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1
Bidabad, Bijan. "General Characteristics of Rastin Banking." Asian Finance & Banking Review 3, no. 2 (2019): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v3i2.351.
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In addition to removing Riba in banking activities, and by observing Islamic banking principles, and creating safe and public confidence environment, Rastin Banking can lead to important positive effects on growth and economic welfare through money and capital markets. In this paper, we refer to the headings set forth in Rastin Banking and its pillars of Rastin PLS banking. Rastin Banking is a new approach in the banking industry.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Certificate Market (RCM):A Complementary System of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 3, no. 1 (2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v3i1.260.
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New financial instruments as Rastin Certificates and Rastin Swap Bonds are used in Rastin banking. Rastin Certificate Market (RCM) provides necessary conditions for transaction and transfer of these instruments based on information technology and the integrated Rastin banking subsystems. This market is accessible for electronic account holders on the World Wide Web.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "A Glance at Rastin Banking." Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v1i2.354.
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To design an operational Islamic banking system, we tried to mix theoretical and experimental knowledge to develop Rastin Banking. Rastin Banking is a completely new solution to banking based on Islamic and ethical teachings with the scientific and technological approach. Some parts and modules of Rastin Banking have been implemented in Bank Melli Iran. The installed parts of the system had well-functioning and attracted depositors and investors, and since the procedures and instructions are well defined, the bank's staff executed its procedures easily. The results of the test system were very satisfactory and more than expectation. Rastin Banking is a nationwide project with lots of subtle technical points. This system is an open-source banking model, and all banks around the globe can easily install and use it. We wish Rastin Banking could put important steps to remove Riba and establish Islamic banking throughout the globe.
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Bidabad, Bijan, Roohollah Mohammadi, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Organizational Design and Rules in Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking." International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises 2, no. 1 (2019): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v2i1.320.
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Purpose: This paper aims to explain the organizational structure of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking. Rastin Banking is a full Islamic Banking System with all necessary parts for banking operations that can be installed in conventional and Islamic banks both.
 Design: Rastin Banking complies with the nature of the financial intermediary activity (the partnership of depositor in the yields of the fund receiver via the bank). To fulfill this goal, particular organizational structure, accompanying with instruments and workflow are defined.
 Findings: To handle Rastin Banking, particular theoretical and operational regulatory frameworks should be defined to fulfill the participation operations. In this paper, we will have a look at the necessary organizational structure to setup Rastin Banking.
 Research limitations: This plan was formed and tested in Bank Melli Iran in order to propose a model for other banks as well.
 Practical implications: In this system, the investment return of the participation is distributed to the parties of the financial partnership (depositor, entrepreneur, and bank), and it is done by eliminating fixed interest rate, and it is based on the real economy profit (return) of the activity.
 Social implications: Rastin Banking can lead to important positive effects on growth and economic welfare through money and capital markets. Interest rate as an essential factor in conventional banking is not usable in Islamic banking and other similar institutions that work based on partnership, such as mutual funds and saving and loan associations.
 Originality/value: Approach of this system is entirely different from conventional banking. In addition to removing usury in banking activities, Rastin Banking uses the best practical ethic finance to creating safe and public confidence environment for banking operations.
 Article Type: Technical paper
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Bidabad, Bijan. "GENERAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN RASTIN PROFIT AND LOSS SHARING BANKING:." JBFEM 2, no. 1 (2019): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol251-66.
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This paper aims to explain some auxiliary regulatory pillars and complementary considerations and systems in Rastin Banking. Rastin Banking is a full Islamic Banking System with all necessary parts for banking operations that can be installed in conventional and Islamic banks both. In this paper, we are going to explain the auxiliary preparations of this banking system. Rastin Banking complies with the nature of financial intermediary activity (partnership of depositor in the yields of the fund receiver via the bank). In order to fulfil this goal despite particular formation, financial structure, instruments and workflow many other auxiliary considerations are defined to remove banking shortages in a legal framework. To handle Rastin Banking and to remove the common banking obstacles, a set of particular theoretical and operational regulatory frameworks should be defined to fulfil the participation operations. In this paper, we will have a look at the auxiliary legal environment to setup Rastin Banking. This system requires more elaborations for further practical development and adjustment. In this system, the investment return of the participation is distributed to the parties of financial partnership (depositor, entrepreneur and bank), and it is done by eliminating fixed interest rate.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Group Funding (RGF): A Financial Subsystem of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i1.268.
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Rastin Group Funding (RGF) makes mobilization of limited and determined depositor’s resources for a specific project possible and shares depositors in the outcome of the projects with the intent of benefit and via the bank according to Rastin Banking rules. In Rastin Group Funding, after evaluation of the project proposal, and by observing the rules of the PLS Base System or the applied Financial Subsystem defined in Rastin Banking and considering the Rastin Banking Executive Bylaw; bank mobilizes the pre-specified depositors’ resources for a specific project; and after receiving necessary collaterals and guarantees allocates them to entrepreneur and performs supervision over the project execution. Bank receives capital management fee by supplying capital management services to depositors.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Operational ethical banking in Rastin Banking." International Journal of Law and Management 58, no. 4 (2016): 416–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0037.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss some of the operational Islamic banking features considered in ethical banking as the aspects of Rastin Banking. Ethical banking is a branch of “ethic economics” and a narrow expression of a number of Islamic banking aspects. Design/methodology/approach These features are often involved in the discussions under the topic of internal control and describe the operational characteristics of ethical banking within the framework of Rastin Banking. Findings This study refers to the principles of Rastin Banking, including operational, financial, economic, ethical, social, legal, international and organizational principles. Additionally, it takes into account some of the internal control systems. Research limitations/implications Converting ethical codes into executable laws and regulations needs sophistication, and the art of codification in this subject can be observed in the present paper. Practical implications As far as the ethical behaviour of the assessor and trustee is concerned, the necessities of honesty, belief, virtuosity, rectitude and compliance with moral values, as well as reward and punishment mechanisms, are operationally examined. Transparency, governance and disclosure of information are the other components. The methods of auditing, accounting, inspection and preservation of Rastin Banking achievements are amongst the other matters of concern. Social implications An assiduous attention to the operational details of each of the above-said discussions revealed that the Islamic banking components are capable of covering the topics and discussions beyond ethical banking. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to solve the practical ethical problem in operational banking.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Crowdfunding (RCF): A Financial Subsystem of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i1.265.
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Expansion and development of social networks have provided new backgrounds for financial activities. Based on Rastin Banking Regulations, crowdfunding can be installed to apply social networks in the direction of Islamic finance. Two methods of crowdfunding are introduced in Rastin Crowd Funding. Sponsor Crowd Funding (SCF) is for the absorption of peoples’ funds for special protective goals in the form of non-profit and free payments to an entrepreneur through banks. Peer to Peer Loan (PPL) is defined for absorption and collection of peoples’ funds for extending interest-free loans to a specific project of an entrepreneur.Regarding the characteristics of crowdfunding and application of social networks, the Crowd Funding System (CFS) is used as a web-based portal for absorption and collection of money resources for crowdfunding project through social networks in Rastin Banking.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Swap Card (RSC): A Financial Instrument of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 2 (2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i2.271.
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Rastin Swap Card is defined in Rastin Banking. This card is issued based on the Swap Contract in Rastin Banking or principle of sovereignty rights of contracts. In Rastin Swap Card there are two periods. In the first period card issuer lends money to the cardholder, and in the second period borrows money from card holder instead. At the first stage card issuer credits a certain amount of money for specific time duration to the card of cardholder and requests the cardholder to deposit the same amount for the same period at the end of the cited time duration (first maturity) in the issuer's deposit account. Card issuer and cardholder can agree for a combination of amount and duration for which the product of them (amount by the duration) be equal for both operations of lending money by the issuer and depositing by the cardholder.Rastin Swap Card (RSD) has no interest rate and is different from conventional debit and credit cards, but considering the ICT-based systems, RSD is being processed and managed through electronic banking systems. Rastin Swap Card can be issued in both local and foreign currencies. Bank receives a fee by offering Rastin Swap Card service.
 JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63
 
10
Bidabad, Bijan. "Insurance Products in Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking." Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 3, no. 1 (2019): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v3i1.344.
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Purpose: This paper aims to explain new insurance products and policies in Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking. Rastin Banking is a full Islamic Banking System with all necessary parts for banking operations that can be installed in conventional and Islamic banks both. In this paper, we are going to explain the milestones of new insurance products and policies.
 Design: Rastin Banking complies with the nature of the intermediary financial activity and has a new type of banking operations. The systems and instruments of this type of banking have different risk treatments, and new insurance policy and measures should be defined to cover the risks of the operations In order to fulfill this goal, appropriate insurance policies are described.
 Findings: Some new insurance products are defined such as Certificate Insurance, Insurance of Market Value of Certificate, Responsibility/Engineering Insurance, Insurance of Accidents Concerning the Article of Sharing, Collateral Insurance, Loss Margin Insurance, Profit Margin Insurance, Merchandise Transportation Insurance, Production Equipment and Installations Insurance, Product Quality Insurance, Insurance of Commodity under Production, Inventory Insurance, Production Limited Loss Insurance, Transaction Limited Loss Insurance to handle Rastin Banking.
 Research limitations: Many of these insurance policies are new and require more elaborations for further practical development and adjustment.
 Practical implications: These insurance products can be used both in Rastin Banking operations as well as conventional business and finance arrangements. These insurance policies have no conflict with indisputable legal principles, and insurance companies can supply these insurance products based on their own actuary calculations.
 Social implications: The introduced insurance policies actually change profit and loss sharing activity to just profit sharing.
 Originality/value: Approach of this system and the designed insurance policies is entirely different and new.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Swap Deposit (RSD): A Financial Account of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 2 (2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i2.270.
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This paper introduces Rastin Swap Deposit account as a new banking deposit account which is interest-free and is based on Swap Contract in Rastin Banking. In this depositing by opening the deposit, the depositor is entitled to use an interest-free loan to the amount and duration that his resources have been being deposited and then return the money back to the bank. Depositor and bank agree that a combination of money and duration be selected in such a way that the products of amount and duration in both operations of depositing and loaning be the same. From the time of depositing to the first maturity (the date that depositor requests loan), the depositor is lender and bank is borrower; and from the time of the first maturity to second maturity (the date that depositor returns the money back to the bank) depositor is borrower and bank is a lender. Rastin Swap Deposit (RSD) can be issued in both local and foreign currencies.
 JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Sovereign Wealth Fund Asset and Liability Management by Rastin Banking Financial Instruments (Rastin Certificates and Rastin Swap Bonds)." American Finance & Banking Review 4, no. 1 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v4i1.285.
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Low rate of return of National Development Fund (NDFI) resources and the concern regarding Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) motivations and incentives to distort financing toward those investments and companies that are influenced by different political pressure groups and other types of corruptions are important problems with these funds.We try to propose a different financing procedure by using Rastin Banking mechanism and standards to fulfill both non-usury financial operations and fruitful supervised investments. This goal is achieved through Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) system through Rastin Certificates financial instruments. Moreover, the governments operationally construct SWFs to use their surplus resources of the prosperity period in recession and crises years. We also show that Asset and Liability Management (ALM) of SWFs can be done by using Rastin Swap Bonds (RSBs) that are other Rastin Banking financial instruments.The proposed procedures positively improve NDFI regarding corruption reduction, supervision, preventing usury, availability of resources, funds stability, transactable instruments, operational ALM, rate of return, risk of bad loans, outstanding claims and transparency.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Serial commitments clearance in Rastin Banking." International Journal of Law and Management 57, no. 6 (2015): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2015-0007.
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Purpose – This paper aims to propose a system for settlement of obligations of those who, on the one hand, serially owe someone and, on the other hand, are creditors to other persons. Serial Commitments Clearance (SCC) system provides the necessary arrangements for this purpose. Design/methodology/approach – Theoretical discussions of serial chain of debits and credits were conducted by considering the laws and regulations of commitment clearance. Findings – By considering laws and regulations of commitment clearance and introducing theory of serial chain of debits and credits, this system proposes an algorithm for recognition of serial commitments. Research limitations/implications – This process is set in connection to the Collateral Registration System and Mortgage Securitization System in Rastin Banking, while considering the legal and operational problems. Accordingly, banks, notary offices and other authorized authorities can clear serial obligations of persons due to their requests and agreements and release their collaterals and guarantees as far as the debts of the persons are equivalent. Practical implications – This system will cause financial release and efficiency of many economic firms. In addition, banks will gain commission for rendering this service. Social implications – SCC is a model that can be used in all countries, especially those which have more uncertainties and traders need more pledges for their transactions. Originality/value – This study fulfils an identified need to solve practical legal problems in vindication of rights.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Islamic Monetary Policy and Rastin Swap Bonds." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 2 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i2.269.
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Purpose: This paper aims to examine monetary instruments in Islamic central banking framework. As a conclusion, to revive Islamic monetary policy, we should provide some public equity-based instrument as a necessary replacement for conventional bonds and treasury bills to activate non-usury open market operations.
 Design: We define a type of new negotiable bond as: “Rastin Swap Bonds (RSBs)”, which is based on swapping money between two persons for two different periods.
 Findings: RSB is a financial paper that observes the right for the lender to borrow an equal amount to his lending from the borrower. Four types of RSBs in domestic money and foreign currency are defined, and their Sharia allowances and monetary, fiscal, and financial effects are evaluated.
 Research limitations: This bond is a novel design, and it is required to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment.
 Practical implications: Islamic central banking is not different from conventional central banking as a whole, but the role of an Islamic central bank in conducting monetary policy is restricted to use interest-free monetary instruments in an environment that commercial banks are obliged to implement non-usury banking operations.
 Social implications: Islamic financial instruments should be usury-free and efficient in applying monetary, fiscal, and financial policies at different levels of the central bank, government and commercial banks and non-banking money and financial institutions. Rastin Swap Bond will serve as an important instrument for resource mobilization and will be a primary vehicle for the development of the Islamic capital market and central banking operations.
 Originality/value: Conventional interest-bearing bonds are not allowed in Islamic central banking. This restriction mostly distinguishes Islamic central banking from the conventional one in implementing monetary policy.
 Article Type: Technical paper
 JEL: G21, G28, H81
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Installment Financial Sharing (IFS): A Financial Subsystem of Rastin PLS Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i1.267.
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Installment Financial Sharing (IFS) is a subsystem of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking System, and the guidelines, instructions, organization, workflow and electronic mechanism of Rastin PLS Banking have been put forward for this subsystem as well. Profit in this financial sharing method is based upon the yield of the real sector, and bank as an intermediary of funds, receives a commission as like as an agent, and provides capital management and financial services to financer (depositor) and participates in investment project of the entrepreneur on behalf of the depositor. In installment Financial Sharing, the contribution of the depositor is paid back by installments and ownership of the project is finally transferred to entrepreneur.Financial innovations of "Mughasatah Certificate" and "Musharakah Mughasatah Certificate" and "Rental Mughasatah Certificate" are used in this subsystem. The financer (depositor) of sharing project receives a certificate, which is negotiable in Rastin Certificate Market via the internet.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Bail Financial Sharing (BFS): A Financial Subsystem of Rastin PLS Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i1.266.
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To cover producers and consumers against future prices fluctuation risk, depositors can forward-purchase raw materials or products to be delivered at a specified time in the future through Bail Financial Sharing (BFS). Bail Financial Sharing is a subsystem of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) banking system, and in this regard, instructions, organization and application methods, and electronic devices and contracts are similar to the context defined in the Base System of Rastin PLS banking system. Bail Financial Sharing (BFS) enjoys from Bail Certificate innovation, which can play an important role in stabilizing and increasing efficiency of money and financial markets. Depositor (financer) receives digital Bail Certificate for this kind of participation, which is negotiable in the secondary Rastin Certificate market. Regarding the characteristics of this certificate and its clear substantial differences with futures derivative, it prevents unreal paper markets formation. The latest owner of the certificate is the owner of the commodity. Moreover, the depositor can ask the bank that the entrepreneur sells the commodity and pays the money –instead of commodity- to him at the end of the contract.
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Bidabad, Bijan, Saeid Abdollahi, Mahshid Sherafati, and Roohollah Mohammadi. "Proposed Regulations for Enforcement of the Purports of Binding Banking Documents in Rastin Banking." International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises 2, no. 1 (2019): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v2i1.321.
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To facilitate and accelerate the enforcement of binding banking documents and distribute the enforcement burden of the registration offices of the State Organization for Registration of Deeds and Properties, courts, and judicial authorities, a new mechanism for “enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in Rastin Banking” was designed. This mechanism can lead to positive and essential effects toward creating public trust in financial obligations and increasing the speed of collecting demands, in order to remove the problems resulting from enforcement of the purports of binding documents. In this paper, the proposed regulations are presented in two drafts of “The Bill for Enforcement of the Purports of Binding Banking documents in Rastin Banking” and “The Bylaw for Enforcement of the Purports of Binding Banking Documents and Handling Complaints against Executive Operations in Rastin Banking”.The newly designed method has been compiled considering all financial, legal, and executive issues. In the proposed regulations, a part of the executive path for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents is transferred from the “Document Registration Unit” into a newly established unit called the “Bank Documents Execution Unit” (BDEU), located in every bank, and this new unit will follow the enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents, instead of the “Document Registration Unit”. All the legal necessities, the necessary cooperation with the judicial authorities, and the necessary procedures for hearing and settlement have all been designed to not let any spoiling of the rights of the parties, while also working efficiently.This procedure is a model that can be adapted for other countries, especially those countries that have a large number of legal disputes and the process of dispute settlement is very lengthy and cumbersome. Since the Administration of Justice is the main factor to promote all the other social and economic circumstances, the proposed model can prepare a way to improve the social and economic well-being.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "CHANGE MANAGEMENT OF BANKING SYSTEM AT NATIONAL LEVEL BY RASTIN BANKING." Review of Behavioral Aspect in Organizations and Society 1, no. 1 (2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol157-70.
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The purpose of this study is to change huge structures such as the banking sector of a country needs special innovative methods. This paper shows how we can manage change in a banking sector of a country. Grafting novel efficient processes, and pruning old inefficient ones, and harmonising the organization with new processes and empowering the staff through apprenticeship and knowledge management can put forward the change management. The proposed method of “Prune and Graft of Process” similar to grafting a shoot or bud of a sweet-fruited tree to a bitter-fruited base tree is significant in change management. Accordingly, new processes should be grafted to the system, and all processes that are theoretically or practically against the goals of the organisation should be pruned. New processes and innovations could automatically change the bank performance. Apprenticeship and knowledge management are highly effective in all stages of forming and implementing the change. This plan was formed and tested in Bank Melli Iran in order to propose a model for other banks as well. In a view to explain the applied method of change management in the banking system, we study the steps that Rastin Banking was formed in Bank Melli Iran as a sample. Efficient changes and reforms of large organizations can prevent the society from enormous hurts.
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Bidabad, Bijan, Saeid Abdollahi, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in Rastin Banking – part I." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 1 (2017): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0041.
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Purpose This paper aims to facilitate and accelerate the enforcement of binding banking documents and to decrease the enforcement burden of the registration offices, courts and judicial authorities and to transfer it to the banks. Design/methodology/approach A new mechanism for “enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in Rastin Banking” is proposed. In the proposed regulations, a part of the executive path for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents is transferred into a newly established unit located in every bank. The method considers all financial, legal and executive issues. Findings Promotion of practical justice is a main factor to promote social and economic circumstances; the proposed model can prepare a way to improve the social and economic well-being. Research limitations/implications Codifying the law and regulations is a highly sophisticated task, and the art of codification can be examined after scrutinizing and executing the full text of the law. Practical implications Though this paper presents the concept, the detailed proposed regulations are presented in two drafts of the bill and bylaw for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents and handling complaints against executive operations in Rastin Banking. Social implications This procedure is a model that can be adapted for other countries, especially those countries that have a large number of legal disputes and the process of dispute settlement is very lengthy and cumbersome. Originality/value It fulfils an identified need to solve practical legal problem in vindication of rights that can lead to positive and important effects toward creating public trust in financial obligations and increasing the speed of collecting demands.
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Bidabad, Bijan, Saeid Abdollahi, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in Rastin Banking – Part II." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 2 (2017): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-10-2015-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to facilitate and accelerate the enforcement of binding banking documents and to decrease the enforcement burden of the registration offices, courts and judicial authorities and to transfer it to the banks. Design/methodology/approach A new mechanism for “enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in Rastin Banking” is proposed. In the proposed regulations, a part of the executive path for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents is transferred into a newly established unit located in every bank. The method considers all financial, legal and executive issues. Findings Promotion of practical justice is a main factor to promote social and economic circumstances; the proposed model can prepare a way to improve the social and economic well-being. Research limitations/implications Codifying the law and regulations is a highly sophisticated task, and the art of codification can be examined after scrutinizing and executing the full text of the law. Practical implications Though this paper presents the concept, the detailed proposed regulations are presented in two drafts of the bill and bylaw for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents and handling complaints against executive operations in Rastin Banking. Social implications This procedure is a model that can be adapted for other countries, especially those countries that have a large number of legal disputes and where the process of dispute settlement is very lengthy and cumbersome. Originality/value It fulfils an identified need to solve the practical legal problem in vindication of rights that can lead to positive and important effects towards creating public trust in financial obligations and increasing the speed of collecting demands.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Sustainable financing and anti-squandering measures in Rastin banking." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 6 (2017): 939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-04-2016-0037.
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Purpose This paper aims to define a set of anti-squandering guideposts to improve the sustainability and efficiency of allocating financial resources to investment projects. Design/methodology/approach A set of sustainable financing and anti-squandering measures are proposed for a better allocation of the bank’s financial resources. These measures were derived from the doctrine of “ethic economics”, humanitarian principles and Islamic teachings. Rastin banking provides a base to apply these measures. Findings A draft of the regulations for sustainable financing and anti-squandering measures was compiled for Rastin banking operations, which is briefly presented in this paper and can be used as a basis for the codification of the respective laws. Research limitations/implications Such kinds of regulations are novel and need to be deeply discussed in the first place. After adaptation, adjustment and performing the necessary modifications, the text of the law can be codified. Practical implications Banks through granting loans, credits and other financial facilities can affect the investment projects in such a way to prevent the extravagant consumption of financial resources in investment projects and consider the sustainable development guidelines. Social implications The proposed guideposts can be detailed and adopted in other countries, especially those that are inefficient in their banking and financial operations. Originality/value Wasteful allocation of financial resources leads to the wastage of resources and reduction of productivity and provides benefit neither for the people nor for the society. Hence, the present paper tries to practically solve the problem for financial operations.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahmoud Allahyarifard. "It-Based Usury Free Financial Innovations." American Finance & Banking Review 4, no. 1 (2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v4i1.289.
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Despite development and extension of different ways of financing in financial markets, encompassing Islamic and conventional financing, the mechanism of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) of project financing both as borrowed and non-borrowed methods has not been considered at most. Moreover overall IT infrastructures development namely Real Gross Settlement System (RTGS), Automatic Clearing House (ACH), Scriptless Security Settlement System (SSSS) and International Bank Account Number (IBAN) for authentication process and the international meta bank network of Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA) and also international integrated banking networks including the Society For Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) and Interbank Information Transfer Network (Shetab), and other accomplished endeavors are not efficient in absorbing international contributions for project financing through foreign exchange funds in the different countries, satisfactory E-Payment mechanism in informative portal systems for investment projects are weak. In this way, the role of applying E-Payment systems for attracting foreign investment through retail resources mobilization and design of financial instruments with the capability of transacting in the secondary markets should be reconsidered. In this paper by having a glance at different types of investment project financing, we introduce a new project financing mechanism based on E-Payment with non-usury financial instruments to complete investment project financing chain in the form of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) banking.Sharia compliance of financing instruments in one side and accessibility in absorbing international retail foreign exchange sources on other side are two fundamental discussible items in this paper. In this way by designing a new system of "Non-Usury Scriptless Security Settlement System" (NSSSS) with non-usury mechanisms -avoiding legislative (Sharia) circumvention- can provide the two cited goals in designing non-usury financing instruments through IT-based non-usury financial innovations which includes of Rastin Certificates in Rastin PLS banking, and Non-Usury Bonds namely Rastin Swap Bonds.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahmoud Allahyarifard. "The Executive Mechanism of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking." Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 3, no. 1 (2019): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v3i1.308.
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Despite the interest of bankers for using Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS)[1] banking for the last decades, it has not prevailed yet executively. The existence of different definitions of Riba, absence of appropriate operational, supervisory, and managing mechanism on PLS are some reasons that haven't allowed this kind of banking to be practiced yet. Here, we are going to introduce a practical method for Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) banking to overcome these problems. In this bank, the basis for determination of interest rate of loans is real economy return rate. The bank operates as an intermediary, who gets commission fee, collects saving resources and as an attorney or legal representative of the depositor, allocates them to investment projects, and supervises the detailed operation of the contractor. The yields of the investment will transfer to resources owners who are depositors whatever profit or losses.The PLS banking is a banking system with newly defined instruments of Mosharaka and Pazireh that not only stabilizes the financial and economic markets by preventing the banks, loanees /entrepreneurs and design, construction and contractor sectors in the economy from bankruptcy during crisis periods and volatile markets, but also makes the banks as an international firm which perform similar jobs as stock exchange markets for transactions of PLS products certificates through a secondary certificate market on virtual internet space. Depositors will earn more stabilized benefits too.In this designed method, a trustee (Amin) is a unit who supervise the contractor/entrepreneur operations on behalf of the bank for being honesty in carrying out the project, controlling on executive operations along with announced programs, resources allocation manner, and auditing financial statements.PLS banking will use new financial instruments and innovations such as Mosharaka (partnership) Certificates for projects with specific ends and Pazireh (Subscripted) Certificates for endless (productive) projects. Establishing of secondary exchange market for the transaction of certificates, and various insurance services will play important roles for activating and increasing the efficiency of newly established virtual markets.All of the activities in this method will be done on the basis of compiled instructions. The framework and the organization of the PLS banking have been analyzed in forms of required committees, units, and departments tailored for this type of Non-Usury Bank (NubankCo.) definition.
 JEL:L86 ,L87 ,G21 ,G24
 [1] - This invention has been protected by US patent law under the application number: US 12/588,188
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Bank Information Disclosure, Financial Transparency and Corporate Governance in Rastin Banking." International Journal of Shari'ah and Corporate Governance Research 2, no. 1 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijscgr.v2i1.257.
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Purpose: This paper aims to define a set of banking operating regulations for financial transparency, corporate governance, and bank information disclosure.
 Design: Bank governance, financial transparency, and information disclosure are amongst the most important solutions to attract public trust to financial and banking operations. In order to reach this goal, a new set of regulations should be designed to solve the problem. In this way, Rastin Banking regulations can provide a base to obtain a better information circulation and higher clarity.
 Findings: A draft of regulations for financial transparency, governance, and bank information disclosure is presented in this paper, which can be employed as a basis for the codification of the respective law.
 Research limitations: Since such kinds of regulations are novel for banks, they are required to be meticulously scrutinized in the first place, and after adaptation, adjustment, and performing the necessary modifications, the code of law can be codified.
 Practical implications: Bank managers, through granting various concessions to themselves and their own stakeholders, have violated the rights of shareholders, depositors, and other stakeholders. This issue, through applying the governance methods, is adjustable to a great extent.
 Social implications: This procedure is a model that can be adopted in other countries, especially those countries that have essential ambiguities in their banking and financial operations.
 Value: Clearly, the lack of transparency in banking operations can gradually weaken the trust of depositors, stakeholders, and shareholders, and result in probable abuses and damages to all parties in the bank’s contracts. This article fulfills an identified need and solves the practical problem in financial abuses, corruption, and collusion, and can provide positive and essential effects on creating public trust in financial operations.
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Bidabad, Bijan, Mahmoud Allahyarifard, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Rastin partnership accounting part I: general procedure." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 10, no. 4 (2019): 490–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2016-0049.
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Purpose This paper aims to explain a new system of accounting for partnership financing that applies in Rastin profit and loss sharing banking. In this system, the interest rate is not used in calculations and accounting, and instead, the “time value” of capital based on the amount and duration of the partnership is used. Design/methodology/approach Rastin Partnership Accounting principles have been founded on off-balance-sheet items and on the basis of the institutions’ obligations to the depositors and receivers of financial resources, and they are in compliance with the nature of the financial intermediary activity (a partnership of depositor in the yields of the fund receiver via the bank). Findings The distribution of profit among stakeholders (including workforce and capital owners) is accomplished according to the share of each beneficiary in the created value added. In this regard, Euler’s theorem, as the best mathematical-economic innovation for distribution of income is applied. Research limitations/implications This system is novel, and it is required to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment. Practical implications In this accounting system, the return of the partnership is distributed among sharers based on the amount and duration of their partnership. The penalty for delay in payment is calculated from the amount of the incurred loss due to negligence or blameworthy of the undertaker and not upon a penalty interest rate. Social implications Interest rate as an essential factor in conventional accounting is not usable in Islamic banking and other similar institutions that work based on partnership, such as mutual funds and saving and loan associations. The proposed system removes this shortage and is fairer than the conventional accounting. Originality/value Approach of this accounting system is fully different from the conventional accounting because of intrinsic characteristics of the intermediary role of financial partnership institutions and Islamic banks.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Money laundering detection system (MLD) (a complementary system of Rastin banking)." Journal of Money Laundering Control 20, no. 4 (2017): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2016-0016.
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Purpose This paper aims to define a new system for detecting money-laundering activities by comparing tax payments (especially value-added tax) data to banking transactions data. Design/methodology/approach A money laundering detection (MLD) system provides the necessary bases for detecting deception and fraud. Though MLD is a complementary system of the Rastin Banking system, it can also be installed and executed separately. Findings The underground economic activities can be detected and traced by comparing banking information and transaction information in MLD system. It needs to force the direct transactors or other related forms of transaction to perform their money operations through the banks. In the next step, the tax information of transactors (in a chain of transactions) can be compared with them, and the incompatibility of the two sets of data will explore money-laundering operations. Research limitations/implications This system is novel and needs to be more elaborate to remove further practical problems and specific cases. Practical implications MLD system provides necessary protection for those who perform legal economic activities by detecting financial criminals. Social implications Money laundering harms individual and public rights as well as economies. Financial crimes, tax evasion, smuggling, conspiracy, embezzlement and various other offences are included in the general definition of money laundering, so detecting them will lead to important economic improvements in the society as well as international community. Originality/value MLD system provides structural and electronic bases for computerized tax data and banking data comparison.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahmoud Allahyarifard. "Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP): A Complementary System of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 3, no. 1 (2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v3i1.259.
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Purpose: This paper aims to define a new protocol, whereby brings the required preparations for the bank to collect its claim or its customer’s claim through withdrawal from the debtor’s account in other banks and financial institutions that have signed the protocol.
 Design: According to this protocol and under central bank supervision, the bank (as owner or attorney of the third party) as claimer of check, promissory note, bill, or a debt initiated by customer's commitment based on collaterals or guarantees, withdraws the claim from the debtor’s accounts in other banks and financial institutions that are members of the protocol through Automatic Clearing House (ACH).
 Findings: Despite taking collaterals, guarantees, and binding of contracts, executive debt collection process through the legal proceedings is a major challenge that banks, financial institutions, and persons are facing. The legal and execution process of debt collection through collaterals and guarantees are complicated, lengthy, and costly. Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) solves the problem by proposing a protocol to be accepted by banks to permit withdrawal of the account of the debtor in other banks.
 Practical implications: It is seen much that a person owes a lot to a person or bank, but s/he deposits her/his money at her/his accounts in other banks. The Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) is an agreement between banks which permits the bank to collect the debt through online-withdraw from the accounts of the debtor at other banks after depleting the account of the debtor at the agent bank.
 Social implications: This protocol increases reliance and security upon commitments and provides fast settlement and debt collection without time-consuming judicial process. It also reduces judicial proceedings and execution of active files in courts and consequently related costs.
 Originality/value: Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve the prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. IWP was designed to provide necessary arrangements for fast, clean debt collection and encashing check and collecting the bill.
 JEL: L86, L87, G21, G24
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Mortgage Securitization System (MSS) (a complementary system of Rastin Banking)." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 6 (2017): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2016-0045.
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Purpose This paper aims to define a new system to facilitate obtaining reliable collaterals and guarantees for financial activities from tangible assets through a new financial instrument of “guarantee certificates”. Design/methodology/approach This system makes it possible to securitize movable/immovable assets into negotiable paper lots, namely, “guarantee certificates”. Each lot of these certificates can be used as a guarantee or collateral for any guarantee-backed activity in banks or other activities. Findings The mortgage securitization system (MSS) securitizes tangible assets and provides necessary collaterals and guarantees to be used for different purposes. The operations are carried out through notary offices. This system, as a complementary system of the Rastin Banking system, can also be executed separately. Research limitations/implications The system is novel and needs to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment. Although this paper deals with only securitization of tangible assets, research can also be extended to securitization of intangible assets, through new institutions and rules. Practical implications Many properties and assets can be used as guarantees for observing obligations. The available ways for changing (especially large) properties into small guarantees are not easy and efficient. The MSS was designed to break large assets into many guarantee (certificate) lots and reduce the formalities of mortgaging and its transfer. Social implications This system provides reliance and security upon collaterals and conditions for fast claim-clearing and low formalities without time-consuming adjudication processes. Originality/value Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. The MSS was designed to provide necessary arrangements for transforming assets into negotiable papers.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "Stabilizing Business Cycles by PLS Banking and Ethic Economics." International Journal of Shari'ah and Corporate Governance Research 2, no. 1 (2019): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijscgr.v2i1.284.
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In addition to discuss economic cycle’s theories in this paper by decomposing money market into two markets of "saving-depositing" and "investment-credit facilities", we study the time structure behavior of depositor-bank-investor and conclude that the traditional banking structure creates fluctuations in money sector and interest rate. These fluctuations affect the real sector through saving and investment and undulate the economy as well. Mathematical derivations show that banking structure is one of the main factors of economic cycles. Therefore, the abolition of usury (Riba) is proposed as the solution to relate directly investment to saving via The Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking. In this framework, the bank offers investment management services and obtains commission. In The Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking risks are practically transferred from credit facility sector (loans) to deposit sector and bank does not face any losses. On the other hand, the creation of a strong structural relationship between the interest rate of deposits and credit facility interest rate does not let any losses to occur in the capital market while there is profit in the deposit market. This concept is against the conventional banking system in which if the borrower obtains profit or loss; he has to pay interest (profit) to the depositor.The second pathological defect of economic crisis is the excessive consumption and economic greed and similar bad habits which expand economic cycles. The adjustment of mankind behavior, according to Islamic and other divine religions ethical and mystical tuitions, will practically prevent the intensity of crises. Prevention of extravagance frees a large portion of economic resources, and therefore, the magnitude of the business cycle will be reduced, and economic stability will be relatively increased.
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Bijan Bidabad. "Rastin partnership accounting part III: Instalment Financial Sharing (IFS)." Journal of Management and Science 13, no. 2 (2023): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.13.16.
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Purpose: This paper aims to explain a new system of accounting for partnership financing that applies in Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking. In this system, the interest rate is not used in calculations and accounting; and instead, the "time value" of capital based on the amount and duration of the partnership is used. In this part, we will go to the details of removing Riba in instalment payments accounting details.Design: Rastin Partnership Accounting principles have been founded on off-balance-sheet items and on the basis of the institutions' obligations to the depositors and receivers of financial resources, and they are in compliance with the nature of the intermediary financial activity (a partnership of depositor in the yields of the fund receiver via the bank).Findings: The distribution of profit among stakeholders (including workforce and capital owners) is accomplished according to the share of each beneficiary in the created value added. In this regard,Euler's theorem, as the best mathematical-economic innovation for the distribution of income, is applied.Research limitations: This system is novel, and it is required to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment.Practical implications: In this accounting system, the return of the partnership is distributed among sharers based on the amount and duration of their partnership. The penalty for delay in payment is calculated from the amount of the incurred loss due to negligence or blameworthy of the undertaker and not upon a penalty interest rate.Social implications: Interest rate as an essential factor in conventional accounting is not usable in Islamic banking and other similar institutions that work based on partnership, such as mutual funds and saving and loan associations. The proposed system removes this shortage and is fairer than conventional accounting.Originality/value: The approach of this accounting system is fully different from conventional accounting because of the intrinsic characteristics of the intermediary role of financial partnership institutions and Islamic banks.
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Bidabad, Bijan, Azarang Amirostovar, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Financial transparency, corporate governance and information disclosure of the entrepreneur’s corporation in Rastin banking." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 5 (2017): 636–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-01-2016-0003.
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Purpose This paper aims to define a set of operating regulations for financial transparency, corporate governance and information disclosure for the entrepreneur that applies to bank to receive financial resources. Design/methodology/approach Corporate governance, financial transparency and information disclosure are among the most important solutions to attract public trust to financial operations. To reach this goal, a new set of regulations must be designed to solve the problem. In this regard, Rastin Banking regulations can provide a base to obtain a better circulation of information and a higher clarity. Findings A draft of regulations for financial transparency, corporate governance and information disclosure was compiled, and it is presented here briefly in this paper, which can be used as a basis for codification of the respective law. Research limitations As such kinds of regulations are novel, they are required to be discussed first, and after adaptation, adjustment and performing the necessary modifications, the text of the law can be codified. Practical implications Banks and companies managers, through granting various concessions to themselves and their own stakeholders, have violated the rights of the shareholders, depositors and other stakeholders. This issue, to a great extent is adjustable by applying the governance methods. Social implications This procedure is a model and can be adopted in other countries, especially in countries that have large ambiguities in their banking and financial operations. Originality value Clearly, lack of transparency in financial operations can gradually weaken the trust of depositors, shareholders and stakeholders, and result in probable abuses and damages to all parties of banking contracts. This paper fulfils an identified need and solves the practical problem in financial abuses, corruption and collusion and can provide positive and important effects toward creating public trust in financial operations.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "GENERAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN RASTIN PROFIT AND LOSS SHARING BANKING (PART II-LEGAL GROUNDWORK)." Journal of Business & Finance in Emerging Markets 1 (2018): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol1109-126.
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Bidabad, Bijan. "GENERAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN RASTIN PROFIT AND LOSS SHARING BANKING (PART I-OPERATIONAL CONTEXT)." Journal of Business & Finance in Emerging Markets 1 (May 2018): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol111-26.
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Hussein Abdul Amir Mohammed Sherba and Hassan Abdul Amir Mohammed Sherba. "The role of digital twinning in improving service quality: An applied study on Rafidain and Rashid Bank." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 7, no. 3 (2025): 231–49. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v7i3.1843.
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This research aims to identify the relationship between digital twinning and banking service quality dimensions through customers' evaluation of the level of service quality provided to them by Rafidain and Rashid Bank, as well as determining the relative importance of digital twinning, in addition to studying the relationship between digital twinning, which is measured by (Sensors, twinning rate, From material to virtual, From virtual to material) and banking service quality dimensions (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Accessibility, Assurance, Empathy). (120) samples were distributed to the two banks' customers, only (96) sample was collected and is valid for analysis. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: The dimensions of banking service quality are one of the most important critical goals for banking sector organizations due to their direct contact with society, which requires a set of basic elements that contribute to achieving it through management support for digital twinning, as the impact of digital twinning greatly increases and improves the quality of banking service. The study presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The current circumstances and rapid changes require the organization to adopt digital twinning as an important necessity through which it supports management and leads it to improve the quality of banking services. Providing the two banks with modern devices and training bank employees working in the front offices in line with the needs of their customers and improving the quality of service provided through the use of digital twinning. Keywords: Digital Twinning, Sensors, Twinning Rate, From Material to Virtual, From Virtual to Material, Service Quality.
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Veselinović, Nevena, and Danijela Despotović. "Financial development, foreign direct investment and economic growth: Panel causality approach." Industrija 49, no. 3-4 (2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/industrija49-35397.
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The examination considers the causality between banking sector depth, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in the sample of six Central and Eastern European countries in the period range between 2000 to 2018. Utilizing the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test, the results confirmed a supply-leading hypothesis, FDI-led growth hypothesis, and unidirectional causality from the banking sector depth to foreign direct investment. As the causality ranging from the depth of the banking sector to foreign direct investment and economic growth has been confirmed, the conclusion is that attention should be focused on policies that promote the development of the banking sector. In this way, a well-regulated banking sector will attract more FDI, which will lead to higher growth rates in the analyzed countries.
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Mulyani, Elis Listiana, Dewi Permata Sari, and Alfin Nurfahmi Mufreni. "PENGARUH ALOKASI KREDIT DAN HARGA KREDIT TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS DENGAN RISIKO KREDIT SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING." Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen 8, no. 1 (2023): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37058/jem.v8i1.5784.
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The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the effect of credit ratio(Loan to Funding Ratio / LFR) and credit price (Loan Pricing) on profitability (Net Profit Margin) with credit risk (Non Performing Loan / NPL) as Intervening Variable. The research was conducted on banking listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.The research method used is descriptive analysis with the data used is secondary data in the form of Income and Balance Sheet statements on banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Analytical tools use financial ratios in the form of Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR), Loan Pricing, Credit Risk (Non Performing Loan) and Net Profit Margin and intervening regression analysis.Based on the results of research it is known that Credit Risk (NPL) becomes a partial intervening variable between Loan Funding Rastio against Net Profit Margin (NPM), while between Credit Price (Loan Pricing)against Net Profit Margin, Credit Risk (NPL) becomes a perfect intervening variable. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh rasio kredit (Loan to Funding Ratio /LFR) dan harga kredit (Loan Pricing) terhadap profitabilitas (Net Profit Margin) dengan risiko kredit (Non Performing Loan/NPL) sebagai Variabel Intervening .Penelitian dilakukan pada Perbankan yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia.Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dengan data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa laporan Keuangan Laba Rugi dan Neraca pada Perbankan yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia .Alat analisis menggunakan rasio keuangan berupa Loan to Funding Ratio (LFR), Loan Pricing ( Harga Kredit) , Risiko Kredit ( Non Performing Loan) dan Net Profit Margin dan analisis regressi intervening . Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa bahwa Risiko Kredit (NPL) menjadi variable intervening parsial antara Loan Funding Rastio terhadap Net Profit Margin (NPM), sedangkan antara Harga Kredit ( Loan Pricing) terhadap Net Profit Margin, Risiko Kredit (NPL) menjadivariable intervening sempurna .
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Chetheer Mezeal, Wafaa. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS AND QUALITY OF BANKING SERVICE APPLIED RESEARCH IN RAFIDAIN AND RASHID BANKS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (2020): 1556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84143.
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Purpose of the Study: This study aims to improve the level of services provided by business organizations and then achieve the objectives they seek.
 Methodology: The questionnaire was adopted to execute the applied part of the examination, which was dispersed to the objective example so as to incorporate and gather the important information, and afterward prepared to utilize strategies and techniques by which to recognize the reactions of people who have taken their perspectives regarding the matter of the exploration, utilizing the program (SPSS). v.17) for factual investigation, where various measurable devices and strategies, for example, rates, emphasess, number juggling midpoints, and connection coefficients were chosen to ascertain the measurable markers identified with every poll.
 Main findings: The research found that there is a critical effect of the elements of the interior condition on the nature of banking administration five measurements and this outcome is normal, particularly as the two banks are portrayed by acceptable execution in banking and have extraordinary intensity among different banks.
 Applications of this study: Environmental analysis is one of the most important steps of strategic planning, which gives business organizations a clear vision about the amount of change in the factors and variables of the environment in which they live.
 Originality/Novelty of the study: In fact, there is no clear and specific definition of what can mean the internal environment of the organization may be due to the difference of business organizations in their internal components in terms of size and nature of the activity, potential, and circumstances, and nevertheless writers and researchers tried to give a general perception of the concept of the internal environment of the organization.
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Grbić, Milka, and Stevan Luković. "The relationship between banks' credit activity and economic growth: An empirical research for the Republic of Serbia." Industrija 48, no. 2 (2020): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/industrija48-27225.
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The subject matter of the research study conducted in this paper is the interactive relationship between banks' credit activity and economic growth. In connection with that, the paper is aimed at examining the existence and direction of the cause and effect relationship between the credit activity of the banking sector and the overall economic activity in the Republic of Serbia. The quarterly data related to the period from 2003 to 2019 were collected for the purposes of the research. The share of the loans granted to enterprises in the GDP and the share of the loans granted to households in the GDP are used as the indicators of the credit activity in the study, whereas the real GDP growth rate is determined as the indicator of economic growth. Given the fact that the observed time series are of the different order of integration, the analysis is conducted within the VAR model by applying the Toda-Yamamoto procedure of the Granger causality test. The results of the research show a significant unidirectional causal relationship according to Granger, which starts from the direction of banks' credit activity towards economic growth. The results of the conducted research study can be useful to the makers of the economic policy and the creators of a strategy for the development of the national economy.
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Bijan, Bidabad. "General Characteristics of Rastin Banking." July 14, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3476338.
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In addition to removing Riba in banking activities, and by observing Islamic banking principles, and creating safe and public confidence environment, Rastin Banking can lead to important positive effects on growth and economic welfare through money and capital markets. In this paper, we refer to the headings set forth in Rastin Banking and its pillars of Rastin PLS banking. Rastin Banking is a new approach in the banking industry.
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Bijan, Bidabad. "A Glance at Rastin Banking." July 16, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375115.
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To design an operational Islamic banking system, we tried to mix theoretical and experimental knowledge to develop Rastin Banking. Rastin Banking is a completely new solution to banking based on Islamic and ethical teachings with the scientific and technological approach. Some parts and modules of Rastin Banking have been implemented in Bank Melli Iran. The installed parts of the system had well-functioning and attracted depositors and investors, and since the procedures and instructions are well defined, the bank's staff executed its procedures easily. The results of the test system were very satisfactory and more than expectation. Rastin Banking is a nationwide project with lots of subtle technical points. This system is an open-source banking model, and all banks around the globe can easily install and use it. We wish Rastin Banking could put important steps to remove <em>Riba</em> and establish Islamic banking throughout the globe.
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UGRINOVIĆ, Kristina, and Mojca ŠKOF. "Zbirka samoniklih virov rukole v Slovenski rastlinski genski banki." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 99, no. 3 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2012.99.3.14476.
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Med vrstami, ki jim s skupnim imenom pravimo rukola, v Sloveniji samoniklo rastejo le tri vrste iz rodu dvoredca (Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis in Diplotaxis viminea), medtem ko vrste iz rodu rukvice (Eruca) v naravi niso prisotne. V Genski banki kmetijskih rastlin pri Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije je zbranih in shranjenih 19 avtohtonih virov iz različnih predelov Slovenije. Pri vseh smo ocenili nekatere morfološke in agronomske lastnosti. Pri večini virov so prisotni različni tipi rastlin, nekateri viri pa so tudi mešanica različnih vrst. Razmnoževanje v izolaciji se je pokazalo za težavno in ne prav uspešno. Pri različnih virih je bila oploditev v izolaciji različno dobra, iz česar lahko sklepamo, da imajo različno samoinkompatibilnost. V prihodnje bi bilo zbirko potrebno dopolniti z viri iz še nepregledanih predelov Slovenije, vire še podrobneje oceniti in proučiti razmnoževanje v izolaciji.
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Garg, Rishabh. "Blockchain ji bo Serlêdanên Cîhana Rastîn." December 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7458106.
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<em>Em di nav şoreşek din a mezin a bi navê BLOCKCHAIN de ne, databasek belavkirî ye ku navnîşek tomarên ku her ku diçe mezin dibe, bi navê blokan diparêze. Ev perestgeha nûjen tenê xebata 12 salan ji hêla komek elît a geek, krîptograf û matematîkzan ve temsîl dike.</em> <em>Di demên pêş de, blokchein dê her lêgerîna mirovî bikeve, pêvajoyên bikêr û biaqil bike. Gava ku potansiyela tevahî ya van destkeftiyan di civakê de tê fêhm kirin, dê tişt hêdî hêdî dest pê bikin cûda - veguheztina dravê navneteweyî dê zûtir û pêbawertir be; verastkirin dê hêsan be; nasname dê gerdûnî be, ne navendî be; û tu kes - çi rêveber, çi rêveber, çi pîşesaz, çi destpêk, kardêr, pêşkêşkerê karûbar, perwerdekar, xwendekar an bikarhêner, bê deste nemîne. Eşkere ye ku cîhan dê hewce bike ku vê teknolojiyê bi çekên vekirî hembêz bike.</em> <em>Ji ber vê yekê, nivîskar bi tundî bawer dike ku divê her beşê civakê ji blokcheynê haydar be, çi teknolojiyek nûjen be, çi dilxwazek destpêkek be an jî bikarhênerek ne-teknîkî ya sepanên nemerkezî be. Ev gotara ku Pirtûka '<strong>Blockchain ji bo Serlêdanên Cîhanê yên Rastîn' hatiye derxistin,</strong> ku ji hêla <strong>Rishabh Garg </strong>ve hatî nivîsandin û ji hêla John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA ve hatî çap kirin , têgihiştinek kûr li ser ekosîstema blok, mîmarî, Ethereum, Hyperledger û diravên krîptoyê peyda dike. , li dûv nîqaşek berfireh li ser karanîna potansiyela zincîra blokê yên wekî krîptografî, ewlehiya sîber, rêveberiya nasnameyê, verastkirina pêbaweriyê, pejirandina kar, lênihêrîna tenduristî, çavdêriya tenduristiyê ya dûr, veguheztina organan, genomîk, zincîra peydakirina derman, xwarin û pêdiviyên sivîl, hwd. Dîmenên zindî û hucreyên kodê yên têkildar, ku di navbera nivîsê de têne peyda kirin, dê ji xwendevanan re bibin alîkar ku hûn banking, karsazî, darayî nenavendî, bazara pêşbîniyê, rêveberiya portfoliyoyê, fînansa çargoşe, fonên girseyê, e-bazirganî hwd. bi de novo fam bikin. nêzîkbûhatinî.</em> <em>Naverok ji bo her xwendevanek mekanîzmayek gav-aqilmend a pratîk peyda dike ku pergala hilanînê-based naverokê xwe bicîh bîne. Nêzîkatiya me ew e ku ji we re bibe alîkar ku hûn vê teknolojiya şoreşger bi danasîna her hûrguliya wê ve bikin. Bi vê teknolojiya nû ya di bin kontrola we de, hûn ê karibin bi hêsanî xwe bigihînin taybetmendiyên blokcheynê bi qasî ku sepanek hêsan a mobîl xebitînin. Ji ber vê yekê, tevlî şoreşa blokê bibin; fêr bibin ka meriv çawa serîlêdanên nenavendî pêşve dike; û pêşiya hevalên xwe bigirin.</em>
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PIPAN, Barbara, Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, and Vladimir MEGLIČ. "Ohranjanje semena vrste Brassica napus L. v talni semenski banki." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 101, no. 2 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2013.101.2.14931.
Full textAbstract:
Najbolj razširjena oblika vrste Brassica napus L. je oljna ogrščica, njeno seme pa je zaradi svojih fizikalnih lastnosti zelo mobilno in zato nagnjeno k raztrosu. Nenadzorovane izgube semena predstavljajo potencial za pojavljanje samosevnih in podivjanih populacij te vrste znotraj in zunaj pridelovalnih površin, saj se njeno seme ohranja in ostaja viabilno v tleh tudi več let. Dinamika pojavnosti teh rastlin je odvisna od potenciala talne semenske banke in kompleksih interaktivnih lastnosti genotipa semena ter pedoloških in agro-klimatskih dejavnikov. Prisotnost nedefiniranih opraševalnih virov, ki izvirajo iz talne semenske banke, pa v naravi predstavlja potencial za spontane intra- in inter-speciesne oprašitve vrste B. napus, kar vpliva na spremembe v njeni genetski strukturi.