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Journal articles on the topic 'Rare-Earth Magnet Recycling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Li, Ziwei, Afef Kedous-Lebouc, Jean-Marc Dubus, Lauric Garbuio, and Sophie Personnaz. "Direct reuse strategies of rare earth permanent magnets for PM electrical machines – an overview study." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 86, no. 2 (May 2019): 20901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2019180289.

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The global supply of heavy rare earth magnets can become risky with the soaring demand of rare earth permanent magnet (PM) machines. One of the promising solutions is to reuse or recycle permanent magnets from end-of-Life electrical machines. This paper is an overview study of the state-of-the-art permanent magnet reuse and recycling research for electrical machines. Some methodologies for quantifying the recyclability of permanent magnet of electrical machines are also introduced.

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2

Orefice, Martina, Anas Eldosouky, Irena Škulj, and Koen Binnemans. "Removal of metallic coatings from rare-earth permanent magnets by solutions of bromine in organic solvents." RSC Advances 9, no. 26 (2019): 14910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01696a.

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3

Inman, Grace, Denis Prodius, and Ikenna C. Nlebedim. "Recent advances in acid-free dissolution and separation of rare earth elements from the magnet waste." Clean Technologies and Recycling 1, no. 2 (2021): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/ctr.2021006.

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<abstract> <p>The availability of REEs is limiting the successful deployment of some environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technologies. In 2019, the U.S. generated more than 15.25 billion pounds of e-waste. Only ~15% of it was handled, leaving ~13 billion pounds of e-waste as potential pollutants. Of the 15% collected, the lack of robust technology limited REE recovery for re-use. Key factors that drive the recycling of permanent magnets based on rare earth elements (REEs) and the results of our research on magnet recycling will be discussed, with emphasis on neodymium and samarium-based rare earth permanent magnets.</p> </abstract>

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4

NIINAE, Masakazu, Kiyoto YAMAGUCHI, Naoyuki ISHIDA, Akskadi DJOHARI, Yoshitaka NAKAHIRO, and Takahide WAKAMATSU. "Study on Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet Scrap." Shigen-to-Sozai 110, no. 12 (1994): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.110.981.

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5

Bonin, Mélodie, Frédéric-Georges Fontaine, and Dominic Larivière. "Comparative Studies of Digestion Techniques for the Dissolution of Neodymium-Based Magnets." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081149.

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The digestion of neodymium (NdFeB) magnets was investigated in the context of recycling rare earth elements (i.e., Nd, Pr, Dy, and Tb). Among more conventional digestion techniques (microwave digestion, open vessel digestion, and alkaline fusion), focused infrared digestion (FID) was tested as a possible approach to rapidly and efficiently solubilize NdFeB magnets. FID parameters were initially optimized with unmagnetized magnet powder and subsequently used on magnet pieces, demonstrating that the demagnetization and grinding steps are optional.

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6

Rassõlkin, A., A. Kallaste, S. Orlova, L. Gevorkov, T. Vaimann, and A. Belahcen. "Re-Use and Recycling of Different Electrical Machines." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 55, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2018-0025.

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Abstract The paper discusses the current developments in the recycling of electrical machines. The main attention is devoted to three types of motors: synchronous reluctance motor, permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor, and induction motor. Base materials of such electrical machines are also described in the paper. Rare-earth permanent magnets used in electrical machines are review separately. Moreover, the paper considers the features of the disassembly and recycling options.

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7

Arai, Yoshiaki, Saori Koga, Hisashi Hoshina, Shogo Yamaguchi, and Hiroshi Kondo. "Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet from Used Home Appliances." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 22, no. 1 (2011): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.22.41.

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8

Machida, Ken-ichi, Masahiro Itoh, Masahiro Masuda, and Seiji Kojima. "Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet Scraps as Magnetic Materials." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 51, no. 3 (2004): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.51.160.

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9

Wagner, Mary-Elizabeth, and Antoine Allanore. "Chemical Thermodynamic Insights on Rare-Earth Magnet Sludge Recycling." ISIJ International 60, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 2339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2020-320.

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10

HONMA, TADASHI. "Application of a rare earth magnet to resources recycling." RESOURCES PROCESSING 43, no. 4 (1996): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj1986.43.206.

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11

Prokofev, Pavel A., Natalia B. Kolchugina, Katerina Skotnicova, Gennady S. Burkhanov, Miroslav Kursa, Mark V. Zheleznyi, Nikolay A. Dormidontov, et al. "Blending Powder Process for Recycling Sintered Nd-Fe-B Magnets." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143049.

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The wide application of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, in addition to rare-earth metal resource constraints, creates the necessity of the development of efficient technologies for recycling sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. In the present study, a magnet-to-magnet recycling process is considered. As starting materials, magnets of different grades were used, which were processed by hydrogen decrepitation and blending the powder with NdHx. Composition inhomogeneity in the Nd2Fe14B-based magnetic phase grains in the recycled magnets and the existence of a core-shell structure consisting of a Nd-rich (Dy-depleted) core and Nd-depleted (Dy-enriched) shell are demonstrated. The formation of this structure results from the grain boundary diffusion process of Dy that occurs during the sintering of magnets prepared from a mixture of Dy-free (N42) and Dy-containing magnets. The increase in the coercive force of the N42 magnet was shown to be 52%. The simultaneous retention of the remanence, and even its increase, were observed and explained by the improved isolation of the main magnetic phase grains as well as their alignment.

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12

Turgis, R., G. Arrachart, V. Dubois, S. Dourdain, D. Virieux, S. Michel, S. Legeai, M. Lejeune, M. Draye, and S. Pellet-Rostaing. "Performances and mechanistic investigations of a triphosphine trioxide/ionic liquid system for rare earth extraction." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 3 (2016): 1259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt03072b.

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13

Takeda, Osamu, Kiyotaka Nakano, and Yuzuru Sato. "Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet Waste by Removing Rare Earth Oxide with Molten Fluoride." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 55, no. 2 (2014): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m-m2013836.

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14

Rasheed, Mohammad Zarar, Myung-suk Song, Sang-min Park, Sun-woo Nam, Javid Hussain, and Taek-Soo Kim. "Rare Earth Magnet Recycling and Materialization for a Circular Economy—A Korean Perspective." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 6739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156739.

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The Republic of Korea is one of the largest consumers and a leading exporter of electronics, medical appliances, and heavy and light vehicles. Rare-earth (RE)-based magnets are indispensable for these technologies, and Korea is totally dependent on imports of compounds or composites of REEs, as the country lacks natural resources. Effect on rare earth supply chain significantly affects Korea’s transition towards a green economy. This study investigates the Republic of Korea’s approach to developing a secure rare earth supply chain for REE magnets via a recycling and materialization process known as ReMaT. It investigates the progress Korea has made so far regarding ReMaT from both technical and non-technical perspectives. Rare earth elements are successfully recycled as part of this process while experiments at the industrial scale is carried out. In this paper, the research results in terms of the extraction efficiency of rare earth elements are discussed and a comparison with previous relevant studies is provided. This study also highlights the opportunities and challenges regarding the implementation of the ReMaT process in order to create a downstream rare earth value chain based on circular economy principles.

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Saguchi, A., K. Asabe, T. Fukuda, W. Takahashi, and R. O. Suzuki. "Recycling of rare earth magnet scraps: Carbon and oxygen removal from Nd magnet scraps." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 408-412 (February 2006): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.178.

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SATO, Nobuaki, Yuezhou WEI, Michio NANJO, and Masanori TOKUDA. "Recycling. Fundamental study on the recycling of rare earth magnet. (2nd Report). Recovery of Samarium and Neodymium from Rare Earth Magnet Scraps by Fractional Crystallization Method." Shigen-to-Sozai 113, no. 12 (1997): 1082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.113.1082.

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17

Klemettinen, Anna, Andrzej Żak, Ida Chojnacka, Sabina Matuska, Anna Leśniewicz, Maja Wełna, Zbigniew Adamski, Lassi Klemettinen, and Leszek Rycerz. "Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from NdFeB Magnets without Mechanical Pretreatment by Sulfuric (H2SO4) and Hydrochloric (HCl) Acids." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121374.

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A simplified approach for rare earth elements leaching from NdFeB (neodymium-iron-boron) magnets was investigated. The possibility of simplifying the magnet recycling process by excluding grinding, milling and oxidative roasting unit operations was studied. Attempts to skip the demagnetization step were also conducted by using whole, non-demagnetized magnets in the leaching process. The presented experiments were conducted to optimize the operating conditions with respect to the leaching agent and its concentration, leaching time, leaching temperature and the form of the feed material. The use of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids as the leaching agents allowed selective leaching of NdFeB magnets to be achieved while leaving nickel, which is covering the magnets, in a solid state. The application of higher leaching temperatures (40 and 60 °C for sulfuric acid and 40 °C for hydrochloric acid) allowed us to shorten the leaching times. When using broken demagnetized magnets as the feed material, the resulting rare earth ion concentrations in the obtained solutions were significantly higher compared to using whole, non-demagnetized magnets.

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18

Suzuki, Ryosuke O, Akihiko Saguchi, Wataru Takahashi, Takashi Yagura, and Katsutoshi Ono. "Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet Scraps: Part II Oxygen Removal by Calcium." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 42, no. 12 (2001): 2492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.42.2492.

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19

Kaya, Elif Emil, Ozan Kaya, Srecko Stopic, Sebahattin Gürmen, and Bernd Friedrich. "NdFeB Magnets Recycling Process: An Alternative Method to Produce Mixed Rare Earth Oxide from Scrap NdFeB Magnets." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050716.

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Neodymium iron boron magnets (NdFeB) play a critical role in various technological applications due to their outstanding magnetic properties, such as high maximum energy product, high remanence and high coercivity. Production of NdFeB is expected to rise significantly in the coming years, for this reason, demand for the rare earth elements (REE) will not only remain high but it also will increase even more. The recovery of rare earth elements has become essential to satisfy this demand in recent years. In the present study rare earth elements recovery from NdFeB magnets as new promising process flowsheet is proposed as follows; (1) acid baking process is performed to decompose the NdFeB magnet to increase in the extraction efficiency for Nd, Pr, and Dy. (2) Iron was removed from the leach liquor during hydrolysis. (3) The production of REE-oxide from leach liquor using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Recovery of mixed REE-oxide from NdFeB magnets via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method between 700 °C and 1000 °C is a new innovative step in comparison to traditional combination of precipitation with sodium carbonate and thermal decomposition of rare earth carbonate at 850 °C. The synthesized mixed REE- oxide powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Morphological properties and phase content of mixed REE- oxide were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. To obtain the size and particle size distribution of REE-oxide, a search algorithm based on an image-processing technique was executed in MATLAB. The obtained particles are spherical with sizes between 362 and 540 nm. The experimental values of the particle sizes of REE- oxide were compared with theoretically predicted ones.

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Stopic, Srecko, Buse Polat, Hanwen Chung, Elif Emil-Kaya, Slavko Smiljanić, Sebahattin Gürmen, and Bernd Friedrich. "Recovery of Rare Earth Elements through Spent NdFeB Magnet Oxidation (First Part)." Metals 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091464.

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Due to their remarkable magnetic properties, such as a high maximum energy product, high remanence, and high coercivity, NdFeB magnets are used in a variety of technological applications. Because of their very limited recycling, high numbers of spent NdFeB magnets are widely available in the market. In addition to China’s monopoly on the supply of most rare earth elements, there is a need for the recovery of these critical metals, as their high import price poses an economic and environmental challenge for manufacturers. This paper proposes a pyrometallurgical recycling method for end-of-life NdFeB magnets by oxidizing them in air as first required step. The main goal of this method is to oxidize rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets in order to prepare them for the carbothermic reduction. The experimental conditions, such as the oxidation temperature and time, were studied in order to establish the phase transformation during oxidation using the Factsage Database and experimental conditions. Our thermogravimetric analysis TGA analysis revealed an increased sample mass by 35% between room temperature and 1100 °C, which is very close to the total calculated theoretical value of oxygen (36.8% for all elements, and only 3.6% for rare earth elements REE), confirming the complete oxidation of the material. The obtained quantitative analysis of the oxidation product, in (%), demonstrated values of 53.41 Fe2O3, 10.37 Fe3O4; 16.45 NdFeO3; 0.45 Nd2O3, 1.28 Dy2O3, 1.07 Pr2O3, and 5.22 α-Fe.

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21

Saguchi, Akihiko, Kazutaka Asabe, Wataru Takahashi, Ryosuke O Suzuki, and Katsutoshi Ono. "Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet Scraps Part III Carbon Removal from Nd Magnet Grinding Sludge under Vacuum Heating." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 43, no. 2 (2002): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.256.

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22

Li, Chao, Wei Qiang Liu, Ming Yue, Yan Qin Liu, Dong Tao Zhang, and Tie Yong Zuo. "Waste Nd-Fe-B Sintered Magnet Recycling by Doping With Rare Earth Rich Alloys." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, no. 12 (December 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2329457.

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23

Asabe, Kazutaka, Akihiko Saguchi, Wataru Takahashi, Ryosuke O Suzuki, and Katsutoshi Ono. "Recycling of Rare Earth Magnet Scraps: Part I Carbon Removal by High Temperature Oxidation." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 42, no. 12 (2001): 2487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.42.2487.

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Gergoric, Marino, Christophe Ravaux, Britt-Marie Steenari, Fredrik Espegren, and Teodora Retegan. "Leaching and Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Neodymium Magnet Waste Using Organic Acids." Metals 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090721.

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Over the last decade, rare-earth elements (REEs) have become critical in the European Union (EU) in terms of supply risk, and they remain critical to this day. End-of-life electronic scrap (e-scrap) recycling can provide a partial solution to the supply of REEs in the EU. One such product is end-of-life neodymium (NdFeB) magnets, which can be a feasible source of Nd, Dy, and Pr. REEs are normally leached out of NdFeB magnet waste using strong mineral acids, which can have an adverse impact on the environment in case of accidental release. Organic acids can be a solution to this problem due to easier handling, degradability, and less poisonous gas evolution during leaching. However, the literature on leaching NdFeB magnets waste with organic acids is very scarce and poorly investigated. This paper investigates the recovery of Nd, Pr, and Dy from NdFeB magnets waste powder using leaching and solvent extraction. The goal was to determine potential selectivity between the recovery of REEs and other impurities in the material. Citric acid and acetic acid were used as leaching agents, while di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used for preliminary solvent extraction tests. The highest leaching efficiencies were achieved with 1 mol/L citric acid (where almost 100% of the REEs were leached after 24 h) and 1 mol/L acetic acid (where >95% of the REEs were leached). Fe and Co—two major impurities—were co-leached into the solution, and no leaching selectivity was achieved between the impurities and the REEs. The solvent extraction experiments with D2EHPA in Solvent 70 on 1 mol/L leachates of both acetic acid and citric acid showed much higher affinity for Nd than Fe, with better extraction properties observed in acetic acid leachate. The results showed that acetic acid and citric acid are feasible for the recovery of REEs out of NdFeB waste under certain conditions.

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Gonzalez, Adolfo Garcia, Dong Wang, Jean-Marc Dubus, and Peter Omand Rasmussen. "Design and Experimental Investigation of a Hybrid Rotor Permanent Magnet Modular Machine with 3D Flux Paths Accounting for Recyclability of Permanent Magnet Material." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061342.

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Rare-earth metals used for manufacturing Permanent Magnets (PMs) remain classified as critical raw materials by the European Commission. In order to secure the supply of electrical machines due to the increasing demand of Hybrid and Full Electrical Vehicles ((H)EVs), recycling has emerged as a valuable alternative. Hence, this paper presents the concept of a modular PM machine with a hybrid rotor and 3D flux paths, for application in ((H)EVs). The proposed machine topology is intended to facilitate the extraction of PM material towards a recycling process. The selection of a machine for prototyping is carried out by investigating the effect of the variation of the number of rotor teeth and stator modules on various parameters, with models developed in Finite Element (FE). Finally, the models developed of the selected combination were validated with a detailed experimental evaluation of the prototype.

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26

Zhu, Suiyi, Ting Su, Yu Chen, Zhan Qu, Xue Lin, Ying Lu, and Mingxin Huo. "Resource Recovery of Waste Nd–Fe–B Scrap: Effective Separation of Fe as High-Purity Hematite Nanoparticles." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072624.

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Recycling rare-earth elements from Nd magnet scrap (Nd–Fe–B scrap) is a highly economical process; however, its efficiency is low due to large portions of Fe impurity. In this study, the effective separation of Fe impurity from scrap was performed through an integrated nitric acid dissolution and hydrothermal route with the addition of fructose. Results showed that more than 99% of the scrap was dissolved in nitric acid, and after three dilutions that the Nd, Pr, Dy and Fe concentrations in the diluted acid were 9.01, 2.11, 0.37 and 10.53 g/L, respectively. After the acid was hydrothermally treated in the absence of fructose, only 81.8% Fe was removed as irregular hematite aggregates, whilst more than 98% rare-earth elements were retained. By adding fructose at an Mfructose/Mnitrate ratio of 0.2, 99.94% Fe was precipitated as hematite nanoparticles, and the loss of rare-earth elements was <2%. In the treated acid, the residual Fe was 6.3 mg/L, whilst Nd, Pr and Dy were 8.84, 2.07 and 0.36 g/L, respectively. Such composition was conducive for further recycling of high-purity rare-earth products with low Fe impurity. The generated hematite nanoparticles contained 67.92% Fe with a rare-earth element content of <1%. This value meets the general standard for commercial hematite active pharmaceutical ingredients. In this manner, a green process was developed for separating Fe from Nd–Fe–B scrap without producing secondary waste.

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Chowdhury, Nighat Afroz, Sidi Deng, Hongyue Jin, Denis Prodius, John W. Sutherland, and Ikenna C. Nlebedim. "Sustainable Recycling of Rare-Earth Elements from NdFeB Magnet Swarf: Techno-Economic and Environmental Perspectives." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 47 (November 17, 2021): 15915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05965.

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Rademaker, Jelle H., René Kleijn, and Yongxiang Yang. "Recycling as a Strategy against Rare Earth Element Criticality: A Systemic Evaluation of the Potential Yield of NdFeB Magnet Recycling." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 18 (September 17, 2013): 10129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es305007w.

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29

Buahombura, Panya, Anuthai Kareram, Waraporn Piyawit, and Sarum Boonmee. "Hydrometallurgical Process for Selective Extraction of Nd and Rare-Earth Metals from End-of-Life Hard Disk Drives NdFeB Magnet Scrap." Key Engineering Materials 845 (May 2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.845.81.

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This paper proposed a recycling process for neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnet scrap from the end-of-life (EOL) of hard disk drives by using hydrometallurgical process. Initial chemical composition of NdFeB magnet scrap was consisted of 25.37%Nd, 6.53%Pr, 0.90%Co, 3.63%B and 63.57%Fe. After de-magnetization and crushing into proper size, magnet scraps were directly leached by H2SO4 solution. More than 90% dissolved into acid solution with remaining small amount of residuals and Ni-coated metal. Neodymium precipitated from leached solution by pH-control to the optimum condition at pH 0.6 using NaOH solution. Solid Nd-precipitates XRD pattern was observed in form of NaNd (SO4)2.(H2O) and FeSO4.(H2O). Elemental analysis of Nd-precipitates by WD-XRF. The precipitates contained 26.50%Nd, 8.46%Pr and 1.19%Fe. In order to elimination of Fe, Nd-precipitates was leached by using H2SO4 solution to dissolve FeSO4.(H2O) into acid solution to obtain high concentration of Nd and rare-earth metals (REMs) compound. As a result, XRD pattern of Nd-compound after Fe-removal confirmed that the high purity NaNd (SO4)2.(H2O) compound was obtained. The final composition of precipitates analyzed by WD-XRF was 26.36%Nd, 8.13%Pr with Fe as low as 0.14%Fe.

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Bandara, H. M. Dhammika, Julia W. Darcy, Diran Apelian, and Marion H. Emmert. "Value Analysis of Neodymium Content in Shredder Feed: Toward Enabling the Feasibility of Rare Earth Magnet Recycling." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 12 (June 5, 2014): 6553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es405104k.

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Schulze, Rita, Bo P. Weidema, Liselotte Schebek, and Matthias Buchert. "Recycling and its effects on joint production systems and the environment – the case of rare earth magnet recycling – Part I — Production model." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 134 (July 2018): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.11.006.

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32

Case, Mary, Robert Fox, Donna Baek, and Chien Wai. "Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Chloride Media with Tetrabutyl Diglycolamide in 1-Octanol Modified Carbon Dioxide." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040429.

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Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical to our modern world. Recycling REEs from used products could help with potential supply issues. Extracting REEs from chloride media with tetrabutyl diglycolamide (TBDGA) in carbon dioxide could help recycle REEs with less waste than traditional solvents. Carbon dioxide as a solvent is inexpensive, inert, and reusable. Conditions for extraction of Eu from aqueous chloride media were optimized by varying moles percent of 1-octanol modifier, temperature, pressure, Eu concentration, TBDGA concentration, Cl− concentration, and HCl concentration. These optimized conditions were tested on a Y, Ce, Eu, Tb simulant material, REEs containing NdFeB magnets, and lighting phosphor material. The optimized conditions were found to be 23 °C, 24.1 MPa, 0.5 mol% 1-octanol, with an excess of TBDGA. At these conditions 95 ± 2% Eu was extracted from 8 M (mol/m3) HCl. Extraction from the mixed REE simulate material resulted in separation of Y, Eu, and Tb from the Ce which remained in the aqueous solution. The extraction on NdFeB magnet dissolved into 8 M HCl resulted in extraction of Pr, Nd, Dy, and Fe >97%. This results in a separation from B, Al, and Ni. Extraction from a trichromatic lighting phosphor leachate resulted in extraction of Y and Eu >93% and no extraction of Ba, Mg, and Al.

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Van Ende, Marie-Aline, In-Ho Jung, Yong-Hwan Kim, and Taek-Soo Kim. "Thermodynamic optimization of the Dy–Nd–Fe–B system and application in the recovery and recycling of rare earth metals from NdFeB magnet." Green Chemistry 17, no. 4 (2015): 2246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02232g.

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The developed thermodynamic database for the Dy–Nd–Fe–B–Mg system enables the calculation of complex phase diagrams for the selective recovery of Nd and Dy from NdFeB magnet scrap using the liquid metal extraction process.

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Vardanyan, Ani, Anna Guillon, Tetyana Budnyak, and Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva. "Tailoring Nanoadsorbent Surfaces: Separation of Rare Earths and Late Transition Metals in Recycling of Magnet Materials." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060974.

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Novel silica-based adsorbents were synthesized by grafting the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles with amine and sulfur containing functional groups. Produced nanomaterials were characterized by SEM-EDS, AFM, FTIR, TGA and tested for adsorption and separation of Rare Earth Elements (REE) (Nd3+ and Sm3+) and Late Transition Metals (LTM) (Ni2+ and Co2+) in single and mixed solutions. The adsorption equilibrium data analyzed and fitted well to Langmuir isotherm model revealing monolayer adsorption process on homogeneously functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs). All organo-silicas showed high adsorption capacities ranging between 0.5 and 1.8 mmol/g, depending on the function and the target metal ion. Most of these ligands demonstrated higher affinity towards LTM, related to the nature of the functional groups and their arrangement on the surface of nanoadsorbent.

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Vander Hoogerstraete, Tom, Sil Wellens, Katrien Verachtert, and Koen Binnemans. "Removal of transition metals from rare earths by solvent extraction with an undiluted phosphonium ionic liquid: separations relevant to rare-earth magnet recycling." Green Chemistry 15, no. 4 (2013): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40198g.

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Dudarko, Oksana, Natalia Kobylinska, Vadim Kessler, and Gulaim Seisenbaeva. "Recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnet by mono- and bifunctional mesoporous silica: Waste recycling strategies and perspectives." Hydrometallurgy 210 (April 2022): 105855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2022.105855.

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Boelens, Peter, Zhe Lei, Björn Drobot, Martin Rudolph, Zichao Li, Matthias Franzreb, Kerstin Eckert, and Franziska Lederer. "High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator." Minerals 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101116.

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In an ongoing effort towards a more sustainable rare-earth element market, there is a high potential for an efficient recycling of rare-earth elements from end-of-life compact fluorescent lamps by physical separation of the individual phosphors. In this study, we investigate the separation of five fluorescent lamp particles by high-gradient magnetic separation in a rotary permanent magnet separator. We thoroughly characterize the phosphors by ICP-MS, laser diffraction analysis, gas displacement pycnometry, surface area analysis, SQUID-VSM, and Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. We present a fast and reliable quantification method for mixtures of the investigated phosphors, based on a combination of Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. With this method, we were able to monitor each phosphors’ removal dynamics in the high-gradient magnetic separator and we estimate that the particles’ removal efficiencies are proportional to (d2·χ)1/3. Finally, we have found that the removed phosphors can readily be recovered easily from the separation cell by backwashing with an intermittent air–water flow. This work should contribute to a better understanding of the phosphors’ separability by high-gradient magnetic separation and can simultaneously be considered to be an important preparation for an upscalable separation process with (bio)functionalized superparamagnetic carriers.

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SATO, Nobuaki, and Michio NANJO. "Fundamental study on the recycling of rare earth magnet. The solubility of Sm2(SO4)3 and Nd2(SO4)3 in sulfate solutions." Shigen-to-Sozai 105, no. 12 (1989): 965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.105.965.

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Liu, Fupeng, Antti Porvali, Petteri Halli, Benjamin P. Wilson, and Mari Lundström. "Comparison of Different Leaching Media and Their Effect on REEs Recovery from Spent Nd-Fe-B Magnets." JOM 72, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03844-7.

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Abstract Recycling rare-earth elements (REEs) from Nd-Fe-B magnet waste is an important step towards building a sustainable REE supply chain. In this study, two different processes were systematically investigated and compared. In the leaching stage, the effect of increasing H2SO4 or HCl concentrations were studied and it was determined that, although both can successfully promote REEs, B, Fe and Co leaching, HCl solutions extracted a wider range of metals. After leaching, the oxalate and double-sulfate precipitation methods were utilized to separate REEs from either HCl or H2SO4 leachates. Results suggest that, although > 99% REEs precipitation rates could be achieved with oxalate, the purity of REE-containing products is significantly affected by impurities like Fe and Co. In contrast, REE double-sulfate precipitation resulted in a product purity of > 99%; however, high levels of Na2SO4 (8 times the stoichiometric amount) were needed to achieve > 98% of REE precipitation.

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Luong, John H. T., Cang Tran, and Di Ton-That. "A Paradox over Electric Vehicles, Mining of Lithium for Car Batteries." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 7997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217997.

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Lithium, a silver-white alkali metal, with significantly high energy density, has been exploited for making rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). They have become one of the main energy storage solutions in modern electric cars (EVs). Cobalt, nickel, and manganese are three other key components of LiBs that power electric vehicles (EVs). Neodymium and dysprosium, two rare earth metals, are used in the permanent magnet-based motors of EVs. The operation of EVs also requires a high amount of electricity for recharging their LiBs. Thus, the CO2 emission is reduced during the operation of an EV if the recharged electricity is generated from non-carbon sources such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, and nuclear energy. LiBs in EVs have been pushed to the limit because of their limited storage capacity and charge/discharge cycles. Batteries account for a substantial portion of the size and weight of an EV and occupy the entire chassis. Thus, future LiBs must be smaller and more powerful with extended driving ranges and short charging times. The extended range and longevity of LiBs are feasible with advances in solid-state electrolytes and robust electrode materials. Attention must also be focused on the high-cost, energy, and time-demand steps of LiB manufacturing to reduce cost and turnover time. Solid strategies are required to promote the deployment of spent LiBs for power storage, solar energy, power grids, and other stationary usages. Recycling spent LiBs will alleviate the demand for virgin lithium and 2.6 × 1011 tons of lithium in seawater is a definite asset. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether advances in battery production technology and recycling will substantially reduce the demand for lithium and other metals beyond 2050. Technical challenges in LiB manufacturing and lithium recycling must be overcome to sustain the deployment of EVs for reducing CO2 emissions. However, potential environmental problems associated with the production and operation of EVs deserve further studies while promoting their global deployment. Moreover, the combined repurposing and remanufacturing of spent LiBs also increases the environmental benefits of EVs. EVs will be equipped with more powerful computers and reliable software to monitor and optimize the operation of LiBs.

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Gandha, Kinjal, Gaoyuan Ouyang, Shalabh Gupta, Vlastimil Kunc, M. Parans Paranthaman, and Ikenna C. Nlebedim. "Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets." Waste Management 90 (May 2019): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040.

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Piotrowicz, A., S. Pietrzyk, P. Noga, and Ł. Mycka. "The use of thermal hydrogen decrepitation to recycle Nd-Fe-B magnets from electronic waste." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200207032p.

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Rare earth magnets based upon neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) are employed in many high tech applications, including hard disk drives (HDDs). The key elements in manufacturing NdFeB magnets are rare earth elements (REEs) such as neodymium. This element has been subject to significant supply shortfalls in the recent past. Recycling of NdFeB magnets contained within waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) could provide a secure and alternative supply of these materials. Various recycling approaches for the recovery of sintered NdFeB magnets have been widely explored. Hydrogen decrepitation (HD) can be used as a direct reuse approach and effective method of recycling process to turn solid sintered magnets into a demagnetised powder for further processing. In this work, sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets were processed without prior removal of the metallic protective layer using the thermal HD process as an alternative recycling method. The gas sorption analyzer have been used to determine the quantity of the hydrogen absorbed by a samples of magnets, under controlled pressure (1, 2, 3 and 4 bar) and temperature (room, 100, 300 and 400?C) conditions, using Sieverts? volumetric method. The composition and morphology of the starting and the extracted/disintegrated materials were examined by ICP, XRD and SEM-EDS analysis.

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Vander Hoogerstraete, Tom, Bart Blanpain, Tom Van Gerven, and Koen Binnemans. "From NdFeB magnets towards the rare-earth oxides: a recycling process consuming only oxalic acid." RSC Adv. 4, no. 109 (2014): 64099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13787f.

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Rösel, Uta, and Dietmar Drummer. "Possibilities in Recycling Magnetic Materials in Applications of Polymer-Bonded Magnets." Magnetism 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2030019.

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Polymer-bonded magnets have increased significantly in the application of drive technology, especially in terms of new concepts for the magnetic excitation of synchronous or direct current (DC) machines. To satisfy the increasing demand of hard magnetic filler particles and especially rare earth materials in polymer-bonded magnets, different strategies are possible. In addition to the reduction in products or the substitution of filler materials, the recycling of polymer-bonded magnets is possible. Different strategies have to be distinguished in terms of the target functions such as the recovery of the matrix material, the filler or both materials. In terms of polymer-bonded magnets, the filler material—especially regarding rare earth materials—is important for the recycling strategy due to the limited resource and high costs. This paper illustrates two different recycling strategies relative to the matrix system of polymer-bonded magnets. For thermoset-based magnets, a thermal strategy is portrayed which leads to similar magnetic properties in terms of the appropriated atmosphere and process management. The mechanical reusage of shreds is analyzed for thermoplastic-based magnets. The magnetic properties are reduced by about 20% and there is a change in the flow conditions and with that, an influence on the pole accuracy.

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Nlebedim, I. C., and A. H. King. "Addressing Criticality in Rare Earth Elements via Permanent Magnets Recycling." JOM 70, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2698-7.

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Chernyi, S. A. "Secondary Resources of Rare Еarth Мetals." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-9-44-50.

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The article provides an overview of the main existing methods for recycling rare earth metals from various types of waste. It was noted that the demand for rare-earth metals is increasing annually due to the growth of advanced technologies, mainly in the sectors of electronics, power engineering and photonics. It has been established that in countries producing final products of high processing, the chemical-technological processes of processing goods that have worked out their life cycle, and, first of all, fluorescent lamps, NdFeB magnets from electronic devices, and nickel-metal hydride (NiMeH) batteries containing rare earths are most quickly created. The most profitable and recycling option is the reuse of products containing rare-earth metals, however, such technologies are applicable for a narrow range of waste. Another important area of REM recycling is the processing of industrial waste. For countries with developed mining and chemical industries, mining processing technologies are attractive. It is shown that for Russia, more appropriate are schemes for the disposal of industrial waste, primarily waste from the production of apatite concentrate. The main problems of the development of REM recycling are identified: low content and dispersion of rare earths in waste; the presence of impurities that impede the extraction of valuable components and the toxicity of the used recycling schemes.

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Itoh, Masahiro, Masahiro Masuda, Shunji Suzuki, and Ken-ichi Machida. "Recycling of rare earth sintered magnets as isotropic bonded magnets by melt-spinning." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 374, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.11.030.

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Choi, Han-Shin, and Yong-Hwan Kim. "Recycling Technology of Nd-Fe-B based Rare Earth Element Magnets." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 17, no. 6 (December 28, 2010): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2010.17.6.435.

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HULAI, Olha, Vasylyna SHEMET, and Tetiana FURS. "RARE EARTH METALS AS A CRITICAL RAW MATERIAL. QUICK OVERVIEW." Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. Series Сhemical Sciences 2022, no. 70 (September 30, 2022): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37827/ntsh.chem.2022.70.079.

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Rare earth metals REE is vital to modern technology and society and are among the most critical elements. The general physical properties of REE, the history of their discovery, the main natural resources and general applications are highlighted. The criteria by which REE belong to critical raw materials (deficit risk factor, economic importance) are considered. Europe, erbium and dysprosium have the highest vulnerability to supply constraints at the global level. The world's largest producer of REE by a wide margin from competitors is China (in 2021, about 168000 metric tons of rare earth oxides were mined). Ukraine has significant resources of rare earth metals, although it does not produce them. Here are known deposits of both traditional types associated with carbonates (Novo-Poltava) and Mariupolites (Oktyabrske) and non-traditional: rich zirconium and rare earth-zirconium ores of non-core siesites (Azov and Yastrebetske). Ores of most deposits of Ukraine belong to the poor, which are difficult to attract into operation. The structure of REE use has changed significantly over the past 20 years. If in the 90s of the twentieth century about one-third of resources were used for polishing glass and making ceramics, today this segment is occupied by permanent magnets of various applications. Rare earth magnets have become virtually indispensable in a wide range of strategic industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronic, medical and military industries. REE is actively used for high-efficiency engines of hybrid-electric vehicles and in wind power. Attention is focused on REE recycling technologies. Onlyabout 1% of RSM is processed from final products, and the rest is taken out of waste and removed from the material cycle. The main ways of recovery are hydrometallurgical and pyrometalurgical methods, as well as phytoextraction. Recycling rare earth elements from e-waste can significantly contribute to sustainability and environmental protection.

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Sarfo, Prince, Thomas Frasz, Avimanyu Das, and Courtney Young. "Hydrometallurgical Recovery and Process Optimization of Rare Earth Fluorides from Recycled Magnets." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040340.

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Magnets containing substantial quantities of rare earth elements are currently one of the most sought-after commodities because of their strategic importance. Recycling these rare earth magnets after their life span has been identified to be a unique approach for mitigating environmental issues that originate from mining and also for sustaining natural resources. The approach is hydrometallurgical, with leaching and precipitation followed by separation and recovery of neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr) and dysprosium (Dy) in the form of rare earth fluorides (REF) as the final product. The methodology is specifically comprised of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) leaching and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) precipitation followed by reacting the filtrate with ammonium bifluoride (NH4F·HF) to yield the REF. Additional filtering also produces ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) as a byproduct fertilizer. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations by means of XRD, ICP and TGA-DSC to determine decomposition of ammonium jarosite, which is an impurity in the recovery process were performed. Additionally, conditional and response variables were used in a surface-response model to optimize REF production from end-of-life magnets. A REF recovery of 56.2% with a REF purity of 62.4% was found to be optimal.

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