Academic literature on the topic 'Rape victims – united states'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rape victims – united states"
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Wilbanks, William. "Is Violent Crime Intraracial?" Crime & Delinquency 31, no. 1 (January 1985): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128785031001007.
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The commonly accepted view that violent crime is intraracial as opposed to interracial is reexamined. Victim survey data on perceived race of offender are used to suggest that the issue of intraracial versus interracial crime should be examined from four perspectives: white offender's choice of victim (e.g., white or black); black offender's choice of victim; white victim's perception of race of offender; and black victim's perception of race of offender. A Detailed analysis of victimization survey data indicates that violent crime in the United States (robbery, assault, and rape) is intraracial from three perspectives (whites chose other whites as victims, whites were largely victimized by other whites, and blacks were largely victimized by other blacks). However, black offenders were more likely to choose white victims in robberies, assaults, and rapes. Tentative and alternative explanations for this previously unexamined fact of interracial crime are suggested.
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Kim, Jong Goo, and Won Sik Im. "Is Undesired Pregnancy from Rape Considered Bodily Injury?: A Comparative Legal Study of Cases in Korea and the US." Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 293–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2024.31.1.293.
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Recently, in the Supreme Court of Korea, there has been controversy over whether the victim's pregnancy is bodily injury in the case where the defendant, a stepfather, sexually assaulted an 11-year-old stepdaughter to become pregnant, and in the case where the defendant sexually assaulted a friend of his wife who was asleep under the influence of alcohol at his home. The prosecutor regarded the undesired pregnancy as bodily injury and prosecuted the defendant for aggravated-rape and aggravated-quasi-rape in these cases, but the Supreme Court of Korea admitted only rape and quasi-rape because the undesired pregnancy did not constitute bodily injury. Some scholars argue that pregnancy due to rape should be considered bodily injury, but discussions in Korea are still insufficient. Even in the context of US precedents, the question of whether a rape victim's pregnancy constitutes substantial bodily injury has arisen in numerous statutory rape cases, including a case in which a stepfather sexually assaulted a 13-year-old stepdaughter for months, leading to pregnancy, and then aborted. The pregnancy of a rape victim negatively affects the victim's physical and mental aspects. Therefore, it is argued that the physical and mental effects of pregnancy are the same as substantial bodily injury, and that the pregnancy of rape victims should be recognized as a factor that increases the punishment of rape. However, US precedents and legislation have different positions on whether to view physical changes caused by the pregnancy of rape victims as elements of aggravated punishment. Korean courts have not yet recognized the unwanted pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury. However, in the United States, legal precedents sometimes consider the pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury, and individual state legislations also recognize this. This paper compared and examined related precedents and legislation in Korea and the United States, and studied the question of whether to view the unwanted pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury. In conclusion, the author of this paper argues in favor of interpretive and legislative theories that advocate for viewing the pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury.
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Koon-Magnin, Sarah, Stacy Hoskins Haynes, and R. Barry Ruback. "Condemnation of Statutory Rape Based on Respondent Race, Perpetrator Race, and Victim Race." Violence and Victims 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00217.
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Race impacts perceptions of crimes, perpetrators, and victims. Although statutory rape generally receives little empirical or media attention, it has important implications for victims and offenders across the United States and appears to be enforced in a haphazard way. This study used a between-subjects experimental survey design at two universities (n = 1,370) to assess the impact of respondent race, perpetrator race, and victim race on attitudes toward statutory rape. Results of a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that respondents viewed both White victims and their perpetrators as bad, blameworthy, deserving of punishment, harmed, and likely to commit crime in the future, judgments suggesting that the respondents take this sexual activity seriously. In contrast, analyses revealed that respondents were significantly less concerned about Black victims than White victims. Consistent with the liberation hypothesis, these differences in attitudes may contribute to the law being enforced inconsistently, providing differential access to justice based on a variable that is not legally relevant.
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Mezey, Gill. "Hospital Based Rape Crisis Programmes." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, no. 2 (February 1987): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900024226.
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The importance of rape crisis programmes in the United States is that they provide a service for rape victims that does not exist in Britain: a hospital-based service providing physical, psychological, emotional and practical help for the rape victim and which regards this work as a crucial part of health care provision.
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Rich, Karen, and Patrick Seffrin. "Police Interviews of Sexual Assault Reporters: Do Attitudes Matter?" Violence and Victims 27, no. 2 (2012): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.2.263.
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Sexual assault is underreported in the United States. Survivors are often reluctant to make police reports for various reasons; one is fear of revictimization by criminal justice professionals. Conversely, police officers often lack skills for interviewing crime victims. Posttraumatic stress reactions among victims can exacerbate the problem. Although some victims prefer female interviewers, it is not known whether they are more skilled. A sample of 429 police officers completed a written survey testing their rape myth acceptance and knowledge of how to interview rape reporters. A significant relationship between rape myth acceptance and interviewing skill was discovered. Although officer gender was related to interviewing skill, the effect was mediated by rape myth acceptance. Specific officer behaviors related to high rape myth acceptance were identified. Implications for selection of police to conduct victim interviews were discussed.
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Stephens, Tamara, Akiko Kamimura, Niwako Yamawaki, Haimanti Bhattacharya, Wenjing Mo, Ryan Birkholz, Angie Makomenaw, and Lenora M. Olson. "Rape Myth Acceptance Among College Students in the United States, Japan, and India." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016675015.
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Rape myth acceptance is an important determinant of sexual assault behaviors. This study explored country and gender differences in rape myth acceptance among undergraduate students in the United States, Japan, and India. Male and female college students ( N = 637) in these three countries participated in a self-administered survey in the fall of 2012 (the United States, n = 206; Japan, n = 215; and India, n = 216). The order of the countries arranged in increasing order of likelihood of disbelieving rape claim was as follows: the United States, Japan, and India. U.S. and Japanese students were less likely to disbelieve rape claims ( p < .01) while U.S. students also were less likely to believe that victims are responsible for rape ( p < .01). Overall, female participants were less likely to believe in the rape myth acceptance, disbelief of rape claim and victims are responsible for rape ( p < .05). Acceptance of rape myth also varied by whether a participant knew about an organization or who do not believe they would seek help for sexual assault. Non-help seeking is associated with rape myth acceptance. This study, which used the same survey and data collection methods, provides comparative information on rape myth acceptance among college students in the United States, Japan, and India, which is not otherwise available, and contributes to providing fundamental knowledge to develop country-specific prevention programs.
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Brookings, Jeffrey B., Alan W. McEvoy, and Mark Reed. "Sexual Assault Recovery and Male Significant Others." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 5 (May 1994): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500512.
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A questionnaire addressing rape crisis services for male significant others (MSOs) of rape victims (i.e., husbands, fathers, brothers, close male friends) was mailed to the directors of all 700 rape-prevention and -treatment programs in the United States. Completed questionnaires were received from 411 programs, including 162 that were identified specifically as full-service rape crisis centers. Although 97% of the center directors responded that services for MSOs facilitate victim recovery, few centers offered services to males other than referral or short-term crisis counseling. Furthermore, 85% of the directors acknowledged that males were reluctant to use these services. The authors offer strategies for involving men in the recovery process with the assistance of rape crisis centers, including groups for secondary victims and staffing and referral considerations.
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Campbell, Rebecca, Jessica Shaw, and Giannina Fehler-Cabral. "Evaluation of a Victim-Centered, Trauma-Informed Victim Notification Protocol for Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs)." Violence Against Women 24, no. 4 (April 24, 2017): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217699090.
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Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of sexual assault kits (SAKs) have not been submitted by the police for forensic DNA testing, which raises complex issues regarding how victims ought to be notified about what happened to their kits. In this project, we evaluated a victim-centered, trauma-informed victim notification protocol that was implemented in Detroit, Michigan. Most victims (84%) did not have a strong negative emotional reaction to notification, and most (57%) decided to reengage with the criminal justice system. Victims of nonstranger sexual assaults were less likely to reengage postnotification compared with victims of stranger rape.
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Mair, Julie Samia, Shannon Frattaroli, and Stephen P. Teret. "New Hope for Victims of Prison Sexual Assault." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00127.x.
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Senate Bill 1435, the “Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003,” was introduced into the Senate on July 21, 2003, and in less than a week passed both the Senate and House by unanimous consent. The Bill was presented to President Bush on September 2, 2003, and he signed it two days later on September 4, 2003. The stated purposes of the Act are far-reaching and ambitious:(1)establish a zero-tolerance standard for the incidence of prison rape in prisons in the United States;(2)make the prevention of prison rape a top priority in each prison system;(3)develop and implement national standards For the detection, prevention, reduction, and punishment of prison rape;(4)increase the available data and information on the incidence of prison rape, consequently improving the management and administration of correctional facilities;(5)standardize the definitions used for collecting data on the incidence of prison rape;
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Ward, Colleen. "The Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale: Construction, Validation, and Cross-Cultural Applicability." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 2 (June 1988): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00932.x.
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The paper describes the construction of a 25-item Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale (ARVS) designed to assess favorable and unfavorable attitudes with particular emphasis on victim blame, credibility, deservingness, denigration, and trivialization. Normative data are presented as well as the results of various psychometric analyses based on four independent studies and a variety of samples including university students, doctors, lawyers, social workers, psychologists, and police in Singapore, and university students in the United States. These analyses confirm the ARVS's reliability, validity and cross-cultural suitability. As attitudes toward rape victims have been implicated in the quality of victim care in legal, medical, and social spheres, it is proposed that the ARVS provides a valuable tool for applied research in victimology.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rape victims – united states"
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MACGREGOR, JANET CATHERINE BROOKFIELD. "COLLEGE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RAPE: A COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND AND THE UNITED STATES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184216.
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This cross-cultural study used the "Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Survey" (ARVS), designed by Ward (1984), to examine the attitudes of college students in New Zealand and the United States. The instrument (ARVS) is the first of its kind to test for victim blame, and the first to be limited to the assessment of attitudes toward the rape victim specifically. Subjects were 205 students from the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and 508 students from the University of Arizona, Tucson. The survey responses were analyzed to determine cultural differences in attitudes, according to gender and age. Findings would suggest that the United States students were more sympathetic toward the rape victim, less likely to believe traditional rape myths, and more ready to assign male responsibility for the assault than were New Zealand students. New Zealand women appeared less aware of the implications of sexual assault than both United States men and women, and New Zealand men. New Zealand men demonstrated greater awareness than United States men. Older students in both countries tended to be more conservative in their responses than were the younger students. Although there was a significant cultural difference according to age and gender, scores were consistently low for each sample, indicating a general acceptance of traditional rape myths and a continuing tendency to assign to women the responsibility for sexual assault. Several conclusions were drawn from the data analysis. There is a significant cultural difference in attitudes toward the female victim of rape, between New Zealand and United States college students, according to age and gender. However, both cultures retain a strong belief in traditional rape myths. Responses to the ARVS seem to support the views of current theorists: that attitudes toward rape and incidence of rape are culturally predisposed by factors such as domination and aggression in men, passivity and submission in women, fear of the "feminine," and stereotypic sex roles. It is recommended that more research be undertaken on cross-cultural attitudes toward rape victims.
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Smith, Dominique J. "Something's Wrong When You Regret Things That Haven't Happened: Effects of the Victimization of Women in Media." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/309.
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This paper will explore how portrayals of male violence against female characters in film and television have affected the way in which women navigate through society. Images of exploitation, degradation, and violence towards females are constantly presented in television and film, creating an over saturation in the media market and fostering a sense of normalcy the extremely problematic issue of violence. Often, these images are internalized by women to the extent that their view the men around them becomes as distorted as the men who view them as nothing more than sex object. Men become their source of fear and what was carried out on television becomes an accepted possibility and expectation in reality, regardless of whether these men actually pose of threat.
Through examining television shows and news broadcasts, the paper reveals how media serves to perpetuate traditional notions of gender, power, and assault created in American society and offers solutions to rework the traditional systems or thought.
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LEWIS, ROBERT W. "REFRAMING INTENTIONS UNDERLYING RAPE BEHAVIOR WITH OFFENDERS INCARCERATED FOR RAPE (SEXUAL ASSAULT, NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMING, RORSCHACH, AROUSED AGGRESSION)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183777.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NLP Reframing as a means of decreasing sexual response when aggression is aroused by a female with incarcerated rape offenders. The process of reframing involves a redirection of the positive intentions underlying rape behavior by associating new acceptable and nonviolent behaviors to the same intention. The paradoxical nature of this method allows for measurement of newly acquired behavior, a decrease in the maladaptive behavior (rape) or a decrease in some representation of the maladaptive behavior. In this study, a representation was created by arousing the aggression level of the participants toward a female followed by measurement of sexual response as measured by the Sexual Imagery Levels 1 and 3 of the Rorschach. A post-test only control group design was utilized. The sample for this study included 26 rape offenders incarcerated at the Arizona Correctional Training Center in Tucson. Participants ranged from 18 to 28 years of age and had a mean age of 23.33 years; had a mean I.Q. of 112.71 on the Culture Fair Intelligence Test and included 13 Anglos, 7 Mexican Americans, 4 Blacks, and 2 Native Americans. Data analysis for hypotheses testing involved ANCOVA with the total number of responses on the Rorschach being the covariate. Significant results beyond the .05 level of confidence were obtained on one of the two directional hypotheses (Sexual Imagery Level 3), suggesting that reframing rape behavior using the NLP method with incarcerated rape offenders may be effective in decreasing sexual response at a more symbolic level.
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Dabney, Jonathan Dickinson. "Identifying Victims of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in a Juvenile Custody Setting." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/305.
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Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking (DMST) is a severe form of child sexual exploitation. Thus far, DMST studies have been qualitative or relied on secondary data. There has been no quantitative attempt to directly identify victims in a methodical way in order to determine the prevalence of DMST at a local level or the nature and strengths of its correlates. The present study used a three-tiered screening process to identify victims of DMST in a juvenile detention center. All youth taken into custody over a three and a half month period (N = 738) received a short assessment to identify those most at risk and in need of additional screening. During the study, six youth were identified as DMST victims and statistically significant differences were found between youth referred for additional screening (N = 47) and youth who were not. The results suggest that detention and probation staff identified the presence of DMST risk factors in youth screen interviews and were making referral decisions based on the presence of those risk factors. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
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Bouldin, Patricia L. Grayson Alexandra M. "Perceptions of sexual harassment and sexual assault a study of gender differences among U.S. Navy officers /." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FBouldin.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Crawford, Alice ; Eitelberg, Mark J. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Sexual harassment, sexual assault, unwanted sexual attention, gender perceptions. Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-167). Also available in print.
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Moss, Deborah D. "A literature research of rape in the United States from 1987 through 1992." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1993. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3663.
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This study covers rape literature and materials from January 1987 to November 1992. The focuses are on the definition of rape, history of rape, incidence of rape, theories of rape, coping mechanisms of rape, and prevention of rape. The central finding of this study indicates that women, for the most part, are not as passive as in yester years. Today women are quick to report a rape incident. Although they are a product of what is called the partriachal society, they are in charge of their own lives.
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Holtz, Pamela M. "Co-Occurrence of Rape Myth Acceptance and Intolerant Attitudes in a Military Sample." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062855/.
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Sexual trauma within the military is a widespread issue, and rape myth acceptance has been shown to contribute to its prevalence. Given that the military culture has been shown to lend itself to hypermasculinity and traditional gender role adherence, both of which facilitate aggression toward women, this effect warrants investigation within a military sample. The present study replicated and expanded upon Aosved and Long's (2006) study examining 85 veteran and active duty military members' responses on the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, Attitudes Toward Women Scale (short form), Neosexism Scale, Male Role Norms Inventory (short form), Modern and Old Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, a modified version of the Economic Belief Scale, Fraboni Scale of Ageism, Religious Intolerance Scale, and the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (short form). Findings provide support for the co-occurrence of rape myth acceptance with intolerant attitudes, including sexism, hypermasculine gender role ideology, racism, sexual prejudice, classism, ageism, and religious intolerance, both individually and collectively. These results provide insight into the functioning of intolerant attitudes within a military sample, and provide important insight for future research addressing the association between rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity and the perpetration of military sexual assault.
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Kaiser, Rachel. "Asking for it: Perceptions of Sexual Assault in the United States and France." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1202.
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Rape culture remains a major issue on college campuses today in the United States. Significant research has been conducted on rape on college campuses in the United States, examining factors such as alcohol, cost of a date, relationship between the victim and perpetrator, apparel of the victim, sexual history of the victim, etc. However, no studies have yet investigated factors that impact rape culture in France. This study will investigate factors that impact both blame attribution and perceptions of sexual assault in the United States and in France. Participants (N=249) were shown a short vignette involving a rape scenario, and then asked questions about who was at fault for the rape, as well as their perception of the situation. Results showed that alcohol use, the cost of a date, and participant country of residence all impacted how participants attributed blame, as well as impacted their overall perception of the scenario. More specifically, participants were less likely to classify a scenario as “rape” when alcohol was involved, when the cost of a date was high, and when the participant was French. These results indicate that we need to rethink the way society approaches issues of sexual assault, in the United States and in France.
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Manikis, Marie. "Rhetoric or reality? : victims' enforcement mechanisms in England and Wales and the United States." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3232cd82-c9d6-486d-b841-25528cd294ba.
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Recent policies in England and Wales and the United States have recognised for the first time enforcement mechanisms for victims of crime under the Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA) in the United States as well the Code of Practice for Victims of Crime in England and Wales (the Code). Although very different from one another, these policies ostensibly aimed to provide a stronger commitment to victims’ rights, by recognising an accessible, timely and impartial process that recognises accountability and provides individual remedies in cases of breaches. This thesis engages in a careful in-depth analysis of these mechanisms and their implementation based on elite qualitative interviews, case law analysis and a multidisciplinary examination of the relevant literature. It argues that on the whole, these mechanisms have presented a number of limitations, and thus in many respects cannot and have not delivered accessible, and timely means to respond to victims’ rights breaches. Most importantly, it demonstrates that for certain types of breaches and in certain contextual settings, these mechanisms have recognised only limited or no redress at all for breaches. This research takes the available victims’ literature further by arguing that many of these promises have been closer to rhetoric than reality and providing a more nuanced portrait of the substantial difficulties and limitations that relate to these enforcement mechanisms. In effect, these limitations can be understood in light of the nature and structural components of these selected mechanisms, as well as the ways they have been implemented by the main actors involved in these processes and the different contexts under which the different types of breaches take place. Finally, despite their limitations, when compared to one another, each mechanism can be considered a better option for access, timeliness and redress – depending on context and the type of breach. Following from this analysis, a complementary approach is developed which can facilitate and increase opportunity for redress for a wider range of situations. It is important to bear in mind however the limits of the complementary approach; namely, that it only includes elements inspired from the two mechanisms examined in this thesis and that there are several limitations that relate to transplants and policy transfers.
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Coleman, Jean U. "Nursing students' attitudes towards victims of domestic violence as predicted by selected individual and relationship variables." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38329.
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Abused women are frequent users of health care services. Yet, battered women often do not identify the health care delivery system as a resource. The present study surveyed 155 female associate and baccalaureate degree nursing students from three mid-Atlantic universities in order to examine how selected personal and relationship variables affected their attitudes toward battered women.
It was hypothesized that those students who had an early exposure to family violence combined with high levels of egalitarianism and perceived control over life events would be more sympathetic toward battered women than those who did not. Instruments used to measure the chosen variables included the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale, the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Family Violence Scale, the Perceived Control Scale, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife-Beating. Data were collected via anonymous self-report questionnaires and analyzed through the use of correlation and hierarchical regression
procedures.
Nursing students with more egalitarian sex role beliefs and perception of control over their life events were more sympathetic to battered wives than those students with more traditional sex role attitudes and less perceived control over their life. Sex role egalitarianism was found to be the best predictor of attitudes toward victims of domestic violence. Contrary to expectations, there appeared to be little relationship between the level of violence experienced by students in their families of origin or in their current relationships and sympathy for battered wives.
Findings from this study will add to the current nursing knowledge base regarding attitudes of one group of health care professionals toward victims of domestic violence by exploring those attitudes and by identifying which of the chosen variables was most predictive of those attitudes. Implications for nursing education include an examination of the impact of gender issues on personal and professional behavior as well as the importance of empowering nursing students through the use of a competency based practice model.Ed. D.
Books on the topic "Rape victims – united states"
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E, Odem Mary, and Clay-Warner Jody 1968-, eds. Confronting rape and sexual assault. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources, 1998.
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Morris, Bolen Rebecca, ed. The epidemic of rape and child abuse in the United States. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2000.
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West, Camille Bianca. Sexual assault in the United States military. [San Diego, California]: National University, 2017.
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Lueders, Bill. Cry rape: The true story of one woman's harrowing quest for justice. Madison, WI: Terrace Books, 2007.
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Lueders, Bill. Cry rape: The true story of one woman's harrowing quest for justice. Madison, Wis: Terrace Books, 2006.
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Roegner, Angela. Eight days in darkness: The true story of the abduction, rape, and rescue of Anita Wooldridge. Austin, Texas: Synergy Books, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rape victims – united states"
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Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin, Megan Kelly, and Greta Jasser. "Of Victims, Mass Murder, and “Real Men”." In Male Supremacism in the United States, 117–41. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003164722-9.
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Dussich, John P. J. "Ensuring Victims’ Participation in the Criminal Justice System of the United States of America." In An International Perspective on Contemporary Developments in Victimology, 197–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41622-5_14.
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Zabyelina, Yuliya. "The Application of the Non-punishment Principle to Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States." In The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1165–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_103.
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Zabyelina, Yuliya. "The Application of the Non-punishment Principle to Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States." In The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63192-9_103-1.
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Jacquet, Catherine O. "Rape and the Law in the Mid-Twentieth-Century United States." In The Injustices of Rape, 14–38. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653860.003.0002.
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This chapter is an examination of rape law in the United States at mid-century. The law codified white male privilege, leaving both accused black men and rape victims of all races vulnerable to injustice before the law. Fears of false allegations and distrust of victims, most popularized by legal scholar Henry Wigmore, drove much of the injustice faced by victims. Likewise, racist tropes of depraved black male sexuality resulted in extreme injustice for accused black rapists, including the almost exclusive use of the death penalty for black men accused of interracial rape. The chapter provides an analysis of legal thought and practice to reveal the larger cultural environment that activists for social justice confronted in their quest for justice.
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Rothe, Eugenio M., and Andres J. Pumariega. "Criminality Among Immigrants to the United States." In Immigration, Cultural Identity, and Mental Health, 161–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661700.003.0008.
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The chapter on criminality among immigrants seeks to dispel the myths and to clarify the true statistics of criminality among the immigrant population in the United States. It provides a historical perspective of criminality and immigration and describes the anti-immigrant currents and rhetoric that have emerged throughout the history of the country. It describes the crime rates and socioeconomic factors that generate criminality among legal and undocumented immigrants, providing an in-depth analysis of the three principal federal, state, and local justice system U.S. government databases in order to clarify the true statistics on immigrant criminality. It discusses the variables that affect the levels of criminality, including immigration, class, and race and the statistics and factors affecting criminality among second-generation immigrants and beyond. It describes what constitutes a cultural crime and the plight of immigrants as victims, including border crossings, human trafficking, violence, and exploitation and the contribution of post-traumatic stress disorder as a cause of criminality and as a result of victimization. Ultimately, it discusses the dilemma of immigration as an issue of national security.
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Perez, Michael J., and Phia S. Salter. "A Critical Race Reading of Collective Victimhood." In The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood, 319–36. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875190.003.0015.
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This chapter examines the cultural psychological processes that contribute to the delegitimization of Black victimhood in the United States. Drawing on a critical race psychology perspective that focuses on societal processes through which racism is maintained and reproduced, the authors examine the precariousness of claims of Black victimhood in the United States. The same mechanisms that maintain racist structures also delegitimize and deny Black victimhood. These processes include individualism and color-blind ideologies, victim blaming, the misrepresentation and dehumanization of Black victims, the assumption of White innocence and Whites’ moral disengagement from responsibility for racism, and claims of victimhood among Whites, especially in response to perceived threats of gains among minority groups. Thus, collective victimhood becomes precarious for Black Americans in that it is used as a tool of further oppression by others, instead of a source of support from third parties. The “benefits” of collective victimhood are not afforded to all groups.
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Brank, Eve. "Older Adults as Victims and Witnesses." In The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law, 611–24. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549513.013.29.
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Abstract The older adult population is one of the fastest growing in the United States due to advances in medicine and aging baby boomers. Developmentally, bodies and minds go through changes as they age that contribute to victimization risk and eyewitness accuracy. Although official crime statistics suggest that older adults are infrequently crime victims, they may fear being victimized at a greater rate than other age groups and they are at increased risk of being victimized by family members who are entrusted to care for them. Older adults who are victimized or who witness another crime can be called upon to serve as an eyewitness. Eyewitness research that has focused on older adults as eyewitnesses has found that they generally do not perform as well as younger adults due to both developmental and generational differences. Using older adults in research requires creativity and extra efforts, but it is a worthwhile pursuit, given their potential for victimization and other involvement in the legal system.
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Alfieri, Anthony. "Race, Legal Representation, and Lawyer Ethics." In The Oxford Handbook of Race and Law in the United States, C22.P1—C22.N46. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190947385.013.22.
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Abstract This chapter explores contemporary civil rights, criminal justice, and poverty law practice in order to identify the dilemmas that practitioners face when prosecuting, defending, and advancing the rights of indigent minorities, and also to better understand why and how prosecutors and defenders as well as civil rights and legal aid lawyers knowingly appeal to racial bias in their advocacy. Across three sections, the chapter examines how a diverse group of public-interest lawyers—anti-poverty and civil rights advocates, prosecutors, and defenders—see, hear, and talk about race, notably the race and racial identity of indigent minority communities embodied in the day-to-day, sociolegal experiences of clients, accused offenders, and victims. This examination gives rise to multiple, interwoven lines of inquiry about race and legal representation. For example, what visual images and stock stories of race do public-interest lawyers employ in performing the functions of an advocate for the impoverished? What are the past and present sources of those images and stories? How do such images and stories construct the culture, social history, and identity of minorities? When do those images and stories engender racial bias and prejudice toward individuals, groups, and communities? Where do those images and stories predominate—courthouses, jury rooms, law offices? Who do they impact and harm—lone clients and offenders, neighborhood groups, whole communities? And why do ethics regimes like ABA rules and state bar codes permit lawyers to use such images and stories in their advocacy in spite of the palpable harm to individual, group, and community racial identity?
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Cholbi, Michael, and Alex Madva. "Can Capital Punishment Survive If Black Lives Matter?" In The Movement for Black Lives, 199–217. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197507773.003.0010.
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Drawing upon empirical studies of racial discrimination, the Movement for Black Lives platform calls for the abolition of capital punishment. The authors defend the Movement’s claim that the death penalty in the United States is a “racist practice” that “devalues Black lives.” They first sketch the jurisprudential history of race and capital punishment in the United States, wherein courts have occasionally expressed worries about racial injustice but have usually called for reform rather than abolition. They argue that the racial discrimination at issue flows in part from implicit biases concerning race, criminality, and violence, which do not fit comfortably within the picture of racial bias advanced by the courts. The case for abolition rests on Black Americans as a class (not merely those who interact with the criminal justice system as capital defendants or as murder victims) being subject to such bias and thereby not being accorded equal status under the law.
Conference papers on the topic "Rape victims – united states"
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Pierce, William H., and Richard M. Ziernicki. "Engineering a Pool Ladder to Prevent Drownings in Above-Ground Pools." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87875.
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In the United States, approximately 44 children under the age of five years old drown each year after gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. Approximately 704 additional children sustain submersion-related injuries after gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. In many cases, these events occurred during brief lapses of adult supervision. The societal cost associated with these deaths and injuries ranges from 134 to 342 million dollars per year. In addition to societal costs, there is also a significant loss in quality of life for near-drowning victims and their families. Since the 1960’s, several medical studies have been published that discuss children under the age of five accessing above-ground pools and drowning. Several of these medical studies propose solutions to reduce the likelihood of drowning. Despite the proposed solutions in these studies, the rate of such drownings in above-ground pools has not decreased. However, the medical studies do not address how proper and safe engineering design of pool ladders can and should be used to prevent such occurrences. This paper adds engineering science to these medical studies by including safety engineering principles that can be used to prevent young children from gaining unauthorized access to above-ground pools via pool ladders. Specifically, this paper addresses, hazard and risk assessment, passive safety systems that can be added to pool ladders to prevent drowning incidences, and the economic and technological feasibility of such passive safety systems. This paper shows that the benefits associated with the reduction in societal costs of drowning or near-drowning outweigh the cost of adding passive safety systems to pool ladders.
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Liu, Grace, Olivia Egen, and Laura M. Mercer. "18 Language and rape myth use in news coverage of sexual violence in the United States, 2014–2017." In Society for the Advancement of Violence and Injury Research (SAVIR) 2020 conference abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-savir.2.
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Aguilar, Jazmin, and James Yang. "Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury: A Literature Review." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67801.
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries occur often in competitive sports such as soccer, basketball, football, and more. Athletes of all ages are at risk of experiencing this injury due to living highly active lifestyles. ACL injuries account for over $500 million in total medial cost in the United States, with about 150,000 annual occurrences of injury. Much research over this knee injury has been conducted as early as 1850, but confirmation of definite mechanisms of ACL injury have proved to be a difficult endeavor due to conflicting results found from experiments. Solving this problem could lead to implementation of preventative measures to help reduce to number of victims that undergo ACL injuries. The intention of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of ACL injury research, including possible mechanisms of injury and the experimental methods used to analyze ACL performance.
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Gitiaux, Xavier, and Huzefa Rangwala. "mdfa: Multi-Differential Fairness Auditor for Black Box Classifiers." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/814.
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Machine learning algorithms are increasingly involved in sensitive decision-making processes with adversarial implications on individuals. This paper presents a new tool, mdfa that identifies the characteristics of the victims of a classifier's discrimination. We measure discrimination as a violation of multi-differential fairness. Multi-differential fairness is a guarantee that a black box classifier's outcomes do not leak information on the sensitive attributes of a small group of individuals. We reduce the problem of identifying worst-case violations to matching distributions and predicting where sensitive attributes and classifier's outcomes coincide. We apply mdfa to a recidivism risk assessment classifier widely used in the United States and demonstrate that for individuals with little criminal history, identified African-Americans are three-times more likely to be considered at high risk of violent recidivism than similar non-African-Americans.
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Ragulskaya, M., and E. Tekutskaya. "Solar-terrestrial relations: solar activity and the COVID-19 pandemic." In ASTRONOMY AT THE EPOCH OF MULTIMESSENGER STUDIES. Proceedings of the VAK-2021 conference, Aug 23–28, 2021. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/vak2021.2022.1.1.130.
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COVID-19 pandemic took the start at the lows of the 11-year and quasi-century solar cycle. The genogeographic character-istics of the population have become one of the significant factors determining the development of the local epidemics. Thelargest number of victims per 1 million inhabitants is recorded in the territories with a dominant haplogroup R1b: Italy,Spain, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and the United States. The R1a haplogroup is characterized by the rapid develop-ment of the COVID-19 pandemic with low mortality and a large number of asymptomatic patients (Russia, Germany, andIran). The level of herd immunity achieved through vaccination also depends on the genetic makeup of the population andsolar activity. Its value is highest for countries with a dominant haplogroup R1b (about 80% for haplogroup R1b versus40% for haplogroup N). The resulting effect can be associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species and affectedhuman adaptive capabilities.
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Oberg, Luciana Maria Capurro de Queiroz, and Regina Marcia Cardoso de Sousa. "Evolution of hospitalizations due to TBI according to the etiology of trauma in SUS Brazil 2010 – 2019." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.652.
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Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main determinant of morbidity, mortality and disability for trauma victims, being considered a serious public health problem because it mainly affects individuals of productive age. The etiology of trauma differs according to the age group affected: falls in age extremes and external causes – especially traffic accidents – in young people and adults, constituting the main mechanism of trauma as a whole. Recent studies show that the epidemiology of TBI in the United States is changing: falls have been ahead of traffic accidents as the main mechanism of trauma, especially in the age group above 85 years of age, accompanied by the general reduction in TBI due to traffic accidents. Objective: To describe the evolution of the incidence of hospitalizations due to TBI and trauma mechanisms in the SUS between 2010 and 2019. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study that analyzed hospital morbidity due to TBI in Brazil and the mechanism of trauma, from 2010 to 2019. General hospitalization data were obtained from SIH/ SUS. The ICD10 codes used were those referring to TBI: “Fracture of the skull and bones of the face” and “Intracranial trauma”. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Data were collected in February 2021. Results: There was an increase in the incidence of TBI in all age groups in the period studied. Traffic accidents, despite all prevention actions, remain an important etiology in young people, adults and the elderly. There is a significant increase in the incidence of TBI and falls in the elderly and very elderly population. Conclusion: When compared to the evolution of the TBI profile in the United States, there was also an increase in incidence and etiology “falls” in the elderly and very elderly in Brazil. However, traffic accidents still represent an expressive mechanism of trauma related to TBI.
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Yeoh, Stewart, Vishwas Mathur, and Kenneth L. Monson. "Vascular Injury and Cortical Deformation in a Model of Brain Contusion." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53833.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, affecting 1.7 million Americans annually, 50,000 of whom die [1]. Victims who survive the initial injury often suffer debilitating neurologic deficits. The total annual cost of TBI in the United States has been estimated at $60 billion [2]. While damage to brain tissue is of primary concern in TBI, nearly all head trauma includes some element of vascular injury or dysfunction [3], putting neural tissue uninjured in the primary event at subsequent risk. Contusion, which includes injury to both brain and vessel tissue in the cortex, is considered the hallmark of head injury, but little is known about the specific mechanisms of vascular injury in contusion. Previous efforts to elucidate mechanisms and thresholds for contusion, including inanimate gel, animal, and computational models [e.g. 4–7], have defined bulk tissue deformations that are associated with contusion, but the relationship to vascular injury is not clear. In order to address this question, our laboratory is studying acute disruption of the blood-brain barrier using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model. The objective of this study was to compare acute vascular injury in CCI with cortical mechanics predicted by a computational model of the experiment. This comparison is then discussed in the context of results from isolated vessels testing in our laboratory.
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Oni, Damilola, Satyam Mishra, Le Trung Thanh, Vu Minh Phuc, and Yen Pham. "Detecting Stroke in Human Beings using Machine Learning." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003460.
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In developing and underdeveloped nations, stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability. Stroke is a life-threatening condition that develops when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain from the carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. Because the brain suffers damage and can quickly expire without oxygen, stroke frequently results in death and can occasionally affect nearby body parts if the patient is not given prompt medical attention. Spasticity, contractures, paralysis, and death are among the effects. According to the World Health Organization, stroke accounts for over 137,000 fatalities per year in the United States alone and over 451,000 deaths per year in Africa. Today, stroke is a medical illness that affects people in practically every region of the world, including industrialized, developing, and undeveloped nations. In general, 1 in 4 adults over 25 will experience a stroke at some point in their lives. This year, 12.2 million people are predicted to experience their first stroke, and 6.5 million of them will pass away as a result. The number of stroke victims worldwide exceeds 110 million. What if this global endemic could be stopped? The world will be safer and life expectancy will rise if accurate stroke prediction technology is developed. We have proposed our research study to develop a solution to predict strokes in people using machine learning. We have employed four models/classifiers to check the accuracy on each of them with same dataset of people and we have achieved great results. The two models gave 98% and 98.29% successful accuracy results which is very close to state-of-the-art methods (99%).
Reports on the topic "Rape victims – united states"
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Heinisch, Reinhard, and Diana Hofmann. The Case of the Austrian Radical Right and Russia During the War in Ukraine. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp001311.
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The right-wing, populist Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) has viewed Putin’s Russia as an effective constraint on what the Radical Right regards as a liberal cultural and economic agenda pursued by the European Union and the United States. The FPÖ remained a supporter of Kremlin policies, even after Moscow’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, and even signed a cooperation agreement with Putin’s United Russia party in 2016. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the FPÖ has been careful not to be seen defending Moscow’s aggression. Instead, it has resorted to populist framing that casts the Austrian people as victims of national and Western political elites. Concretely, the party leadership claims that the country’s policies toward Russia are counterproductive and have been decided without the consent of the people. This approach is an extension of the FPÖ’s traditional Euroscepticism and anti-establishment positioning. It also appeals to Austrians’ longstanding preference for neutrality. According to polling data, the FPÖ is well positioned to outperform all other parties in the current issue environment.
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Sripad, Pooja. Exploring barriers and enablers of service provision for survivors of human trafficking in the Bay Area: An action research study. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1067.
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Despite increasing recognition of public health and rights issues associated with human trafficking globally and in the United States following the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, there has been limited research on how to systematically strengthen service access for survivors of sex and labor trafficking. The experience of service providers may provide insight into how trafficking survivor responses and service networks function in California’s Bay Area. This study explores provider perspectives on existing service networks and collaboration dynamics, including the barriers to and enablers of long-term service provision and survivor follow-up. A participatory research design included qualitative interviews with key informants working at nongovernmental organizations, organizational website reviews, and consultation with network service providers in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area. This study approach allowed for eliciting in-depth reflections of service provision, collective generation of stakeholder mapping, and consensus-driven recommendations arising from barriers and enablers to anti-trafficking service provision. This report enhances stakeholder awareness of existing organizational and policy resources and offers insights into research and programming on how anti-trafficking service response networks can be strengthened to provide survivor-centric support in the long-term.
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Emergency contraception as an element in the care of rape victims. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1013.
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In most states in Mexico, abortion is excluded as a crime in pregnancies resulting from rape. However, legislation does not specify the norms by which women can obtain a legal abortion, which makes it difficult to choose this alternative. A partial solution to unwanted pregnancies from rape would be to provide emergency contraception (EC). Psychologists were trained to provide information on EC to women who reported a rape at four public ministry agencies specialized in sexual crime. In addition, 11 medical backup referral centers were established. To scale up the strategy, workshops were provided to representatives from State Attorney General Offices and NGOs. The project’s main objective was to test the use of EC as an element in the care of rape victims in Mexico City. As noted in this report, objectives included testing the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of providing information on EC to rape victims, and scaling up the strategy for providing EC as an element in the care of rape victims among Attorney General Offices of the different states of Mexico.
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South Asia: Clarify goals and expand the reach of anti-trafficking programs. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1014.
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Each year, a significant number of adults and children become victims of human trafficking—forced transportation within or across country borders for exploitation in the form of forced sex, labor, or other services unwillingly given. In September 2001, the Population Council collaborated with the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health and the United Nations Development Fund for Women to conduct a consultative meeting on antitrafficking programs in South Asia. About 50 participants from national and international human rights and antitrafficking organizations attended the three-day meeting, held in Kathmandu, Nepal. The meeting had three objectives: clarifying the definition of trafficking; describing the strengths and weaknesses of legal and programmatic approaches to combat trafficking in the region; and identifying methods and indicators for evaluating and improving antitrafficking interventions. As this brief states, laws to eliminate human trafficking in South Asia should uphold international covenants and human rights standards to ensure that both citizens and noncitizens receive humane treatment. Programs to oppose trafficking should develop clear objectives and indicators to demonstrate success and point out directions for future operations.