Books: 'Rapid response systems'

1

DeVita, Michael A., Ken Hillman, and Rinaldo Bellomo, eds. Textbook of Rapid Response Systems. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92853-1.

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2

DeVita, Michael A., Ken Hillman, Rinaldo Bellomo, Mandy Odell, Daryl A. Jones, Bradford D. Winters, and Geoffrey K. Lighthall, eds. Textbook of Rapid Response Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39391-9.

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3

Textbook of rapid response systems: Concept and implementation. New York: Springer, 2011.

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4

Tripp, John S. Rapid estimation of frequency response functions by close-range photogrammetry. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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5

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Committee. Response from the government to the eighth report of the committee: Light rapid transit systems. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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6

Society of Critical Care Medicine, ed. Designing, implementing, and enhancing a rapid response system. Mount Prospect, IL: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2009.

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7

Amoeba management: The dynamic management system for rapid market response. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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8

du, Guerny Jacques, Guest Philip, and United Nations Development Programme. South East Asia HIV and Development Programme., eds. A manual for early warning rapid response system for HIV/AIDS. Bangkok: UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme, 2004.

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9

Pomroy, William H. Rapid response pneumatic fire detection for multilevel metal mines: System design and in-mine testing. Pgh [Pittsburgh], PA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1990.

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10

Toreno, Elisabetta. Netherlandish and Italian Female Portraiture in the Fifteenth Century. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728614.

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This book investigates the aesthetic and conceptual characteristics of fifteenth-century female portraiture on panel. Portraits of women increased substantially during this century. They formed part of a material and a visual culture borne out of the rapid rise of an oligarchy from entrepreneurial activities that was especially advanced in the urbanised territories of Italy and Flanders. For this reason, the portraits in this book are by Netherlandish and Italian painters. They are simultaneously illustrative of the emancipation of the genre from its medieval idiom, and of the responses to the matrix of patriarchy, under which society was organised. Patriarchy is an androcentric structure that places women in a paradoxical situation of legal and social disenfranchisement on the account of purported psychophysical inadequacy, whilst making them the catalysts, through arranged marriages, for the success of the spheres of power, which are controlled by men. Thus, these portraits are also a window into women’s lives in this structure. This book is the first systematic study of their sign-system and of the feminine experience of seeing and being seen, at the intersection of disciplines that include art history, anthropology, legal history, philosophy. The surprising results suggest new interpretations of form and function in female portraiture, women’s active role in the imaging process and the early instances of a pro-women ideology.

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11

Rapid paramedic response system pilot program. [S.l: s.n., 2001.

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12

Bellomo, Rinaldo, Ken Hillman, Michael A. DeVita, Mandy Odell, and Daryl A. Jones. Textbook of Rapid Response Systems: Concept and Implementation. Springer, 2017.

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13

Bellomo, Rinaldo, Ken Hillman, Michael A. DeVita, Mandy Odell, and Daryl A. Jones. Textbook of Rapid Response Systems: Concept and Implementation. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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14

United States. Dept. of Labor, ed. Faced with a layoff?: Rapid Response can help. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1999.

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15

Hillman, Ken, and Jack Chen. Rapid response teams for the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0003.

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There is a high incidence of potentially preventable deaths and serious adverse events in acute hospitals. Most of these events occur on the general wards of the hospital. The concept of rapid response systems was developed as a way of identifying seriously-ill and at-risk patients in acute hospitals at an early stage in order to improve outcomes. The system has two major components—criteria to define the deteriorating patient linked to a rapid response. The criteria are based on a combination of abnormal vital signs and observations, and the response is based on matching the patient with staff with the appropriate skills. Implementing and evaluating hospital-wide systems present new challenges that are different to our approach to a new drug or procedure. As well as agreeing to the appropriate criteria and response, the system needs leadership and support across the whole hospital, including education programmes and, monitoring with appropriate quality assurance activities. Increasingly, the specialty of intensive care is designed around the needs of the seriously ill, rather than being geographically confined within the four walls of an intensive care unit. The concept of rapid response systems is part of that process.

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16

Shaw, Andrew, and Michael DeVita. Rapid Response Systems/Fluid Resuscitation, an Issue of Critical Care Clinics. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2018.

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17

Layoff? downsizing? restructuring?: Rapid Response is the team to call. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1999.

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18

Dong, Jian (John). Rapid Response Manufacturing: Contemporary methodologies, tools and technologies (Manufacturing Systems Engineering Series). Springer, 1997.

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19

Climate and HIV/AIDS: A hotspots analysis for early warning rapid response systems. Bangkok: UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme, 2004.

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20

Wiersinga, W. Joost, and Tom van der Poll. The host response to infection in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0303.

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Infection continues to be a leading cause of intensive care unit death. The host response to infection can be seen as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated dysregulation of the immune system following pathogen invasion in which a careful balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is vital. A measured and rapid response to microbial invasion is essential to health. The same immunological and coagulation systems that protect against localized infection can act to our disadvantage when these systems are activated systemically during generalized microbial infection. Toll-like receptors (TLR), the inflammasomes and other PRRs initiate the host response after recognition of pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns (PAMPs) or endogenous danger-associated-molecular-patterns (DAMPs). The systemic host response to infection will result in activation of coagulation, downregulation of physiological anticoagulant mechanisms, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Further dissection of the role of host–pathogen interactions, the cytokine response, the coagulation cascade and their multidirectional interactions in sepsis should lead towards the development of new therapeutic approaches in the critically ill who are faced with infection.

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21

Kellum, John A. Rapid Response System. Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.001.0001.

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This handbook provides a practical approach to the evaluation, differential diagnosis, and management of common medical and surgical emergencies such as cardiac arrest, acute respiratory failure, seizures, and hemorrhagic shock occurring in hospitalized patients. Less common and special circumstances such as pediatric, obstetric, oncologic, neurologic, and behavioral emergencies as well as palliative care for terminally ill patients encountered in the context of rapid response team (RRT) events are also discussed. An overview of commonly performed bedside emergency procedures by rapid response team members complements the clinical resources that may need to be brought to bear during the course of the rapid response team event. Finally, an overview of organization, leadership, communication, quality, and patient safety surrounding rapid response team events is provided. This book is written with medical students, junior physicians, and nursing staff in mind working in both academic and community hospital settings. Both a novice and an experienced healthcare provider involved in a rapid response system (RRS) will find this handbook to be a valuable supplement to the clinical experiences gained through active engagement in the system. Hospital administrators and senior management staff will also find this book to be useful in the evaluation of quality and performance of the rapid response system, management of staff attitudes and behavior, performance of peer review, care for second victims, and implementation of countermeasures for patient safety problems discovered in the course of rapid response system reviews.

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22

United States. Office of the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, ed. Rapid Response System: RRS. [Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.?: PMCD, Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, 2001.

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23

Rapid Response System (RRS). [S.l: s.n., 2001.

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24

United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency, ed. Rapid Response Information System (RRIS). [Washington, DC] (500 C St., SW, Washington 20472): FEMA, 2000.

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25

Kellum, John A., Raghavan Murugan, and Joseph M. Darby. Rapid Response System: A Practical Guide. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2018.

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26

Bhole, Malini. Functions of the immune system. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0293.

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This chapter reviews the functions of the immune system, which has evolved to provide a defence mechanism against microbial challenges, and is divided into two main branches, innate and adaptive. In addition, there are physical and chemical barriers, including skin, mucous membrane, mucous secretions, saliva, and various enzymes, and these contribute to the first line of defence against pathogens. The innate immune system provides the initial quick response for rapid recognition and elimination of pathogens, as opposed to the adaptive immune system, which has evolved to provide a more definitive and finely tuned response. The common central feature of both of these systems is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The recognition of non-self or ‘foreign’ pathogens and the subsequent immune response is orchestrated by a whole range of cells and soluble (humoral) factors in both innate and adaptive immune systems.

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27

Scholle, Carol Curio. Rapid Response Team Organization and Activation (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0002.

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The Rapid Response System (RRS) is organized into four basic components. These components include an activation limb, a response limb, a quality assurance infrastructure, and an administrative component. These components remain consistent despite campus size, physical layout, patient population, available technical resources, and personnel. Oversight of the RRS is provided by the patient safety, risk management experts, as well as clinical experts to maintain high quality of care delivered to acutely ill patients. Administrative support in the development of policy, allocation of resources, and communicating a strong and clear message regarding the mission and vision of the RRS is invaluable. In this chapter, we review each element of the RRS.

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28

Inamori, Kazuo. Amoeba Management: The Dynamic Management System for Rapid Market Response. Productivity Press, 2012.

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29

Inamori, Kazuo. Amoeba Management: The Dynamic Management System for Rapid Market Response. Productivity Press, 2012.

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30

Hurd, Peter D., Stephenie Lukas, and Ardis Hanson. Emergency Preparedness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0014.

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Pharmacists, and pharmacy students, normally have a limited exposure to the principles and structures of emergency management necessary to help coordinate effective and rapid responses. However, pharmacists’ work in disaster preparedness has taken many focuses. Community pharmacists develop emergency preparedness manuals, organize health-system pharmacy teams to respond to terrorism attacks, and identify essential actions for effective emergency response. This chapter focuses on the US health care system and emergency preparedness within its borders, starting with basic terminology and concepts and then moving onto the key components of U.S. National Response Frameworks and the role of pharmacists in the Frameworks and larger emergency preparedness and planning efforts.

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31

Tahseen, Muhammad, and Richard L. Simmons. Evolution and Evidence for Rapid Response Teams (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0001.

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A rapid response system (RRS) is a program designed to respond in a timely, organized, and comprehensive manner to a patient’s urgent unmet medical need within a healthcare facility. The goals of the rapid response team (RRT) are to restore homeostasis, prevent further physiologic deterioration, and establish an optimal environment of care. RRTs are now in widespread use in the US because of the Joint Commission’s national patient safety goals, which required that healthcare organizations improve recognition and response to changes in a patient’s condition. Recent meta-analyses have now concluded that RRT is effective in reducing the incidence of cardiac arrests within hospitals. There is still controversy, however, on the impact of RRT on ultimate clinical outcomes, including mortality. In this chapter, we review the history and evolution of RRTs, rationale for its existence, its impact on patient outcomes, and current controversies.

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32

Painter, Lisa M., Cheryl Janov, and Richard L. Simmons. Patient Safety and Quality Improvement (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0034.

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Patients expect safe accountable care from their healthcare providers. Quality is doing the right thing, in the right way, at the right time, for the right reason, and to the right person. A number of governmental and non-governmental organizations have emerged to set standards for quality and safety. Rapid response systems (RRSs) are an important part of safety structure and this chapter aims to provide a basic understanding of the patient safety and quality movement, medical error and adverse events, and the role of the rapid response team (RRT) in identifying and reporting threats to patient safety. It offers a brief introduction of just culture, disclosure, and second victim.

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33

Hourdequin, Marion. The Ethics of Ecosystem Management. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.40.

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Ecosystem management is an integrative, systems-based approach developed in response to the inadequacy of land management strategies centered on single species or resources such as timber. Contemporary ecosystem management acknowledges the dynamism of natural systems, need for ongoing adaptive learning, and importance of citizen engagement, especially in managing public lands. However, ecosystem management faces both conceptual and ethical challenges. Core concepts—such as ecosystem, stability, health, and resilience—remain difficult to define and operationalize. In addition, rapid directional changes in ecological systems have destabilized the use of historical baselines for management. One response to this challenge is to seek new moorings in an “ecosystem services” approach, focused on the role of ecological systems in supporting human interests and needs. Although ecosystem management began as a way to broaden beyond a focus on maximizing yields of particular resources, ecosystem services approaches may—ironically—reintroduce reductionistic tendencies that thwart this original goal.

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34

E, Griffin Russell, Ackerson M. A, and United States. Bureau of Mines, eds. Rapid response pneumatic fire detection for multilevel metal mines: System design and in-mine testing. Pgh [Pittsburgh], PA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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35

Askenazy, Philippe, and Bruno Palier. France. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0006.

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This chapter describes France as apparently one of the few rich countries to have avoided a significant increase in income inequality in recent decades. However, stable average inequalities mask an asymmetric trend of income between age groups, the elderly improving their situation while the young see theirs worsening. Furthermore, it shows that behind this relatively still surface, a general trend of precarization of more and more ordinary workers is occurring. The importance of wage-setting processes and of regulation of the labour market is brought out, together with the way the tax and transfer systems have operated, in restraining the forces driving inequality upwards. Wage growth, while limited, has thus been reasonably uniform across the distribution and together with the redistributive system have kept household income inequality within bounds. However, in response to high unemployment both regulatory and tax–transfer systems have served to underpin the very rapid growth in precarious working over the last decade, representing a very serious challenge for policy.

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36

Tse, Jeanie, and Serena Yuan Volpp, eds. A Case-Based Approach to Public Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.001.0001.

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Expert public psychiatrists use case studies to share best practice strategies in this clinically oriented introduction to community mental health. Today, the majority of psychiatrists work with people who suffer not only from mental illness but also from poverty, trauma, social isolation, and discrimination. Psychiatrists cannot do this work alone but, instead, are part of teams of behavioral health workers navigating larger health care and social service systems. In an increasingly complex health care environment, mental health clinicians need to master systems-based practice in order to provide optimal care to their patients. The rapid development of public psychiatry training programs is a response to the learning needs of psychiatrists in an evolving system. This book begins with seven foundational principles of public psychiatry—recovery, trauma-informed care, integrated care, cultural humility, harm reduction, systems of care, and financing care—using cases to bring these concepts to life. Then, using a population health framework, cases are used to explore the typical needs of different age groups or vulnerable populations and to illustrate evidence-based/best practices that have been employed to meet these needs. Common to all of the chapters is a focus on the potential of each person, regardless of illness, to achieve personal goals, supported by a clinician who is also an advocate, activist, and leader.

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37

Eljaafari, Assia, and Pierre Miossec. Cellular side of acquired immunity (T cells). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0049.

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The adaptive T-cell response represents the most sophisticated component of the immune response. Foreign invaders are recognized first by cells of the innate immune system. This leads to a rapid and non-specific inflammatory response, followed by induction of the adaptive and specific immune response. Different adaptive responses can be promoted, depending on the predominant effector cells that are involved, which themselves depend on the microbial/antigen stimuli. As examples, Th1 cells contribute to cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, Th2 cells protect against parasites, and Th17 cells act against extracellular bacteria and fungi that are not cleared by Th1 and Th2 cells. Among the new subsets, Th22 cells protect against disruption of epithelial layers secondary to invading pathogens. Finally these effector subsets are regulated by regulatory T cells. These T helper subsets counteract each other to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system, but this balance can be easily disrupted, leading to chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases. The challenge is to detect early changes in this balance, prior to its clinical expression. New molecular tools such as microarrays could be used to determine the predominant profile of the immune effector cells involved in a disease process. Such understanding should provide better therapeutic tools to counteract deregulated effector cells.

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38

Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Emergency medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0006.

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Emergency medicine is a dynamic discipline encompassing critical and acute care for the complete spectrum of health problems. The specialty continues to adapt, in response to external pressures arising from increasing demand, demographic changes, service reconfigurations, and political contrivances. These developments, combined with the prodigious volume of patients attending emergency departments, offer a rich potential for research. Although the field of emergency medicine initially developed slowly outside of America, studies are now regularly conducted and result in a powerful impact on patient care. Emergencies occur at all ages, in diverse body systems, and with undifferentiated presentations. The challenge of reaching accurate early diagnoses and instigating rapid effective treatments in these divergent conditions mandates a broad research approach comprising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic studies. This chapter collates research papers reflecting these diverse methods and representing groundbreaking studies which have shaped modern emergency medicine practice.

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39

Bittner, Edward A., and Shawn P. Fagan. The host response to trauma and burns in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0304.

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Following severe traumatic injury, patients enter a state of immune dysregulation consisting of both exaggerated inflammation and immune suppression. Traditionally, the host response has been viewed as an early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed temporally by a compensatory anti-inflammatory or immune-suppressive response syndrome (CARS). While this paradigm has been widely accepted across both medical and scientific fields, recent advances have challenged this concept. The Glue grant investigators recently characterized both the initial inflammatory response to injury and the dynamic evolving recovery process. They found: (1) severe injury produces a rapid (< 12 hours) genomic reprioritization in which 80% of the leukocyte transcriptome is altered; (2) similarities in gene expression patterns between different injuries reveal an apparently fundamental response to severe inflammatory stress, which is far more common than different; (3) alterations in the expression of classical inflammatory and anti-inflammatory as well as adaptive immunity genes occur simultaneously, not sequentially after severe injury; (4) the temporal nature of the current SIRS/CARS paradigm is not supported at the level of the leukocyte transcriptome. Complications are not associated with genomic evidence of a ‘second hit’ and differ only in the magnitude and duration of this genomic reprioritization. Furthermore, the delayed clinical recovery with organ injury is not associated with dramatic qualitative differences in the leukocyte transcriptome. Finally, poor correlation between human and rodent inflammatory genomic responses will alter how the host response is studied in the future.

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40

Dr, Guest Philip, Du Guerny J, Hsu Lee-Nah, and United Nations Development Programme. South East Asia HIV and Development Programme., eds. From early warning to development sector responses against HIV/AIDS epidemics: A summary of two Early Warning Rapid Response System workshops 13th-14th June 2002, Bangkok, Thailand and 16th October 2002, Kunming, China. Bangkok: UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme, 2003.

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41

Albert, Tyler J., and Erik R. Swenson. The blood cells and blood count. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0265.

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Blood is a dynamic fluid consisting of cellular and plasma components undergoing constant regeneration and recycling. Like most physiological systems, the concentrations of these components are tightly regulated within narrow limits under normal conditions. In the critically-ill population, however, haematological abnormalities frequently occur and are largely due to non-haematological single- or multiple-organ pathology. Haematopoiesis originates from the pluripotent stem cell, which undergoes replication, proliferation, and differentiation, giving rise to cells of the erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid series, as well as megakaryocytes, the precursors to platelets. The haemostatic system is responsible for maintaining blood fluidity and, at the same time, prevents blood loss by initiating rapid, localized, and appropriate blood clotting at sites of vascular damage. This system is complex, comprising both cellular and plasma elements, i.e. platelets, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, the natural intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of anticoagulation, and the vascular endothelium. A rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method of examining haematological disorders is the peripheral blood smear, which allows practitioners to assess the functional status of the bone marrow during cytopenic states. Red blood cells, which are primarily concerned with oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, have a normal lifespan of only 120 days and require constant erythropoiesis. White blood cells represent a summation of several circulating cell types, each deriving from the hematopoietic stem cell, together forming the critical components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Platelets are integral to haemostasis, and also aid our inflammatory and immune responses, help maintain vascular integrity, and contribute to wound healing.

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42

Medie, Peace A. Global Norms and Local Action. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922962.001.0001.

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When and why do states implement international women’s rights norms? Global Norms and Local Action is an examination of states’ responses to violence against women (VAW) in Africa and their implementation of the international women’s justice norm. Despite the presence of laws on various forms of VAW in most African countries, most victims face barriers to accessing justice through the criminal justice system. This problem is particularly acute in post-conflict countries. International organizations such as the United Nations and women’s rights advocates have, therefore, promoted the international women’s justice norm, which emphasizes the establishment of specialized mechanisms within the criminal justice sector to address VAW. With a focus on the response of the police to rape and intimate partner violence in post-conflict Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia, this book theorizes the United Nations’ and women’s movements’ influence on the implementation of the international women’s justice norm. It draws on over 300 interviews in both countries to demonstrate that high international and domestic pressures, combined with favorable political and institutional conditions, are key to the rapid establishment of specialized mechanisms within the police force and to how police officers respond to rape and intimate partner violence cases. It argues that despite significant weaknesses, specialized mechanisms have improved women’s access to justice. The book concludes with a discussion of why a holistic approach to addressing VAW is needed.

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43

Holmes, Jonathan, and Philipp Hoelzmann. The Late Pleistocene-Holocene African Humid Period as Evident in Lakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.531.

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From the end of the last glacial stage until the mid-Holocene, large areas of arid and semi-arid North Africa were much wetter than present, during the interval that is known as the African Humid Period (AHP). During this time, large areas were characterized by a marked increase in precipitation, an expansion of lakes, river systems, and wetlands, and the spread of grassland, shrub land, and woodland vegetation into areas that are currently much drier. Simulations with climate models indicate that the AHP was the result of orbitally forced increase in northern hemisphere summer insolation, which caused the intensification and northward expansion of the boreal summer monsoon. However, feedbacks from ocean circulation, land-surface cover, and greenhouse gases were probably also important.Lake basins and their sediment archives have provided important information about climate during the AHP, including the overall increases in precipitation and in rates, trajectories, and spatial variations in change at the beginning and the end of the interval. The general pattern is one of apparently synchronous onset of the AHP at the start of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial around 14,700 years ago, although wet conditions were interrupted by aridity during the Younger Dryas stadial. Wetter conditions returned at the start of the Holocene around 11,700 years ago covering much of North Africa and extended into parts of the southern hemisphere, including southeastern Equatorial Africa. During this time, the expansion of lakes and of grassland or shrub land vegetation over the area that is now the Sahara desert, was especially marked. Increasing aridity through the mid-Holocene, associated with a reduction in northern hemisphere summer insolation, brought about the end of the AHP by around 5000–4000 years before present. The degree to which this end was abrupt or gradual and geographically synchronous or time transgressive, remains open to debate. Taken as a whole, the lake sediment records do not support rapid and synchronous declines in precipitation and vegetation across the whole of North Africa, as some model experiments and other palaeoclimate archives have suggested. Lake sediments from basins that desiccated during the mid-Holocene may have been deflated, thus providing a misleading picture of rapid change. Moreover, different proxies of climate or environment may respond in contrasting ways to the same changes in climate. Despite this, there is evidence of rapid (within a few hundred years) termination to the AHP in some regions, with clear signs of a time-transgressive response both north to south and east to west, pointing to complex controls over the mid-Holocene drying of North Africa.

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44

Kortgen, Andreas, and Michael Bauer. Hepatic function in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0175.

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The liver with its parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells plays a key role in the organism with manifold functions of metabolism, synthesis, detoxification, excretion, and host response. This requires a portfolio of different tests to obtain an overview of hepatic function. In the critically ill hepatic dysfunction is common and potentially leading to extrahepatic organ dysfunctions culminating in multi-organ failure. Conventional laboratory measures are used to evaluate hepatocellular damage, cholestasis, or synthesis. They provide valuable (differential) diagnostic data and can yield prognostic information in chronic liver diseases, especially when used in scoring systems such as the ‘model for end-stage liver disease’. However, they have short-comings in the critically ill in assessing rapid changes in hepatic function and liver blood flow. In contrast, dynamic quantitative liver function tests measure current liver function with respect to the ability to eliminate and/or metabolize a specific substance. In addition, they are dependent on sinusoidal blood flow. Liver function tests have prognostic significance in the critically ill and may be used to guide therapy.

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45

Thaler, Gregory. The Twenty-First Century Agricultural Land Rush. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.017.

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The 2007–2008 global food crisis has been followed by a rapid acceleration in large-scale agricultural land deals, which activists have labeled a “global land grab.” This chapter explores the origins of this twenty-first century agricultural land rush, its geography, and the responses it has engendered. The origins of the land rush are located in interlinked food, financial, and ecological crises that are indicative of fundamental shifts in the global political economy. In response to these crises, land grabbing represents an effort to reconstruct a stable political-economic order, both on the part of investment capital seeking to relaunch accumulation and on the part of political actors and companies seeking to secure stable supplies of food and energy. The geography of the land rush is analyzed through the interrelated variables of land availability, the structural position of a country in the global economy, and a country’s domestic institutional structure. Finally, the main theoretical positions in the debate over land deals are linked to distinct political responses. The real historical significance of the structural changes behind the agricultural land rush suggests that the implications of the land rush will be both durable and systemic.

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46

Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Wal-Mart: Walton’s Made in America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0005.

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This chapter describes Walton’s use of all six rational methods as founder and developer of the largest retail corporation in the US: the Wal-Mart corporation. In the 1960s his rapid and innovative adaptive response to the rise of discount retailing became an innovative expansion system. Further, Walton’s use of diverse and institutionalized deliberation led to the pioneering use of technology which enabled such rapid expansion. This technology included computerization and a satellite-based communication system. Walton emphasized both quantitative and strategic calculation: cost-reduction was his overarching ‘grand’ strategy which included a specialized labour-relations strategy. The fourth section highlights Walton’s use of learning, in various forms and contexts, as an additional, seventh rational method. A final section examines how learning was used by a different leader, in a different country and a different industry: Marcel Dassault’s establishing of an aircraft-manufacturing corporation in France.

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Dyer, Robert A., Michelle J. Arcache, and Eldrid Langesaeter. The aetiology and management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0023.

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The management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery remains a challenge for anaesthesiologists. Close control of maternal haemodynamics is of great importance for maternal and fetal safety, as well as maternal comfort. Haemodynamic responses to spinal anaesthesia are influenced by aortocaval compression, the baricity and dose of local anaesthetic and opioid employed, the rational use of fluids, and the goal-directed use of vasopressors. The most common response to spinal anaesthesia is hypotension and an increased heart rate, which reflects a decreased systemic vascular resistance and a partial compensatory increase in cardiac output. Phenylephrine is therefore the vasopressor of choice in this scenario. Less commonly, hypotension and bradycardia may occur, possibly due to the activation of cardiac reflexes. This requires anticholinergics and/or ephedrine. The rarest occurrences are persistent refractory hypotension, or high spinal block with respiratory failure. Special considerations include patients with severe pre-eclampsia, in whom spinal anaesthesia is associated with haemodynamic stability, and less hypotension than in the healthy patient. Careful use of neuraxial anaesthesia in specialized centres has an important role to play in the management of patients with cardiac disease, in conjunction with careful monitoring. Prevention is better than cure, but should hypotension occur, rapid intervention is essential, based upon the exact clinical scenario and individual haemodynamic response.

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Smith, Richard, and David Lynch. Case Studies in Educational Leadership and Innovation. Primrose Hall: London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53333/prhpg/280208.

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This book case studies schools and universities, in Australia and elsewhere, as they respond to changes in society and the economy that are generated by the Knowledge Economy. Chapters by academics, scholars and community leaders unravel the circumstances of education and provide an analysis of an education system struggling to find its way in a period of rapid social movement. To illustrate their ideas, chapter authors offer examples of innovations and the logistics necessary to change the current system of education in school, community and university levels.

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Scholle, Carol Curio. Hospital Policy (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0032.

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Establishing a successful rapid response system (RRS) requires policy and procedure that supports the system. The purpose of the policy is to outline organizational resources, process of care for patients, employees, and other non-hospitalized persons who experience a crisis or life-threatening circumstance while on the hospital campus. The policy should define the scope of the system, provide definition for terminology associated with the team, define the types of emergencies that will be addressed by the team, and any special circumstances to be considered. The associated procedure should provide detail on all aspects of the system including the criteria for calling the team, responsibilities of team personnel, and identification of any necessary specialty resources and equipment and how to access them. In this chapter, we will explore the elements of creating a policy, detailing a corresponding procedure, establishing and maintaining competence of the team, and monitoring quality of the RRS.

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Krause, Andreas, and Volker Fingerle. Lyme borreliosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0101.

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Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multisystem infectious disease caused by the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The most frequent clinical manifestations include erythema migrans, meningoplyneuritis, and arthritis. Diagnosis of LB is made on clinical grounds and usually supported by a positive serology. Early diagnosis and treatment almost always leads to a rapid healing of the disease. However, in late manifestations gradual remission of symptoms may take several weeks to months. In rare cases, the pathogen can persist for many years or induce a persisting immunopathological response that may cause acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, chronic neuroborreliosis of the central nervous system, or antibiotic resistant Lyme arthritis. However, even these chronic manifestations usually slowly regress after thorough antibiotic and symptomatic therapy, although in part with irreversible organ defects.

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Books on the topic 'Rapid response systems'

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