Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rare earth elements / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rare earth elements.

Journal articles on the topic 'Rare earth elements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 November 2024

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rare earth elements.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Djuraev, Davron Rakhmonovich, and Mokhigul Madiyorovna Jamilova. "Physical Properties Of Rare Earth Elements." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 01 (January 30, 2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue01-13.

Full text

Abstract:

The article studies the physical properties of rare earth metals, pays special attention to their unique properties, studies the main aspects of the application of rare earth metals in industry. Also, the structure and stability of various forms of sesquioxides of rare earth elements, in particular, europium, as well as the effect of the method of oxide preparation on its structure and properties are considered. The analysis of the ongoing phase transformations of rare earth metals is made. The article emphasizes the use of correct choices to achieve a large technical and economic effect when using rare earth metals in industry. The article is intended for teachers working in the field of physics and chemistry, as well as for students of the specialty "physics and chemistry".

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Mendéz, Camilo. "Rare (Earth) Elements." Revista Vórtex 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33871/23179937.2014.2.2.468.

Full text

Abstract:

Rare (Earth) Elements is a cycle of works for solo piano. The cycle was inspired by James Dillon's Book of Elements (Vol. I-V). The complete cycle will consist of 14 pieces; one for each selected rare (earth) element. The chosen elements are Neodymium, Erbium, Tellurium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Technetium, Indium, Dysprosium, Lanthanium, Cerium, Europium, Terbium, Yttrium and Darmstadtium. These elements were selected due to their special atomic properties that in many cases make them extremely valuable for the development of new technologies, and also because of their scarcity. To date, only 4 works have been completed Yttrium, Technetium, Indium and Tellurium.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Forgan, Ted, and Colin Greaves. "Rare-earth elements redundant." Nature 332, no. 6159 (March 1988): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332014a0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

RABER, LINDA R. "SEPARATING RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS." Chemical & Engineering News 77, no. 47 (November 22, 1999): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n047.p089.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Saito, Tetsuji, Hironori Sato, and Tetsuichi Motegi. "Recovery of rare earths from sludges containing rare-earth elements." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 425, no. 1-2 (November 2006): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.01.011.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Giacalone, Joseph A. "The Market For The "Not-So-Rare" Rare Earth Elements." Journal of International Energy Policy (JIEP) 1, no. 1 (May 3, 2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jiep.v1i1.7013.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the market for the Rare earth elements. These are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table which include 15 elements from the group known as lanthanides and two additional elements known as scandium and yttrium. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. The fact is that rare earth metals are not rare in terms of the quantity present in the earths crust. However, the metals are less concentrated than other more common metals and the extraction and separation processes necessitate high research and development costs and large capital outlays.The various applications of rare earth elements can be broadly classified into four major categories, namely: High Technology Consumer Products, Environmentally Friendly Products, Industrial and Medical Devices, and National Defense Systems. The demand for such high technology products is rapidly increasing causing a simultaneous upsurge in the demand for rare earth metals as well.On the supply side, China dominates the production rare earth elements, mining approximately 97% of total world production. Consequently, most countries must rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on the rare earth metals as raw materials. This near-monopoly imposes several supply-chain risks on the importing nations which are exploring ways to mitigate the potential economic harm associated with these risks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Gross, G. A. "The distribution of rare earth elements in iron-formations." Global Tectonics and Metallogeny 5, no. 1-2 (November 27, 1995): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/gtm/5/1995/63.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Shihua, Wang, Qin Li, Cao Baopeng, Wang Xiaodong, and Zhao Xinhua. "Valence determination of rare earth elements in rare earth iodides." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 181, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(92)90349-e.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Turner, Andrew, John W. Scott, and Lee A. Green. "Rare earth elements in plastics." Science of The Total Environment 774 (June 2021): 145405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145405.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Grigoryeva, L. S. "SYSTEMS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS." Scientific and Technical Volga region Bulletin 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24153/2079-5920-2018-8-1-28-32.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Kovarikova, M., I. Tomaskova, and P. Soudek. "Rare earth elements in plants." Biologia plantarum 63, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32615/bp.2019.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Hu, Zhengyi, Silvia Haneklaus, Gerd Sparovek, and Ewald Schnug. "Rare Earth Elements in Soils." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 37, no. 9-10 (June 2006): 1381–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620600628680.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

KORENEVSKY, ANTON A., VLADIMIR V. SOROKIN, and GREGORII KARAVAIKO. "Biosorption of Rare Earth Elements." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 19, no. 1 (January 1998): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509608962451.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Janicki, Rafał, Anna Mondry, and Przemysław Starynowicz. "Carboxylates of rare earth elements." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 340 (June 2017): 98–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2016.12.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Wackett, Lawrence P. "Microbes and rare earth elements." Environmental Microbiology Reports 6, no. 3 (May 5, 2014): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12170.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

de Boer, M. A., and K. Lammertsma. "Scarcity of Rare Earth Elements." ChemSusChem 6, no. 11 (September 5, 2013): 2045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200794.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, and Wei Lv. "Application of Rare Earth Elements in Lead-Free “Green Steel”." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.687.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, free cutting austenitic stainless steel containing rare earths was investigated. The machinability tests were conducted by using an YDC-Ⅲ85 dynamometer on a CA6164 lathe. The metallurgical properties, machinability and mechanical properties of lead-free “green steel” were compared with those of the conventional austenitic stainless steel. The results have shown that globular shape MnS inclusions were obtained, and rare earths elements were enwrapped in sulfides. The machinability of austenitic stainless steel containing sulfur and rare earth was improved. A satisfactory mechanical property was attributed to the formation of globular shape sulfides. Lead can be replaced by sulfur and rare earth, and environmentally undesirable substances can be eliminated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Ning, Yuantao. "Alloying and Strengthening Effects of Rare Earths in Palladium." Platinum Metals Review 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214002x463108115.

Full text

Abstract:

The effect of adding small amounts of rare earth elements to Palladium is to strengthen the Palladium. These strengthening effects are discussed here, based on known phase diagrams of Palladium-rare earths, Palladium-rare earth alloying behaviour and atomic (or ionic) size effects. The Solid solubilities of the rare earths in Palladium, transition temperatures of various intermediate phases and eutectic temperature in these systems are influenced by the ionic (or atomic) size of the rare earth elements. A parameter, Hs, the product of the relative difference in atomic weights and the relative difference in atomic radii, between a rare earth and Palladium is used to examine the Solid solution strengthening effects caused by dilute rare earths. The alloying behaviours of Palladium with the rare earths are very analogous, and could perhaps be used to predict alloying behaviour in some unexamined Palladium systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Giacalone, Joseph A., and Genai Greenidge. "China, The World Trade Organization, And The Market For Rare Earth Minerals." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 3 (February 19, 2013): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i3.7669.

Full text

Abstract:

Rare earth elements (also referred to as rare earth minerals, rare earth metals, green elements, rare earths or simply REEs) are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. On the supply side of the market, China is currently the largest producer of rare earth elements in the world, mining at least 90% of total world production. Consequently, many countries around the world rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on the rare earth metals as raw materials. With one supplier effectively monopolizing the rare earth industry, this imposes severe supply-chain risks to the producers of products that rely on rare earth minerals. After several actions that have restricted the supply, the United States, the European Union, and Japan have challenged China for violating provisions of its membership in the World Trade Organization. This paper will examine the rare earth industry, Chinas near-monopoly, global supply-chain risks, and strategies to reduce dependence on China, including the invocation of the WTOs dispute resolution process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Ortiz, Carlos Enrique Arroyo, and Elias Marques Viana Júnior. "Rare earth elements in the international economic scenario." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 4 (December 2014): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672014670162.

Full text

Abstract:

This article will focus on some relevant aspects of rare earths within the context of the mineral economy. It starts with a conceptual presentation of rare earths addressing both governmental actions, and the private sector. Then, briefly describes their chemical characteristics and their main applications. Finally, more emphasis will be given about some economic aspects: the supply chain structure, the mineral reserves, the production profile, the demand, supply and price analyses, both in the international and Brazilian contexts, and the exports and imports, highlighting China's participation in the rare earth market and concluding with the existence of a Chinese monopoly in the production of this product.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

DAS NEVES, Paulo Cesar Pereira, Darcson Vieira de Freitas, and Lavinel G. IONESCU. "INERALOGICAL ASPECTS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 18, no. 18 (December 20, 2010): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v18.n18.2010.40_2010.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Rare earth elements or rare earth metals are group elements including the fifteen lanthanides (Z=57 to Z=71). Scandium (Z=21) and Yttrium (Z=39) are considered rare-earth by IUPAC since they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and have similar chemical properties. The present article describes the mineralogical properties of the yttrium and the lanthanides. A total of two hundred and seventy-seven (277) minerals are known, the most common being monazites and bastnazites. Rare earth metals have many important industrial applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Hanchar, John M., Robert J. Finch, Paul W. O. Hoskin, E. Bruce Watson, Daniele J. Cherniak, and Anthony N. Mariano. "Rare earth elements in synthetic zircon: Part 1. Synthesis, and rare earth element and phosphorus doping." American Mineralogist 86, no. 5-6 (May 2001): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2001-5-607.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Aceto, Maurizio, Federica Bonello, Davide Musso, Christos Tsolakis, Claudio Cassino, and Domenico Osella. "Wine Traceability with Rare Earth Elements." Beverages 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4010023.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Nassar, N. T., Xiaoyue Du, and T. E. Graedel. "Criticality of the Rare Earth Elements." Journal of Industrial Ecology 19, no. 6 (March 1, 2015): 1044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12237.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Kramer, David. "Wanted: Non-Chinese rare-earth elements." Physics Today 71, no. 10 (October 2018): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4040.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Zanin, Yu N., and A. G. Zamirailova. "Rare earth elements in supergene phosphorites." Geochemistry International 47, no. 3 (March 2009): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016702909030069.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Jimenez-Reyes, M. "PIXE ANALYSIS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS." International Journal of PIXE 03, no. 02 (January 1993): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083593000124.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Palmer, M. R. "Rare earth elements in foraminifera tests." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 73, no. 2-4 (May 1985): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(85)90077-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Goldstein, Steven J., and Stein B. Jacobsen. "Rare earth elements in river waters." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 89, no. 1 (June 1988): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(88)90031-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Roitershtein, D. M., M. E. Minyaev, A. A. Mikhaylyuk, K. A. Lyssenko, I. V. Glukhov, and P. A. Belyakov. "Polyphenylcyclopentadienyl complexes of rare earth elements." Russian Chemical Bulletin 61, no. 9 (September 2012): 1726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-012-0238-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Fray, D. J. "CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: Separating Rare Earth Elements." Science 289, no. 5488 (September 29, 2000): 2295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5488.2295.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Engmann, Eugene, Luis Diaz Aldana, Tedd Lister, Abderrahman Atifi, and Kennalee Orme. "Electrochemical Immobilization of Rare Earth Elements." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 26 (October 9, 2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02261027mtgabs.

Full text

Abstract:

The reduction of rare earth elements (REE) such as Nd, Pr, and Dy to a stable metallic phase at low temperature is difficult due to the high reactivity of REEs. Non-aqueous electrolytes have been investigated due to their wider electrochemical window. While most work has focused on the cathodic reduction of REEs, little attention has been directed to the anode reaction. While not a focus of studies, the anticipated anode reaction is oxidation of the non-aqueous electrolyte. In this work, options for developing alternate anode reactions which do not degrade the electrolyte are being pursued as an alternate pathway of introducing REEs into non-aqueous electrolytes through an anodic reaction that could avoid degradation of the electrolyte. Investigations using electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry permit evaluation of various materials options.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Jowitt, Simon M., Timothy T. Werner, Zhehan Weng, and Gavin M. Mudd. "Recycling of the rare earth elements." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 13 (October 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ismael, I. S. "Rare earth elements in Egyptian phosphorites." Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 21, no. 1 (January 2002): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02838049.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Kosynkin, V. D., S. D. Moiseev, and V. S. Vdovichev. "Cleaning rare earth elements from actinium." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 225, no. 1-2 (July 1995): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)07132-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

McLemore, Virginia T., Robert M. North, and Shawn Leppert. "Rare-earth elements in New Mexico." New Mexico Geology 10, no. 2 (1988): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/nmg-v10n2.33.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Kastori, Rudolf, Marina Putnik-Delić, and Ivana Maksimović. "Rare earth elements application in agriculture." Acta agriculturae Serbica 28, no. 56 (2023): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aaser2356087k.

Full text

Abstract:

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of chemical elements that include lanthanides as well as scandium and yttrium. Today REEs are used in various industries, such as agriculture where they are used as micro fertilizers and feed additives, the latter being used in medicine as well. There is no indication that REEs might be essential for any form of life. At lower concentrations, they can favorably influence certain physiological processes of plants (enzyme activity, hormone content, photosynthesis, seed germination, plant growth, etc.). They may induce an increase in some antioxidant systems and thereby increase the tolerance of plants to environmental stressors caused by high concentrations of heavy metals, herbicides, lack of water and essential nutrients, UV radiation and oxidative stress. Thus, their favorable effect was documented regarding the yield of cultivated species as well as the effect of their chemical composition on the content of vitamin C, soluble sugars and essential elements, reduction of the concentration of toxic heavy metals, improvement of the quality of wheat kernel for different uses. REEs have been commonly used as feed additives in organic and inorganic forms in livestock production. The available literature on the use of REEs as feed additives in livestock suggests positive outcomes (affected various physiological processes, increase in milk, egg and meat production, promoted growth and reproductive performance), but further investigation and results are needed before extending their use to zootechnical purposes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Wiggering, Hubert. "Mobilisation and fractionation of rare earth elements during simulated Archean weathering." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1993, no. 2 (March 23, 1993): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1993/1993/111.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Von Seckendorff, Volker. "Detection limits of selected rare-earth elements in electron-probe microanalysis." European Journal of Mineralogy 12, no. 1 (February 7, 2000): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/12/1/0073.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Bienvenu, P., H. Bougault, J. L. Joron, and L. Omitriev. "Rare Earth and non Rare Earth magmaphile Elements: Fractionation during morb alteration." Chemical Geology 70, no. 1-2 (August 1988): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90641-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Müller, Maximilian A., Denis Schweizer, and Volker Seiler. "Wealth Effects of Rare Earth Prices and China’s Rare Earth Elements Policy." Journal of Business Ethics 138, no. 4 (August 6, 2015): 627–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2773-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

García, Adrián Carrillo, Mohammad Latifi, Ahmadreza Amini, and Jamal Chaouki. "Separation of Radioactive Elements from Rare Earth Element-Bearing Minerals." Metals 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111524.

Full text

Abstract:

Rare earth elements (REE), originally found in various low-grade deposits in the form of different minerals, are associated with gangues that have similar physicochemical properties. However, the production of REE is attractive due to their numerous applications in advanced materials and new technologies. The presence of the radioactive elements, thorium and uranium, in the REE deposits, is a production challenge. Their separation is crucial to gaining a product with minimum radioactivity in the downstream processes, and to mitigate the environmental and safety issues. In the present study, different techniques for separation of the radioactive elements from REE are reviewed, including leaching, precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion chromatography. In addition, the waste management of the separated radioactive elements is discussed with a particular conclusion that such a waste stream can be employed as a valuable co-product.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Lim, Sang Bum. "A review of the relationship between China’s weaponization of rare earth elements and Myanmar’s military coup." Korean Association of Area Studies 39, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.29159/kjas.39.4.3.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper deals with the history and recent trends of how China has weaponized rare earthelements, a strategic resource called Vitamins of high-tech industries. China is the world slargest producer and reserve of rare earths, and has pursued so-called ‘rare earth hegemony’against the United States and other competitors in terms of energy security. Using its superiorposition, rare earths have been used as leverage in disputes and negotiations against Japanand the United States. However, China s market share and influence in the global rare earthmarket have gradually declined due to domestic and foreign concerns over environmentalpollution in the process of rare earth production and the reorganization of the domestic rareearth industry. Instead of controlling the production of rare earth in the country, China needsa new source of rare earth. China early paid attention to Myanmar, a neighboring countryfacing the border and the largest resource rich country in southwest Asia. Myanmar rareearths were imported into China and exported back to the global market after refining. Myanmar quickly became China s largest importer of rare earth. China has maintainedfriendly relations through political and economic support, including the military, which hasruled Myanmar for a long time, as well as the civilian government, which emerged in 2015after democratization. Unlike Western countries, which criticized the military dictatorshipand the Rohingya crisis and imposed economic sanctions, China has always defended theMyanmar regime. In return, it has enjoyed various preferential treatment in raising resources,including rare earths. In particular, the military coup in Myanmar earlier this year was anopportunity for China. The military has used control over resources to secure black moneyfrom China, and China has condoned and virtually supported the coup caused by such amilitary. China, which has secured a stable supply of Myanmar s rare earth based on its closeties with the Myanmar military, is now actively weaponizing rare earths again.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Gann, Zachary. "The Hubbert Curve and Rare Earth Elements Production." International Review of Business and Economics 2, no. 2 (2018): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.2.2.4.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper intends to apply the Hubbert curve to the production of rare earth elements by the United States, China, and total global production. The goal of this research is to see if the production of rare earth elements follows the predicted production forecasted by the Hubbert curve and to observe if the curve can create usable predictions of future production. Global demand for rare earth elements has drastically increased in the modern era due to their unique properties. Global production has increased as well to meet this increased demand. Rare earth elements are a collection of seventeen chemical elements that are used in the production of advanced technologies. The demand for rare earth elements has increased in the modern era with new applications for them being discovered and the increasing demand for green energy which requires rare earth elements in its production. The United States was chosen to be examined due to its long history of producing rare earth elements. The United States was also the largest supplier of rare earth elements before China overtook them in rare earth element production. Ever since China became the top producer of rare earth elements, the United States’ production of rare earth has declined. Production reached zero in 2016 due to the lone company that mines rare earth elements in the country filing for bankruptcy. This caused their only mine to be put on care and maintenance. This meant that the United States had to import all of the rare earth metals it requires until the mine reopens or until new mines are created. China was chosen as the other country to analyze because it has the largest known reserves of rare earth metals and is the largest supplier of rare earth elements in the world market today. China’s supply of rare earth metals for the market is also affected by its own increasing demand for rare earth due to its rising industrial sector and their government trying to preserve their reserves of rare earth metals. It was concluded that observed REE production does follow the trend predicted by the Hubbert curve, but the Hubbert curve does not create accurate predictions of future REE productions due to its simplicity. The first section of this paper is a literature review that scrutinizes previous research done about rare earth elements and the Hubbert curve. The reasoning behind this analysis is to get a better understanding of the state of the rare earth elements market and to create a basis for the research of this paper to be conducted on. Correspondingly in this section, the equation of the Hubbert curve and the theoretical implications of its results will also be discussed. The data and regressions will be described that look at the application of the Hubbert curve to the United States’ rare earth element production, China’s rare earth element production and global rare earth production in the next section. The results of this research will be thoroughly described in the conclusion alongside what implications these results have as well. A bibliography citing all material used within this project will be the last part of this paper.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Cheng, Shi, Tingping Hou, Yihang Zheng, Chaochao Yin, and Kaiming Wu. "Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of Nb-Containing Microalloyed Steels." Materials 17, no. 7 (April 8, 2024): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071701.

Full text

Abstract:

The present investigation endeavors to explore the influence of rare earth elements on the strength and plasticity characteristics of low-carbon microalloyed steel under tensile loading conditions. The findings from the conducted tensile tests indicate that the incorporation of rare earths leads to a notable enhancement in the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility properties of the steel. A comparative analysis of the microstructures reveals that the presence of rare earths significantly refines and optimizes the microstructure of the microalloyed steel. This optimization is manifested through a reduction in grain size, diminution of inclusion sizes, and a concomitant rise in their number density. Moreover, the addition of rare earths is observed to foster an increase in the volumetric fraction of carbides within the steel matrix. These multifaceted microstructural alterations collectively contribute to a substantial strengthening of the microalloyed steel. Furthermore, it is elucidated that the synergistic interaction between rare earth elements and both carbon (C) and niobium (Nb) in the steel matrix augments the extent of the Lüders strain region during the tensile deformation of specimens. This phenomenon is accompanied by the effective modification of inclusions by the rare earths, which serves to mitigate stress concentrations at the interfaces between the inclusions and the surrounding matrix. This article systematically evaluates the modification mechanism of rare earth microalloying, which provides a basis for broadening the application of rare earth microalloying in microalloyed steel.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Chen, Wendou, Zhenyue Zhang, Fei Long, Zhuo Chen, and Ru’an Chi. "Rare Earth Occurrence States of Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ores in Southern Yunnan." Minerals 13, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040554.

Full text

Abstract:

To reveal the regularity of variation in the rare earth occurrence states of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores, ore samples from different weathering crust layers were obtained by performing the sequential extraction procedure. The order of rare earth contents firmly obeyed the following sequence: the weathered layer > humic layer > partly weathered layer. The occurrence states of rare earth elements were mainly the ion exchange state, carbonate bound state, iron–manganese oxide state, organic binding state and residual state. The proportions of rare earth elements found in the rare earth ion exchange state of the weathered layer, humic layer and partly weathered layer were 78.55%, 73.53% and 53.88%, respectively. The light rare earth elements (LREEs) found in the rare earth ion exchange state were enriched in the upper part of the weathering crust, while the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) were enriched in the lower part. There were also obvious negative anomalies in the content of cerium in the ion exchange state. The content of rare earth elements found in the carbonate bound state was small, and the rare earth partition pattern was basically consistent with that of the ion exchange state, which had little effect on the differentiation of the rare earth elements. The iron–manganese oxide state was mainly enriched with cerium, and the content of cerium increased with the depth of the weathering crust. The iron–manganese oxide state was the main factor causing the phenomenon of the anomaly in the cerium content. Meanwhile, the iron oxides in the iron–manganese oxide state were mainly hematite and goethite. The organic binding state mainly beneficiated yttrium and cerium by complexation and certain adsorption. The content of elements found in the rare earth residual state was related to the degree of weathering and reflected the release sequence of rare earth elements in the mineralization process. Clarifying the rare earth occurrence states is conducive to better revealing the metallogenic regularity of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. In addition, the results can provide a valuable reference for expanding the available rare earth resources and the efficient comprehensive utilization of rare earth ore.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Bosheng, Pan, Zhou Zhixiang, Du Hengyi, Wang Zongzhen, Huang Kai, Zhang Yalong, Liu Shun, and Liu Jianbin. "Adsorption Equilibrium and Adsorption Kinetics of Rare Earth Elements in Coal Rocks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2350, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2350/1/012009.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The adsorption pattern and mechanism of rare earth elements on coal reservoirs are still unclear, leading to difficulties in the application of rare earth elements in monitoring the fracturing effect of coal reservoirs. Through indoor adsorption experiments, the adsorption equilibrium and adsorption kinetics of rare earth elements Nd, Y and La on coal rocks were studied to simulate the adsorption of rare earth elements tracers on coal reservoirs and to explore the adsorption pattern of rare earth elements on coal rocks under different initial concentrations of rare earth elements, different adsorption times and different rare earth element types. The experimental results showed that the Langmuir isotherm equation fitted best, and the adsorption of rare earth elements on coal samples belonged to unimolecular layer adsorption, and the maximum adsorption of rare earth elements Nd, Y and La on coal samples at 25°C were 41.052 mg/kg, 34.301 mg/kg and 95.465 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed secondary kinetic equation can better describe the adsorption process of rare earth elements on coal rocks, indicating that chemisorption is the controlling step of the adsorption rate, with the coal samples showing the fastest adsorption rate for La elements and the slowest adsorption rate for Nd elements. The results of this study provide a reference for the application of rare earth elements in the evaluation of fracturing effects in coal reservoirs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Kellerman, D. G., M. O. Kalinkin, D. A. Akulov, R. M. Abashev, V. G. Zubkov, A. I. Surdo, N. I. Medvedeva, and M. V. Kuznetsov. "On the energy transfer in LiMgPO4 doped with rare-earth elements." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 34 (2021): 11272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02211c.

Full text

Abstract:

The TL and RL signals in LiMgPO4:Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm originate from f–f transitions in rare earth elements, while the rare earths in LiMgPO4:Er, Ho, Nd only greatly enhance the signals of the phosphate matrix as a result of energy transfer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

McKenzie, James. "Magnets that don’t cost the rare earth." Physics World 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/36/11/24.

Full text

Abstract:

Rare-earth elements are vital for the magnets found in electric cars, wind turbines and other parts of the “green economy”. But with uncertainties over the supply of these materials, James McKenzie reports on the importance of magnets that avoid rare earths entirely.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Fleet, Michael E., and Yuanming Pan. "Crystal chemistry of Rare Earth Elements in fluorapatite and some calc-silicates." European Journal of Mineralogy 7, no. 3 (May 19, 1995): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/7/3/0591.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!