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Books on the topic 'Rapier Mechanism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

United States. Bureau of Land Management. Jarbidge Resource Area. Briefing paper: Accelerated erosion resulting from irrigation of the Bell Rapids Farm Project. Bureau of Land Management, Jarbidge Resource Area, Boise District], 1986.

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2

Center, Lewis Research, ed. The mathematical modeling of rapid solidification processing. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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3

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. The mathematical modeling of rapid solidification processing. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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4

Zenkina, Elena, and Yuriy Begma. Towards a new paradigm of the global economy. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2084109.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the transformation of the principles and mechanism of international economic cooperation between countries, understanding the goals and objectives of economic activity caused by the rapid entry into the life of humanity of humanitarian spheres of activity.Based on extensive material, the conceptual problems of the neoclassical model of economics are analyzed, the purpose of economic activity and the criterion of its effectiveness are revealed, and the evolution of capital in modern social production is shown. Forecasts of the development of the world ec

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5

Gupta, Joyeeta, Barbara Hogenboom, Arthur Rempel, and Malin Olofsson. Leaving Fossil Fuels Underground. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048560370.

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How can the world move away from a century-old global system based on fossil fuels? And how can societies in the Global South and Global North overcome the deeply vested economic, financial and political interests of the fossil fuel system? Despite the alarming effects of climate change and three decades of international climate negotiations, industrialized countries continue to exploit new fossil fuel reserves. Many countries in the Global South follow suit and still engage in large new fossil fuel projects and their related pollution, social injustice and debts. Increasingly, however, social

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6

Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization of society: An investigation into the changing character of contemporary social life. Pine Forge Press, 1993.

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7

Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization of society: An investigation into the changing character of contemporary social life. Pine Forge Press, 1996.

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8

Schwartz, Bennett L. Tip-Of-the-tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.

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9

Schwartz, Bennett L. Tip-Of-the-tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.

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10

Schwartz, Bennett L. Tip-Of-the-tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.

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11

Schwartz, Bennett L. Tip-of-the-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.

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12

Schwartz, Bennett L. Tip-Of-The-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Psychology Press, 2012.

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13

Schwartz, Bennett L. Tip-Of-the-tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.

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14

Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.

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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can pr

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15

Chu, Brian C., Andrea B. Temkin, and Kristin Toffey. Transdiagnostic Mechanisms and Treatment for Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.10.

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Transdiagnostic approaches promise robust conceptualizations of pathology and efficient and generalizable treatments by providing researchers with a novel way to integrate basic science, treatment research, and developmental psychopathology. It has inspired innovations in treatment development by distilling the most powerful treatment components from our library of evidence-based treatments. Transdiagnostic approaches have proved especially appealing in the youth domain given high rates of comorbidity and rapid developmental change. The chapter begins with an introduction to transdiagnostic co

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16

Medie, Peace A. Global Norms and Local Action. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922962.001.0001.

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When and why do states implement international women’s rights norms? Global Norms and Local Action is an examination of states’ responses to violence against women (VAW) in Africa and their implementation of the international women’s justice norm. Despite the presence of laws on various forms of VAW in most African countries, most victims face barriers to accessing justice through the criminal justice system. This problem is particularly acute in post-conflict countries. International organizations such as the United Nations and women’s rights advocates have, therefore, promoted the internatio

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17

Tip-of-the-tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001.

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18

Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Receptor and Enzyme Mechanisms as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0005.

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In this chapter, the current understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption on the brain and nervous system are presented. Because the overwhelming majority of mechanistic studies on EDCs have focused on the actions mediated by nuclear hormone receptors, this mechanisms is described in detail. The chapter also discusses the classic transcriptional mechanisms of steroid action and the impact of EDCs on rapid signaling (non-genomic) mechanisms. It presents an overview of the enzymes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, which are critical to proper functioning o

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19

Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure: epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051.

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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4-7%, a 2-3-month post-discharge mortality of 7-11%, and a 2-3-month readmission rate of 25-30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and

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20

Biewener, Andrew A., and Shelia N. Patek, eds. Jumping, Climbing and Suspensory Locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.003.0007.

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Jumping, climbing and suspensory locomotion are specialized locomotor mechanisms used on land and in the air. Jumping is used for rapid launches from substrates. Climbing and suspensory movements enable locomotion up, under and through vertically-structured habitats, such as forests. Elastic energy storage is particularly important for jumping and catapult systems and we address the core concepts of power amplification that are exemplified in nature’s extreme jumpers. We examine the diverse mechanisms of attachment that characterize animals that can grasp and adhere to a diversity of structure

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Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: hormone and cytokine treatments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0007.

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The antidepressant and neuroprotective effects of oestradiol are described. Psychiatric consequences of oophorectomy, and treatment with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, are then discussed. Androgen-deprivation therapy has temporary effects on cognitive function and mood that reflect the distribution of androgen receptors in the brain. The rapid-onset adverse psychiatric effects of high-dose glucocorticoids are presented (including ‘steroid psychosis’) and a novel, non-genomic molecular mechanism highlighted. In contrast, the depressive effect of chronic glucocorticoid use is then considere

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Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie Fallon. Cancer-induced bone pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0132.

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Bone is the third most common site of metastatic disease, after liver and lung, with approximately 75% of these patients suffering from related pain. Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a major clinical problem, with limited options for predictable, rapid, and effective treatment for some of the elements without unacceptable adverse effects. Our understanding of how current therapy acts is based mainly on studies in non-cancer pain syndromes, which are likely to be quite different, not only in clinical presentation, but also in terms of pathophysiology. It can be difficult to study the specific

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23

Gazzaniga, Michael S., ed. The Cognitive Neurosciences. 4th ed. The MIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8029.001.0001.

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The fourth edition of the work that defines the field of cognitive neuroscience, offering completely new material. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically

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24

McKenna, James T., and Robert W. McCarley. Introduction to basic science. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0001.

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This chapter briefly reviews recent basic research advances in the understanding of the neural circuitry and physiology involved in vigilance state regulation (wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement, and rapid eye movement sleep), as well as some posited functions of sleep. Basic sleep research has exploded exponentially in the last half-century owing to advances in neuroanatomical, pharmacological, electrophysiological, molecular, and genetic techniques. Sleep disorders, of either primary etiology or concomitant to psychiatric and neurological disease, are increasingly recognized as major public

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25

Nestler, Eric J. New Approaches for Treating Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0030.

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Several obstacles have impeded the introduction of new antidepressant medications over the past six decades. These obstacles include our still rudimentary knowledge of the biological basis of depression, as well as difficulties in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of new putative antidepressant mechanisms in pathophysiologically distinct subtypes of the syndrome. Despite these obstacles, several tangible steps can be taken to advance depression treatment moving forward. The field needs to continue to take advantage of serendipitous discoveries in humans, such as the demonstration of rapid an

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Carmeliet, Peter, Guy Eelen, and Joanna Kalucka. Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0008.

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Higher organisms have a cardiovascular circulatory system with blood vessels to supply vital nutrients and oxygen to distant tissues. It is therefore not surprising that vascular disorders are leading causes of mortality. Understanding how new blood vessels form, creates opportunities to cure these life-threatening diseases. After birth, growth of blood vessels mainly occurs via two distinct mechanisms depending on the initial trigger: angiogenesis (referred here as capillary sprouting) is induced primarily by hypoxia, whereas arteriogenesis (referred here as the rapid enlargement of pre-exist

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27

Poppinga, Simon, Ulrike Bauer, Thomas Speck, and Alexander G. Volkov. Motile traps. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0014.

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We review the biomechanics, functional morphology, and physiology of motile traps. The movements of snap traps in Aldrovanda and Dionaea, motile adhesive traps in Drosera and Pinguicula, and suction traps in Utricularia are driven by active water displacement processes leading to reversible turgor changes of motor cells, irreversible growth, or mechanical pre-stressing of tissues. In some cases, the motion is amplified by the release of elastic energy stored in these tissues. The only known case of a passive motile trapping movement is the ‘springboard’ trapping mechanism of Nepenthes gracilis

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28

Kreit, John W. Dynamic Hyperinflation and Intrinsic Positive End-Expiratory Pressure. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0010.

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Dynamic hyperinflation and intrinsic PEEP almost always occur in patients with severe obstructive lung disease, in whom slowing of expiratory flow prevents complete exhalation. Occasionally, patients without airflow obstruction develop dynamic hyperinflation when expiratory time, is excessively shortened by a rapid respiratory rate, a long set inspiratory time (TI), or both. Dynamic Hyperinflation and Intrinsic Positive End-Expiratory Pressure describes the causes of dynamic hyperinflation and the mechanisms of its adverse effects, including reduced cardiac output and blood pressure, pulmonary

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29

Ivanovitch, Roman. The Brilliant Style. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.0013.

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The brilliant style, described loosely by Leonard Ratner as rapid passages for virtuoso display, has been a mainstay of modern topic theory, often invoked in conjunction with the singing style to account for the basic contrastive mechanism of the classical style. This chapter explores some contextual bases for the topic, suggesting that eighteenth-century linguistic usage can offer useful nuance and proposing a topical home in the genre of the concerto. Illustrations relate to the concerto, aria, symphony, and quartet, and examine both keyboard and string virtuosity. At the heart of the brilli

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Krystal, John H., and Dennis S. Charney. Current Treatments for Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0031.

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Depression is among the most common and disabling medical disorders worldwide. Pharmacotherapy plays an important role in its treatment, although only half of all depressed patients show full remission with currently available therapies. This chapter reviews the most common pharmacotherapies with respect to their mechanisms of action, efficacy, tolerability, and safety. It also considers pharmacologic approaches to treatment-resistant symptoms of depression including adjunctive pharmacotherapies and the emerging rapid-acting antidepressants. An important focus of current research is to devise

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Noll, Steven. Institutions for People with Disabilities in North America. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.19.

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The institution or asylum in North America was established as a mechanism for confining, controlling, and containing groups of individuals classified and labeled as mentally ill or intellectually disabled and defined as deviant, defective, or delinquent. These congregate facilities, established both for the protection of the individuals housed there and for the simultaneous protection of society from those same people, developed into massive structures designed to accommodate thousands of residents/patients/inmates. The rationale behind the rapid rise of the institution throughout the nineteen

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32

James, Philip. Human biology and the urban environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0011.

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Climate change and the rapid movement of people and goods over great distances are changing global disease patterns. Human health and well-being are also being adversely affected by the absence of biodiverse, vegetation-rich green spaces. The human body adapts poorly to urban life. The result is ill health. A typology of interactions (intentional, incidental, and indirect) between people and nature is set out. Similarly, benefits of contact with nature in terms of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social factors. The emergent central mechanism linking urban environments to ill healt

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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Rare event simulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0010.

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The development of techniques to simulate infrequent events has been an area of rapid progress in recent years. In this chapter, we shall discuss some of the simulation techniques developed to study the dynamics of rare events. A basic summary of the statistical mechanics of barrier crossing is followed by a discussion of approaches based on the identification of reaction coordinates, and those which seek to avoid prior assumptions about the transition path. The demanding technique of transition path sampling is introduced and forward flux sampling and transition interface sampling are conside

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34

Bhole, Malini. Functions of the immune system. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0293.

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This chapter reviews the functions of the immune system, which has evolved to provide a defence mechanism against microbial challenges, and is divided into two main branches, innate and adaptive. In addition, there are physical and chemical barriers, including skin, mucous membrane, mucous secretions, saliva, and various enzymes, and these contribute to the first line of defence against pathogens. The innate immune system provides the initial quick response for rapid recognition and elimination of pathogens, as opposed to the adaptive immune system, which has evolved to provide a more definiti

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Mazer, Jeffrey, and Mitchell M. Levy. Policies, bundles, and protocols in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0017.

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Recently, the medicine community has been driven to think about patient safety in new ways, and with this new found interest in patient safety, large health care systems and individual institutions have been forced to develop mechanisms to track and measure performance. There is ample evidence that physicians and systems can do better. The tools of this new craft include checklists, protocols, guidelines, and bundles. These tools help to decrease variability in care and enhance the translation of evidence-based medicine to bedside care. Ongoing measurement of both performance and clinical outc

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Webster, Jessica Lynn, and Marco Vignuzzi. Viral evolution and impact for public health strategies in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0007.

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Viruses, the simplest organisms, obligate parasites that encode structural proteins and replicative functions requiring the cellular machinery of the host to ensure their propagation. Viruses are masters of evolution. An analysis of infectious diseases emerging since the 1980s revealed that most were caused by viruses, especially those with RNA genomes. New viral emergences are generally the result of intrinsic changes in the genetics of the virus to increase transmission, virulence or host range, and environmental or ecological changes that favor contacts between viruses and humans or other h

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37

Tseng, Hua-an, Richie E. Kohman, and Xue Han. Optogenetics and Electrophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0009.

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Throughout the history of neuroscience, electrophysiological and imaging techniques have been utilized to observe neural signals at various spatial and temporal scales. However, it has been difficult to manipulate the activity of specific cells or neural circuits with the spatial and temporal resolutions relevant to neural coding. A novel technique called optogenetics, has recently been developed to control the activity of specific cells. This technique allows rapid and reversible optical activation or silencing of specific cells, which have been genetically transduced with light-sensitive mol

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Barker, J. Craig. In Praise of a Self-Contained Regime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0003.

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This chapter is dedicated to the challenges which the VCDR, fifty years into its existence, faces in a world marked by a globalized economy and rapid technological developments. The author reflects on new diplomatic processes which have emerged through the creation of governmental and non-governmental institutions and on notions such as collaborative, public, and cultural diplomacy which have challenged accepted understandings of the role and functions of traditional diplomacy. Barker also explores the fact that international law itself is changing from a system regulating co-existing sovereig

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McNamara Barry, Carolyn, Stephanie D. Madsen, and Alyssa DeGrace. Growing Up with a Little Help from their Friends in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.008.

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Friendships are vital to emerging adults’ adjustment due to the rapid changes that come during this decade (e.g., leaving their families of origin, delaying adult roles of marriage and parenthood). Indeed, friends are often central to emerging adults’ lives and can afford immeasurable support as they tackle developmental tasks, such as identity. This chapter reviews the literature on the types (same vs. opposite sex vs. friends with benefits), formation processes, and qualities of emerging adults’ friendships. The authors discuss variations in friendships as a function of gender, sexual orient

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40

Mitchell, Karen J. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Source Monitoring. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.2.

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Source monitoring is a metamemory function that includes processes for encoding and organizing the content of memories, and processes that selectively revive, cumulate, and evaluate that content in the service of making attributions about the origin of the information (e.g., perception vs imagination). Neuroimaging techniques, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are encouraging rapid developments in understanding the neural mechanisms supporting source monitoring. This chapter reviews current findings, placing them in historical context. It highlights key issues of particu

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Haunton, Victoria, Aung Sett, Amit Mistri, and Martin Fotherby. Stroke. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0227.

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The World Health Organization defines stroke as ‘a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting greater than 24 hours (or leading to death) with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin’. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is defined as a rapid presentation of neurological deficit with complete recovery within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. However, the 24-hour cut-off is arbitrary, has no biological basis, and is of limited use clinically. A shorter duration is now regarded as more appropria

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Montgomery, Jr, Erwin B. Deep Brain Stimulation Programming. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.001.0001.

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This second edition of the book continues the basic premise that a thorough knowledge of the mechanisms by which neurons respond to electrical stimulation, how to control the stimulation and the regional anatomy allows the Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) programmer to effectively and efficiently help patients reach optimal control of their disorder. There are a great many variables that influence the patient’s response to DBS, such as the exact nature of the patient’s individual symptoms and disabilities and the variability of the surgical placement of stimulating leads. The complexity has expand

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Avilez, GerShun. The Demands on Reproduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040122.003.0004.

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This chapter tracks how artists investigate the discourse of reproduction not simply to explore dual meanings, but rather to consider how the politicized concept of reproduction functions as a contested means for conveying gender identity. In her painted quilt sequence The Slave Rape Series, Faith Ringgold uses reproduction to establish a visual interrogation of Black gender identity and to probe the implications of the commitment to reproductive paradigms. Her paintings of the pregnant body create the opportunity to recast the images circulating in political discourse, which favor restrictive

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Moghaddam, Fathali M. How Globalization Spurs Terrorism. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400666612.

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This book explores modern Islamic terrorism in the context of globalization and cultural evolution. 21st century terrorism is different and new, first because it relies heavily on electronic communication systems and other aspects of modern technologies, and second, because it is in large part a product of fractured globalization, with its associated threats to the collective identity of Muslims. Part one of this work contrasts globalization as an ideal with globalization as it is actually taking place, with its enormous contradictions and threats. Moghaddam, a longtime and highly respected te

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Wiersinga, W. Joost, and Tom van der Poll. The host response to infection in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0303.

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Infection continues to be a leading cause of intensive care unit death. The host response to infection can be seen as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated dysregulation of the immune system following pathogen invasion in which a careful balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is vital. A measured and rapid response to microbial invasion is essential to health. The same immunological and coagulation systems that protect against localized infection can act to our disadvantage when these systems are activated systemically during generalized microbial infection. Toll-

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Sung, Johnny, and Arwen Raddon. Approaches to Skills in the Asian Developmental States. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.24.

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The developmental state model was proposed in the early 1990s as a better means of understanding the mechanisms underlying the rapid growth of the Asian Tiger economies, when compared to classic economic models. The national skills systems of South Korea and Singapore are examined in order to consider how the Asian developmental state approach has worked in practice. It is shown that, whilst the state identifies and firmly guides the direction of economic development, the market plays a fundamental role in the concrete delivery of long-term economic objectives. Within this approach, education

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Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts. The Propaganda Feedback Loop. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0003.

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This chapter presents a model of the interaction of media outlets, politicians, and the public with an emphasis on the tension between truth-seeking and narratives that confirm partisan identities. This model is used to describe the emergence and mechanics of an insular media ecosystem and how two fundamentally different media ecosystems can coexist. In one, false narratives that reinforce partisan identity not only flourish, but crowd-out true narratives even when these are presented by leading insiders. In the other, false narratives are tested, confronted, and contained by diverse outlets a

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48

Ho, Vanessa P., and Philip S. Barie. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0188.

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) may occur in surgical or injured, critically-ill, and systemically-ill patients, with diabetes mellitus, malignant disease, abdominal vasculitis, congestive heart failure, cholesterol embolization, shock, and cardiac arrest. Children may also be affected, especially following a viral illness. The pathogenesis of AAC is complex and multifactorial. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury and the associated pro-inflammatory response and oxidative tissue stress, appear to be the central mechanisms, but bile stasis, opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation, and parent

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Clarke, Andrew. Temperature regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0009.

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For many organisms there is a fitness advantage to being warm. Many organisms use behavioural thermoregulation to maintain a high body temperature during the day, basking in the sun to warm up and retreating to the shade to avoid overheating. This option is not open to most aquatic organisms, or those living in soil or sediment. It is also generally not possible for small or nocturnal organisms. A small number of active predatory fish utilise a counter-current heat exchanger (rete mirabile) to retain metabolic heat and warm their muscles, brain or eyes. A few have modified optical muscles as h

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Evangelista, Arturo, and T. González-Alujas. Diseases of the aorta. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0023.

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Abstract:

Evaluation of the aorta is a routine part of the standard echocardiographic examination, because echocardiography plays an important role both in the diagnosis and follow-up of aortic diseases. In particular, echocardiography is useful for assessing aorta size, biophysical properties, and atherosclerotic involvement of the thoracic aorta.Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) permits adequate assessment of several aortic segments, particularly the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) overcomes the limitations of TTE in thoracic aorta assessment, so TT

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