Books on the topic 'Ras el Bassit'

The book outlines a brief history of the development of Microbiology, General properties of microorganisms, their position in nature, modern conceptions of the morphology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Presents the basic principles of classification of microorganisms, basic physiology and genetics. Describes the methods and conditions of cultivation of microorganisms. Considered the most important biochemical processes caused chemoheterotrophic microorganisms and their practical significance in food production in the national economy. The considered methods of immobilization of cells of microorganisms and their practical significance. The role of microorganisms in food production from vegetable raw materials and to obtain practically important for the national economy of organic acids. The textbook is accompanied by illustrations. At the end of each Chapter test questions for self-examination. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for students majoring in "food from vegetable raw materials, production Technology and organization of public catering".

The textbook describes complex natural, geological, geographical, hydrogeological and lithological studies based on modern geological and ecological theories and forming the basis of environmental science. The theoretical views on the ecology of the geological environment are expanded. The tasks of ecological geology and geography, as well as ecological hydrogeology and ecological lithology are substantiated. Attention is paid to the history of geoecological research in the development of new territories. The influence of the tectonic formation of geological structures on the ecological situation of the Earth's lithosphere is studied. The ecological zoning of the lithosphere and hydrosphere is given. The ecological characteristics of sedimentary deposits, which are associated with minerals of important industrial and environmental importance, are given. The ecological properties of various types of mineral raw materials for their application in industry are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for bachelors studying the discipline "Ecological Geology" and Earth sciences, and will also be of interest to environmental specialists in the design and operation of industrial facilities, structures and deposits of natural raw materials.

The textbook contains basic information about the structure, properties and biological functions of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins. The most important ways of transformation of substances and energy in a living organism are considered. The information about the use of biochemical processes in the food industry is given. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For university students studying in the areas of training 19.03.01 "Biotechnology", 19.03.02 "Food products from plant raw materials", 19.03.04 "Product technology and catering organization", as well as for students studying in other areas of training, and graduate students.

The monograph examines the issues of transformation of the Russian economy from raw materials export model to a model of sustainable industrial growth. In the first Chapter of the work the author formulates the definition of sustainable economy growth and the expediency of its formation, analyzes the problems that hinder the transformation of national economic system into a model for sustainable industrial growth, and identified possible mechanisms of such transformation. In the second Chapter, in order to determine the sources of the implementation of the financial mechanism of forming of economy of sustainable industrial growth, the author assesses financial potential of economic entities and analyzes the role of the banking sector and the state to invest resources in the Russian economy. In the third Chapter the author provides the rationale (for the decision of task of forming of economy of industrial growth) for the development of cooperation in the banking sector and the state in the financing of manufacturing industry on the basis of realization of interests of all key stakeholders of such projects, identifies the interests of the state, banking sector and manufacturing industries and estimated the fullness of their realization in the framework of the existing mechanisms of the banking and government lending to the economy. Designed for teachers, students of economic specialties, as well as anyone interested in the problems of development of economy in modern conditions.

Interactions of ionizing radiations with matter are fundamental to the practice of radiation protection. They determine the magnitude and distribution of doses in tissues, the performance of detectors and imaging devices, and the attenuating properties of shielding materials. This chapter describes briefly the processes of radioactive decay and the properties of the various particles emitted, and then goes on to consider the interactions of radiation with matter. Electron interactions with metals result in bremsstrahlung and characteristic X-rays that form the basis of X-ray production. The interaction mechanisms of X-rays with tissue, particularly the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering, are inherent in the process of radiology image formation. Understanding the physics behind X-ray interactions so that scattered radiation can be taken into account is crucial in designing methods for accurately measuring radiation dose parameters. The final section deals with the dose related variables involved in measurement of radiation fields.

In this chapter, we introduce public-key encryption. We first consider the motivation behind the concept of public-key cryptography and introduce the hard problems on which popular public-key encryption schemes are based. We then discuss two of the best-known public-key cryptosystems, RSA and ElGamal. For each of these public-key cryptosystems, we discuss how to set up key pairs and perform basic encryption and decryption. We also identify the basis for security for each of these cryptosystems. We then compare RSA, ElGamal, and elliptic-curve variants of ElGamal from the perspectives of performance and security. Finally, we look at how public-key encryption is used in practice, focusing on the popular use of hybrid encryption.

The Rapid Response System (RRS) is organized into four basic components. These components include an activation limb, a response limb, a quality assurance infrastructure, and an administrative component. These components remain consistent despite campus size, physical layout, patient population, available technical resources, and personnel. Oversight of the RRS is provided by the patient safety, risk management experts, as well as clinical experts to maintain high quality of care delivered to acutely ill patients. Administrative support in the development of policy, allocation of resources, and communicating a strong and clear message regarding the mission and vision of the RRS is invaluable. In this chapter, we review each element of the RRS.

This article describes carbon-nanotube based X-ray technologies for medical research and clinical applications, including an X-ray source, microfocus X-ray tube, microcomputed tomography scanner, stationary digital breast tomosynthesis, microradiotherapy system, and single-cell irradiation system. It first examines electron field emission from carbon nanotubes before discussing carbon-nanotube field emission electron and X-ray technologies in greater detail. It highlights the enormous promise of these systems in commercial and research application for the future in diagnostic medical imaging; in-vivo imaging of small-animal modelsfor pre-clinical cancer studies; security screening; industrial inspection; cancer radiotherapy of small-animal models for pre-clinical cancer studies; and basic cancer research using single-cell irradiation.

This chapter discusses how international law deals with the problems of multiple proceedings and conflicting judgments concerning the doctrine of res judicata. In international law, the problem is handled differently depending on whether it arises in the private or public international law context. In private international law, the problem has long been resolved by domestic private international law acts and various bilateral conventions. In Europe, the Brussels I Regulation seeks to avoid these problems among Member States by unifying rules on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments. On the other hand, in public international law, a uniform doctrine of res judicata has been developed on the basis of domestic res judicata rules.

В монографии представлены результаты совместных исследований белорусских и российских этнологов, которые проводились по всему периметру белорусско-российского пограничья: в Гомельской, Могилевской, Витебской областях со стороны Республики Беларусь; Брянской, Смоленской, Псковской со стороны РФ. На основе многолетних полевых изысканий, с привлечением архивных материалов, данных социологических опросов, были выявлены единство и/или различия элементов культуры по разные стороны границы во всем их многообразии, и обозначены трансграничные этнокультурные ареалы. Одна из ключевых проблем исследования – особенности формирования этнической идентичности в разных государствах и в условиях слабой этнокультурной отличительности жителей на пограничном пространстве. Изучение трансграничных связей и контактов имеет практическое значение для формирования различного рода сотрудничества между соседними странами. Книга предназначена для специалистов в области этнологии и других гуманитарных наук, а также для широкого круга читателей. Border, identity, culture: ethnography of the Belarusian-Russian borderland. collective monograph / executive. ed. R.A. Grigorieva, N.G. Demeter, A.V. Gurko / Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS; Center for Research of Belarusian Culture, Language and Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. - M .: IEA RAN, 2020 .-- 360 p. This monograph represents the results of joint research of Belarusian and Russian ethnologists, which were carried out along the entire perimeter of the Belarusian-Russian border area: in the Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk regions from the Republic of Belarus; Bryansk, Smolensk, Pskov from the Russian Federation. On the basis of many years of field research, with the involvement of archival materials, data from sociological surveys, the unity and / or differences of cultural elements on different sides of the border in all their diversity were identified, and transboundary ethnocultural areas were identified. One of the key problems of the study is the peculiarities of the formation of ethnic identity in different states and in the conditions of weak ethnocultural distinctiveness of residents in the border area. The study of cross-border relations and contacts has a practical importance for the formation of various kinds of cooperation between neighboring countries. The book is dedicated for specialists in the field of ethnology and other humanities, as well as for a wide range of readers.

This chapter reviews the main problems in obtaining portable X-rays in intensive cardiac care unit patients and describes specific features of radiographs taken in the supine anteroposterior position. It also includes a brief review of a systematic, multistep approach of evaluating the quality of radiographic images and describing the chest wall, pulmonary vasculature, the heart and its chambers, the great vessels, and the position of tubes, lines, and devices. This chapter covers the most common conditions for which chest radiographs are useful and provides intensive cardiac care unit physicians, cardiologists, cardiology fellows, and medical students with basic information on water retention, air collection, and lung-related problems. It also focuses on the monitoring of line and device placements (e.g. central venous catheters, tube malposition) and procedure-related abnormalities, which may be apparent on chest X-rays and are helpful for timely diagnoses.

This chapter reviews the main problems in obtaining portable X-rays in intensive cardiac care unit patients and describes specific features of radiographs taken in the supine anteroposterior position. It also includes a brief review of a systematic, multistep approach of evaluating the quality of radiographic images and describing the chest wall, pulmonary vasculature, the heart and its chambers, the great vessels, and the position of tubes, lines, and devices. This chapter covers the most common conditions for which chest radiographs are useful and provides intensive cardiac care unit physicians, cardiologists, cardiology fellows, and medical students with basic information on water retention, air collection, and lung-related problems. It also focuses on the monitoring of line and device placements (e.g. central venous catheters, tube malposition) and procedure-related abnormalities, which may be apparent on chest X-rays and are helpful for timely diagnoses.

This chapter reviews the main problems in obtaining portable X-rays in intensive cardiac care unit patients and describes specific features of radiographs taken in the supine anteroposterior position. It also includes a brief review of a systematic, multistep approach of evaluating the quality of radiographic images and describing the chest wall, pulmonary vasculature, the heart and its chambers, the great vessels, and the position of tubes, lines, and devices. This chapter covers the most common conditions for which chest radiographs are useful and provides intensive cardiac care unit physicians, cardiologists, cardiology fellows, and medical students with basic information on water retention, air collection, and lung-related problems. It also focuses on the monitoring of line and device placements (e.g. central venous catheters, tube malposition) and procedure-related abnormalities, which may be apparent on chest X-rays and are helpful for timely diagnoses.

This chapter reviews the main problems in obtaining portable X-rays in intensive cardiac care unit patients and describes specific features of radiographs taken in the supine anteroposterior position. It also includes a brief review of a systematic, multistep approach of evaluating the quality of radiographic images and describing the chest wall, pulmonary vasculature, the heart and its chambers, the great vessels, and the position of tubes, lines, and devices. This chapter covers the most common conditions for which chest radiographs are useful and provides intensive cardiac care unit physicians, cardiologists, cardiology fellows, and medical students with basic information on water retention, air collection, and lung-related problems. It also focuses on the monitoring of line and device placements (e.g. central venous catheters, tube malposition) and procedure-related abnormalities, which may be apparent on chest X-rays and are helpful for timely diagnoses.

International interest is growing concerning using strength-based models of adolescent development to understand how mutually influential relations between individuals and their key settings may be a basis for positive, healthy development. Bidirectional relations models are linked to relational developmental systems (RDS) metatheory, with a focus on the positive youth development (PYD) model, the most used ininternational PYD-related research and programs. A three-nation, counterfactual, comparative, longitudinal study is described to understand if Compassion International programs enhance thriving of the world’s poorest youth. RDS metatheory ideas point to the need for longitudinal studies using measures reflecting reliability, validity, and invariance across people, time, and place. This research should be framed by the “specificity principle” to identify individual and setting combinations that capitalize on the strengths of youth and place young people on a thriving trajectory.

This book delves into Ray Bradbury's emotional world as it matured through his explorations of cinema and art, his interactions with agents and editors, his reading discoveries, and the reading suggestions of older writers. It analyzes the origins of Bradbury's wariness of intellectual writing and his conviction that intuitive things are the real truths, that “the fiction writer is, first and foremost, an emotionalist.” These origins reveal why Bradbury's unique style and his abiding creative focus on the basic emotions that define our humanity remain his greatest contributions to American literature. In order to probe Bradbury's writing career, the book establishes the chronology of his encounters with the works of authors, artists, illustrators, playwrights, and filmmakers who stimulated his imagination throughout the first three decades of his life. The goal is to elucidate the “truth” of the many masks he assumes as he becomes Ray Bradbury.

The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then combined with the dose criteria to derive transmission requirements for protective barriers. Specific requirements for secondary scattered radiation and primary beams in radiography are considered. The methodology is described together with practical examples of room design for different X-ray techniques and elements of personnel radiation protection are discussed.

This chapter provides an introduction to small angle solution scattering with particular reference to the complementary technique of X-ray crystallography and the relationship between the two. It describes at its most basic level the theoretical underpinnings of solution scattering starting from a single molecule and how this information is sampled in crystals versus in solution. A brief introduction is given to some of the primary types of structural information that can be obtained from experiments. The chapter concludes discussing some of the most common applications of the technique in structural biology, and where the future is likely headed.

The foundation of the Principate under Augustus coincided with the expansion of Roman epigraphic culture. Given the sheer number of surviving inscriptions, imperial epigraphy provides all sorts of information about the power of the Roman emperor: its nature, its juridical basis, its modes of self-representation, including imperial titulature, and the means whereby the emperor controlled the Empire and communicated with its communities. These texts also provide evidence for the central place that the imperial family occupied in Roman society and the consensus of support that the emperors enjoyed in Rome and throughout the Empire. This chapter analyzes the texts of the imperial period, for instance key inscriptions such as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.

Originally prepared for the GSA Thompson Field Forum that ran from Terrace to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, this guide describes the geology along the Skeena River transect of the Coast Mountains batholith, the largest Cordilleran batholith of western North America and one of the largest continental-margin batholiths in the world. The last guide to this area was published in 1983 and this new volume is the only modern overview of the last decades of work. The authors use the transect as a basis to examine the growth of the Coast Mountains batholith as a whole, emphasizing commonalities and variations with the batholith and how these traits may reflect magmatic processes that create convergent-margin batholiths.

Ruchi Ram Sahni notes that his desire to write an autobiography stems from a desire to put down details about his early, chequered life, which even his friends and family knew little about. His earliest attempts to write an autobiography date from a holiday in Sairi (near Simla) in 1907; he had hoped to complete the manuscript during his visit to Germany in 1914, but had to destroy the notes he made when he left Germany at short notice because of World War I. Another attempt followed in 1933 during a busy period in his life. The fragmentary notes he prepared at this time were the basis for the final push towards completing the autobiography, in the summer of 1942.

This chapter sets up the basic dilemma of the Democratic primary contest: how would the competition between an African American man and a white woman affect the liberal coalition of African Americans, white liberals, feminists, and organized labor in place since the 1970s? It decries the deterioration of the Democratic race into a debate over which group, African Americans or women, was more aggrieved and reminds us of the historical consequences of division. Recounting key events from the Civil War era, the chapter argues that the Democratic Party would do better to recall instead the legacy of Shirley Chisholm, who in 1972 ran a principled campaign for president on a platform of antiracist, antisexist, pro-labor, and pro-peace policies.

This chapter shows, using atomic xenon as a prototype, how coincidence maps and double photionisation spectra are created from the raw electron timing data, and how direct and indirect photoionisation pathways can be distinguished in the maps. A minor feature in the maps is recognised as coming from electron-impact single ionisation, which can be studied by the same technique. The chapter also explains how a simple formula can be used, with constants calibrated by measuring electrons of known energy, to convert the times of flight into kinetic energies. This introductory chapter concludes with a summary of some basic features of double photoionisation and of the spectra presented in this book, exemplified by Xe, including times of flight, energy resolution, ionisation, and Auger decay.

Posthuman Rap leads to a posthuman vestibule, connected to and aware of neoliberal humanism but situated just outside of it, in a place where we might imagine other ways of being human. Big K.R.I.T.’s car, quaking with sub-bass blasting from his woofer, is exactly this kind of vestibule. K.R.I.T., working with AfroFuturist materials, uses it to create big bangs and new worlds beyond our own. But before he can call entire planets into being, he must first tune his vestibule to receive and transmit vibrations from beyond the edge of human perception. It’s from this vantage point, staring through the vibrating glass of his car, that he can imagine other ways of being human.

In this, the final chapter, the focus is on Socrates’ expectation that potential guardians will study mathematics for the purpose of understanding the Form of the Good. Mathematical studies contribute to this end by formulating definitions of mathematical entities that employ the notions of ratio and commensurability. As mathematicians work with visible figures and diagrams to prove their conclusions, they will come to see ratios and commensurability as a central aspect of their field. Definitions that employ the notions of commensurability then become the basis for dialectical inquiry leading to an awareness of the Form of the Good. Mathematical studies are carried on for the sake of understanding the Form of the Good in that they stimulate the formulation of definitions of mathematical entities. These definitions become the raw material for the dialectical understanding of the Form of the Good.

For a long time, oral history documents have been encountered and understood in two polar dimensions, not inaccurately described as “raw” and “cooked.” Considering oral history as primary source material, many discussions focus on the conducting, collecting, preserving, transcribing, and organizing of interviews as the basic “stuff” of work in the field. Alternatively, oral history has been often been approached from the vantage of its use—as selectively “cooked” and presented as History—in or as an exhibit, a film, a book, an article, a website, a text sidebar, and so on. These dimensions are each vitally important, of course, and much of the discourse of the field has been oriented to one or the other of these poles. This article further discusses the method of intra-interview passage in recording oral history. Importance of history makers in recording oral history and making them accessible is demonstrated in this article.

This chapter explains that we encounter alterity in two main domains: in ourselves, and in the external world. In the first case alterity is in the involuntary dimension of ourselves, as (for instance) our un-chosen ‘character’, including needs, desires, emotions, and habits. In the external world, alterity is encountered in the challenging otherness of the events and in the meetings with other persons that constellate our life. This involuntary dimension of my being the person that I am includes what is a priori given in my existence, the raw material that constitutes the sedimented dispositions of my being and sets the boundaries of my freedom. The roots of the involuntary are my history, my body, and the world into which I am thrown. A relevant part of the involuntary is drive. Drive is the principle of all obscurity in my will. Its two basic profiles are need and desire.

Value is not perceived as the empirical world is but is constituted by the order and structure reflection and deliberation impose upon desires—the passions in our souls—that furnish the basic currency of evaluative and normative thought. Perception, like our other cognitive resources, is nonetheless shaped and informed by our passions as they in turn shape and inform it. Evaluative reason and justification is driven by our passions and ultimately grounded in them. While locally we generally desire things because they are valuable, globally, in the last analysis, they are valuable because we (at our best) desire them. Here the role of desire is grounding and global but it is still not Archimedean: it is not a matter of raw, brute desire but of evaluation informed by all the substantive ideals from which the whole complex web of our evaluative and normative thought itself is woven.

Fast food probably originated in 1948, when Dick and Maurice McDonald re-designed their successful restaurant. Few of the brothers' "innovations" were entirely new. They specialized in a small number of familiar foods and applied systematic thinking to production. By fitting into existing and emerging cultures of age, family, leisure and consumption, the brothers' new outlet acquired a social life. Under Ray Kroc's leadership, McDonald's grew from its first outlet near Chicago to more than 300 locations in 44 states by 1961, when he bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million. Over the next decade, McDonald's emerged as a dominant fast food chain in the United States, spread to Canada, and eventually turned into a global brand. Four themes—expansion, taste, systems, and social life—might be viewed as the basic elements of a global history of fast food, one that has similarities to the McDonald's story but is unique on its own. Technology and technocracy allowed food to become fast food.

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes, consisting principally of DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, maintain and modulate the initial impact of regulatory factors that recognize and associate with particular genomic sequences. This book’s primary goal is to establish a framework that can be used to understand the basis of epigenetic regulation and to appreciate both its derivation from genetics and its interdependence with genetic mechanisms. A further aim is to highlight the role played by the three-dimensional organization of the genetic material itself (the complex of DNA, histones and non-histone proteins referred to as chromatin) and its distribution within a functionally compartmentalized nucleus. Dysfunctions at any level of genetic regulation have the potential to result in an increased susceptibility to disease or actually give rise to overt pathologies. As illustrated in this book, research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advances in regenerative medicine.

The first of these case study chapters in chapter 5 draws parallels between the economic framework designed by Treasury officials at home and ‘the new international economic architecture’ that Gordon Brown was keen to pursue abroad. This would provide the basis for a new approach to debt relief to reform the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The new Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative would be conditional upon recipient countries meeting their obligations towards this new economic architecture, designed by Brown and based upon the principles of the ‘post-Washington Consensus’. This approach however, ran counter to many within civil society who viewed the issue of debt relief in ‘moral’ rather than simply ‘economic’ terms. In meeting with these different faith groups, NGOs and other debt activists, Brown certainly appeared sympathetic to such claims but the biblical language of forgiveness, justice and redemption that he used in speaking to these audiences differed from when he spoke in altogether more punitive terms to the international financial institutions. Here Brown spoke of the need for greater stability, demanded that indebted countries recognise their financial obligations, and urged greater surveillance by the International Monetary Fund of these countries national accounts.

The textbook provides the scientific basis for the production and processing of milk, the technology of dairy products; the role of domestic scientists in the formation of the dairy industry; describes the biological and nutritional value of milk; the composition and properties of milk of cows and farm animals of various species, organoleptic, physico-chemical, biochemical and technological properties of milk. The factors influencing the composition and properties of milk are presented. The article describes in detail the material on the biochemical and physico-chemical changes in milk during its storage and processing, in the production of fermented milk products, butter and spreads, cheese, ice cream, canned milk and ZCM, baby food products, products from secondary dairy raw materials. For students studying in the direction of training 35.03.07 "Technology of production and processing of agricultural products" of the direction "Technology of production, storage and processing of livestock products". The textbook contains the information necessary for the formation of professional competencies in the preparation of bachelors in the direction 35.03.07 Technology of production and processing of agricultural products and is recommended by the Federal UMO for use in the educational process.

The key insight in our research is to recognize inequality–neighbourhood interaction: neighbourhood effects interacting with income inequality may affect poor people’s ability to access basic facilities like health-care services, schooling, and so on. While Gulati and Ray (2016) model this interaction on a monopolist service provider in a neighbourhood structured as a linear city where rich and poor consumers live side by side, in this chapter we extend the analysis to a competitive framework with free entry and exit where the natural neighbourhood structure is a circular city. We find inverted-U shape relationships between income inequality and market access and welfare of the poor: if we compare a cross-section of societies, the poor community as a whole is initially better off living in relatively richer societies, but, beyond a point, the aggregate market access and consumer surplus of the poor starts declining as society becomes richer. We identify the possibility of complete exclusion of the poor from the market: a scenario where the service providers cater only to the rich and the poor have absolutely no market access, and find that it is the higher income gap between rich and poor that exposes the poor to this unfortunate outcome.

Electromagnetic Radiation is a graduate level book on classical electrodynamics with a strong emphasis on radiation. This book is meant to quickly and efficiently introduce students to the electromagnetic radiation science essential to a practicing physicist. While a major focus is on light and its interactions, topics in radio frequency radiation, x-rays, and beyond are also treated. Special emphasis is placed on applications, with many exercises and homework problems. The format of the book is designed to convey the basic concepts of a topic in the main central text in the book in a mathematically rigorous manner, but with detailed derivations routinely relegated to the accompanying side notes or end of chapter “Discussions.” The book is composed of four parts: Part I is a review of basic E&M, and assumes the reader has a had a good upper division undergraduate course, and while it offers a concise review of topics covered in such a course, it does not treat any given topic in detail; specifically electro- and magnetostatics. Part II addresses the origins of radiation in terms of time variations of charge and current densities within the source, and presents Jefimenko’s field equations as derived from retarded potentials. Part III introduces special relativity and its deep connection to Maxwell’s equations, together with an introduction to relativistic field theory, as well as the relativistic treatment of radiation from an arbitrarily accelerating charge. A highlight of this part is a chapter on the still partially unresolved problem of radiation reaction on an accelerating charge. Part IV treats the practical problems of electromagnetic radiation interacting with matter, with chapters on energy transport, scattering, diffraction and finally an illuminating, application-oriented treatment of fields in confined environments.

As the nation’s chief executive, Donald Trump pitted himself repeatedly against the institutions and personnel of the executive branch. In the process, two once-obscure concepts came center stage in an eerie face-off. On one side was the specter of a “Deep State” conspiracy – administrators threatening to thwart the will of the people and undercut the constitutional authority of the president they elected to lead them. On the other side was a raw personalization of presidential power, one that a theory of “the unitary executive” gussied up and allowed to run roughshod over reason and the rule of law. The Deep State and the unitary executive framed every major contest of the Trump presidency. Like phantom twins, they drew each other out and wrestled to light basic issues of governance long suppressed. Though this conflict reached a fever pitch during the Trump presidency, it is not new. Stephen Skowronek, John A. Dearborn, and Desmond King trace the tensions between presidential power and the depth of the American state back through the decades and forward through the various settlements arrived at in previous eras. Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic is about the breakdown of settlements and the abiding vulnerabilities of a Constitution that gave scant attention to administrative power. Rather than simply dump on Trump, the authors provide a richly historical perspective on the conflicts that rocked his presidency, and they explain why, if left untamed, the phantom twins will continue to pull American government apart.

This book investigates law’s interaction with practical reasons. What difference can legal requirements—be they traffic rules, tax laws, work safety regulations, or others—make to normative reasons relevant to our action? The book critically examines some of the existing answers to that question and puts forward an alternative account. At the outset, two competing positions are pitted against each other: first, the view taken by Joseph Raz, that when the law satisfies certain conditions that endow it with legitimate authority, it acquires pre-emptive force, namely it constitutes reasons for action that exclude and take the place of some other reasons; second, an antithetical position, according to which legal requirements cannot exclude otherwise applicable reasons, but can at most provide us with reasons that operate, and compete with opposing reasons, in terms of their weight. These positions are examined from several perspectives, such as justified disobedience cases, law’s conduct-guiding function, and the phenomenology associated with authority. It is found that, although each of the above positions offers insight into the relation between law and practical reasons, they both suffer from significant flaws. These observations lay the basis on which, in the final part of the book, an alternative position is put forward and defended. On this position, the existence and operation of a reasonably just and well-functioning legal system constitutes some reasons that are neither ordinary reasons for action nor pre-emptive ones, but rather reasons to adopt an (overridable) disposition that inclines its possessor towards compliance with the system’s requirements.

This book explores the tumultuous history of North American state-making in the middle decades of the nineteenth century from a continental perspective. Today’s political map took its basic shape in the continental crisis of the 1860s, marked by Canadian Confederation (1867), the end of the U.S. Civil War (1865), the restoration of the Mexican Republic (1867), and numerous wars and treaty regimes conducted between these states and indigenous peoples through the 1870s. This crisis transformed the continent from a patchwork of foreign empires, republics, indigenous polities, and contested no-mans-lands into the nation states of Mexico and the United States and the Dominion of Canada, an expanding, largely self-governing polity within the British Empire. Key to this process was the question of sovereignty, or the power to rule. Battles over sovereignty ran through the struggles waged not only by the nation states that came to dominate the North America, but also those that failed, like the Confederate States of America, and others—like the European empires and indigenous peoples—that came into conflict with the three main states. In light of the global turn in 19th-century historiography, this book examines these political crises as an inter-related struggle to redefine the relationship of North Americans to new governments. This volume brings together distinguished experts on the history of Canada, indigenous Americans, Mexico, and the United States to re-evaluate an era of political transformation that has had profound consequences for the future of the continent.

Over the past twenty years considerable public attention has been focused on the decline of marine fisheries, the sustainability of world fish production, and the impacts of fishing on marine ecosystems. Many have voiced their concerns about marine conservation, as well as the sustainable and ethical consumption of fish. But are fisheries in danger of collapse? Will we soon need to find ways to replace this food system? Should we be worried that we could be fishing certain species to extinction? Can commercial fishing be carried out in a sustainable way? While overblown prognoses concerning the dire state of fisheries are plentiful, clear scientific explanations of the basic issues surrounding overfishing are less so - and there remains great confusion about the actual amount of overfishing and its ecological impact. Overfishing: What Everyone Needs to Know will provide a balanced explanation of the broad issues associated with overfishing. Guiding readers through the scientific, political, economic, and ethical issues associated with harvesting fish from the ocean, it will provide answers to questions about which fisheries are sustainably managed and which are not. Ray and Ulrike Hilborn address topics including historical overfishing, high seas fisheries, recreational fisheries, illegal fishing, climate and fisheries, trawling, economic and biological overfishing, and marine protected areas. In order to illustrate the effects of each of these issues, they will incorporate case studies of different species of fish. Overall, the authors present a hopeful view of the future of fisheries. Most of the world's fisheries are not overfished, and many once overfished stocks are now rebuilding. In fact, we can learn from the management failures and successes to ensure that fisheries are sustainable and contribute to national wealth and food security. Concise and clear, this book presents a compelling "big picture " of the state of oceans and the solutions to ending overfishing.

There are few groups of viral zoonoses that have attracted such widespread publicity as the arenaviruses, particularly during the 1960’s and 1970’s when Lassa emerged as a major cause of haemorrhagic disease in West Africa. More than any other zoonoses, members of the family are used extensively for the study of virus-host relationships. Thus the study of this unique group of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses has been pursued for two quite separate reasons. First, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) has been used as a model of persistent virus infections for over half a century; its study has contributed, and continues to contribute, a number of cardinal concepts to our present understanding of immunology. LCM virus remains the prototype of the Arenaviridae and is a common infection of laboratory mice, rats and hamsters. Once thought rare in humans there is now increasing evidence of LCM virus being implicated in renal disease and as a complication in organ transplantation. Second, certain arenaviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in man, notably Lassa fever in Africa, Argentine and Bolivian haemorrhagic fevers in South America, Guaranito infection in Venezuela and Chaparé virus in Bolivia. The latter is a prime example for the need of ever-continuing vigilance for the emergence of new viral diseases; over the past few years several new arenaviruses have been reported as implicated with severe human disease and indeed the number of new arenaviruses discovered since the last edition of this book have increased the size of this virus family significantly.In common with LCM, the natural reservoir of these infections is a limited number of rodent species (Howard, 1986). Although the initial isolates from South America were at first erroneously designated as newly defined arboviruses, there is no evidence to implicate arthropod transmission for any arenavirus. However, similar methods of isolation and the necessity of trapping small animals have meant that the majority of arenaviruses have been isolated by workers in the arbovirus field. A good example of this is Guaranito virus that emerged during investigation of a dengue virus outbreak in Venezuela (Salas et al. 1991).There is an interesting spectrum of pathological processes among these viruses. All the evidence so far available suggests that the morbidity of Lassa fever and South American haemorrhagic fevers due to arenavirus infection results from the direct cytopathic action of these agents. This is in sharp contrast to the immunopathological basis of ‘classic’ lymphocytic choriomeningitis disease seen in adult mice infected with LCM virus and the use of this system for elucidating the phenomenon of H2-restriction of the host cytotoxic T cell response (Zinkernagel and Doherty 1979). Despite the utility of this experimental model for dissecting the nature of the immune response to virus infection and the growing interest in arenaviruses of rodents, there remains much to be done to elucidate the pathogenesis of these infections in humans.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.