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Journal articles on the topic 'Rapid-MOCHA array'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Baehr, Johanna. "Influence of the 26°N RAPID–MOCHA Array and Florida Current Cable Observations on the ECCO–GODAE State Estimate." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 5 (2010): 865–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4118.1.

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Abstract The incorporation of local temperature and salinity observations from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA), as well as the cable estimates of volume transport in the Florida Current (FC), is tested in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean–Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (ECCO–GODAE) estimation system for their impact on the estimate of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and the meridional heat transport in the Atlantic. An experimental setup covering the first deployment period of RAPID–MOCHA

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2

Balan Sarojini, B., J. M. Gregory, R. Tailleux, et al. "High frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation." Ocean Science 7, no. 4 (2011): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-471-2011.

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Abstract. We compare the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) as simulated by the coupled climate models of the RAPID project, which cover a wide range of resolution and complexity, and observed by the RAPID/MOCHA array at about 26° N. We analyse variability on a range of timescales, from five-daily to interannual. In models of all resolutions there is substantial variability on timescales of a few days; in most AOGCMs the amplitude of the variability is of somewhat larger magnitude than that observed by the RAPID array, while the time-mean is within about 10 %

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3

Baehr, J., S. Cunnningham, H. Haak, P. Heimbach, T. Kanzow, and J. Marotzke. "Observed and simulated estimates of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N in the Atlantic." Ocean Science 5, no. 4 (2009): 575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-5-575-2009.

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Abstract. Daily timeseries of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) estimated from the UK/US RAPID/MOCHA array at 26.5° N in the Atlantic are used to evaluate the MOC as simulated in two global circulation models: (I) an 8-member ensemble of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM, and (II) the ECCO-GODAE state estimate. In ECHAM5/MPI-OM, we find that the observed and simulated MOC have a similar variability and time-mean within the 99% confidence interval. In ECCO-GODAE, we find that the observed and simulated MOC show a significant correlation within the 99% confidence interval. To in

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4

Elipot, Shane, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Chris W. Hughes, Sofia Olhede, and Matthias Lankhorst. "Observed Basin-Scale Response of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Wind Stress Forcing." Journal of Climate 30, no. 6 (2017): 2029–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0664.1.

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Abstract The response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) to wind stress forcing is investigated from an observational standpoint, using four time series of overturning transports below and relative to 1000 m, overlapping by 3.6 yr. These time series are derived from four mooring arrays located on the western boundary of the North Atlantic: the RAPID Western Atlantic Variability Experiment (WAVE) array (42.5°N), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Line W array (39°N), RAPID–MOC/MOCHA (26.5°N), and the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) array (1

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5

Baehr, J., S. Cunnningham, H. Haak, P. Heimbach, T. Kanzow, and J. Marotzke. "Observed and simulated estimates of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N in the Atlantic." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (2009): 1333–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-1333-2009.

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Abstract. Daily timeseries of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) estimated from the UK/US RAPID/MOCHA array at 26.5° N in the Atlantic are used to evaluate the MOC as simulated in two global circulation models: (i) an 8-member ensemble of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM, and (ii) the ECCO-GODAE state estimate. In ECHAM5/MPI-OM, we find that the observed and simulated MOC have a similar variability and time-mean within the 99 percent confidence interval. In ECCO-GODAE, we find that the observed and simulated MOC show a significant correlation within the 99 percent confidence i

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6

Köhl, A. "Influence of assimilating transports and in situ data from the Rapid-MOCHA array into the GECCO2 ocean synthesis." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 72 (October 1, 2015): 38–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34697.

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By assimilating information required for the estimation of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) by the Rapid-MOCHA array, we investigate how transports should be constrained. For the period 2004–2011, we find that even the large adjustments in Florida Strait transport (FST) imposed by assimilating FST data do not impact the AMOC strength at 26.5° N while the AMOC away from this section changes due to the baroclinic response. Moreover, the high correlation between the FST and AMOC previously reported cannot be confirmed for this longer period. When assimilating

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7

Köhl, Armin. "Influence of assimilating transports and in situ data from the Rapid-MOCHA array into the GECCO2 ocean synthesis." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 72 (December 2015): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2015.09.001.

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8

Worthington, Emma L., Ben I. Moat, David A. Smeed, Jennifer V. Mecking, Robert Marsh, and Gerard D. McCarthy. "A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline." Ocean Science 17, no. 1 (2021): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021.

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Abstract. A decline in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength has been observed between 2004 and 2012 by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID – Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array – Western Boundary Time Series, hereafter RAPID array) with this weakened state of the AMOC persisting until 2017. Climate model and paleo-oceanographic research suggests that the AMOC may have been declining for decades or even centuries before this; however direct observations are sparse prior to 2004, giving only “snapshots” of the overturning circulation. Previous studies have used l

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9

Jamet, Quentin, William K. Dewar, Nicolas Wienders, Bruno Deremble, Sally Close, and Thierry Penduff. "Locally and Remotely Forced Subtropical AMOC Variability: A Matter of Time Scales." Journal of Climate 33, no. 12 (2020): 5155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0844.1.

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AbstractMechanisms driving the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability at low frequency are of central interest for accurate climate predictions. Although the subpolar gyre region has been identified as a preferred place for generating climate time-scale signals, their southward propagation remains under consideration, complicating the interpretation of the observed time series provided by the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array–Western Boundary Time Series (RAPID–MOCHA–WBTS) program. In this study, we aim at disentangling the

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10

Balan Sarojini, B., J. M. Gregory, R. Tailleux, et al. "High frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 1 (2011): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-219-2011.

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Abstract. We compare the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) as simulated by the coupled climate models of the RAPID project, which cover a wide range of resolution and complexity, and observed by the RAPID/MOCHA array at about 26° N. We analyse variability on a range of timescales. In models of all resolutions there is substantial variability on timescales of a few days; in most AOGCMs the amplitude of the variability is of somewhat larger magnitude than that observed by the RAPID array, while the amplitude of the simulated annual cycle is similar to observat

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11

Msadek, Rym, William E. Johns, Stephen G. Yeager, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Thomas L. Delworth, and Anthony Rosati. "The Atlantic Meridional Heat Transport at 26.5°N and Its Relationship with the MOC in the RAPID Array and the GFDL and NCAR Coupled Models." Journal of Climate 26, no. 12 (2013): 4335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00081.1.

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Abstract The link at 26.5°N between the Atlantic meridional heat transport (MHT) and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is investigated in two climate models, the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) and the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4), and compared with the recent observational estimates from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA) array. Despite a stronger-than-observed MOC magnitude, both models underestimate the mean MHT at 26.5°N because of an overly diffuse thermocline. Biases result from

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12

Johns, W. E., M. O. Baringer, L. M. Beal, et al. "Continuous, Array-Based Estimates of Atlantic Ocean Heat Transport at 26.5°N." Journal of Climate 24, no. 10 (2011): 2429–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3997.1.

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Abstract Continuous estimates of the oceanic meridional heat transport in the Atlantic are derived from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA) observing system deployed along 26.5°N, for the period from April 2004 to October 2007. The basinwide meridional heat transport (MHT) is derived by combining temperature transports (relative to a common reference) from 1) the Gulf Stream in the Straits of Florida; 2) the western boundary region offshore of Abaco, Bahamas; 3) the Ekman layer [derived from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind stre

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13

Smith, G. C., K. Haines, T. Kanzow, and S. Cunningham. "Impact of hydrographic data assimilation on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (2009): 2667–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2667-2009.

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Abstract. The poleward ocean heat transports in the North Atlantic controlled by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), play a key role in regional climate. If the AMOC can be initialized in numerical models through ocean assimilation this may help improve the predictability of North Atlantic climate variability on timescales out to a few years. Here we make an initial step toward the development of an ocean assimilation system that can determine the AMOC to support climate predictions. A detailed comparison is presented of 1° and 1/4° resolution global model simulations with

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14

Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Ben I. Moat, and David A. Smeed. "A dynamically based method for estimating the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26° N from satellite altimetry." Ocean Science 17, no. 5 (2021): 1321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1321-2021.

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Abstract. The large-scale system of ocean currents that transport warm waters in the upper 1000 m northward and return deeper cooler waters southward is known as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Variations in the AMOC have significant repercussions for the climate system; hence, there is a need for long-term monitoring of AMOC fluctuations. Currently the longest record of continuous directly measured AMOC changes is from the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS programme, initiated in 2004. The RAPID programme and other mooring programmes have revolutionised our understanding of large-scale

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15

Susan Lozier, M., Sheldon Bacon, Amy S. Bower, et al. "Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program: A New International Ocean Observing System." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 4 (2017): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0057.1.

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Abstract For decades oceanographers have understood the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to be primarily driven by changes in the production of deep-water formation in the subpolar and subarctic North Atlantic. Indeed, current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of an AMOC slowdown in the twenty-first century based on climate models are attributed to the inhibition of deep convection in the North Atlantic. However, observational evidence for this linkage has been elusive: there has been no clear demonstration of AMOC variability in response to changes

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16

Chidichimo, M. P., T. Kanzow, S. A. Cunningham, W. E. Johns, and J. Marotzke. "The contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N." Ocean Science 6, no. 2 (2010): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-475-2010.

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Abstract. We study the contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to sub-seasonal and seasonal anomalies of the strength and vertical structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26.5° N, by means of the RAPID/MOCHA mooring array between April 2004 and October 2007. The major density anomalies are found in the upper 500 m, and they are often coherent down to 1400 m. The densities have 13-day fluctuations that are apparent down to 3500 m. The two strategies for measuring eastern-boundary density – a tall offshore mooring (EB1) and an array of moorings on the c

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17

Chidichimo, M. P., T. Kanzow, S. A. Cunningham, and J. Marotzke. "The contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (2009): 2507–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2507-2009.

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Abstract. We study the contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to sub-seasonal and seasonal anomalies of the strength and vertical structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26.5° N, by means of the RAPID/MOCHA mooring array between April 2004 and October 2007. The major density anomalies are found in the upper 500 m, and they are often coherent down to 1400 m. The densities have 13-day fluctuations that are apparent down to 3500 m. The two strategies for measuring eastern-boundary density – a tall offshore mooring (EB1) and an array of moorings on the c

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18

Kelly, Kathryn A., LuAnne Thompson, and John Lyman. "The Coherence and Impact of Meridional Heat Transport Anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean Inferred from Observations*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 4 (2014): 1469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00131.1.

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Abstract Observations of thermosteric sea level (TSL) from hydrographic data, equivalent water thickness (EWT) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and altimetric sea surface height (SSH) are used to infer meridional heat transport (MHT) anomalies for the Atlantic Ocean. An “unknown control” version of a Kalman filter in each of eight regions extracts smooth estimates of heat transport convergence (HTC) from discrepancies between the response to monthly surface heat and freshwater fluxes and observed mass and heat content. Two models are used: model A using only the heat b

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19

Dunstone, Nick J. "A perspective on sustained marine observations for climate modelling and prediction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2025 (2014): 20130340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0340.

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Here, I examine some of the many varied ways in which sustained global ocean observations are used in numerical modelling activities. In particular, I focus on the use of ocean observations to initialize predictions in ocean and climate models. Examples are also shown of how models can be used to assess the impact of both current ocean observations and to simulate that of potential new ocean observing platforms. The ocean has never been better observed than it is today and similarly ocean models have never been as capable at representing the real ocean as they are now. However, there remain im

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20

Wett, Simon, Monika Rhein, Dagmar Kieke, Christian Mertens, and Martin Moritz. "Meridional Connectivity of a 25‐Year Observational AMOC Record at 47°N." Geophysical Research Letters 50, no. 16 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103284.

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AbstractSince climate model studies project a decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the 21st century, monitoring AMOC changes remains essential. While AMOC variability is expected to be coherent across latitudes on longer than decadal timescales, connectivity on inter‐annual and seasonal timescales is less clear. Model studies and observational estimates disagree on the regions and timescales of meridional connectivity and AMOC observations at multiple latitudes are needed to study its connectivity. We calculate basin‐wide AMOC volume transports (1993–2018) from

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21

Wett, Simon, Monika Rhein, Dagmar Kieke, Christian Mertens, and Martin Moritz. "Meridional Connectivity of a 25-Year Observational AMOC Record at 47°N." Geophysical Research Letters 50 (August 25, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103284.

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Since climate model studies project a decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the 21st century, monitoring AMOC changes remains essential. While AMOC variability is expected to be coherent across latitudes on longer than decadal timescales, connectivity on inter-annual and seasonal timescales is less clear. Model studies and observational estimates disagree on the regions and timescales of meridional connectivity and AMOC observations at multiple latitudes are needed to study its connectivity. We calculate basin-wide AMOC volume transports (1993–2018) from me

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22

Germe, Agathe, Joël J. M. Hirschi, Adam T. Blaker, and Bablu Sinha. "Chaotic variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at sub-annual time scales." Journal of Physical Oceanography, March 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0100.1.

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Abstract This study describes the intra- to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the relative dynamical contributions to the total variability in an eddy-resolving 1/12° resolution ocean model. Based on a 53-year long hindcast and two 4-year long ensembles, we assess the total AMOC variability as well as the variability arising from small differences in the ocean initial state that rapidly imprints on the meso-scale eddy fields and subsequently on large scale features. This initial condition dependent variability will henceforth be referred to

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