV chatrooms. Although he eventually met up with individuals to have sex, he professed to use the Text TV mainly to create these virtual relationships with persons of the same sex. (Pertierra et al. 64-89) It is because of the considerable popularity of the medium and the possible repercussions of such curious relationships and interpersonal communication patterns that the phenomenon of mobile phone use, particularly that of texting, in the Philippines is worthy of systematic scrutiny. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relational context being created through this wireless messaging system. An exploratory study, this research examines the contributions of the texting technology that allowed development of romantic relationships among its users. Ultimately, this paper aims to identify what makes texting a novel romantic device in the Philippines. The framework in the understanding of relationship development through texting incorporates Malcolm Parks’ theory of relationship life cycle and network (352). In his proposal, interpersonal relationships of all types are usually conceptualized as developing from the impersonal to the personal along a series of relatively specific dimensions: increases in interdependence, in the variety and intimacy of interaction, in interpersonal predictability and understanding, in the change toward more personalized ways of communicating and coordinating, in commitment, and in the convergence of the participants’ social networks. According to Parks (359-68), relationships move within the constructive character of communication that involves the interaction of the structure and content of communication between the participants. Thus, the researcher would like to identify the relationship between these seven factors of relationship development and the texting technology. This research identified the attributes of the texting technology along the seven dimensions of Park’s theory of relational development. Qualitative data was obtained and explored in the light of the concepts presented in the related literature, particularly the theoretical discourses of Paul Levinson and Raul Pertierra et al. A total of 43 respondents, 21 males and 22 females, were selected through purposive sampling to derive exploratory data through the in-depth interview method. Texting and Interdependence Unwritten Rule of Texting Respondents revealed that their relationships developed with their respective partners because texting made them more dependent on each other. “It became a habit” (Emmy). Partners texted each other as often as they could, until they have established themselves as regular textmates. One respondent’s day would also be influenced by his partner’s text message: “Kapag hindi siya nakakapagtext, nami-miss ko siya (If she doesn’t text, I miss her). Her simple ‘good morning’s’ can really help me start my day right.” At this level of the relationship, texters always had the compulsion to keep the communication constantly moving. One respondent attributed this to the “unwritten rule of texting.” Clara elaborated: You know there’s this unwritten rule in texing: once a person has texted you, you have to reply. If you don’t reply, the person will automatically think you ignored him or her on purpose. So you have to reply no matter what. Even when you really have nothing to say, you’re forced to come up with something or give your opinion just to keep the conversation going. Immediacy and Accessibility Some respondents exhibited interdependence by “reporting” or informing each other of the happenings in their individual lives. Arnel shared: Ang ilang pinakanatulong sa amin ng texting ay to inform each other kung saan na kami at kung anong pinagkakaabalahan namin at a specific time, especially kung hindi kami magkasama. (One of the greatest aid of texting in our relationship is that it enables us to inform each other about where we are and what we are doing at a specific time, especially if we are not together). He also added that texting allows them to organize their schedules as well as to logistically set meeting times or inform the other of one’s tardiness. Texting also allowed for the individuals in the relationship to influence each other’s thoughts, behaviors, and actions. “Kapag nagkukuwento siya kung anong nangyari sa kaniya tapos tingin ko mali, pinagsasabihan ko siya (If she tells me stories about what happened to her and then I see that there’s something wrong with it, I admonish her)” (Jesus). Jack summarized how the texting technology facilitated these indicators of interdependence between romantic partners: There’s a feeling of security that having a cellphone gives to a certain person, because you know that, more often than not, you can and will be reached by anyone, anywhere, anytime, and vice versa. So when I need comfort, or someone to listen, or I need to vent, or I need my boyfriend’s opinion, or I need his help in making a decision, it’s really relieving to know that he’s just a text or phone call away. These responses from the participants in a texting romantic relationship confirm Paul Levinson’s arguments of the mobile phone’s feature of accessibility. In the book Cellphone: The Story of the World’s Most Mobile Medium and How it has Transformed Everything! he mentions that the mobile phone technology, particularly texting, permits users to make instant, immediate and direct delivery of messages. He further explains that texting can be a romancing tool because before there was the mobile phone, people placing call through the telephone had to make sure that the persons they are asking out on a date are at home when the phone rings (Levinson 97). Texting and Depth: Privacy and Levinson’s Silence Texting also facilitated an efficient exchange of a variety of important, intimate, and personal topics and feelings for most of the respondents. A number of respondents even confessed that they could go as intimate as exchanging sexual messages with their partners. One respondent revealed that he could text his partner anything “kahit nga text sex pwede rin eh (even ‘sex text’ is allowed).” But mostly, the text exchanges consisted of intimate romantic feelings that one could not manage to say in person. Richard shared: “For example, through text we can say ‘I love you’ to each other. Aside from that, nasasabi ko rin yung mga problems na hindi ko masabi ng harapan (I could tell her about my problems that I could not say face-to-face).” Arnel, a homosexual, attributed this ease of transmitting intimate and personal topics and feelings to the texting technology’s unique feature of privacy. “Kasi wari bang nakakalikha ng pribadong espasyo yung screen ng phone mo na kahit na magkalayo kayo” (Because the mobile phone screen is able to create a private space that even if you are far from each other) physically, the virtual space created by that technology is apparent. Because no one can hear you say those things or no one else can read [them], assuming na hindi pinabasa sa ibang tao o hindi nakita (that it is not allowed to be read or seen by others) (Arnel). Arnel’s discussion of the private space that allows for intimate exchanges links up with Paul Levinson’s silence as one of the biggest benefit of the texting technology. Texting permits receivers to view their messages in private as opposed to having others in the environment hear and know about their particular communication or simply even just the fact that they are communicating (Levinson 112-14). Anonymity RJ would associate this capability to swap intimate information between partners to texting’s provision for anonymity. In texting, there is the element of anonymity, thus, you can feel more comfortable with sharing more intimate messages. As opposed to a face-to-face conversation wherein you would tend to hold back some feelings or thoughts because of fear of outright rejection. Personally, I consider that factor as a very important element in the development of our relationship. Because I am not really the aggressive-frank type of guy, I tend to hold back in telling her intimate things face to face. The feature of anonymity that the respondents mentioned seems to refer to one characteristic that Pertierra, et al. (91) outlined in their book. They wrote that communication through texting has also efficiently incorporated meaning, intention, and expressions allowing texters to say what is normally unsayable in face-to-face contexts. This clearly points to the comfort that the respondents identified when they’d share about intimate details like their exes and other information that a typical “non-aggressive-frank guy, who fears outright rejection,” would. Autonomy Perhaps an additional feature that might be closely related to privacy and anonymity is the autonomous nature of the texting technology. Homosexuals like Jetrin took advantage of this feature to facilitate unconventional same-sex affairs: “Unlike pagers, mobile phones are not monitored, therefore I can pretty much say what I want to the other person. I get to express myself more clearly and intimate[ly]”. Because of this absence of censorship, texters can confidently say “’I love you’ or ‘I want to throw you against the wall and make you feel like a cheap whore’ (Jetrin)” without having to concern themselves about a third-party processing their messages. Texting and Breadth Expressing Real and Virtual Emotions Because of these various constraints, respondents started to locate other avenues to communicate with their partners. Thus, the breadth of the relationship increased. Other means of communication that the respondents mentioned are face-to-face encounters, voice phone calls (either landline or mobile phone), e-mail, chat (YM, ICQ, Web cam, etc.), and even snail mail. However way they decided to extend their communication beyond texting, almost all of them declared that it is still texting that instigated this movement to another medium. One respondent said “Of course text ang taga-initiate (initiates) and then more ways [follow] after.” Although texting employs a dualistic nature of beneficial anonymity and uncertainty between exchanging partners, a number of respondents still express optimism about the texting technology’s capacity to bridge the gap between expressing real and virtual emotions. Some claimed that “even [in] text [there is] personality; smiling face, exclamation points, feelings are still communicated.” RG also expressed that “yung mga smileys nakakatulong sa pag-express ng emotions (smileys help in expressing emotions).” Jake added that “qualities like the smiley faces and sad faces you can make using the punctuation marks, etc. can really add warmth and depth to text messages.” Texting and Commitment Regularity Since most of the couples in a romantic relationship did not have the luxury of time to meet up in person or talk over the phone regularly, the frequency of texting became a distinct indication about their commitment to their relationships. “To commit is to be there for the person, 24/7. Texting helps in achieving that despite of the barriers in time and distance” (Von). Didith showed the other end of this phenomenon: “When he texted less and less in the course of the relationship, it made me doubt about … his commitment.” This regularity of texting also provided for strengthening the bond and connection between partners that ultimately “As we share more and more of our lives with each other, more trust develops…and the more trust you instill in each other, the more you expect the relationship to be stronger and more lasting” (Jack). Convenience and Affordability Some respondents pointed out texting’s convenient nature of linking partners who are rather separated by physical and geographical limits. Richard used texting to contact his partner “kasi malayo kami sa isa’t-isa, lalo na kapag umuuwi siya sa Bulacan. Texting ang pinakamadali, cheapest, and convenient way para makapag-communicate kami (because we are far from each other, especially if she goes home to Bulacan. Texting is the fastest, cheapest, and convenient way for us to communicate).” This “presence” that strengthens the commitment between partners, as suggested by most of the respondents, indicates the capacity of the mobile phone to transform into an extension of the human body and connect partners intimately. Texting, Predictability and Understanding Redundancy Some of the respondents agreed that it is the regularity of texting that enabled them to become more capable of understanding and predicting their partner’s feelings and behaviors. Tina articulated this: “Probably due to redundancy, one can predict how the other will react to certain statements.” Jake also expressed the same suggestion: Texting in our relationship has become a routine, actually. Texting has become like talking for us. And the more we text/talk, the more we get to know each other. Nagiging sanay na kami sa ugali at pag-iisip ng isa’t-isa (We become used to each other’s attitudes and thinking). So it’s inevitable for us to be able to predict one another’s reactions and thoughts to certain topics. Because we get to a point wherein we feel like we know each other so well, that when we are able to correctly predict a feeling or behavior, we find it amusing. In the end, the regularity of the interaction brought about learning. “I’ve learned much of her from texting. I knew that she becomes disappointed with certain things or she really appreciates it when I do certain things. It became easier for me to learn about her thoughts, feelings, etc.” (RJ) Managing of Contextual Cues A lot of the respondents mentioned that their understanding and predictability of their partners was also heightened by the context of the construction of the messages that were being transmitted. “If there are smiley faces, then we’re okay. No cute expressions mean we’re in a serious mode” (Didith). “Either an added word, a missing word, or a word out of place in the message gives me the clue” (Jake). The textual structure and signs became instrumental into the translation of how to perceive another’s feelings or reactions. “For example, pag normal, sweet words yung nasa text, may mga ‘I love you,’ mga ganon. Pero kung galit siya, may iba. Minsan ‘Oo’ lang yung sagot. Kaya mas nakikilala ko pa siya through text (For example, on a normal circumstance, her text would contain sweet words like ‘I love you.’ But if she’s mad, it’s different. At times, she would just reply with a mere ‘yes.’ That’s why I get to know her more through text)” (Richard). Texting and Communicative Change Own Private World Texting allowed respondents to create special languages that they used to interact with their own partners. It is an inherent characteristic of texting that limits messages up to 360 characters only, and it becomes almost a requirement to really adapt a rather abbreviated way of writing when one has to send a message. In this study however, it was found that the languages that respondents created were not the usual languages that the general public would use or understand in texting – it even went beyond the usual use of the popular smileys. Respondents revealed that they created codes that only they and their respective partners understood in their “own private world” (Jackie, Emma). “How I text him is different from how I text other people so I don’t think other people would understand what I’m telling him, and why the manner is so if they read our messages” (Anika). Leana shared an example: My partner and I have created special nicknames and shortcuts that only the two of us know and understand. Kunyari (For example), we have our own way of saying ‘I love you’ or ‘I miss you.’ To send a kiss… we use a set of characters different from the usual. Basta secret na namin ‘yon (It is our secret). Fun Majority of the respondents identified communicative code change as the most exciting and fun part in texting. “It is one of the best things about relating with someone through texting. It is one of the most fun things to do” (Mario). And the amusement that this interaction caused was not only limited in the virtual environment and the textual context. “It is one of the fun things about our texting and it even carries over when we are together personally” (Justin). “Since words are what we have, we play with them and try to be creative. Para masaya, exciting (So that it is fun and exciting)” (Charm). Incidentally, this sense of fun and excitement is also one of the attributes that Pertierra and his co-authors mentioned in their book Txt-ing Selves (Pertierra et al. 140): “Many see texting as an opportunity for fun.” Texting and Network Convergence Texting also made network convergence possible among partners, and their respective social circles, in a romantic relationship. Because the respondents engaged in non-stop texting, their friends and family started to notice their change in behavior. “People become curious… They want to know the person I text with every minute of every day… I guess people can tell when a person’s in love, even when it has only developed through texting” (Clara). Jake shared a very likely scenario: “If you get text messages when you’re with your friends/family and you laugh at the message you receive, or just react to whatever you receive, you’d have to make kwento (tell) who you’re texting to make sense of your reactions.” Others though, readily announced their relationships to everyone: “I’ll text my friends first na ‘Uy, may bago ako.’ (I will text my friends first that: ‘Hey, I have a new girlfriend.’)” (Richard). But sometimes, texters also introduced their partners to people outside their friends and family circles. “Sometimes, it even goes beyond personal. Example, if my ‘new partner’ who has never met any of my friends and family need help with something (business, academic, etc.) then I introduce him to someone from my circle who can be of help to him” (Jetrin). Network convergence could also take place through and within the medium itself. Respondents revealed that their family and friends actually interact with each other through texting without necessarily having the opportunity to meet in person. Pauline shared: “Ate (My older sister)… used to send text messages to him before to ask where I am. And my mom stole his number from my phone ‘just in case’.” Didith and her boyfriend also experienced having their friends involved in the dynamics of their relationship: “During our first major quarrel, he texted and called my friend to ask what I was mad about. Likewise, when we have a minor spat, I call his friend to vent or ask about him.” Conclusion This study establishes the texting technology’s capacity as a romancing gadget. As the interview participants pointed out, because of the technology’s capacity to allow users to create their own world capable of expressing real and virtual emotions, and managing contextual cues, texters were able to increase their dependence and understanding of one another. It also allowed for partners to exchange more personal and intimate information through an instant and private delivery of messages. The facilitation of communicative change made their relationship more exciting and that the texting medium itself became the message of commitment to their relationship. Finally, texting also led the partners to introduce one another to their families and friends either through the texting environment or face-to-face. Ultimately, texting became their means to achieving intimacy and romance. Texting offered a modern communication medium for carrying out traditional gender roles in pursuing romance for the heterosexual majority of the respondents. However, the messaging tool also empowered the homosexuals and bisexuals involved in the study. The highly private and autonomous textual environment enabled them to explore new and unorthodox romantic and even sexual relations. Moreover, texting may be considered as a venue for “technological foreplay” (Nadarajan). Almost all of those who have used texting to sustain their intimacy indicated the choice to expand to other modes of communication. Although relationships set in a purely virtual environment actually exist, the findings that these relationships rarely stay virtual point to the idea that the virtual setting of texting becomes simply just another place where partners get to exercise their romance for each other, only to be further “consummated” perhaps by a face-to-face contact. Data gathering for this research revealed a noteworthy number of respondents who engage in a purely virtual textual relationship. A further investigation of this occurrence will be able to highlight the capacity of texting as a relationship gadget. Long distance relationships sustained by this technology also provide a good ground for the exploration of the text messaging’s potentials as communication tool. References Lallana, Emmanuel. SMS, Business, and Government in the Philippines. Manila: Department of Science and Technology, 2004. Leung, Louis, and Ran Wei. “More than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellular Phone.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (2000): 308-320. Levinson, Paul. Cellphone: The Story of the World’s Most Mobile Medium and How It Has Transformed Everything! New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Mangahas, Malou. “For the Little History of EDSA-2.” Social Weather Station 26 Jan. 2001. 31 Jan. 2005 http://www.sws.org.ph/>. Nadarajan, Gunalan. Personal communication with the author. 2004. Parks, Malcolm. “Communication Networks and Relationship Life Cycles.” Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory, Research, and Interventions. 2nd ed. Ed. Steve Duck. London: John Wiley, 1997. 351-72. Pertierra, Raul. Transforming Technologies: Altered Selves – Mobile Phone and Internet Use in the Philippines. Manila: De La Salle UP, 2006. Pertierra, Raul, et al. Text-ing Selves: Cellphones and Philippine Modernity. Manila: De La Salle UP, 2002. Solis, Randy Jay. “Mobile Romance: An Exploration of the Development of Romantic Relationships through Texting.” Asia Culture Forum, Gwangju, South Korea: 29 Oct. 2006. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Solis, Randy Jay C. "Texting Love: An Exploration of Text Messaging as a Medium for Romance in the Philippines." M/C Journal 10.1 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/05-solis.php>. APA Style Solis, R. (Mar. 2007) "Texting Love: An Exploration of Text Messaging as a Medium for Romance in the Philippines," M/C Journal, 10(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/05-solis.php>.

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Dominey-Howes, Dale. "Tsunami Waves of Destruction: The Creation of the “New Australian Catastrophe”." M/C Journal 16, no. 1 (March 18, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.594.

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Introduction The aim of this paper is to examine whether recent catastrophic tsunamis have driven a cultural shift in the awareness of Australians to the danger associated with this natural hazard and whether the media have contributed to the emergence of “tsunami” as a new Australian catastrophe. Prior to the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster (2004 IOT), tsunamis as a type of hazard capable of generating widespread catastrophe were not well known by the general public and had barely registered within the wider scientific community. As a university based lecturer who specialises in natural disasters, I always started my public talks or student lectures with an attempt at a detailed description of what a tsunami is. With little high quality visual and media imagery to use, this was not easy. The Australian geologist Ted Bryant was right when he named his 2001 book Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. That changed on 26 December 2004 when the third largest earthquake ever recorded occurred northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering the most catastrophic tsunami ever experienced. The 2004 IOT claimed at least 220,000 lives—probably more—injured tens of thousands, destroyed widespread coastal infrastructure and left millions homeless. Beyond the catastrophic impacts, this tsunami was conspicuous because, for the first time, such a devastating tsunami was widely captured on video and other forms of moving and still imagery. This occurred for two reasons. Firstly, the tsunami took place during daylight hours in good weather conditions—factors conducive to capturing high quality visual images. Secondly, many people—both local residents and westerners who were on beachside holidays and at the coast at multiple locations impacted by the tsunami—were able to capture images of the tsunami on their cameras, videos, and smart phones. The extensive media coverage—including horrifying television, video, and still imagery that raced around the globe in the hours and days after the tsunami, filling our television screens, homes, and lives regardless of where we lived—had a dramatic effect. This single event drove a quantum shift in the wider cultural awareness of this type of catastrophe and acted as a catalyst for improved individual and societal understanding of the nature and effects of disaster landscapes. Since this event, there have been several notable tsunamis, including the March 2011 Japan catastrophe. Once again, this event occurred during daylight hours and was widely captured by multiple forms of media. These events have resulted in a cascade of media coverage across television, radio, movie, and documentary channels, in the print media, online, and in the popular press and on social media—very little of which was available prior to 2004. Much of this has been documentary and informative in style, but there have also been numerous television dramas and movies. For example, an episode of the popular American television series CSI Miami entitled Crime Wave (Season 3, Episode 7) featured a tsunami, triggered by a volcanic eruption in the Atlantic and impacting Miami, as the backdrop to a standard crime-filled episode ("CSI," IMDb; Wikipedia). In 2010, Warner Bros Studios released the supernatural drama fantasy film Hereafter directed by Clint Eastwood. In the movie, a television journalist survives a near-death experience during the 2004 IOT in what might be the most dramatic, and probably accurate, cinematic portrayal of a tsunami ("Hereafter," IMDb; Wikipedia). Thus, these creative and entertaining forms of media, influenced by the catastrophic nature of tsunamis, are impetuses for creativity that also contribute to a transformation of cultural knowledge of catastrophe. The transformative potential of creative media, together with national and intergovernmental disaster risk reduction activity such as community education, awareness campaigns, community evacuation planning and drills, may be indirectly inferred from rapid and positive community behavioural responses. By this I mean many people in coastal communities who experience strong earthquakes are starting a process of self-evacuation, even if regional tsunami warning centres have not issued an alert or warning. For example, when people in coastal locations in Samoa felt a large earthquake on 29 September 2009, many self-evacuated to higher ground or sought information and instruction from relevant authorities because they expected a tsunami to occur. When interviewed, survivors stated that the memory of television and media coverage of the 2004 IOT acted as a catalyst for their affirmative behavioural response (Dominey-Howes and Thaman 1). Thus, individual and community cultural understandings of the nature and effects of tsunami catastrophes are incredibly important for shaping resilience and reducing vulnerability. However, this cultural shift is not playing out evenly.Are Australia and Its People at Risk from Tsunamis?Prior to the 2004 IOT, there was little discussion about, research in to, or awareness about tsunamis and Australia. Ted Bryant from the University of Wollongong had controversially proposed that Australia had been affected by tsunamis much bigger than the 2004 IOT six to eight times during the last 10,000 years and that it was only a matter of when, not if, such an event repeated itself (Bryant, "Second Edition"). Whilst his claims had received some media attention, his ideas did not achieve widespread scientific, cultural, or community acceptance. Not-with-standing this, Australia has been affected by more than 60 small tsunamis since European colonisation (Dominey-Howes 239). Indeed, the 2004 IOT and 2006 Java tsunami caused significant flooding of parts of the Northern Territory and Western Australia (Prendergast and Brown 69). However, the affected areas were sparsely populated and experienced very little in the way of damage or loss. Thus they did not cross any sort of critical threshold of “catastrophe” and failed to achieve meaningful community consciousness—they were not agents of cultural transformation.Regardless of the risk faced by Australia’s coastline, Australians travel to, and holiday in, places that experience tsunamis. In fact, 26 Australians were killed during the 2004 IOT (DFAT) and five were killed by the September 2009 South Pacific tsunami (Caldwell et al. 26). What Role Do the Media Play in Preparing for and Responding to Catastrophe?Regardless of the type of hazard/disaster/catastrophe, the key functions the media play include (but are not limited to): pre-event community education, awareness raising, and planning and preparations; during-event preparation and action, including status updates, evacuation warnings and notices, and recommendations for affirmative behaviours; and post-event responses and recovery actions to follow, including where to gain aid and support. Further, the media also play a role in providing a forum for debate and post-event analysis and reflection, as a mechanism to hold decision makers to account. From time to time, the media also provide a platform for examining who, if anyone, might be to blame for losses sustained during catastrophes and can act as a powerful conduit for driving socio-cultural, behavioural, and policy change. Many of these functions are elegantly described and a series of best practices outlined by The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency in a tsunami specific publication freely available online (CDEMA 1). What Has Been the Media Coverage in Australia about Tsunamis and Their Effects on Australians?A manifest contents analysis of media material covering tsunamis over the last decade using the framework of Cox et al. reveals that coverage falls into distinctive and repetitive forms or themes. After tsunamis, I have collected articles (more than 130 to date) published in key Australian national broadsheets (e.g., The Australian and Sydney Morning Herald) and tabloid (e.g., The Telegraph) newspapers and have watched on television and monitored on social media, such as YouTube and Facebook, the types of coverage given to tsunamis either affecting Australia, or Australians domestically and overseas. In all cases, I continued to monitor and collect these stories and accounts for a fixed period of four weeks after each event, commencing on the day of the tsunami. The themes raised in the coverage include: the nature of the event. For example, where, when, why did it occur, how big was it, and what were the effects; what emergency response and recovery actions are being undertaken by the emergency services and how these are being provided; exploration of how the event was made worse or better by poor/good planning and prior knowledge, action or inaction, confusion and misunderstanding; the attribution of blame and responsibility; the good news story—often the discovery and rescue of an “iconic victim/survivor”—usually a child days to weeks later; and follow-up reporting weeks to months later and on anniversaries. This coverage generally focuses on how things are improving and is often juxtaposed with the ongoing suffering of victims. I select the word “victims” purposefully for the media frequently prefer this over the more affirmative “survivor.”The media seldom carry reports of “behind the scenes” disaster preparatory work such as community education programs, the development and installation of warning and monitoring systems, and ongoing training and policy work by response agencies and governments since such stories tend to be less glamorous in terms of the disaster gore factor and less newsworthy (Cox et al. 469; Miles and Morse 365; Ploughman 308).With regard to Australians specifically, the manifest contents analysis reveals that coverage can be described as follows. First, it focuses on those Australians killed and injured. Such coverage provides elements of a biography of the victims, telling their stories, personalising these individuals so we build empathy for their suffering and the suffering of their families. The Australian victims are not unknown strangers—they are named and pictures of their smiling faces are printed or broadcast. Second, the media describe and catalogue the loss and ongoing suffering of the victims (survivors). Third, the media use phrases to describe Australians such as “innocent victims in the wrong place at the wrong time.” This narrative establishes the sense that these “innocents” have been somehow wronged and transgressed and that suffering should not be experienced by them. The fourth theme addresses the difficulties Australians have in accessing Consular support and in acquiring replacement passports in order to return home. It usually goes on to describe how they have difficulty in gaining access to accommodation, clothing, food, and water and any necessary medicines and the challenges associated with booking travel home and the complexities of communicating with family and friends. The last theme focuses on how Australians were often (usually?) not given relevant safety information by “responsible people” or “those in the know” in the place where they were at the time of the tsunami. This establishes a sense that Australians were left out and not considered by the relevant authorities. This narrative pays little attention to the wide scale impact upon and suffering of resident local populations who lack the capacity to escape the landscape of catastrophe.How Does Australian Media Coverage of (Tsunami) Catastrophe Compare with Elsewhere?A review of the available literature suggests media coverage of catastrophes involving domestic citizens is similar globally. For example, Olofsson (557) in an analysis of newspaper articles in Sweden about the 2004 IOT showed that the tsunami was framed as a Swedish disaster heavily focused on Sweden, Swedish victims, and Thailand, and that there was a division between “us” (Swedes) and “them” (others or non-Swedes). Olofsson (557) described two types of “us” and “them.” At the international level Sweden, i.e. “us,” was glorified and contrasted with “inferior” countries such as Thailand, “them.” Olofsson (557) concluded that mediated frames of catastrophe are influenced by stereotypes and nationalistic values.Such nationalistic approaches preface one type of suffering in catastrophe over others and delegitimises the experiences of some survivors. Thus, catastrophes are not evenly experienced. Importantly, Olofsson although not explicitly using the term, explains that the underlying reason for this construction of “them” and “us” is a form of imperialism and colonialism. Sharp refers to “historically rooted power hierarchies between countries and regions of the world” (304)—this is especially so of western news media reporting on catastrophes within and affecting “other” (non-western) countries. Sharp goes much further in relation to western representations and imaginations of the “war on terror” (arguably a global catastrophe) by explicitly noting the near universal western-centric dominance of this representation and the construction of the “west” as good and all “non-west” as not (299). Like it or not, the western media, including elements of the mainstream Australian media, adhere to this imperialistic representation. Studies of tsunami and other catastrophes drawing upon different types of media (still images, video, film, camera, and social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and the like) and from different national settings have explored the multiple functions of media. These functions include: providing information, questioning the authorities, and offering a chance for transformative learning. Further, they alleviate pain and suffering, providing new virtual communities of shared experience and hearing that facilitate resilience and recovery from catastrophe. Lastly, they contribute to a cultural transformation of catastrophe—both positive and negative (Hjorth and Kyoung-hwa "The Mourning"; "Good Grief"; McCargo and Hyon-Suk 236; Brown and Minty 9; Lau et al. 675; Morgan and de Goyet 33; Piotrowski and Armstrong 341; Sood et al. 27).Has Extensive Media Coverage Resulted in an Improved Awareness of the Catastrophic Potential of Tsunami for Australians?In playing devil’s advocate, my simple response is NO! This because I have been interviewing Australians about their perceptions and knowledge of tsunamis as a catastrophe, after events have occurred. These events have triggered alerts and warnings by the Australian Tsunami Warning System (ATWS) for selected coastal regions of Australia. Consequently, I have visited coastal suburbs and interviewed people about tsunamis generally and those events specifically. Formal interviews (surveys) and informal conversations have revolved around what people perceived about the hazard, the likely consequences, what they knew about the warning, where they got their information from, how they behaved and why, and so forth. I have undertaken this work after the 2007 Solomon Islands, 2009 New Zealand, 2009 South Pacific, the February 2010 Chile, and March 2011 Japan tsunamis. I have now spoken to more than 800 people. Detailed research results will be presented elsewhere, but of relevance here, I have discovered that, to begin with, Australians have a reasonable and shared cultural knowledge of the potential catastrophic effects that tsunamis can have. They use terms such as “devastating; death; damage; loss; frightening; economic impact; societal loss; horrific; overwhelming and catastrophic.” Secondly, when I ask Australians about their sources of information about tsunamis, they describe the television (80%); Internet (85%); radio (25%); newspaper (35%); and social media including YouTube (65%). This tells me that the media are critical to underpinning knowledge of catastrophe and are a powerful transformative medium for the acquisition of knowledge. Thirdly, when asked about where people get information about live warning messages and alerts, Australians stated the “television (95%); Internet (70%); family and friends (65%).” Fourthly and significantly, when individuals were asked what they thought being caught in a tsunami would be like, responses included “fun (50%); awesome (75%); like in a movie (40%).” Fifthly, when people were asked about what they would do (i.e., their “stated behaviour”) during a real tsunami arriving at the coast, responses included “go down to the beach to swim/surf the tsunami (40%); go to the sea to watch (85%); video the tsunami and sell to the news media people (40%).”An independent and powerful representation of the disjunct between Australians’ knowledge of the catastrophic potential of tsunamis and their “negative” behavioral response can be found in viewing live television news coverage broadcast from Sydney beaches on the morning of Sunday 28 February 2010. The Chilean tsunami had taken more than 14 hours to travel from Chile to the eastern seaboard of Australia and the ATWS had issued an accurate warning and had correctly forecast the arrival time of the tsunami (approximately 08.30 am). The television and radio media had dutifully broadcast the warning issued by the State Emergency Services. The message was simple: “Stay out of the water, evacuate the beaches and move to higher ground.” As the tsunami arrived, those news broadcasts showed volunteer State Emergency Service personnel and Surf Life Saving Australia lifeguards “begging” with literally hundreds (probably thousands up and down the eastern seaboard of Australia) of members of the public to stop swimming in the incoming tsunami and to evacuate the beaches. On that occasion, Australians were lucky and the tsunami was inconsequential. What do these responses mean? Clearly Australians recognise and can describe the consequences of a tsunami. However, they are not associating the catastrophic nature of tsunami with their own lives or experience. They are avoiding or disallowing the reality; they normalise and dramaticise the event. Thus in Australia, to date, a cultural transformation about the catastrophic nature of tsunami has not occurred for reasons that are not entirely clear but are the subject of ongoing study.The Emergence of Tsunami as a “New Australian Catastrophe”?As a natural disaster expert with nearly two decades experience, in my mind tsunami has emerged as a “new Australian catastrophe.” I believe this has occurred for a number of reasons. Firstly, the 2004 IOT was devastating and did impact northwestern Australia, raising the flag on this hitherto, unknown threat. Australia is now known to be vulnerable to the tsunami catastrophe. The media have played a critical role here. Secondly, in the 2004 IOT and other tsunamis since, Australians have died and their deaths have been widely reported in the Australian media. Thirdly, the emergence of various forms of social media has facilitated an explosion in information and material that can be consumed, digested, reimagined, and normalised by Australians hungry for the gore of catastrophe—it feeds our desire for catastrophic death and destruction. Fourthly, catastrophe has been creatively imagined and retold for a story-hungry viewing public. Whether through regular television shows easily consumed from a comfy chair at home, or whilst eating popcorn at a cinema, tsunami catastrophe is being fed to us in a way that reaffirms its naturalness. Juxtaposed against this idea though is that, despite all the graphic imagery of tsunami catastrophe, especially images of dead children in other countries, Australian media do not and culturally cannot, display images of dead Australian children. Such images are widely considered too gruesome but are well known to drive changes in cultural behaviour because of the iconic significance of the child within our society. As such, a cultural shift has not yet occurred and so the potential of catastrophe remains waiting to strike. Fifthly and significantly, given the fact that large numbers of Australians have not died during recent tsunamis means that again, the catastrophic potential of tsunamis is not yet realised and has not resulted in cultural changes to more affirmative behaviour. Lastly, Australians are probably more aware of “regular or common” catastrophes such as floods and bush fires that are normal to the Australian climate system and which are endlessly experienced individually and culturally and covered by the media in all forms. The Australian summer of 2012–13 has again been dominated by floods and fires. If this idea is accepted, the media construct a uniquely Australian imaginary of catastrophe and cultural discourse of disaster. The familiarity with these common climate catastrophes makes us “culturally blind” to the catastrophe that is tsunami.The consequences of a major tsunami affecting Australia some point in the future are likely to be of a scale not yet comprehensible. References Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). "ABC Net Splash." 20 Mar. 2013 ‹http://splash.abc.net.au/media?id=31077›. Brown, Philip, and Jessica Minty. “Media Coverage and Charitable Giving after the 2004 Tsunami.” Southern Economic Journal 75 (2008): 9–25. Bryant, Edward. Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. First Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. ———. Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. Second Edition, Sydney: Springer-Praxis, 2008. Caldwell, Anna, Natalie Gregg, Fiona Hudson, Patrick Lion, Janelle Miles, Bart Sinclair, and John Wright. “Samoa Tsunami Claims Five Aussies as Death Toll Rises.” The Courier Mail 1 Oct. 2009. 20 Mar. 2013 ‹http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/samoa-tsunami-claims-five-aussies-as-death-toll-rises/story-e6freon6-1225781357413›. CDEMA. "The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. Tsunami SMART Media Web Site." 18 Dec. 2012. 20 Mar. 2013 ‹http://weready.org/tsunami/index.php?Itemid=40&id=40&option=com_content&view=article›. Cox, Robin, Bonita Long, and Megan Jones. “Sequestering of Suffering – Critical Discourse Analysis of Natural Disaster Media Coverage.” Journal of Health Psychology 13 (2008): 469–80. “CSI: Miami (Season 3, Episode 7).” International Movie Database (IMDb). ‹http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0534784/›. 9 Jan. 2013. "CSI: Miami (Season 3)." Wikipedia. ‹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami_(season_3)#Episodes›. 21 Mar. 2013. DFAT. "Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2004–2005." 8 Jan. 2013 ‹http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/2_Outcome2.pdf›. Dominey-Howes, Dale. “Geological and Historical Records of Australian Tsunami.” Marine Geology 239 (2007): 99–123. Dominey-Howes, Dale, and Randy Thaman. “UNESCO-IOC International Tsunami Survey Team Samoa Interim Report of Field Survey 14–21 October 2009.” No. 2. Australian Tsunami Research Centre. University of New South Wales, Sydney. "Hereafter." International Movie Database (IMDb). ‹http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1212419/›. 9 Jan. 2013."Hereafter." Wikipedia. ‹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereafter (film)›. 21 Mar. 2013. Hjorth, Larissa, and Yonnie Kyoung-hwa. “The Mourning After: A Case Study of Social Media in the 3.11 Earthquake Disaster in Japan.” Television and News Media 12 (2011): 552–59. ———, and Yonnie Kyoung-hwa. “Good Grief: The Role of Mobile Social Media in the 3.11 Earthquake Disaster in Japan.” Digital Creativity 22 (2011): 187–99. Lau, Joseph, Mason Lau, and Jean Kim. “Impacts of Media Coverage on the Community Stress Level in Hong Kong after the Tsunami on 26 December 2004.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60 (2006): 675–82. McCargo, Duncan, and Lee Hyon-Suk. “Japan’s Political Tsunami: What’s Media Got to Do with It?” International Journal of Press-Politics 15 (2010): 236–45. Miles, Brian, and Stephanie Morse. “The Role of News Media in Natural Disaster Risk and Recovery.” Ecological Economics 63 (2007): 365–73. Morgan, Olive, and Charles de Goyet. “Dispelling Disaster Myths about Dead Bodies and Disease: The Role of Scientific Evidence and the Media.” Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica-Pan American Journal of Public Health 18 (2005): 33–6. Olofsson, Anna. “The Indian Ocean Tsunami in Swedish Newspapers: Nationalism after Catastrophe.” Disaster Prevention and Management 20 (2011): 557–69. Piotrowski, Chris, and Terry Armstrong. “Mass Media Preferences in Disaster: A Study of Hurricane Danny.” Social Behavior and Personality 26 (1998): 341–45. Ploughman, Penelope. “The American Print News Media Construction of Five Natural Disasters.” Disasters 19 (1995): 308–26. Prendergast, Amy, and Nick Brown. “Far Field Impact and Coastal Sedimentation Associated with the 2006 Java Tsunami in West Australia: Post-Tsunami Survey at Steep Point, West Australia.” Natural Hazards 60 (2012): 69–79. Sharp, Joanne. “A Subaltern Critical Geopolitics of The War on Terror: Postcolonial Security in Tanzania.” Geoforum 42 (2011): 297–305. Sood, Rahul, Stockdale, Geoffrey, and Everett Rogers. “How the News Media Operate in Natural Disasters.” Journal of Communication 37 (1987): 27–41.

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Contributors. "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS." Acta Medica Philippina 54, no. 6 (December 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.47895/amp.v54i6.2626.

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The UP Manila Health Policy Development Hub recognizes the invaluable contribution of the participants in theseries of roundtable discussions listed below: RTD: Beyond Hospital Beds: Equity,quality, and service1. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, UP Manila2. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, UP Manila3. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, UP Manila4. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, UP Manila HealthPolicy Development Hub; Director, Institute of HealthPolicy and Development Studies, University of thePhilippines Manila5. Irma L. Asuncion, MHA, CESO III, Director IV,Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health6. Renely Pangilinan-Tungol, MD, CFP, MPM-HSD,Municipal Health Officer, San Fernando, Pampanga7. Salome F. Arinduque, MD, Galing-Pook AwardeeRepresentative, Municipal Health Officer, San Felipe,Zambales8. Carmelita C. Canila, MD, MPH, Faculty, College ofPublic Health, University of the Philippines Manila9. Lester M. Tan, MD, MPH, Division Chief, Bureau ofLocal Health System Development, Department ofHealth10. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF)11. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization12. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, AssociateDirector, Medical and Regulatory Affairs, AsianHospital and Medical Center13. Christian Edward L. Nuevo, Health Policy and SystemsResearch Fellow, Health Policy Development andPlanning Bureau, Department of Health14. Paolo Victor N. Medina, MD, Assistant Professor 4,College of Medicine, University of the PhilippinesManila15. Jose Rafael A. Marfori, MD, Special Assistant to theDirector, Philippine General Hospital16. Maria Teresa U. Bagaman, Committee Chair, PhilippineSociety for Quality, Inc.17. Maria Theresa G. Vera, MSc, MHA, CESO III, DirectorIV, Health Facility Development Bureau, Departmentof Health18. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila19. Fevi Rose C. Paro, Faculty, Department of Communityand Environmental Resource Planning, University ofthe Philippines Los Baños20. Maria Rosa C. Abad, MD, Medical Specialist III,Standard Development Division, Health Facilities andServices Regulation21. Yolanda R. Robles, RPh, PhD, Faculty, College ofPharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila22. Jaya P. Ebuen, RN, Development Manager Officer,CHDMM, Department of Health23. Josephine E. Cariaso, MA, RN, Assistant Professor,College of Nursing, University of the Philippines Manila24. Diana Van Daele, Programme Manager, CooperationSection, European Union25. Maria Paz de Sagun, Project Management Specialist,USAID26. Christopher Muñoz, Member, Yellow Warriors SocietyPhilippinesRTD: Health services and financingroles: Population based- andindividual-based1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Mario C. Villaverde, Undersecretary, Health Policyand Development Systems and Development Team,Department of Health6. Jaime Z. Galvez Tan, MD, Former Secretary, Department of Health7. Marvin C. Galvez, MD, OIC Division Chief, BenefitsDevelopment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation8. Alvin B. Caballes, MD, MPE, MPP, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila9. Carlos D. Da Silva, Executive Director, Association ofMunicipal Health Maintenance Organization of thePhilippines, Inc.10. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF) 11. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization12. Salome F. Arinduque, MD, Galing-Pook AwardeeRepresentative, Municipal Health Officer, San Felipe,Zambales13. Michael Ralph M. Abrigo, PhD, Research Fellow,Philippine Institute for Developmental Studies14. Oscar D. Tinio, MD, Committee Chair, Legislation,Philippine Medical Association15. Rogelio V. Dazo, Jr., MD, FPCOM, Legislation,Philippine Medical Association16. Ligaya V. Catadman, MM, Officer-in-charge, HealthPolicy Development and Planning Bureau, Department of Health17. Maria Fatima Garcia-Lorenzo, President, PhilippineAlliance of Patients Organization18. Tomasito P. Javate, Jr, Supervising Economic DevelopmentSpecialist, Health Nutrition and Population Division,National Economic and Development Authority19. Josefina Isidro-Lapena, MD, National Board ofDirector, Philippine Academy of Family Physicians20. Maria Eliza Ruiz-Aguila, MPhty, PhD, Dean, Collegeof Allied Medical Professions, University of thePhilippines Manila21. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila22. Maria Paz P. Corrales, MD, MHA, MPA, Director III,Department of Health-National Capital Region23. Karin Estepa Garcia, MD, Executive Secretary, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians24. Adeline A. Mesina, MD, Medical Specialist III,Philippine Health Insurance Corporation25. Glorey Ann P. Alde, RN, MPH, Research Fellow,Department of HealthRTD: Moving towards provincelevel integration throughUniversal Health Care Act1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Mario C. Villaverde, Undersecretary of Health, HealthPolicy and Development Systems and DevelopmentTeam, Department of Health6. Ferdinand A. Pecson, Undersecretary and ExecutiveDirector, Public Private Partnership Center7. Rosanna M. Buccahan, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Bataan Provincial Office8. Lester M. Tan, MD, Division Chief, Bureau of LocalHealth System Development, Department of Health9. Ernesto O. Domingo, MD, FPCP, FPSF, FormerChancellor, University of the Philippines Manila10. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization11. Leslie Ann L. Luces, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Aklan12. Rene C. Catan, MD, Provincial Health Officer, Cebu13. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation14. Jose Rafael A. Marfori, MD, Special Assistant to theDirector, Philippine General Hospital15. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, Consultant,Asian Hospital and Medical Center16. Ramon Paterno, MD, Member, Universal Health CareStudy Group, University of the Philippines Manila17. Mayor Eunice U. Babalcon, Mayor, Paranas, Samar18. Zorayda E. Leopando, MD, Former President,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians19. Madeleine de Rosas-Valera, MD, MScIH, SeniorTechnical Consultant, World Bank20. Arlene C. Sebastian, MD, Municipal Health Officer,Sta. Monica, Siargao Island, Mindanao21. Rizza Majella L. Herrera, MD, Acting Senior Manager,Accreditation Department, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation22. Alvin B. Caballes, MD, MPE, MPP, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila23. Pres. Policarpio B. Joves, MD, MPH, MOH, FPAFP,President, Philippine Academy of Family Physicians24. Leilanie A. Nicodemus, MD, Board of Director,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians25. Maria Paz P. Corrales, MD, MHA, MPA, Director III,National Capital Region Office, Department of Health26. Dir. Irma L. Asuncion, MD, MHA, CESO III, DirectorIV, Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health27. Bernard B. Argamosa, MD, Mental Health Representative, National Center for Mental Health28. Flerida Chan, Chief, Poverty Reduction Section, JapanInternational Cooperation Agency29. Raul R. Alamis, Chief Health Program Officer, ServiceDelivery Network, Department of Health30. Mary Anne Milliscent B. Castro, Supervising HealthProgram Officer, Department of Health 31. Marikris Florenz N. Garcia, Project Manager, PublicPrivate Partnership Center32. Mary Grace G. Darunday, Supervising Budget andManagement Specialist, Budget and Management Bureaufor the Human Development Sector, Department ofBudget and Management33. Belinda Cater, Senior Budget and Management Specialist,Department of Budget and Management34. Sheryl N. Macalipay, LGU Officer IV, Bureau of LocalGovernment and Development, Department of Interiorand Local Government35. Kristel Faye M. Roderos, OTRP, Representative,College of Allied Medical Professions, University ofthe Philippines Manila36. Jeffrey I. Manalo, Director III, Policy Formulation,Project Evaluation and Monitoring Service, PublicPrivate Partnership Center37. Atty. Phebean Belle A. Ramos-Lacuna, Division Chief,Policy Formulation Division, Public Private PartnershipCenter38. Ricardo Benjamin D. Osorio, Planning Officer, PolicyFormulation, Project Evaluation and MonitoringService, Public Private Partnership Center39. Gladys Rabacal, Program Officer, Japan InternationalCooperation Agency40. Michael Angelo Baluyot, Nurse, Bataan Provincial Office41. Jonna Jane Javier Austria, Nurse, Bataan Provincial Office42. Heidee Buenaventura, MD, Associate Director, ZuelligFamily Foundation43. Dominique L. Monido, Policy Associate, Zuellig FamilyFoundation44. Rosa Nene De Lima-Estellana, RN, MD, Medical OfficerIII, Department of Interior and Local Government45. Ma Lourdes Sangalang-Yap, MD, FPCR, Medical OfficerIV, Department of Interior and Local Government46. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila47. Colleen T. Francisco, Representative, Department ofBudget and Management48. Kristine Galamgam, Representative, Department ofHealth49. Fides S. Basco, Officer-in-charge, Chief Budget andManagement Specialist, Development of Budget andManagementRTD: Health financing: Co-paymentsand Personnel1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila5. Ernesto O. Domingo, MD, Professor Emeritus,University of the Philippines Manila6. Irma L. Asuncion, MHA, CESO III, Director IV,Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health7. Lester M. Tan, MD, MPH, Division Chief, Bureau ofLocal Health System Development, Department ofHealth8. Marvin C. Galvez, MD, OIC Division Chief, BenefitsDevelopment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation9. Adeline A. Mesina, MD, Medical Specialist III, BenefitsDepartment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation10. Carlos D. Da Silva, Executive Director, Association ofHealth Maintenance Organization of the Philippines,Inc.11. Ma. Margarita Lat-Luna, MD, Deputy Director, FiscalServices, Philippine General Hospital12. Waldemar V. Galindo, MD, Chief of Clinics, Ospital ngMaynila13. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization14. Rogelio V. Dazo, Jr., MD, Member, Commission onLegislation, Philippine Medical Association15. Aileen R. Espina, MD, Board Member, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians16. Anthony R. Faraon, MD, Vice President, Zuellig FamilyFoundation17. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, Associate Director, Medical andRegulatory Affairs, Asian Hospital and Medical Center18. Jared Martin Clarianes, Technical Officer, Union of LocalAuthorities of the Philippines19. Leslie Ann L. Luces, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Aklan20. Rosa Nene De Lima-Estellana, MD, Medical OfficerIII, Department of the Interior and Local Government21. Ma. Lourdes Sangalang-Yap, MD, Medical Officer V,Department of the Interior and Local Government 22. Dominique L. Monido, Policy Associate, Zuellig FamilyFoundation23. Krisch Trine D. Ramos, MD, Medical Officer, PhilippineCharity Sweepstakes Office24. Larry R. Cedro, MD, Assistant General Manager, CharitySector, Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office25. Margarita V. Hing, Officer in Charge, ManagementDivision, Financial Management Service Sector,Department of Health26. Dr. Carlo Irwin Panelo, Associate Professor, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila27. Dr. Angelita V. Larin, Faculty, College of Public Health,University of the Philippines Manila28. Dr. Abdel Jeffri A. Abdulla, Chair, RegionalizationProgram, University of the Philippines Manila29. Christopher S. Muñoz, Member, Philippine Alliance ofPatients Organization30. Gemma R. Macatangay, LGOO V, Department ofInterior and Local Government – Bureau of LocalGovernment Development31. Dr. Narisa Portia J. Sugay, Acting Vice President, QualityAssurance Group, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation32. Maria Eliza R. Aguila, Dean, College of Allied MedicalProfessions, University of the Philippines Manila33. Angeli A. Comia, Manager, Zuellig Family Foundation34. Leo Alcantara, Union of Local Authorities of thePhilippines35. Dr. Zorayda E. Leopando, Former President, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians36. Dr. Emerito Jose Faraon, Faculty, College of PublicHealth, University of the Philippines Manila37. Dr. Carmelita C. Canila, Faculty, College of PublicHealth, University of the Philippines ManilaRTD: Moving towards third partyaccreditation for health facilities1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Rizza Majella L. Herrera, MD, Acting SeniorManager, Accreditation Department, Philippine HealthInsurance Corporation6. Bernadette C. Hogar-Manlapat, MD, FPBA, FPSA,FPSQua, MMPA, President and Board of Trustee,Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare, Inc.7. Waldemar V. Galindo, MD, Chief of Clinics, Ospital ngMaynila8. Amor. F. Lahoz, Division Chief, Promotion andDocumentation Division, Department of Trade andIndustry – Philippine Accreditation Bureau9. Jenebert P. Opinion, Development Specialist, Department of Trade and Industry – Philippine AccreditationBureau10. Maria Linda G. Buhat, President, Association ofNursing Service Administrators of the Philippines, Inc.11. Bernardino A. Vicente, MD, FPPA, MHA, CESOIV, President, Philippine Tripartite Accreditation forHealth Facilities, Inc.12. Atty. Bu C. Castro, MD, Board Member, PhilippineHospital Association13. Cristina Lagao-Caalim, RN, MAN, MHA, ImmediatePast President and Board of Trustee, Philippine Societyfor Quality in Healthcare, Inc.14. Manuel E. Villegas Jr., MD, Vice Treasurer and Board ofTrustee, Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare,Inc.15. Michelle A. Arban, Treasurer and Board of Trustee,Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare, Inc.16. Joselito R. Chavez, MD, FPCP, FPCCP, FACCP,CESE, Deputy Executive Director, Medical Services,National Kidney and Transplant Institute17. Blesilda A. Gutierrez, CPA, MBA, Deputy ExecutiveDirector, Administrative Services, National Kidney andTransplant Institute18. Eulalia C. Magpusao, MD, Associate Director, Qualityand Patient Safety, St. Luke’s Medical Centre GlobalCity19. Clemencia D. Bondoc, MD, Auditor, Association ofMunicipal Health Officers of the Philippines20. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, AssociateDirector, Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Asian Hospitaland Medical Center21. Maria Fatima Garcia-Lorenzo, President, PhilippineAlliance of Patient Organizations22. Leilanie A. Nicodemus, MD, Board of Directors,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians23. Policarpio B. Joves Jr., MD, President, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians24. Kristel Faye Roderos, Faculty, College of Allied MedicalProfessions, University of the Philippines Manila25. Ana Melissa Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean, College of Medicine, University of thePhilippines Manila26. Christopher Malorre Calaquian, MD, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila27. Emerito Jose C. Faraon, MD, Faculty, College ofPublic Health, University of the Philippines Manila 28. Carmelita Canila, Faculty, College of Public Health,University of the Philippines Manila29. Oscar D. Tinio, MD, Representative, Philippine MedicalAssociation30. Farrah Rocamora, Member, Philippine Society forQuality in Healthcare, IncRTD: RA 11036 (Mental Health Act):Addressing Mental Health Needs ofOverseas Filipino Workers1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, UPManila Health Policy Development Hub; College ofArts and Sciences, UP Manila3. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD, UPManila Health Policy Development Hub; College ofPublic Health, UP Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, UP ManilaHealth Policy Development Hub; College of Dentistry,UP Manila5. Frances Prescilla L. Cuevas, RN, MAN, Director,Essential Non-Communicable Diseases Division,Department of Health6. Maria Teresa D. De los Santos, Workers Education andMonitoring Division, Philippine Overseas EmploymentAdministration7. Andrelyn R. Gregorio, Policy Program and Development Office,Overseas Workers Welfare Administration8. Sally D. Bongalonta, MA, Institute of Family Life &Children Studies, Philippine Women’s University9. Consul Ferdinand P. Flores, Department of ForeignAffairs10. Jerome Alcantara, BLAS OPLE Policy Center andTraining Institute11. Andrea Luisa C. Anolin, Commission on FilipinoOverseas12. Bernard B. Argamosa, MD, DSBPP, National Centerfor Mental Health13. Agnes Joy L. Casino, MD, DSBPP, National Centerfor Mental Health14. Ryan Roberto E. Delos Reyes, Employment Promotionand Workers Welfare Division, Department of Laborand Employment15. Sheralee Bondad, Legal and International AffairsCluster, Department of Labor and Employment16. Rhodora A. Abano, Center for Migrant Advocacy17. Nina Evita Q. Guzman, Ugnayan at Tulong para saMaralitang Pamilya (UGAT) Foundation, Inc.18. Katrina S. Ching, Ugnayan at Tulong para sa MaralitangPamilya (UGAT) Foundation, Inc.RTD: (Bitter) Sweet Smile of Filipinos1. Dr. Hilton Y. Lam, Institute of Health Policy andDevelopment Studies, NIH2. Dr. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., College of Arts andSciences, UP Manila3. Dr. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, College of Public Health,UP Manila4. Dr. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, College of Dentistry,UP Manila5. Dr. Ma. Susan T. Yanga-Mabunga, Department ofHealth Policy & Administration, UP Manila6. Dr. Danilo L. Magtanong, College of Dentistry, UPManila7. Dr. Alvin Munoz Laxamana, Philippine DentalAssociation8. Dr. Fina Lopez, Philippine Pediatric Dental Society, Inc9. Dr. Artemio Licos, Jr.,Department of Health NationalAssociation of Dentists10. Dr. Maria Jona D. Godoy, Professional RegulationCommission11. Ms. Anna Liza De Leon, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation12. Ms. Nicole Sigmuend, GIZ Fit for School13. Ms. Lita Orbillo, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau14. Mr. Raymond Oxcena Akap sa Bata Philippines15. Dr. Jessica Rebueno-Santos, Department of CommunityDentistry, UP Manila16. Ms. Maria Olivine M. Contreras, Bureau of LocalGovernment Supervision, DILG17. Ms. Janel Christine Mendoza, Philippine DentalStudents Association18. Mr. Eric Raymund Yu, UP College of DentistryStudent Council19. Dr. Joy Memorando, Philippine Pediatric Society20. Dr. Sharon Alvarez, Philippine Association of DentalColleges

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Apperley, Tom, Bjorn Nansen, Michael Arnold, and Rowan Wilken. "Broadband in the Burbs: NBN Infrastructure, Spectrum Politics and the Digital Home." M/C Journal 14, no. 4 (August 23, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.400.

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The convergence of suburban homes and digital media and communications technologies is set to undergo a major shift as next-generation broadband infrastructures are installed. Embodied in the Australian Government’s National Broadband Network (NBN) and the delivery of fibre-optic cable to the front door of every suburban home, is an anticipated future of digital living that will transform the landscape and experience of suburban life. Drawing from our research, and from industry, policy and media documents, we map some scenarios of the NBN rollout in its early stages to show that this imaginary of seamless broadband in the suburbs and the transformation of digital homes it anticipates is challenged by local cultural and material geographies, which we describe as a politics of spectrum. The universal implementation of policy across Australia faces a considerable challenge in dealing with Australia’s physical environment. Geography has always had a major impact on communications technologies and services in Australia, and a major impetus of building a national broadband network has been to overcome the “tyranny of distance” experienced by people in many remote, regional and suburban areas. In 2009 the minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), Stephen Conroy, announced that with the Government’s NBN policy “every person and business in Australia, no-matter where they are located, will have access to affordable, fast broadband at their fingertips” (Conroy). This ambition to digitally connect and include imagines the NBN as the solution to the current patchwork of connectivity and Internet speeds experienced across the country (ACCAN). Overcoming geographic difference and providing fast, universal and equitable digital access is to be realised through an open access broadband network built by the newly established NBN Co. Limited, jointly owned by the Government and the private sector at a cost estimated at $43 billion over eight years. In the main this network will depend upon fibre-optics reaching over 90% of the population, and achieving download speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s. The remaining population, mostly living in rural and remote areas, will receive wireless and satellite connections providing speeds of 12 Mbit/s (Conroy). Differential implementation in relation to comparisons of urban and remote populations is thus already embedded in the policy, yet distance is not the only characteristic of Australia’s material geographies that will shape the physical implementation of the NBN and create a varied spectrum of the experience of broadband. Instead, in this article we examine the uneven experience of broadband we may see occurring within suburban regions; places in which enhanced and collective participation in the digital economy relies upon the provision of faster transmission speeds and the delivery of fibre “the last mile” to each and every premise. The crucial platform for delivering broadband to the ’burbs is the digital home. The notion of the connected or smart or digital home has been around in different guises for a number of decades (e.g. Edwards et al.), and received wide press coverage in the 1990s (e.g. Howard). It has since been concretised in the wake of the NBN as telecommunications companies struggle to envision a viable “next step” in broadband consumption. Novel to the NBN imaginary of the digital home is a shift from thinking about the digital home in terms of consumer electronics and interoperable or automatic devices, based on shared standards or home networking, to addressing the home as a platform embedded within the economy. The digital home is imagined as an integral part of a network of digital living with seamless transitions between home, office, supermarket, school, and hospital. In the imaginary of the NBN, the digital home becomes a vital connection in the growing digital economy. Communications Patchwork, NBN Roll-Out and Infrastructure Despite this imagined future of seamless connectivity and universal integration of suburban life with the digital economy, there has been an uneven take-up of fibre connections. We argue that this suggests that the particularities of place and the materialities of geography are relevant for understanding the differential uptake of the NBN across the test sites. Furthermore, we maintain that these issues provide a useful model for understanding the ongoing process and challenges that the rollout of the NBN will face in providing even access to the imagined future of the digital home to all Australians. As of June 2011 an average of 70 per cent of homes in the five first release NBN sites have agreed to have the fibre cables installed (Grubb). However, there is a dramatic variation between these sites: in Armidale, NSW, and Willunga, SA, the percentage of properties consenting to fibre connections on their house is between 80-90 per cent; whereas in Brunswick, Victoria, and Midway Point, Tasmania, the take-up rate is closer to 50 per cent (Grubb). We suggest that these variations are created by a differential geography of connectivity that will continue to grow in significance as the NBN is rolled out to more locations around Australia. These can be seen to emerge as a consequence of localised conditions relating to, for example, installation policy, a focus on cost, and installation logistics. Another significant factor, unable to be addressed within the scope of this paper, is the integration of the NBN with each household’s domestic network of hardware devices, internal connections, software, and of course skill and interest. Installation Policy The opt-in policy of the NBN Co requires that owners of properties agree to become connected—as opposed to being automatically connected unless they opt-out. This makes getting connected a far simpler task for owner-occupiers over renters, because the latter group were required to triangulate with their landlords in order to get connected. This was considered to be a factor that impacted on the relatively low uptake of the NBN in Brunswick and Midway Point, and is reflected in media reports (Grubb) and our research: There was a bit of a problem with Midway Point, because I think it is about fifty percent of the houses here are rentals, and you needed signatures from the owners for the box to be put onto the building (anon. “Broadband in the Home” project). …a lot of people rent here, so unless their landlord filled it in they wouldn’t know (anon. “Broadband in the Home” project). The issue is exacerbated by the concentration of rental properties in particular suburbs and complicated rental arrangements mediated through agents, which prevent effective communication between the occupiers and owners of a property. In order to increase take-up in Tasmania, former State Premier, David Bartlett, successfully introduced legislation to the Tasmanian state legislature in late 2010 to make the NBN opt-out rather than opt-in. This reversed the onus of responsibility and meant that in Tasmania all houses and businesses would be automatically connected unless otherwise requested, and in order to effect this simple policy change, the government had to change trespass laws. However, other state legislatures are hesitant to follow the opt-out model (Grubb). Differentials in owner-occupied and rental properties within urban centres, combined with opt-in policies, are likely to see a continuation of the connectivity patchwork that that has thus far characterised Australian communications experience. A Focus on Cost Despite a great deal of public debate about the NBN, there is relatively little discussion of its proposed benefits. The fibre-to-the-home structure of the NBN is also subject to fierce partisan political debate between Australia’s major political parties, particularly around the form and cost of its implementation. As a consequence of this preoccupation with cost, many Australian consumers cannot see a “value proposition” in connecting, and are not convinced of the benefits of the NBN (Brown). The NBN is often reduced to an increased minimum download rate, and to increased ISP fees associated with high speeds, rather than a broader discussion of how the infrastructure can impact on commerce, education, entertainment, healthcare, and work (Barr). Moreover, this lack of balance in the discussion of costs and benefits extends in some instances to outright misunderstandings about the difference between infrastructure and service provision: …my neighbour across the road did not understand what that letter meant, and she would have to have been one of dozens if not hundreds in the exactly the same situation, who thought they were signing up for a broadband plan rather than just access to the infrastructure (anon. “Broadband in the Home” project) Lastly, the advent of the NBN in the first release areas does not override the costs of existing contracts for broadband delivered over the current copper network. Australians are often required to sign long-term contracts that prevent them from switching immediately to the new HSB infrastructure. Installation Logistics Local variations in fibre installation were evident prior to the rollout of the NBN, when the increased provision of HSB was already being used as a marketing device for greenfield (newly developed) estates in suburban Australia. In the wake of the NBN rollouts, some housing developers have begun to lay “NBN-ready” optic fibre in greenfield estates. While this is a positive development for those who a purchasing a newly-developed property, those that invest in brownfield “re-developments,” may have to pay over twice the amount for the installation of the NBN (Neales). These varying local conditions of installation are reflected in the contractual arrangements for installing the fibre, the installers’ policies for installation, and the processes of installation (Darling): They’re gonna have to do 4000 houses a day … and it was a solid six months to get about 800 houses hooked up here. So, logistically I just can’t see it happening. (anon. “Broadband in the Home” project) Finally, for those who do not take-up the free initial installation offer, for whatever reason, there will be costs to have contractors return and connect the fibre (Grubb; Neales). Spectrum Politics, Fibre in the Neighbourhood The promise that the NBN will provide fast, universal and equitable digital access realised through a fibre-optic network is challenged by the experience of first release sites such as Midway Point. As evident above, and due to a number of factors, there is a likelihood in supposedly NBN-connected places of varied connectivity in which service will range from dial-up to DSL and ADSL to fibre and wireless, all within a single location. The varied connectivity in the early NBN rollout stages suggests that the patchwork of Internet connections commonly experienced in Australian suburbs will continue rather than disappear. This varied patchwork can be understood as a politics of spectrum. Rod Tucker (13-14) emphasises that the crucial element of spectrum is its bandwidth, or information carrying capacity. In light of this the politics of spectrum reframes the key issue of access to participation in the digital economy to examine stakes of the varying quality of connection (particularly download speeds), through the available medium (wireless, copper, coaxial cable, optical fibre), connection (modem, antenna, gateway) and service type (DSL, WiFi, Satellite, FTTP). This technical emphasis follows in the wake of debates about digital inclusion (e.g., Warschauer) to re-introduce the importance of connection quality—embedded in older “digital divide” discourse—into approaches that look beyond technical infrastructure to the social conditions of their use. This is a shift that takes account of the various and intertwined socio-technical factors influencing the quality of access and use. This spectrum politics also has important implications for the Universal Service Obligation (USO). Telstra (the former Telecom) continues to have the responsibility to provide every premise in Australia with a standard telephone service, that is at least a single copper line—or equivalent service—connection. However, the creation of the NBN Co. relieves Telstra of this obligation in the areas which have coverage from the fibre network. This agreement means that Telstra will gradually shut down its ageing copper network, following the pattern of the NBN rollout and transfer customers to the newly developed broadband fibre network (Hepworth and Wilson). Consequently, every individual phone service in those areas will be required to move onto the NBN to maintain the USO. This means that premises not connected to the NBN because the owners of the property opted out—by default or by choice—are faced with an uncertain future vis-à-vis the meaning and provision of the USO because they will not have access to either copper or fibre networks. At this extreme of spectrum politics, the current policy setting may result in households that have no possibility of a broadband connection. This potential problem can be resolved by a retro-rollout, in which NBN fibre connection is installed at some point in the future to every premises regardless of whether they originally agreed or not. Currently, however, the cost of a retrospective connection is expected to be borne by the consumer: “those who decline to allow NBN Co on to their property will need to pay up to $300 to connect to the NBN at a later date” (Grubb) Smaller, often brownfield development estates also face particular difficulties in the current long-term switch of responsibilities from Telstra to the NBN Co. This is because Telstra is reluctant to install new copper networks knowing that they will soon become obsolete. Instead, “in housing estates of fewer than 100 houses, Telstra is often providing residents with wireless phones that are unable to connect to the Internet” (Thompson). Thus a limbo is created, where new residents will not have access to either copper or fibre fixed line connections. Rather, they will have to use whatever wireless Internet is available in the area. Particularly concerning is that the period of the rollout is projected to last for eight years. As a result: “Thousands of Australians—many of them in regional areas—can expect years of worse, rather than better, Internet services as the National Broadband Network rolls out across the country” (Thompson). And, given different take-up rates and costs of retro-fitting, this situation could continue for many people and for many years after the initial rollout is completed. Implications of Spectrum Politics for the Digital Home What does this uncertain and patchwork future of connectivity imply for digital living and the next-generation broadband suburb? In contrast to the imagined post-NBN geography of the seamless digital home, local material and cultural factors will still create varied levels of service. This predicament challenges the ideals of organisations such as the Digital Living Network, an industry body comprised of corporate members, “based on principles of open standards and home networking interoperability [which] will unleash a rich digital media environment of interconnected devices that enable us all to experience our favorite content and services wherever and whenever we want” (Vohringer). Such a vision of convergence takes a domestic approach to the “Internet of things” by imagining a user-friendly network of personal computing, consumer electronics, mobile technologies, utilities, and other domestic technologies. The NBN anticipates a digital home that is integrated into the digital economy as a node of production and consumption. But this future is challenged by the patchwork of connectivity. Bruno Latour famously remarked that even the most extensive and powerful networks are local at every point. Although he was speaking of actor-networks, not broadband networks, analysis of the Australian experience of high-speed broadband would do well to look beyond its national characteristics to include its local characteristics, and the constellations between them. It is at the local level, importantly, at the level of the household and suburb, that the NBN will be experienced in daily life. As we have argued here, we have reason to expect that this experience will be as disparate as the network is distributed, and we have reason to believe that local cultural and material factors such as installation policies, discussions around costs and benefits, the household’s own internal digital infrastructure, and installation logistics at the level of the house and the neighbourhood, will continue to shape a patchworked geography of media and communications experiences for digital homes. References Australian Communications Consumer Action Network (ACCAN). National Broadband Network: A Guide for Consumers. Internet Society of Australia (ISOC-AU) and ACCAN, 2011. Barr, Trevor. “A Broadband Services Typology.” The Australian Economic Review 43.2 (2010): 187-193. Brown, Damien. “NBN Now 10 Times Faster.” The Mercury 13 Aug. 2010. ‹http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2010/08/13/165435_todays-news.html›. Conroy, Stephen (Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy). “New National Broadband Network”. Canberra: Australian Government, 7 April 2009. ‹http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2009/022›. Darling, Peter. “Building the National Broadband Network.” Telecommunications Journal of Australia 60.3 (2010): 42.1-12. Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE). “Impacts of Teleworking under the NBN.” Report prepared by Access Economics. Canberra, 2010. Edwards, Keith, Rebecca Grinter, Ratul Mahajan, and David Wetherall. “Advancing the State of Home Networking.” Communications of the ACM 54.6 (2010): 62-71. Grubb, Ben. “Connect to NBN Now or Pay Up to $300 for Phone Line.” The Sydney Morning Herald 15 Oct. 2010. ‹http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/connect-to-nbn-now-or-pay-up-to-300-for-phone-line-20101015-16ms3.html›. Hepworth, Annabel, and Lauren Wilson. “Customers May Be Forced on to NBN to Keep Phones.” The Australian 12 Oct. 2010. ‹http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/customers-may-be-forced-on-to-nbn-to-keep-phones/story-fn59niix-1225937394605›. Howard, Sandy. “How Your Home Will Operate.” Business Review Weekly 25 April 1994: 100. Intel Corporation. “Intel and the Digital Home.” ‹http://www.intel.com/standards/case/case_dh.htm›. Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Neales, Sue. “Bartlett Looks at ‘Opt-out’ NBN.” The Mercury 28 July 2010. ‹http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2010/07/28/161721_tasmania-news.html›. Spigel, Lynn. “Media Homes: Then and Now.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 4.4 (2001): 385–411. Thompson, Geoff. “Thousands to Be Stuck in NBN ‘Limbo’.” ABC Online 26 April 2011. ‹http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/26/3200127.htm›. Tietze, S., and G. Musson. “Recasting the Home—Work Relationship: A Case of Mutual Adjustment?” Organization Studies 26.9 (2005): 1331–1352. Trulove, James Grayson (ed.). The Smart House. New York: HDI, 2003. Tucker, Rodney S. “Broadband Facts, Fiction and Urban Myths.” Telecommunications Journal of Australia 60.3 (2010): 43.1 to 43.15. Vohringer, Cesar. CTO of Philips Consumer Electronics (from June 2003 DLNA press release) cited on the Intel Corporation website. ‹http://www.intel.com/standards/case/case_dh.htm›. Warschauer, Mark. Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003. Wilken, Rowan, Michael Arnold, and Bjorn Nansen. “Broadband in the Home Pilot Study: Suburban Hobart.” Telecommunications Journal of Australia 61.1 (2011): 5.1-16.

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Waterhouse-Watson, Deb, and Adam Brown. "Women in the "Grey Zone"? Ambiguity, Complicity and Rape Culture." M/C Journal 14, no. 5 (October 18, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.417.

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Probably the most (in)famous Australian teenager of recent times, now-17-year-old Kim Duthie—better known as the “St Kilda Schoolgirl”—first came to public attention when she posted naked pictures of two prominent St Kilda Australian Football League (AFL) players on Facebook. She claimed to be seeking revenge on the players’ teammate for getting her pregnant. This turned out to be a lie. Duthie also claimed that 47-year-old football manager Ricky Nixon gave her drugs and had sex with her. She then said this was a lie, then that she lied about lying. That she lied at least twice is clear, and in doing so, she arguably reinforced the pervasive myth that women are prone to lie about rape and sexual abuse. Precisely what occurred, and why Duthie posted the naked photographs will probably never be known. However, it seems clear that Duthie felt herself wronged. Can she therefore be held entirely to blame for the way she went about seeking redress from a group of men with infinitely more power than she—socially, financially and (in terms of the priority given to elite football in Australian society) culturally? The many judgements passed on Duthie’s behaviour in the media highlight the crucial, seldom-discussed issue of how problematic behaviour on the part of women might reinforce patriarchal norms. This is a particularly sensitive issue in the context of a spate of alleged sexual assaults committed by elite Australian footballers over the past decade. Given that representations of alleged rape cases in the media and elsewhere so often position women as blameworthy for their own mistreatment and abuse, the question of whether or not women can and should be held accountable in certain situations is particularly fraught. By exploring media representations of one of these complex scenarios, we consider how the issue of “complicity” might be understood in a rape culture. In doing so, we employ Auschwitz survivor Primo Levi’s highly influential concept of the “grey zone,” which signifies a complex and ambiguous realm that challenges both judgement and representation. Primo Levi’s “Grey Zone,” Patriarchy and the Problem of Judgement In his essay titled “The Grey Zone” (published in 1986), Levi is chiefly concerned with Jewish prisoners in the Nazi-controlled camps and ghettos who obtained “privileged” positions in order to prolong their survival. Reflecting on the inherently complex power relations in such extreme settings, Levi positions the “grey zone” as a metaphor for moral ambiguity: a realm with “ill-defined outlines which both separate and join the two camps of masters and servants. [The ‘grey zone’] possesses an incredibly complicated internal structure, and contains within itself enough to confuse our need to judge” (27). According to Levi, an examination of the scenarios and experiences that gave rise to the “grey zone” requires a rejection of the black-and-white binary opposition(s) of “friend” and “enemy,” “good” and “evil.” While Levi unequivocally holds the perpetrators of the Holocaust responsible for their actions, he warns that one should suspend judgement of victims who were entrapped in situations of moral ambiguity and “compromise.” However, recent scholarship on the representation of “privileged” Jews in Levi’s writings and elsewhere has identified a “paradox of judgement”: namely, that even if moral judgements of victims in extreme situations should be suspended, such judgements are inherent in the act of representation, and are therefore inevitable (see Brown). While the historical specificity of Levi’s reflections must be kept in mind, the corruptive influences of power at the core of the “grey zone”—along with the associated problems of judgement and representation—are clearly far more prevalent in human nature and experience than the Holocaust alone. Levi’s “grey zone” has been appropriated by scholars in the fields of Holocaust studies (Petropoulos and Roth xv-xviii), philosophy (Todorov 262), law (Luban 161–76), history (Cole 248–49), theology (Roth 53–54), and popular culture (Cheyette 226–38). Significantly, Claudia Card (The Atrocity Paradigm, “Groping through Gray Zones” 3–26) has recently applied Levi’s concept to the field of feminist philosophy. Indeed, Levi’s questioning of whether or not one can—or should—pass judgement on the behaviour of Holocaust victims has considerable relevance to the divisive issue of how women’s involvement in/with patriarchy is represented in the media. Expanding or intentionally departing from Levi’s ideas, many recent interpretations of the “grey zone” often misunderstand the historical specificity of Levi’s reflections. For instance, while applying Levi’s concept to the effects of patriarchy and domestic violence on women, Lynne Arnault makes the problematic statement that “in order to establish the cruelty and seriousness of male violence against women as women, feminists must demonstrate that the experiences of victims of incest, rape, and battering are comparable to those of war veterans, prisoners of war, political prisoners, and concentration camp inmates” (183, n.9). It is important to stress here that it is not our intention to make direct parallels between the Holocaust and patriarchy, or between “privileged” Jews and women (potentially) implicated in a rape culture, but to explore the complexity of power relations in society, what behaviour eventuates from these, and—most crucial to our discussion here—how such behaviour is handled in the mass media. Aware of the problem of making controversial (and unnecessary) comparisons, Card (“Women, Evil, and Gray Zones” 515) rightly stresses that her aim is “not to compare suffering or even degrees of evil but to note patterns in the moral complexity of choices and judgments of responsibility.” Card uses the notion of the “Stockholm Syndrome,” citing numerous examples of women identifying with their torturers after having been abused or held hostage over a prolonged period of time—most (in)famously, Patricia Hearst. While the medical establishment has responded to cases of women “suffering” from “Stockholm Syndrome” by absolving them from any moral responsibility, Card writes that “we may have a morally gray area in some cases, where there is real danger of becoming complicit in evildoing and where the captive’s responsibility is better described as problematic than as nonexistent” (“Women, Evil, and Gray Zones” 511). Like Levi, Card emphasises that issues of individual agency and moral responsibility are far from clear-cut. At the same time, a full awareness of the oppressive environment—in the context that this paper is concerned with, a patriarchal social system—must be accounted for. Importantly, the examples Card uses differ significantly from the issue of whether or not some women can be considered “complicit” in a rape culture; nevertheless, similar obstacles to understanding problematic situations exist here, too. In the context of a rape culture, can women become, to use Card’s phrase, “instruments of oppression”? And if so, how is their controversial behaviour to be understood and represented? Crucially, Levi’s reflections on the “grey zone” were primarily motivated by his concern that most historical and filmic representations “trivialised” the complexity of victim experiences by passing simplistic judgements. Likewise, the representation of sexual assault cases in the Australian mass media has often left much to be desired. Representing Sexual Assault: Australian Football and the Media A growing literature has critiqued the sexual culture of elite football in Australia—one in which women are reportedly treated with disdain, positioned as objects to be used and discarded. At least 20 distinct cases, involving more than 55 players and staff, have been reported in the media, with the majority of these incidents involving multiple players. Reports indicate that such group sexual encounters are commonplace for footballers, and the women who participate in sexual practices are commonly judged, even in the sports scholarship, as “groupies” and “sluts” who are therefore responsible for anything that happens to them, including rape (Waterhouse-Watson, “Playing Defence” 114–15; “(Un)reasonable Doubt”). When the issue of footballers and sexual assault was first debated in the Australian media in 2004, football insiders from both Australian rules and rugby league told the media of a culture of group sex and sexual behaviour that is degrading to women, even when consensual (Barry; Khadem and Nancarrow 4; Smith 1; Weidler 4). The sexual “culture” is marked by a discourse of abuse and objectification, in which women are cast as “meat” or a “bun.” Group sex is also increasingly referred to as “chop up,” which codes the practice itself as an act of violence. It has been argued elsewhere that footballers treating women as sexual objects is effectively condoned through the mass media (Waterhouse-Watson, “All Women Are Sluts” passim). The “Code of Silence” episode of ABC television program Four Corners, which reignited the debate in 2009, was even more explicit in portraying footballers’ sexual practices as abusive, presenting rape testimony from three women, including “Clare,” who remains traumatised following a “group sex” incident with rugby league players in 2002. Clare testifies that she went to a hotel room with prominent National Rugby League (NRL) players Matthew Johns and Brett Firman. She says that she had sex with Johns and Firman, although the experience was unpleasant and they treated her “like a piece of meat.” Subsequently, a dozen players and staff members from the team then entered the room, uninvited, some through the bathroom window, expecting sex with Clare. Neither Johns nor Firman has denied that this was the case. Clare went to the police five days later, saying that professional rugby players had raped her, although no charges were ever laid. The program further includes psychiatrists’ reports, and statements from the police officer in charge of the case, detailing the severe trauma that Clare suffered as a result of what the footballers called “sex.” If, as “Code of Silence” suggests, footballers’ practices of group sex are abusive, whether the woman consents or not, then it follows that such a “gang-bang culture” may in turn foster a rape culture, in which rape is more likely than in other contexts. And yet, many women insist that they enjoy group sex with footballers (Barry; Drill 86), complicating issues of consent and the degradation of women. Feminist rape scholarship documents the repetitive way in which complainants are deemed to have “invited” or “caused” the rape through their behaviour towards the accused or the way they were dressed: defence lawyers, judges (Larcombe 100; Lees 85; Young 442–65) and even talk show hosts, ostensibly aiming to expose the problem of rape (Alcoff and Gray 261–64), employ these tactics to undermine a victim’s credibility and excuse the accused perpetrator. Nevertheless, although no woman can be in any way held responsible for any man committing sexual assault, or other abuse, it must be acknowledged that women who become in some way implicated in a rape culture also assist in maintaining that culture, highlighting a “grey zone” of moral ambiguity. How, then, should these women, who in some cases even actively promote behaviour that is intrinsic to this culture, be perceived and represented? Charmyne Palavi, who appeared on “Code of Silence,” is a prime example of such a “grey zone” figure. While she stated that she was raped by a prominent footballer, Palavi also described her continuing practice of setting up footballers and women for casual sex through her Facebook page, and pursuing such encounters herself. This raises several problems of judgement and representation, and the issue of women’s sexual freedom. On the one hand, Palavi (and all other women) should be entitled to engage in any consensual (legal) sexual behaviour that they choose. But on the other, when footballers’ frequent casual sex is part of a culture of sexual abuse, there is a danger of them becoming complicit in, to use Card’s term, “evildoing.” Further, when telling her story on “Code of Silence,” Palavi hints that there is an element of increased risk in these situations. When describing her sexual encounters with footballers, which she states are “on her terms,” she begins, “It’s consensual for a start. I’m not drunk or on drugs and it’s in, [it] has an element of class to it. Do you know what I mean?” (emphasis added). If it is necessary to define sex “on her terms” as consensual, this implies that sometimes casual “sex” with footballers is not consensual, or that there is an increased likelihood of rape. She also claims to have heard about several incidents in which footballers she knows sexually abused and denigrated, if not actually raped, other women. Such an awareness of what may happen clearly does not make Palavi a perpetrator of abuse, but neither can her actions (such as “setting up” women with footballers using Facebook) be considered entirely separate. While one may argue, following Levi’s reflections, that judgement of a “grey zone” figure such as Palavi should be suspended, it is significant that Four Corners’s representation of Palavi makes implicit and simplistic moral judgements. The introduction to Palavi follows the story of “Caroline,” who states that first-grade rugby player Dane Tilse broke into her university dormitory room and sexually assaulted her while she slept. Caroline indicates that Tilse left when he “picked up that [she] was really stressed.” Following this story, the program’s reporter and narrator Sarah Ferguson introduces Palavi with, “If some young footballers mistakenly think all women want to have sex with them, Charmyne Palavi is one who doesn’t necessarily discourage the idea.” As has been argued elsewhere (Waterhouse-Watson, “Framing the Victim”), this implies that Palavi is partly responsible for players holding this mistaken view. By implication, she therefore encouraged Tilse to assume that Caroline would want to have sex with him. Footage is then shown of Palavi and her friends “applying the finishing touches”—bronzing their legs—before going to meet footballers at a local hotel. The lighting is dim and the hand-held camerawork rough. These techniques portray the women as artificial and “cheap,” techniques that are also employed in a remarkably similar fashion in the documentary Footy Chicks (Barry), which follows three women who seek out sex with footballers. In response to Ferguson’s question, “What’s the appeal of those boys though?” Palavi repeats several times that she likes footballers mainly because of their bodies. This, along with the program’s focus on the women as instigators of sex, positions Palavi as something of a predator (she was widely referred to as a “cougar” following the program). In judging her “promiscuity” as immoral, the program implies she is partly responsible for her own rape, as well as acts of what can be termed, at the very least, sexual abuse of other women. The problematic representation of Palavi raises the complex question of how her “grey zone” behaviour should be depicted without passing trivialising judgements. This issue is particularly fraught when Four Corners follows the representation of Palavi’s “nightlife” with her accounts of footballers’ acts of sexual assault and abuse, including testimony that a well-known player raped Palavi herself. While Ferguson does not explicitly question the veracity of Palavi’s claim of rape, her portrayal is nevertheless largely unsympathetic, and the way the segment is edited appears to imply that she is blameworthy. Ferguson recounts that Palavi “says she was able to put [being raped] out of her mind, and it certainly didn’t stop her pursuing other football players.” This might be interpreted a positive statement about Palavi’s ability to move on from a rape; however, the tone of Ferguson’s authoritative voiceover is disapproving, which instead implies negative judgement. As the program makes clear, Palavi continues to organise sexual encounters between women and players, despite her knowledge of the “dangers,” both to herself and other women. Palavi’s awareness of the prevalence of incidents of sexual assault or abuse makes her position a problematic one. Yet her controversial role within the sexual culture of elite Australian football is complicated even further by the fact that she herself is disempowered (and her own allegation of being raped delegitimised) by the simplistic ideas about “assault” and “consent” that dominate social discourse. Despite this ambiguity, Four Corners constructs Palavi as more of a perpetrator of abuse than a victim—not even a victim who is “morally compromised.” Although we argue that careful consideration must be given to the issue of whether moral judgements should be applied to “grey zone” figures like Palavi, the “solution” is far from simple. No language (or image) is neutral or value-free, and judgements are inevitable in any act of representation. In his essay on the “grey zone,” Levi raises the crucial point that the many (mis)understandings of figures of moral ambiguity and “compromise” partly arise from the fact that the testimony and perspectives of these figures themselves is often the last to be heard—if at all (50). Nevertheless, an article Palavi published in Sydney tabloid The Daily Telegraph (19) demonstrates that such testimony can also be problematic and only complicate matters further. Palavi’s account begins: If you believed Four Corners, I’m supposed to be the NRL’s biggest groupie, a wannabe WAG who dresses up, heads out to clubs and hunts down players to have sex with… what annoys me about these tags and the way I was portrayed on that show is the idea I prey on them like some of the starstruck women I’ve seen out there. (emphasis added) Palavi clearly rejects the way Four Corners constructed her as a predator; however, rather than rejecting this stereotype outright, she reinscribes it, projecting it onto other “starstruck” women. Throughout her article, Palavi reiterates (other) women’s allegedly predatory behaviour, continually portraying the footballers as passive and the women as active. For example, she claims that players “like being contacted by girls,” whereas “the girls use the information the players put on their [social media profiles] to track them down.” Palavi’s narrative confirms this construction of men as victims of women’s predatory actions, lamenting the sacking of Johns following “Code of Silence” as “disgusting.” In the context of alleged sexual assault, the “predatory woman” stereotype is used in place of the raped woman in order to imply that sexual assault did not occur; hence Palavi’s problematic discourse arguably reinforces sexist attitudes. But can Palavi be considered complicit in validating this damaging stereotype? Can she be blamed for working within patriarchal systems of representation, of which she has also been a victim? The preceding analysis shows judgement to be inherent in the act of representation. The paucity of language is particularly acute when dealing with such extreme situations. Indeed, the language used to explore this issue in the present article cannot escape terminology that is loaded with meaning(s), which quotation marks can perhaps only qualify so far. Conclusion This paper does not claim to provide definitive answers to such complex dilemmas, but rather to highlight problems in addressing the sensitive issues of ambiguity and “complicity” in women’s interactions with patriarchal systems, and how these are represented in the mass media. Like the controversial behaviour of teenager Kim Duthie described earlier, Palavi’s position throws the problems of judgement and representation into disarray. There is no simple solution to these problems, though we do propose that these “grey zone” figures be represented in a self-reflexive, nuanced manner by explicitly articulating questions of responsibility rather than making simplistic judgements that implicitly lessen perpetrators’ culpability. Levi’s concept of the “grey zone” helps elucidate the fraught issue of women’s potential complicity in a rape culture, a subject that challenges both understanding and representation. Despite participating in a culture that promotes the abuse, denigration, and humiliation of women, the roles of women like Palavi cannot in any way be conflated with the roles of the perpetrators of sexual assault. These and other “grey zones” need to be constantly rethought and renegotiated in order to develop a fuller understanding of human behaviour. References Alcoff, Linda Martin, and Laura Gray. “Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation.” Signs 18.2 (1993): 260–90. 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Brown, Adam. “Beyond ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’: Breaking Down Binary Oppositions in Holocaust Representations of ‘Privileged’ Jews.” History Compass 8.5 (2010): 407–18. ———. “Confronting ‘Choiceless Choices’ in Holocaust Videotestimonies: Judgement, ‘Privileged’ Jews, and the Role of the Interviewer.” Continuum: Journal of Media and Communication Studies, Special Issue: Interrogating Trauma: Arts & Media Responses to Collective Suffering 24.1 (2010): 79–90. ———. “Marginalising the Marginal in Holocaust Films: Fictional Representations of Jewish Policemen.” Limina: A Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies 15 (2009). 14 Oct. 2011 ‹http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/previous/vol11to15/vol15/ibpcommended?f=252874›. ———. “‘Privileged’ Jews, Holocaust Representation and the ‘Limits’ of Judgement: The Case of Raul Hilberg.” Ed. Evan Smith. Europe’s Expansions and Contractions: Proceedings of the XVIIth Biennial Conference of the Australasian Association of European Historians (Adelaide, July 2009). Unley: Australian Humanities Press, 2010: 63–86. ———. “The Trauma of ‘Choiceless Choices’: The Paradox of Judgement in Primo Levi’s ‘Grey Zone.’” Trauma, Historicity, Philosophy. Ed. Matthew Sharpe. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2007: 121–40. ———. “Traumatic Memory and Holocaust Testimony: Passing Judgement in Representations of Chaim Rumkowski.” Colloquy: Text, Theory, Critique, 15 (2008): 128–44. Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. ———. “Groping through Gray Zones.” On Feminist Ethics and Politics. Ed. Claudia Card. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999: 3–26. ———. “Women, Evil, and Gray Zones.” Metaphilosophy 31.5 (2000): 509–28. Cheyette, Bryan. “The Uncertain Certainty of Schindler’s List.” Spielberg’s Holocaust: Critical Perspectives on Schindler’s List. Ed. 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Palavi, Charmyne. “True Confessions of a Rugby League Groupie.” Daily Telegraph 19 May 2009: 19. Petropoulos, Jonathan, and John K. Roth, eds. Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. New York: Berghahn, 2005. Roth, John K. “In Response to Hannah Holtschneider.” Fire in the Ashes: God, Evil, and the Holocaust. Eds. David Patterson and John K. Roth. Seattle: U of Washington P, 2005: 50–54. Smith, Wayne. “Gang-Bang Culture Part of Game.” The Australian 6 Mar. 2004: 1. Todorov, Tzvetan. Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps. Translated by Arthur Denner and Abigail Pollack. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991. Waterhouse-Watson, Deb. “All Women Are Sluts: Australian Rules Football and Representations of the Feminine.” Australian Feminist Law Journal 27 (2007): 155–62. ———. “Framing the Victim: Sexual Assault and Australian Footballers on Television.” Australian Feminist Studies (2011, in press). ———. “Playing Defence in a Sexual Assault ‘Trial by Media’: The Male Footballer’s Imaginary Body.” Australian Feminist Law Journal 30 (2009): 109–29. ———. “(Un)reasonable Doubt: Narrative Immunity for Footballers against Allegations of Sexual Assault.” M/C Journal 14.1 (2011). Weidler, Danny. “Players Reveal Their Side of the Story.” Sun Herald 29 Feb. 2004: 4. Young, Alison. “The Waste Land of the Law, the Wordless Song of the Rape Victim.” Melbourne University Law Review 2 (1998): 442–65.

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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. 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Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. 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F., Chirkin, I. A., Rizanov, E. G., LeRoy, S. D., Koligaev, S. O. Long-term monitoring of microseismic emissions: Earth tides, fracture distribution, and fluid content. SEG, APPG Interpretation. 2016: 4 (2): T191–T204. XIX. Laverov, N. P., Bogoyavlenskiy, V. I., Bogoyavlenskiy, I. V. Fundamental Aspects of Rational Management of the Petroleum and Gas Resources of the Arctic and the Russian Continental Shelf: Strategy, Prospects, and Problems [Fundamental’nyyeaspektyratsional’nogoosvoyeniyaresursovneftiigazaArktiki I shel’faRossii: strategiya, perspektivyi problem].Arktika: ekologiya I ekonomika [Arctic: Ecology and Economy]. 2016; 2 (22): 4-13. XX. Lee, P. Low Noise Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimal Noise Performance, Analog Devices, Inc., AN-940 Application Note. Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/AN-940.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXI. Markatis, N., Polychronopoulou, K., Tselentis, Ak. Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, no. 1 (June 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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