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Academic literature on the topic 'Rare earth metals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Rare earth metals"

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Djuraev, Davron Rakhmonovich, and Mokhigul Madiyorovna Jamilova. "Physical Properties Of Rare Earth Elements." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 01 (January 30, 2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue01-13.

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The article studies the physical properties of rare earth metals, pays special attention to their unique properties, studies the main aspects of the application of rare earth metals in industry. Also, the structure and stability of various forms of sesquioxides of rare earth elements, in particular, europium, as well as the effect of the method of oxide preparation on its structure and properties are considered. The analysis of the ongoing phase transformations of rare earth metals is made. The article emphasizes the use of correct choices to achieve a large technical and economic effect when using rare earth metals in industry. The article is intended for teachers working in the field of physics and chemistry, as well as for students of the specialty "physics and chemistry".

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Giacalone, Joseph A. "The Market For The "Not-So-Rare" Rare Earth Elements." Journal of International Energy Policy (JIEP) 1, no. 1 (May 3, 2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jiep.v1i1.7013.

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This paper examines the market for the Rare earth elements. These are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table which include 15 elements from the group known as lanthanides and two additional elements known as scandium and yttrium. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. The fact is that rare earth metals are not rare in terms of the quantity present in the earths crust. However, the metals are less concentrated than other more common metals and the extraction and separation processes necessitate high research and development costs and large capital outlays.The various applications of rare earth elements can be broadly classified into four major categories, namely: High Technology Consumer Products, Environmentally Friendly Products, Industrial and Medical Devices, and National Defense Systems. The demand for such high technology products is rapidly increasing causing a simultaneous upsurge in the demand for rare earth metals as well.On the supply side, China dominates the production rare earth elements, mining approximately 97% of total world production. Consequently, most countries must rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on the rare earth metals as raw materials. This near-monopoly imposes several supply-chain risks on the importing nations which are exploring ways to mitigate the potential economic harm associated with these risks.

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Nickels, Liz. "Reclaiming rare earth metals." Metal Powder Report 75, no. 4 (July 2020): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2019.12.003.

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Tárnok, Attila. "Counting rare earth metals." Cytometry Part A 103, no. 8 (August 2023): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.24784.

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Johansson, Börje, Lars Nordström, Olle Eriksson, and M. S. S. Brooks. "Magnetism in Rare-Earth Metals and Rare-Earth Intermetallic Compounds." Physica Scripta T39 (January 1, 1991): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1991/t39/014.

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Matakova, Rema, and K. Sagadieva. "Electrochemistry of rare earth metals." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 2 (May 15, 2012): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/chemb_2012_2114-124.

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Kurysheva, V. V., E. A. Ivanova, and P. E. Prokhorva. "Extractants for rare earth metals." Chimica Techno Acta 3, no. 2 (2016): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2016.3.2.008.

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Netzer, F. P., and J. A. D. Matthew. "Surfaces of rare earth metals." Reports on Progress in Physics 49, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 621–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/49/6/001.

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Silver, G. L. "Reactions of Rare Earth Metals." Journal of Chemical Education 72, no. 10 (October 1995): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed072p956.1.

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Isshiki, Minoru. "Purification of rare earth metals." Vacuum 47, no. 6-8 (June 1996): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(96)00087-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rare earth metals"

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Dhesi, Sarnjett Singh. "Surface structure of rare-earth metals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333635.

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Harika, Rita 1979. "Advances in rare earth chemistry." Monash University, School of Chemistry, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5545.

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Jehan, David Antony. "Magnetic structures in rare earth metals and superlattices." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357569.

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Lozano, Letellier Alba. "Geochemistry of rare earth elements in acid mine drainage precipitates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668458.

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Rare earth elements (REE) are known as the lanthanide series (La-Lu) plus yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc). REE are essential materials for modern industries and especially for green technologies (wind turbines, batteries, lasers, catalysts, etc.). However, despite their high global demand, their supply is limited such that the EU has cataloged it as critical raw materials. In order to ensure the supply of REE in the future, the search for alternative sources of these elements worldwide has been promoted in recent years. Acid mine drainage (AMD) produced by the Fe-sulphide weathering can effectively leach Fe, Al, SO4, and REE from the host rock. This can lead to high concentrations of these liberated species in the affected waters. Thus, the REE concentrations in AMD can be between two and three orders of magnitude higher than natural waters, as such it can be considered as a complementary source of REE recovery. The increase of pH in AMD by mixing neutral waters results in the precipitation of iron oxy-hydroxysulfate (schwertmannite) from pH 3-3.5, and aluminum (basaluminite) from pH 4-4.5 in the river channels. This process may be accompanied by REE scavenging. Due to its acidity and high metal load, acid mine drainage presents a major environmental problem worldwide, therefore, different treatment systems have been developed to minimize its impact. Disperse Alkaline Substrate (DAS) passive remediation system neutralizes AMD by dissolving calcite, and allowing the sequential precipitation of schwertmannite and basaluminite in separated layers, where REE are preferably retained in the basaluminite-enriched waste. Despite this, there are still no studies describing the adsorption of REE on both basaluminite and schwertmannite in these environments. The REE scavenging mechanism is studied by adsorption on synthetic minerals of basaluminite and schwertmannite as a result of variation to the both the pH and sulfate concentration. A thermodynamic adsorption model is proposed based on experimental results in order to predict and explain the REE mobility in AMD mixtures with neutral waters and in a passive treatment system. Basaluminite and schwertmannite have a nanocrystalline character. Further, schwertmannite has been observed to transform into goethite on weekly timescales, resulting in sulfate release. However, there is a gap of knowledge about basaluminite stability at variable sulfate concentration and pH and its possible transformation to other more crystalline Al-minerals. In this study, basaluminite local order at different pH values and dissolved sulfate concentrations was characterized. Results demonstrate that basaluminite can transform to nanoboehmite in weeks under circumneutral pH. However, the presence of sulfate can inhibit this transformation. Separate adsorption experiments on both basaluminite and schwertmannite were performed with two different concentrations of SO4 while varying the pH (3-7). Results show that the adsorption is strongly dependent on pH, and to a lesser extent on sulfate concentration. Lanthanide and yttrium adsorption is most effective near pH 5 and higher, while that of scandium begins around pH 4. Due to the high concentrations of sulfate in acidic waters, the predominant aqueous REE species are sulfate complexes (MSO4+). Notably, Sc(OH)2+ represents a significant proportion of aqueous Sc. , A surface complexation model is proposed in which predominant aqueous species (Mz+) adsorb on the mineral surface, XOH, following the reaction: The adsorption of the lanthanides and yttrium occurs through the exchange of one and two protons from the basaluminite and schwertmannite surface, respectively, with the aqueous sulfate complexes. The sorbed species form monodentate surface complexes with the aluminum mineral and bidentate with the iron mineral. In the case of Sc, the aqueous species ScSO4+ and Sc(OH)2+ form bidentate surface complexes with both minerals. EXAFS analysis of the YSO4+ complex adsorbed on the basaluminite surface suggests the formation of a monodentate inner sphere complex, in agreement with the proposed thermodynamic model. Once the surface complexation model was validated, it was used to asses and predict the REE mobility in passive remediation systems and acidic water mixing zones with alkaline inputs from the field. The REE are preferentially retained in basaluminite-rich waste during passive remediation due to its sorption capacity between pH 5-6. In contrast, schwertmannite waste contains very little REE because the formation of this mineral occurs at pH lower than 4, which prevents REE adsorption. Further, Sc may be scavenged during schwertmannite precipitation as a result of this low pH The model correctly predicts the absence of REE in schwertmannite precipitates and the enrichment of the heavy and intermediate REE with respect to the light REE in basaluminite precipitates collected in the water mixing zones. However, there is a systematic overestimation of the fractionation of rare earths in basaluminite precipitate. This inaccuracy is mainly due to the fact that the mineral precipitation and adsorption are not synchronous process, while basaluminite precipitates from pH 4, REE adsorption occurs at higher pH values, between 5 and 7, when the water mixture reaches these values and a fraction of the particles have been dispersed.<br>Las tierras raras (en inglés rare earth elements, REE) son conocidas como el conjunto de la serie de los lantánidos (La-Lu), itrio (Y) y escandio(Sc). Las tierras raras son materiales indispensables para las industrias modernas y en especial para las tecnologías verdes (aerogeneradores, baterías, láseres, catalizadores, etc.). Sin embargo a pesar de su gran demanda mundial, su abastecimiento es limitado, por lo que han sido catalogadas por la UE como materias primas críticas (Critical Raw Materials). Con el objetivo de asegurar el abastecimiento de REE en el futuro, en los últimos años se ha promovido la búsqueda de fuentes alternativas de estos elementos en todo el mundo. El drenaje ácido de mina (en inglés acid mine drainage, AMD) producido por la meteorización de sulfuros de Fe, tiene un alto poder de lixiviación de las rocas, por lo que las aguas afectadas adquieren elevadas concentraciones en disolución de Fe, Al, SO4 y otros metales, como las REE. Así, las concentraciones de REE en AMD son entre dos y tres órdenes de magnitud superiores al resto de las aguas naturales y pueden suponer una fuente complementaria de recuperación de REE. El aumento de pH del AMD por mezcla con aguas neutras da lugar a la precipitación en los cauces de los ríos de oxy-hidroxisulfatos de hierro (schwertmannita), a partir de pH 3-3.5, y de aluminio (basaluminita), a partir de pH 4-4.5; acompañado de la eliminación de las tierras raras. Debido a su acidez y carga metálica, el drenaje ácido de mina presenta un problema medioambiental de primera magnitud, por lo que se han desarrollado diferentes sistemas de tratamiento para minimizar su impacto. El sistema de tratamiento pasivo Disperse Alkaline Substrate (DAS) produce la neutralización de las aguas ácidas por la disolución de la calcita presente en el sistema, permitiendo la precipitación secuencial, de schwertmannita y basaluminita. Las tierras raras quedan retenidas preferentemente en el residuo enriquecido en basaluminita. A pesar de ello, aún no existen estudios que describan la adsorción de tierras raras tanto en basaluminita como schwertmannita en estos ambientes. En esta tesis se estudia el mecanismo de retención de las tierras raras mediante adsorción en minerales sintéticos de basaluminita y schwertmannita, en función del pH y del contenido de sulfato disuelto. Con los resultados experimentales obtenidos, se propone un modelo termodinámico de adsorción para predecir y explicar la movilidad de las tierras raras observada en mezclas de AMD con aguas neutras y en un sistema de tratamiento pasivo. La basaluminita y la schwertmannita presentan un carácter nanocristalino. Es conocido que la schwertmannita se transforma en goethita en semanas, liberando sulfato. Sin embargo, nada se sabe de la basaluminita y su posible transformación a otros minerales de Al más cristalinos. De este modo, la caracterización del orden local de la basaluminita a diferentes valores de pH y sulfato se expone en primer lugar. Dependiendo del pH y el sulfato en disolución, la basaluminita se transforma en diferentes grados a nanoboehmita en semanas, pero tiende a estabilizarse con la presencia de sulfato en solución. Los experimentos de adsorción en basaluminita y schwertmannita con diferentes concentraciones de SO4 realizados para cada mineral y en rangos de 3-7 de pH han demostrado que la adsorción es fuertemente dependiente del pH, y en menor medida del sulfato. La adsorción de los lantánidos y del itrio es efectiva a pH 5, mientras que la del escandio comienza a pH 4. Debido a las altas concentraciones de sulfato en aguas ácidas, las especies acuosas predominantes de las tierras raras son los complejos con sulfato, MSO4+. Además del complejo sulfato, el Sc presenta importantes proporciones de Sc(OH)2+ en solución. En función de la dependencia del pH y de la importancia de la especiación acuosa, se propone un modelo de complejación superficial donde la especie acuosa predominante (Mz+) se adsorbe a la superficie libre el mineral, XOH, cumpliendo la siguiente reacción: La adsorción de los lantánidos y del itrio se produce a través del intercambio de uno o dos protones de la superficie de la basaluminita o de la schwertmannita, respectivamente, con los complejos sulfato acuoso, formando complejos superficiales monodentados con el mineral de aluminio y bidentados con el de hierro. En el caso del Sc, las especies acuosas ScSO4+ y Sc(OH)2+ forman complejos superficiales bidentados con ambos minerales. Complementando el modelo propuesto, el análisis de EXAFS del complejo YSO4+ adsorbido en la superficie basaluminita sugiere la formación de un complejo monodentado de esfera interna, coincidiendo con el modelo termodinámico propuesto. El modelo de complejación superficial, una vez validado, ha permitido evaluar y predecir la movilidad de REE en los sistemas de tratamiento pasivos y en zonas de mezcla de aguas ácidas con aportes alcalinos estudiados en el campo. La preferente retención de las tierras raras en la zona de la basaluminita precipitada en los sistemas de tratamiento pasivo ocurre por adsorción de las mismas a pH entre 5-6. La ausencia de tierras raras en la zona de schwertmannita se debe al bajo pH de su formación, inferior a 4, que impide la adsorción de las mismas. Sin embargo, debido a su menor pH de adsorción, una fracción de Sc puede quedar retenida en la schwertmannita. El modelo también predice correctamente la ausencia de REE en los precipitados de schwertmannita y el enriquecimiento de las tierras raras pesadas e intermedias respecto a las ligeras en los precipitados de basaluminita recogidos en el campo en las zonas de mezcla de aguas. Sin embargo, se ha observado una sistemática sobreestimación del fraccionamiento de las tierras raras en los precipitados de basaluminita. Este hecho se debe principalmente a que la precipitación del mineral no ocurre de forma síncrona con la adsorción, precipitando la basaluminita a partir de pH 4 y adsorbiendo tierras raras a pH más altos, entre 5 y 7, cuando las partículas sólidas han sido parcialmente dispersadas.

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Johnson, Kevin Ross David. "An investigation of novel reactivity and bonding in rare earth metal complexes." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3329.

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The synthesis, structure and reactivity of organolanthanide complexes supported by a family of novel bis(phosphinimine)carbazole and bis(phosphinimine)pyrrole pincer ligands is presented. Through the systematic development of the ligand frameworks, rare earth metal species with unique structure and reactivity were encountered. A variety of complexes that exhibited unusual bonding modes were prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Modulation of the ligand frameworks allowed for rational manipulation of the steric and electronic environment imparted to the metal. Incorporation of a variety of N-aryl rings (mesityl, phenyl, para-isopropylphenyl and 2-pyrimidine) and PR2 moieties (PPh2, PO2C2H4 and PMe2) into the ligand design led to rare earth complexes that revealed diverse reaction behaviour. In particular, C–H bond activation, sigmatropic alkyl migration and ring opening insertion reactivity were observed. Kinetic and deuterium labeling studies are discussed with respect to the unique reaction mechanisms encountered during the study of these highly reactive organometallic rare earth complexes.<br>xxvi, 247 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm + 1 CD-ROM

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Steinberg, Simon [Verfasser]. "Early Rare-Earth Metal Cluster Complexes With Endohedral Transition Metals / Simon Steinberg." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042307504/34.

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Blyth, Robert I. R. "Bulk and surface electronic structure of rare earth metals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316767.

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The basic properties of the rare earth metals, including single crystal growth, crystal and magnetic structures, and the relationship between electronic and magnetic structure, are reviewed. The problems encountered by the theoretical treatment of the partially occupied, but highly localised, lanthanide 4f levels as bands are discussed, and bandstructure calculations presented for the hexagonal close-packed rare earths. These are compared with available experimental and theoretical data. It is suggested that the exchange-splitting of the lanthanide valence bands may well persist in the paramagnetic state, and that account should be taken of the localised 4f moments in future calculations. The difficulties associated with the preparation of clean single crystal rare earth surfaces are described. The origin of the surface-orderdependent state seen in angle-resolved UV photoemission (ARUPS) spectra from rare earth (0/001) surfaces is discussed. (7 x 1) reconstructions of the (1120) surfaces of Ho, Er and Y are reported, with the resulting surface geometric and electronic structure being indistinguishable from those of the ideal (0001) structure. Momentum-resolved inverse photoernission measurements are presented for Y(000l), with results in good agreement with the calculated bandstructure. A comprehensive ARUPS study of the valence band of Ho(OOOl) is reported, and the results demonstrated to be entirely explicable in terms of emission from one-electron states. ARUPS data from Y(000l), Gd(000l) and Tb(000l) are presented, discussed in the light of the Ho results, and the conclusions of previous ARUPS studies of these surfaces revealed to be in error. Essentially similar ARUPS features are seen on all hcp rare earth (0001) surfaces so far studied and it is suggested that all other such surfaces will show the same features. The Ho(000l) 5p levels are shown to have significant band character, suggesting that further refinements to the band structure calculations are required.

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Hoh, Soon Wen. "Oxidation catalysis using transition metals and rare earth oxides." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/69756/.

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Oxygen abstraction together with CO adsorption and oxidation over palladium/platinum-doped cerium (IV) oxide and gold catalyst supported on iron (III) oxide were studied employing density functional theory with the inclusion of on-site Coulomb interaction (DFT+U). Hybrid functionals employing DFT method are able to re-produce structural properties for CeO2 that agrees well with experimental data. The localisation of two excess electrons upon the removal of an oxygen atom from the CeO2 lattice is well described by DFT+U and is found to be most favourable on two next nearest neighbour cerium sites from the vacancy site. This defective bulk structure gave an oxygen vacancy formation energy (Evac) of 2.45 eV using PW91+U (2.43 eV using PBE+U). The surface defect formation energies are calculated to be lower than that of the bulk structure. Other structures with different pair of Ce3+ sites at higher Evac are also present. At higher temperature, it is predicted that the energy gained from thermal heating will allow the defect structure to end up at one of the higher energy defective structures obtained. Both the CeO2 and α-Fe2O3 support are reduced more easily in the presence of transition metal atoms or clusters. Supported gold nanoparticle is found to affect the Evac on the α-Fe2O3(0001) surface only to a certain limited influential area around the nanoparticle. The Evac is reduced further when the Au atoms at the periphery sites are oxidised to give Au10O6 cluster. CO has weak interaction with the CeO2(111) surface. However, by doping the surface with Pd2+ and Pt2+ ions, CO is found to adsorb strongly at the three coordinated metal dopant that has a vacancy coordination site exposed on the surface. Weak adsorptions are also observed at the perimeter sites of Au10O6/α-Fe2O3(0001). Overall, it is predicted that CO oxidation, which follows the Mars-van Krevelen type mechanism can be enhanced by the presence of transition metal dopants or clusters. The continuous effort of researchers to reduce CO emission and the curiosity on where the excess electrons from the removed oxygen localised in the CeO2 system have been the motivation of this project. This work will provide insight on catalyst design and the understanding of the electronic structure of the systems studied.

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Ellerby, Mark. "Resistance and magnetization study of rare earth metals and compounds." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336406.

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Kramer, Mathias. "Cationic alkyl and hydride complexes of the rare earth metals." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998740497/04.

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Books on the topic "Rare earth metals"

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Hedrick, James B. Rare-earth minerals and metals. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Han, Qiyong. Rare earth, alkaline earth and other elements in metallurgy. Tokyo: Japan Technical Information Service, 1998.

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Franks, Steven M. Rare earth minerals: Policies and issues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Watson, Dave. Magnetic structures of rare-earth metals. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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Murty, Yellapu V., Mary Anne Alvin, and Jack P. Lifton, eds. Rare Earth Metals and Minerals Industries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31867-2.

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1930-, Gschneidner Karl A., and Eyring LeRoy, eds. Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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1930-, Gschneidner Karl A., and Eyring LeRoy, eds. Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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Fedorova, E. G. (Elena Georgievna) та Shveĭkin G. P, ред. Redkozemelʹnye ėlementy: Vzaimodeĭstvie s p-metallami. Moskva: "Nauka", 1990.

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Altukhov, E. N. Karasugskoe redkozemelʹnoe mestorozhdenie: Osnovy ėndogennoĭ metallogenii i marketinga. Moskva: IMGRĖ, 2011.

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1950-, Evans C. H., ed. Episodes from the history of the rare earth elements. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rare earth metals"

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Harbison, Raymond D., and David R. Johnson. "Rare Earth Metals." In Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 199–204. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118834015.ch29.

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Wall, Frances. "Rare earth elements." In Critical Metals Handbook, 312–39. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118755341.ch13.

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Xiaowei, Huang, and Xu Kuangdi. "Rare Earth Metals Metallurgy." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy, 1–8. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0740-1_770-1.

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Xiaowei, Huang. "Rare Earth Metals Metallurgy." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy, 1756–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2086-0_770.

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Crowson, Phillip. "Rare Earth Minerals & Metals." In Minerals Handbook 1992–93, 207–13. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12564-7_32.

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Gasik, Mikhail, Viktor Dashevskii, and Aitber Bizhanov. "Ferroalloys with Rare-Earth Metals." In Ferroalloys, 297–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57502-1_17.

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Crowson, Phillip. "Rare Earth Minerals & Metals." In Minerals Handbook 1994–95, 217–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13431-1_34.

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Crowson, Phillip. "Rare earth minerals & metals." In Minerals Handbook 1996–97, 297–305. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13793-0_35.

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Liu, Chang, Ming Yuan, Wen-Shen Liu, Mei-Na Guo, Hermine Huot, Ye-Tao Tang, Baptiste Laubie, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Jean Louis Morel, and Rong-Liang Qiu. "Element Case Studies: Rare Earth Elements." In Agromining: Farming for Metals, 297–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61899-9_19.

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Liu, Chang, Ming Yuan, Wen-Shen Liu, Mei-Na Guo, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Hermine Huot, Bastien Jally, et al. "Element Case Studies: Rare Earth Elements." In Agromining: Farming for Metals, 471–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58904-2_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rare earth metals"

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Hinton, B. R. W. "New Approaches to Corrosion Inhibition with Rare Earth Metal Salts." In CORROSION 1989, 1–21. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89170.

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Abstract Over recent years with attention being drawn to the toxic and carcinogenic nature of the most common corrosion inhibitor i.e. the chromate ion, considerable research has been directed towards other environmentally acceptable inhibitors. Extensive research at ARL and other laboratories has shown that the salts of rare earth metals are effective inhibitors of the corrosion of aluminium alloys, steel and zinc. This paper reviews experimental studies where rare earth metal salts have been used as inhibitors of various types of corrosion including general, galvanic and crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue, and the inhibition mechanisms involved.

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Adekanye, Timothy A., Samuel J. Aliyu, Adeolu A. Adediran, David Ujunwa, Jesse Ochimana, Bamigboluwaga Isadare, John Odunayo, and Victor Emelumba. "A Review of CuAlNiMn Shape Memory Alloy Modified with Rare Earth Metals." In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10629987.

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Johansson, Rune, Jim Hamer, James D. Redmond, and Ralph M. Davison. "Oxidation and High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of REM-Treated Austenitic Stainless Steels." In CORROSION 1990, 1–7. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90294.

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Abstract The combined effect of rare earth metals (REM), silicon and nitrogen on high temperature properties of austenitic stainless steels has been studied in three steels with increasing alloy content, S30415, S30815, and Avesta 353 MA™. These three austenitic stainless steels show increased oxidation resistance and an increased resistance to carburization. The combination of REM and silicon in these stainless steels gives the same high temperature corrosion resistance as alloys with higher nickel content. REM in combination with silicon have a beneficial effect due to the formation of a thin, adherent oxide layer on the surface of the steel. The combination of REM and silicon lowers the oxidation rate by significantly reducing the outward diffusion of metal ions through the thin oxide layer. In some environments, e.g., sulfur dioxide containing atmospheres at high temperatures, the thin oxide layer will also reduce the corrosion rate.

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Odelstam, T., B. Larsson, C. Martensson, and M. Tynell. "Experience with a Si-Rem Alloyed Stainless Steel in High Temperature Applications." In CORROSION 1986, 1–21. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86367.

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Abstract Metallurgical and allied industries as well as petrochemical and chemical industries involve a number of high temperature applications where conventional 18Cr/8Ni steels lack sufficient corrosion resistance. Higher chromium and silicon contents but also an addition of rare earth metals (REM) can improve this resistance. Alloy 253MA was developed according to these guide lines. The properties and experience with alloy 253MA are presented. The Si-REM addition improves the oxidation resistance, while added nitrogen increases the strength and structural stability. Applications are in heat recovery, heat treating furnaces and the process industry.

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Rahoi, Dennis W., Sven Darnfors, James Skarda, and Ralph M. Davison. "Changing an Austenitic Stainless Steel's Oxidation Resistance and Mechanical Properties by Micro-Alloying." In CORROSION 1986, 1–9. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86374.

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Abstract Modern melting and refining techniques have given the metallurgist the capability to control alloy content in precise narrow ranges. This ability, coupled with a marketing need to develop stainless steels that can compete with more expensive nickel alloy grades, has led to the development of AVESTA 253MA(1), a high-temperature steel containing microalloy additions of rare earth metals to increase scaling resistance and creep strength. The addition of nitrogen also increases the mechanical properties; especially at high temperatures, while imparting to the microstructure a wholly austenitic nature for good weldability and good physical properties.

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Markova, Mariia, Antonina Stepacheva, Vladimir Molchanov, Galina Demidenko, and Mikhail Sulman. "FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OVER POLYMER SUPPORTED PROMOTED IRON CATALYSTS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 99–106. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s17.12.

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In recent decades, the interest of researchers has focused on the development of methods for obtaining alternative energy sources. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is one of the methods for obtaining a wide range of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Ru, Ni, Fe and Co are the widely used catalytically active metals in FTS. To increase the activity of the catalyst, as well as increase the yield of target products, promoters are introduced into catalytic systems. In FTS, oxides of alkaline and rare earth metals, oxides of lanthanides and actinides, and noble metals are used as modifiers. In this work, we studied the effect of Fe promotion with Ni, Co, and Ru on the CO conversion and the formation of gasoline-range hydrocarbons in the liquid-phase FTS. Novel catalysts supported on the aromatic polymer matrix characterized by the high specific surface area and fine distribution of the active phase were developed. The addition of Ru to the Fe catalyst was shown to increase both CO conversion and selectivity toward the formation of gasoline-range alkanes compared to the monometallic catalysts.

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Agarwal, D. C., and U. Brill. "NiCr27FeSiRE: a New Alloy for Waste Incineration." In CORROSION 1993, 1–10. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93209.

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Abstract Controlled high temperature incineration is playing an increasingly important role in proper and safe management of both municipal and industrial waste products. Depending on the chemical make-up of the waste stream and combustion conditions, a multitude of aggressive and corrosive high temperature environments are produced. These could be either sulfudizing, carburizing, halogenizing, nitriding, reducing, and oxidizing in nature, or a combination thereof. Other harmfull species are also generated due to presence of alkali metals (Na, K) and heavy metals (Pb, Zn), all of which could attack the various incinerator components. Materials of construction traditionally used for these components have either been iron based, nickel based or cobalt based alloys. This paper describes the development of a new nickel based alloy, which combines the beneficial effects of high chromium, high silicon with microalloying additions of rare earth and nitrogen. Data on various environmental laboratory media, field tests and cost comparisons are shown.

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Wilson, J. D., T. J. Carney, and J. C. Kelly. "Micro-Alloying Improves Resistance to High Temperature Environments." In CORROSION 2005, 1–10. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05422.

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Abstract Modern melting and refining techniques have given stainless and nickel alloy users the capability to control alloy content to precise narrow ranges. This ability in conjunction with market needs for heat resistant stainless steels that could offer properties competitive with more costly nickel alloys led to the development of alloys such as S30815 in the 1970s, and S35315 in the 1980s. More recently these techniques were also applied to develop N06025, as a means to enhance a nickel alloy so that it could offer improved properties versus traditional alloys such as alloy 600 and alloy 601. Microalloy additions of rare earth metals such as cerium and yttrium enhance scaling resistance and creep strength. Elevated levels of nitrogen and/or carbon enhance mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Results of laboratory oxidation testing and creep rupture property comparisons are provided along with several case histories.

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Lambrych, K., and L. J. Bennett. "Non-Metallic Materials for Design and Construction of Mineral Extraction Equipment." In CONFERENCE 2023, 1–14. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19455.

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Abstract Today there are several successful case histories demonstrating the suitability and long service life of fiber reinforced polymer, FRP, based equipment in hydrometallurgical extraction plants used to refine copper, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth metals. FRP is being considered as a material of choice for construction of lithium extraction systems from geothermal water or other traditional sources. The chemical environments found in modern extraction systems are extremely corrosive. These systems must be fabricated from materials that are durable against corrosion, meet mechanical requirements, and perform economically over the life of the plant. In these systems, FRP provides improved durability relative to alternative materials of construction. This paper will compare corrosion performance of plant equipment fabricated with corrosion resistant alloys, rubber lined steel, and FRP made with epoxy vinyl ester thermoset resins. Case histories for FRP piping, storage tanks, extraction vessels, and electrowinning cells combined with laboratory-based corrosion studies will be reviewed to demonstrate how FRP materials are selected for hydrometallurgical equipment. Data showing the suitability of FRP for lithium extraction will also be reviewed.

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Coey, J. Michael D. "Amorphous rare-earth transition-metal alloys revisited." In Spintronics XVII, edited by Henri Jaffrès, Jean-Eric Wegrowe, Manijeh Razeghi, and Joseph S. Friedman, 26. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3028305.

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Reports on the topic "Rare earth metals"

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Thomas, M. D., K. L. Ford, and P. Keating. Exploration geophysics for intrusion-hosted rare earth metals. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/288092.

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Allen, Heather. Non-Equilibrium Nucleation of Rare Earth Metals at Aqueous Interfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2290395.

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Stull, Dean P. Environmentally Friendly Economical Sequestration of Rare Earth Metals from Geothermal Waters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1373883.

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Crocker, Fiona, Lyndsay Carrigee, Kayla Clark, and Karl Indest. Peptide display for rare earth element binding. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49647.

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Rare earth elements (REEs) are metals that are indispensable to the function of many advanced systems and materials. The supply chain of REEs is heavily dependent on foreign sources and supply shortages are a major concern to the US government. Biological recovery approaches could be an economically feasible approach to recover REEs from unconventional or secondary sources. The objective of this project was to express a lanthanide-binding tag, with an affinity for adsorption of REEs, on the surface of the biomining bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. This was to be accomplished using synthetic biology tools. The initial cloning steps were performed in Escherichia coli, since techniques are well established in this strain. Using a peptide display approach, several DNA constructs with the binding tag were designed that were regulated by constitutive or inducible promoters and cloned into plasmids that replicate in E. coli and A. ferrooxidans. All plasmids were observed to be unstable or lethal in E. coli, exhibiting sequence rearrangements or deletion of the designed construct. Conjugation between E. coli and A. ferrooxidans and subsequent REE binding assays were thus not possible due to the absence of a structurally and functionally intact plasmid.

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Akolkar, Rohan. Novel Electrowinning Reactor for the Energy-Efficient, Low- Cost Production of Rare Earth Metals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2025. https://doi.org/10.2172/2502140.

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Lim, Hyung-Seok, Chinmayee Venkata Subban, Dan Thien Nguyen, Tasya Nasoetion, Tingkun Liu, Kee Sung Han, Bhuvaneswari Modachur Sivakumar, et al. Room Temperature Electrorefining of Rare Earth Metals from End-of-use Nd-Fe-B Magnets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2203743.

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Zhang, Patrick, Tatiana Levitskaia, Yelena Katsenovich, and Costas Tsouris. Technology Development and Integration for Volume Production of High Purity Rare Earth Metals from Phosphate Processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2255190.

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Böhm, C., and N. Rayner. Summary of GEM results: Manitoba Far North Geomapping Initiative. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332503.

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The far north of Manitoba is endowed with potential for base and precious metals, diamonds, uranium, and rare metals. The goal of a collaborative project between the Manitoba Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada was to provide an advanced framework of geoscience knowledge for mineral exploration and land-use management. Bedrock mapping, geophysical surveys, and geochemical and geochronological analyses carried out in 2005 to 2011 in the far north of Manitoba showed diverse and complex rocks that record nearly two billion years of Earth history. Key advancements in understanding include a new stratigraphy and chronology of at least four metasedimentary cover sequences in the Seal River Domain, some with high potential for economic uranium, gold, and/or rare-metal mineralization; and the identification of a Neoarchean greenstone belt in the Great Island area with known gold occurrences. The discovery of remnants of ancient (3.5 Ga) cratonic lithosphere in the Seal River area also renders the region favourable for diamond exploration.

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Wald, P. A review of the literature on the toxicity of rare-earth metals as it pertains to the engineering demonstration system surrogate testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7259188.

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Wald, P. A review of the literature on the toxicity of rare-earth metals as it pertains to the Engineering Demonstration System surrogate testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5477480.

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