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Journal articles on the topic 'Raphia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Helmstetter, Andrew J., Suzanne Mogue Kamga, Kevin Bethune, Thea Lautenschläger, Alexander Zizka, Christine D. Bacon, Jan J. Wieringa, et al. "Unraveling the Phylogenomic Relationships of the Most Diverse African Palm Genus Raphia (Calamoideae, Arecaceae)." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040549.

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Palms are conspicuous floristic elements across the tropics. In continental Africa, even though there are less than 70 documented species, they are omnipresent across the tropical landscape. The genus Raphia has 20 accepted species in Africa and one species endemic to the Neotropics. It is the most economically important genus of African palms with most of its species producing food and construction material. Raphia is divided into five sections based on inflorescence morphology. Nevertheless, the taxonomy of Raphia is problematic with no intra-generic phylogenetic study available. We present a phylogenetic study of the genus using a targeted exon capture approach sequencing of 56 individuals representing 18 out of the 21 species. Our results recovered five well supported clades within the genus. Three sections correspond to those based on inflorescence morphology. R. regalis is strongly supported as sister to all other Raphia species and is placed into a newly described section: Erectae. Overall, morphological based identifications agreed well with our phylogenetic analyses, with 12 species recovered as monophyletic based on our sampling. Species delimitation analyses recovered 17 or 23 species depending on the confidence level used. Species delimitation is especially problematic in the Raphiate and Temulentae sections. In addition, our clustering analysis using SNP data suggested that individual clusters matched geographic distribution. The Neotropical species R. taedigera is supported as a distinct species, rejecting the hypothesis of a recent introduction into South America. Our analyses support the hypothesis that the Raphia individuals from Madagascar are potentially a distinct species different from the widely distributed R. farinifera. In conclusion, our results support the infra generic classification of Raphia based on inflorescence morphology, which is shown to be phylogenetically useful. Classification and species delimitation within sections remains problematic even with our phylogenomic approach. Certain widely distributed species could potentially contain cryptic species. More in-depth studies should be undertaken using morphometrics, increased sampling, and more variable markers. Our study provides a robust phylogenomic framework that enables further investigation on the biogeographic history, morphological evolution, and other eco-evolutionary aspects of this charismatic, socially, and economically important palm genus.

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2

O’Kernick, Patrick J. "Stelae, Elephants, and Irony: The Battle of Raphia and Its Import as Historical Context for 3 Maccabees." Journal for the Study of Judaism 49, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12481190.

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Abstract The opening verses of 3 Maccabees set the story in the aftermath of the Battle of Raphia (217 bce); the significance of this historical setting has been overlooked. The Battle of Raphia is intimately related to the narrative at large in at least three ways. First, 3 Maccabees advocates for a counter-tradition to a stele tradition that arises out of Ptolemy’s victory at Raphia. Second, the story reworks the famous incident of Ptolemy’s elephant retreat at Raphia into a tale of praise for the God of the Jews. And finally, the book is invested with the irony already present in the historical realities of Ptolemy’s short-lived victory.

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3

Ngatchoua Noubangue, Vianny Rubenne, Eric Serge Ngangoum, Fabrice Tonfack Djikeng, Hermine Doungue Tsafack, and Hilaire Macaire Womeni. "Physico-Chemical Properties of Raphia Fruit (Raphia hookeri) Pulp from Cameroon." Journal of Food Stability 3, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36400/j.food.stab.3.2.2020-0010.

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4

Aisueni, N. O. "Predicting nitrogen availability to raphia palms (Raphia hookeri) under various moisture regimes." Plant and Soil 88, no. 1 (February 1985): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02140674.

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5

Urquhart, Gerald R. "Peoecological evidence of Raphia in the Pre-Columbian Neotropics." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 6 (November 1997): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010993.

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ABSTRACTDisjunctions between Africa and the Neotropics present a puzzle that is key to understanding the biogeography of the diverse floras and faunas of both continents. Many authors have proposed that Raphia taedigera Maur., the sole Neotropical representative of an otherwise African genus, has been introduced to the New World. Paleoecological data from a freshwater swamp in Nicaragua, which yielded R. taedigera pollen dating to 2800 ± 90 y before present (BP) and Raphia seed fragments from 2040 ± 60 BP are presented. These illustrate that Raphia taedigera arrived in the New World before trans-Atlantic trade by humans and thus arrived as a result of a natural phenomenon. The lack of differentiation of R. taedigera from the African sister taxon, R. vinifera, suggests recent separation of the two species (i.e. after the creation of the southern Atlantic Ocean by the splitting of West Gondwana). Other evidence supports dispersal of Raphia by ocean currents. The palm probably arrived from Africa by floating as an individual fruit or on a raft of vegetation. Thus, R. taedigera represents another example of trans-Atlantic dispersal, strengthening the link between the flora and fauna of Africa and the Neotropics.

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6

Peckham, G. D., and F. A. Van Jaarsveld. "ARECACEAE." Bothalia 19, no. 2 (December 19, 1989): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v19i2.963.

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7

Abimbola, Oluyori Peter, Dada Adewumi Oluwasogo, and Inyinbor Abosede Adejumoke. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Raphia Hookeri Leaf and Epicarp." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 6 (November 19, 2018): 2742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340608.

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The contribution of oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of several health conditions and its association with life-threatening diseases such as malaria has necessitated the search for more phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. Various parts of Raphia hookeri such as the leaves, fruit and sap have been moderately studied and applied in different areas of industry. However, the epicarp is generally discarded. The ethanolic extracts of Raphia hookeri leaf and epicarp were herein investigated for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents using spectrometric methods. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation assays were used to determine the antioxidant potential of the extracts. The recorded Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of both extracts are comparable while the Total Flavonoid Content of the leaf extract is higher. Consequently, the antioxidant activity of the leaf extract was higher. Although the antioxidant potential of the leaf is higher (351.170±22.950 mg/g RE), the comparable TPC and the antioxidant activity exhibited by Raphia hookeri epicarp extract projects it as a rich phytochemical bio-resourse which may have future relevance in the pharmaceutical industry.

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8

Ogbuagu, Marc Nwosu. "Vitamins, phytochemicals and toxic elements in the pulp and seed of raphia palm fruit (Raphia hookeri)." Fruits 63, no. 5 (September 2008): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2008025.

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9

Mogue Kamga, Suzanne, Raoul Niangadouma, Fred W. Stauffer, Bonaventure Sonké, and Thomas L. P. Couvreur. "Two new species of Raphia (Palmae/Arecaceae) from Cameroon and Gabon." PhytoKeys 111 (November 6, 2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.111.27175.

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Raphia (Arecaceae, Calamoideae) is the most diverse genus of African palms with around 20 species. Two new species from Cameroon and Gabon, Raphiagabonica Mogue, Sonké & Couvreur, sp. nov. and Raphiazamiana Mogue, Sonké & Couvreur, sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Their affinities are discussed and the conservation status of each species is assessed. For both species, distribution maps are provided. Raphiagabonica is restricted to two small populations from central Gabon, where it occurs on hillsides on tierra firme soil, and close to small streams. Its preliminary IUCN status is Endangered, being amongst the five most threatened palm species in Africa. Raphiagabonica potentially belongs to the moniliform section. Raphiazamiana is largely distributed from south Cameroon to south Gabon and is very common. It is also a multi-used palm, from which wine, grubs and construction material are extracted and sold. It generally occurs in large stands in a wide range of ecosystems such as swamps, coastal forests on partially inundated sandy soils and inundated savannahs. Its large stature, hard to access habitat (swamps) and abundant presence might have discouraged botanists to collect it until now. Raphiazamiana belongs to the taxonomically complex raphiate section.

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10

CHARLES, MICHAEL. "ELEPHANTS AT RAPHIA: REINTERPRETING POLYBIUS 5.84–5." Classical Quarterly 57, no. 1 (May 2007): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838807000341.

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11

Mogue Kamga, Suzanne, Grischa Brokamp, Ariane Cosiaux, Abdon Awono, Susanne Fürniss, Anders S. Barfod, Fogoh John Muafor, Philippe Le Gall, Bonaventure Sonké, and Thomas L. P. Couvreur. "Use and Cultural Significance of Raphia Palms." Economic Botany 74, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-020-09487-z.

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12

., A. E. Imogie, M. M. Ugbah ., and C. V. Udosen . "Response of Raphia Palm [Raphia hookeri (Mann and Wendland)] Seedling to Various Rates of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer." Journal of Agronomy 6, no. 4 (September 15, 2007): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2007.597.600.

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13

Abasi, C. Y., A. A. Abia, and J. C. Igwe. "Adsorption of Iron (III), Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) Ions by Unmodified Raphia Palm (Raphia hookeri) Fruit Endocarp." Environmental Research Journal 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/erj.2011.104.113.

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14

Klotz, David. "Who was with Antiochos III at Raphia? Revisiting the Hieroglyphic Versions of the Raphia Decree (CG 31008 and 50048)." Chronique d'Egypte 88, no. 175 (January 2013): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.1.103382.

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15

Umesiobi, D. O. "Functional Integrity of Boar Spermatozoa and Sow Fertility Using Raphia(Raphia hookeri)Palmwine plus ‘Nche’(Saccoglotis gabonensis)Urban Extender." Journal of Applied Animal Research 26, no. 1 (September 2004): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2004.9706505.

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16

Olorunsola, Emmanuel O., and Stephen O. Majekodunmi. "Development of extended-release formulation of domperidone using a blend of Raphia hookeri gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as tablet matrix." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 10 (November 14, 2017): 2341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i10.5.

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Purpose: To develop an extended-release formulation of domperidone using a blend of Raphia hookeri gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as tablet matrix.Methods: Tablets (400 mg) containing 30 mg domperidone (DPD) were formulated using binary mixtures of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Raphia hookeri gum (RHG) as matrix former; and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as direct compression excipient. The proportions of the matrix formers (40 % of tablet weight) was varied as 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The composition of the matrix former was also kept constant (50:50) while MCC was varied as 40, 30, 20 and 10 %. The tablets were evaluated for compact density, tensile strength, friability and drug release over 24 h.Results: The tensile strength of tablets decreased while their friability increased with increase in the proportion of RHG. A similar trend was observed with decrease in the concentration of MCC. Tablets containing RHG alone as matrix former and 40 % MCC as direct compression excipient had tensile strength of 0.95 MNm-2, friability of 1.07 % and cumulative drug release of 83.2 % over a period of 24 h. Tablets containing equal proportions of HPMC and RHG as matrix former had the best release properties of 95.0 % over a period of 24 h.Conclusion: RHG is comparable with HPMC in terms of extending the release of domperidone for a once daily administration. A suitable combination of the two polymers for use as a matrix former is superior to either of the individual polymers.Keywords: Domperidone, Extended drug release, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Raphia hookeri gum, Tablet properties

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17

Obasi, Henry C. "Properties of Raphia Palm Interspersed Fibre Filled High Density Polyethylene." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932143.

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Blends of nonbiodegradable and biodegradable polymers can promote a reduction in the volume of plastic waste when they undergo partial degradation. In this study, properties of raphia palm interspersed fibre (RPIF) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been investigated at different levels of filler loadings, 0 to 60 wt.%. Maleic anhydride-graft polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer. Raphia palm interspersed fibre was prepared by grinding and sieved to a particle size of 150 µm. HDPE blends were prepared in a corotating twin screw extruder. Results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the blends decreased with increase in RPI loadings and addition of MA-g-PE was found to improve these properties. However, the Young’s modulus increased with increase in the amount of RPI into HDPE and compatibilization further increased the Young’s modulus. The water absorption indices and weight loss for RPI/HDPE composites were found to increase with RPI loadings but were decreased on addition of MA-g-PE.

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18

Chi, Godloves Fru, Rodrigue V. T. Sop, Armelle T. Mbaveng, Japheth Omollo Ombito, Ghislain Wabo Fotso, Gaëlle S. Nguenang, Victor Kuete, Thomas Efferth, and Bonaventure T. Ngadjui. "Steroidal saponins from Raphia vinifera and their cytotoxic activity." Steroids 163 (November 2020): 108724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108724.

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19

Bricault, Laurent. "Sarapis et Isis, Sauveurs de Ptolémée IV à Raphia." Chronique d'Egypte 74, no. 148 (July 1999): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.2.309115.

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20

Mpiana, P. "Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Raphia gentiliana De Wild. (Arecaceae)." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 3, no. 2 (January 10, 2013): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2013/2459.

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21

Adamu-Governor, Oniovosa Leonard, Taofik A. Shittu, Oluwatoyin Rebecca Afolabi, and Sylvia Veronica Ajagugha Uzochukwu. "Screening for gum-producing Lactic acid bacteria in Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and raphia palm (Raphia regalis)sap from South-West Nigeria." Food Science & Nutrition 6, no. 8 (September 12, 2018): 2047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.750.

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22

Israel, A. U., I. B. Obot, S. A. Umoren, V. Mkpenie, and J. E. Asuquo. "Production of Cellulosic Polymers from Agricultural Wastes." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 1 (2008): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/436356.

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Cellulosic polymers namely cellulose, di-and triacetate were produced from fourteen agricultural wastes; Branch and fiber after oil extraction from oil palm(Elais guineensis), raffia, piassava, bamboo pulp, bamboo bark from raphia palm(Raphia hookeri), stem and cob of maize plant(Zea mays), fruit fiber from coconut fruit(Cocos nucifera), sawdusts from cotton tree(Cossypium hirsutum), pear wood(Manilkara obovata), stem of Southern gamba green (Andropogon tectorus), sugarcane baggase(Saccharium officinarum)and plantain stem (Musa paradisiaca). They were subjected to soda pulping and hypochlorite bleaching system. Results obtained show that pulp yield from these materials were: 70.00, 39.59, 55.40, 86.00, 84.60, 80.00, 40.84, 81.67, 35.70, 69.11, 4.54, 47.19, 31.70 and 52.44% respectively. The pulps were acetylated with acetic anhydride in ethanoic acid catalyzed by conc. H2SO4 to obtain cellulose derivatives (Cellulose diacetate and triacetate). The cellulose diacetate yields were 41.20, 17.85, 23.13, 20.80, 20.23, 20.00, 39.00, 44.00, 18.80, 20.75, 20.03, 41.20, 44.00, and 39.00% respectively while the results obtained as average of four determinations for cellulose triacetate yields were: 52.00, 51.00, 43.10, 46.60, 49.00, 35.00, 40.60, 54.00, 57.50, 62.52, 35.70. 52.00, 53.00 and 38.70% respectively for all the agricultural wastes utilized. The presence of these cellulose derivatives was confirmed by a solubility test in acetone and chloroform.

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23

Obuotor, E. M., and F. D. Onajobi. "Preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic properties of Raphia hookeri fruit mesocarp." Fitoterapia 71, no. 2 (April 2000): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00136-7.

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24

Urquhart, Gerald R. "Long-term Persistence of Raphia taedigera Mart. Swamps in Nicaragua1." Biotropica 31, no. 4 (December 1999): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00403.x.

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25

Tiepma, E. F. N, Zambou, F. N, Agbor, E. E, Tchouanguep, and M. "Physicochemical changes of raffia sap (Raphia mambillensis) contents during spontaneous fermentation." African Journal of Biotechnology 12, no. 41 (October 31, 2013): 6013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.2558.

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26

T, Obibuzor J U, and Okogbenin E A. "Purification and biochemical properties of lipase from raphia palm fruit mesocarp." African Journal of Biochemistry Research 9, no. 5 (May 30, 2015): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajbr2015.0818.

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27

Schmidt, Christian, and Gary Anweiler. "Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)." ZooKeys 421 (June 27, 2014): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517.

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28

Staroń, P., J. Chwastowski, and M. Banach. "Sorption behavior of methylene blue from aqueous solution by raphia fibers." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 12 (June 26, 2019): 8449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02446-9.

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29

Inyinbor, Adejumoke Abosede, Folahan Amoo Adekola, and Gabriel Ademola Olatunji. "Copper scavenging efficiency of adsorbents prepared from Raphia hookeri fruit waste." Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 12 (June 2019): 100141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2019.100141.

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30

Erhabor, J. O., A. G. Omokhua, and L. J. McGaw. "In vitro biological activities and safety evaluation of Raphia hookeri (Arecaceae)." South African Journal of Botany 115 (March 2018): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.036.

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31

Abegunde, Segun Michael. "Proximate Composition, Phytochemical Analysis and Elemental Characterization of Raphia taedigera Seed." Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2018/45819.

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32

Kaffo, Célestin, Nicole Doungtio Djeuta, and Elat. "Ouest Cameroun : valorisation des produits locaux. L’exemple du vin de raphia." Économie rurale, no. 336 (July 15, 2013): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/economierurale.4003.

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33

Talla, Tekougnening, Ebale, Tangka, and Foudjet. "Statistical model of strength in compression of Raphia vinifera L. (Arecacea)." Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569159041765290.

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34

da Conceição, Leyvison Rafael V., Carlos E. F. da Costa, Geraldo N. da Rocha Filho, and José R. Zamian. "Obtaining and characterization of biodiesel from jupati (Raphia taedigera Mart.) oil." Fuel 90, no. 9 (September 2011): 2945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.04.019.

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35

Iboh, Ubong, Ubong Robert, Grace Umoren, and Uduakobong Okorie. "THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY VARIATION ON DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF RAPHIA HOOKERI." Journal of Renewable Energy and Mechanics 3, no. 02 (September 29, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/rem.2020.vol3.no02.4433.

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This work sought to investigate the effect of varying the frequency of an applied electric field on the dielectric constant of raphia hookeri. The aim of the work was to ascertain the suitability of using the sample for engineering applications. It was revealed, from the recorded results, that the dielectric constant of the sample decays exponentially with frequency. Also, greater degree of polarisation was observed with decrease in frequency. Again, as a good thermal insulator, it was revealed that the values of the sample’s dielectric constant compared favourably with those of commonly used conventional dielectric materials. Thus, it is obvious that if put into production cycle, the sample can serve as a low-cost and environmentally friendly material suitable for engineering applications within audio frequency range. This will, in turn, help to provide raw material for electronic industry and also improve the economy.

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36

Dunham, Amy E. "Soil disturbance by vertebrates alters seed predation, movement and germination in an African rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 6 (September 30, 2011): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000344.

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Abstract:Biopedturbation, or animal-caused soil disturbance, may be important for development and maintenance of small-scale heterogeneity in ecosystems with the potential to alter seed mortality and recruitment. However, its role in tropical forests has been largely ignored. This study explored effects of vertebrate biopedturbation on seed (1) microsite heterogeneity, (2) predation and (3) germination in a West African rain forest. Exclosure experiments were used to study how biopedturbation altered burial and movements of seeds of four common canopy species. Effect of seed burial on removal by seed predators was also examined. Germination of the dominant canopy species (Raphia palma-pinus) in swamp forest was tested within artificial disturbances mimicking that of a locally common but endangered mammal, the Liberian mongoose (Liberiictis kuhni), which was estimated to turn over the entire forest floor in this habitat in c. 8 mo. Seed exposure to biopedturbation for 20 d (n = 80) led to an overall 6.5-fold increase in small-scale horizontal movement and increased probability of burial (6–52% higher), varying by species. Burial effectively eliminated seed removal for all four species (n = 160) by seed predators over 20 d. Germination of Raphia palma-pinus seeds (n = 100) was enhanced by 17.5% on average over 4 mo in simulated disturbances. Results suggest biopedturbation may be important for seedling recruitment and that loss of species with this functional role could have underappreciated yet important impacts on tropical plant communities.

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37

Tsafack, Hermine Doungue, Anne Pascale Nouemsi Kengne, and Hilaire Marcaire Womeni. "Nutritional Value of Raphia hookeri Fruit, Hematological Properties of Its Powder and Aqueous Extract in A Model of Aluminum Chloride Inducing Neurotoxicity by Using Rats." Journal of Food Research 9, no. 5 (September 25, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v9n5p113.

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This study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional value of the mesocarp of Raphia hookeri (Rh) fruit and the effect of powder and aqueous extract of the fruit on hematological parameters in rats which have undergone neurotoxicity by aluminum chloride. The nutritional content was evaluated with the standard method. Seven groups of six Wistar rats were used, neurotoxicity was induced by 4.2 mg/kg of body weight of aluminum chloride 3 times a week intraperitonealy with treatment. Rat treatment was as follow: aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, 5 and 10% of formulation, negative, positive and normal groups. The experiment lasted 28 days. The data obtained from the nutritive value showed that Rh mesocarp is a good source of lipids (48.97%), fibers (25.82%), calcium (3183.3mg/100g of dry matter), potassium (1218.3 mg/100g of DM), zinc (0.88 mg/100g of DM) and selenium (8.6 mg/100g of DM). Nevertheless, it contains a little amount of phytic acid and hydrocyanic acid which is acceptable for human consumption. It can then be used in many formulations as a source of these nutrients. Aluminum administration indicates the reduction in food intake, a low weight gain and Hematological alteration in the Positive control group. However, consumption of Rh mesocarp indicated an increase in food intake, weight gain and a restoration of hematological parameters to the normal level with the best values in groups that were administered Rh powders (Rh5% and Rh10%). Raphia hookeri mesocarp is a rich source of nutrients involved in the prevention of hematological disorder.

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38

Tapondjou, Léon A., Kristina J. Siems, Stefan Böttger, and Matthias F. Melzig. "Steroidal Saponins from the Mesocarp of the Fruits of Raphia farinifera (Arecaceae) and their Cytotoxic Activity." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 11 (November 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001134.

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Eight steroidal saponins (1–8), including one previously unreported derivative (1), have been isolated from the mesocarp of Raphia farinifera fruits by combined column chromatography and RP-HPLC methods. They were characterized by spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR experiments) and spectrometric (ESIMS) methods, as well as by comparison of their spectral data with those of reported compounds in the literature. All the isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against urinary bladder carcinoma cells (ECV-304). Our results revealed that, for a high cytotoxicity, a sugar chain of at least three sugar moieties attached to C-3 of the steroidal saponin is necessary.

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39

Dauda, S. M., F. Ismail, A. A. Balami, M. Aliyu, I. S. Mohammed, and D. Ahmad. "Physical and mechanical properties of raphia palm kernel at different moisture contents." Food Research 3, no. 4 (February 10, 2019): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.3(4).141.

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CARNEY, Judith, Mario HIRAOKA, and Noboru HIDA. "The Economic Use of Palms in- Amazonia: Raphia taedigera in the estuary." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 107, no. 1 (1998): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.107.49.

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Fadele, Opeoluwa, Ikechukwuka N. A. Oguocha, Akindele G. Odeshi, Majid Soleimani, and Lope G. Tabil. "Effect of chemical treatments on properties of raffia palm (Raphia farinifera) fibers." Cellulose 26, no. 18 (September 26, 2019): 9463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02764-8.

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Okunlola, A. Ibironke, Akinola O. Adepoju, and Samuel O. Agele. "Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and carbon sequestration of selected trees and shrubs for urban development in Akure Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 6 (2016): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030615.

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Urban green space is a collection of trees and shrubs growing in urban area. Green plants are well known for their abilities to reduce air and noise pollution. It is important that plants used for the development of urban landscaping must be tolerant to air pollutants. There must be some criteria to select tolerant plants for urban landscaping design and for that two indices viz. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and carbon sequestration can be a good tool. Thus this study was carried out to assess the efficiency of urban trees (Tabebuia rosea, Polyalthia longifolia, Delonix regia and Raphia farinifera) and shrubs (Ficus spp) to tolerate air pollution and potential for carbon sequestration in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria in 2015. The sites were sampled from Akure City Major Road, from Oloko Junction to Oba-Ile. The plant species identified at the sample area were Ficus spp, Tabebuia rosea, Polyalthia longifolia, Delonix regia and Raphia farinifera. The assessment of the ascorbic acid, pH, relative water content and total chlorophyll content of the leaves of the identified plant species was done to determine the APTI. The APTI of the plant ranged from 5.11 to 9.31 with Tabebuia rosea having the highest value which indicates it's high tolerance of air pollutants from the assessment and Raffia farinifera with the lowest value and least tolerant. The biomass of the trees species were estimated for the quantification of the amount of carbon sequestered and the absorbed CO2 in the plant. Tabebuia rosea also had the highest carbon sequestered (10,074 kg) and Delonix regia having the lowest of 4,702.50 kg.

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Erukainure, Ochuko L., Chika I. Chukwuma, and Md Shahidul Islam. "Raffia palm (Raphia hookeri) wine: Qualitative sugar profile, functional chemistry, and antidiabetic properties." Food Bioscience 30 (August 2019): 100423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100423.

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Adedokun, Musiliu, and Clement Nkanta. "OPTIMIZED DELIVERY OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM FORMULATED IN A SUSTAINED RELEASE RAPHIA AFRICANA HYDROCOLLOID MATRIX." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.22925.

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Objective: The aim of this research work was to comparatively study various proportions of a natural hydrocolloid-Raphia africana, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as release sustaining agents in diclofenac sodium tablet formulation.Methods: The purified hydrocolloid (R. africana) was characterized by evaluating its organoleptic, physicochemical and flow properties. Diclofenac-polymer ratios of 1:0, 1:0.2, 1:0.4, 1:0.6, and 1:0.8 were employed to produce different granule batches using wet granulation method (that is, the drug was formulated with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % w/w of either R. africana hydrocolloid or PVP, and coded DWB-00, DRA-05, DRA-10, DRA-15, DRA-20, DPP-05, DPP-10, DPP-15 and DPP-20, respectively). Flow properties of granules were studied by determining bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio for all the formulations. Compressed tablets were evaluated using various parameters as weight variation, friability, hardness, tablet thickness and diameter, content uniformity and in vitro dissolution evaluated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3).Results: Flowability, mechanical and release parameters determined were within pharmacopoeial limits. Generally, the values of bulk and tapped densities increase as binder concentrations increase for both PVP and R. africana hydrocolloid. The values were significantly different across the batches (p<0.05). Hardness values obtained varied significantly (p<0.05) and were between 5 and 12 KgF which imply that most of the tablet batches are harder than normal depending on the proportion of the polymer used. All the batches exhibited friability within the standard limit without significant difference in values (p>0.05), indicating that tablet formulated with the experimental binders would not undergo surface abrasion. All the formulations exhibited zero order kinetics except batches DPP-10 and DPP-15 which showed Higuchi mechanism. Formulation batches DRA-05 and DRA-10 showed maximum drug release of 98% and 95% respectively after 6 h. A prolonged drug release was observed on increasing polymer ratio. Significantly higher release rates (p<0.05) were observed in the tablets formulated with PVP than those containing R. africana gum. All the batches followed non-fickian diffusion release mechanism.Conclusion: From the study, purified R. africana hydrocolloid generally appeared to perform better than PVP as sustained release agent.

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Bougueraa, Fatima Zahra, Saoussan El Mouhri, and Said Ettaqi. "Experimental analysis of biocomposite Raphia fiber/Chitosan influence of weaving process on mechanical properties." Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.028.

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Ibegbulem, C. O., C. U. Igwe, G. N. Okwu, C. O. Ujowundu, E. N. Onyeike, and E. O. Ayalogu. "Total amino acid profiles of heat-processed fresh Elaeis guineensis and Raphia hookeri wines." Food Chemistry 138, no. 2-3 (June 2013): 1616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.110.

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Schneider, Pierre. "De l’Hydaspe à Raphia: rois, éléphants et propagande d’Alexandre le Grand à Ptolémée IV." Chronique d'Egypte 84, no. 167-168 (January 2009): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.3.15.

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Flore, Tiepma N. E., Zambou N. François, and Tchouanguep M. Félicité. "Immune system stimulation in rats by Lactobacillus sp. isolates from Raffia wine (Raphia vinifera)." Cellular Immunology 260, no. 2 (2010): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.09.002.

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Bradbury, J. P., and W. N. Krebs. "Fossil Continental Diatoms: Paleolimnology, Evolution, and Biochronology." Short Courses in Paleontology 8 (1995): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001458.

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Diatoms are golden brown algae (class Bacillariophyceae) whose cellular contents are enclosed between two valves or shells of silica. They are classified into groups with radial symmetry (centric diatoms) and axial symmetry (pennate diatoms). The latter are subdivided as raphid and araphid diatoms according to the presence or absence of raphes (slit-like structures) that allow diatoms to move along firm surfaces. Many centric and some araphid diatoms are planktonic, maintained by turbulence in the limnetic region of a lake, whereas raphid diatoms live on the lake bottom or are attached to objects in the illuminated zone.

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Masunda, TA, MB Mbala, SJ Kayembe, BF Longoma, KN Ngbolua, DST Tshibangu, and PT Mpiana. "Activité anti-hyperglycémique et antiradicalaire des extraits des fruits de Raphia gentiliana De Wild. (Arecaceae)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 8, no. 6 (May 8, 2015): 2441. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i6.7.

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