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Journal articles on the topic 'Rat locomotion/brain receptors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Liu, Jun, and Larry M. Jordan. "Stimulation of the Parapyramidal Region of the Neonatal Rat Brain Stem Produces Locomotor-Like Activity Involving Spinal 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A Receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 2 (2005): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00136.2005.

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Locomotion can be induced in rodents by direct application 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) onto the spinal cord. Previous studies suggest important roles for 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors in the locomotor effects of 5-HT. Here we show for the first time that activation of a discrete population of 5-HT neurons in the rodent brain stem produces locomotion and that the evoked locomotion requires 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors. Cells localized in the parapyramidal region (PPR) of the mid-medulla produced locomotor-like activity as a result of either electrical or chemical stimulation, and PPR-evoked locomotor

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Kalyanasundar, B., Claudia I. Perez, Alvaro Luna, et al. "D1 and D2 antagonists reverse the effects of appetite suppressants on weight loss, food intake, locomotion, and rebalance spiking inhibition in the rat NAc shell." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (2015): 585–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00012.2015.

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Obesity is a worldwide health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. To ameliorate this problem, one approach is the use of appetite suppressants. These compounds are frequently amphetamine congeners such as diethylpropion (DEP), phentermine (PHEN), and bupropion (BUP), whose effects are mediated through serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopaminergic pathways. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell receives dopaminergic inputs and is involved in feeding and motor activity. However, little is known about how appetite suppressants modulate its activity. Therefore, we characterized behavioral and

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BISOGNO, Tiziana, Dominique MELCK, Mikhail Yu BOBROV, et al. "N-acyl-dopamines: novel synthetic CB1 cannabinoid-receptor ligands and inhibitors of anandamide inactivation with cannabimimetic activity in vitro and in vivo." Biochemical Journal 351, no. 3 (2000): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3510817.

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We reported previously that synthetic amides of polyunsaturated fatty acids with bioactive amines can result in substances that interact with proteins of the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS). Here we synthesized a series of N-acyl-dopamines (NADAs) and studied their effects on the anandamide membrane transporter, the anandamide amidohydrolase (fatty acid amide hydrolase, FAAH) and the two cannabinoid receptor subtypes, CB1 and CB2. NADAs competitively inhibited FAAH from N18TG2 cells (IC50 = 19–100µM), as well as the binding of the selective CB1 receptor ligand, [3H]SR141716A, to rat brain

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Zaporozhets, Eugene, Kristine C. Cowley, and Brian J. Schmidt. "Neurochemical excitation of propriospinal neurons facilitates locomotor command signal transmission in the lesioned spinal cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 6 (2011): 2818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00917.2010.

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Previous studies of the in vitro neonatal rat brain stem-spinal cord showed that propriospinal relays contribute to descending transmission of a supraspinal command signal that is capable of activating locomotion. Using the same preparation, the present series examines whether enhanced excitation of thoracic propriospinal neurons facilitates propagation of the locomotor command signal in the lesioned spinal cord. First, we identified neurotransmitters contributing to normal endogenous propriospinal transmission of the locomotor command signal by testing the effect of receptor antagonists appli

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Cowley, Kristine C., Eugene Zaporozhets, Jason N. MacLean, and Brian J. Schmidt. "Is NMDA Receptor Activation Essential for the Production of Locomotor-Like Activity in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord?" Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (2005): 3805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00016.2005.

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Previous work has established that in vitro bath application of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) promotes locomotor activity in a variety of vertebrate preparations including the neonatal rat spinal cord. In addition, NMDA receptor activation gives rise to active membrane properties that are postulated to contribute to the generation or stabilization of locomotor rhythm. However, earlier studies yielded conflicting evidence as to whether NMDA receptors are essential in this role. Therefore in this study, we examined the effect of NMDA receptor blockade, using d-2-amino-5-phosphono-valeric acid

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Guo, Chunmei, Yang Yang, Yun'ai Su, and Tianmei Si. "Postnatal BDNF Expression Profiles in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of a Rat Schizophrenia Model Induced by MK-801 Administration." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/783297.

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Neonatal blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors represents one of experimental animal models for schizophrenia. This study is to investigate the long-term brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression profiles in different regions and correlation with “schizophrenia-like” behaviors in the adolescence and adult of this rat model. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 was administered to female Sprague-Dawley rats on postnatal days (PND) 5 through 14. Open-field test was performed on PND 42, and PND 77 to examine the validity of the current model. BDNF protein levels in hippoca

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Homma, Yutaka, R. D. Skinner, and E. Garcia-Rill. "Effects of Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) Stimulation on Caudal Pontine Reticular Formation (PnC) Neurons In Vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 6 (2002): 3033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.6.3033.

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Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to induce changes in arousal and postural/locomotor states. Previously, PPN stimulation was reported to induce prolonged responses (PRs) in extracellularly recorded PnC neurons in the decerebrate cat. The present study used intracellular recordings in semihorizontal slices from rat brain stem ( postnatal days 12–21) to determine responses in PnC neurons following PPN stimulation. Two-thirds (65%) of PnC neurons showed PRs after PPN stimulation. PnC neurons with PRs had higher amplitude afterhyperpolarizations (AHP) than non-PR (NPR) ne

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Chen, Gang, Yimin Liang, Fanghu Chen, Haifeng Wang, and Guoming Zhu. "The effect of lithium chloride on the motor function of spinal cord injury–controlled rat and the relevant mechanism." European Journal of Inflammation 17 (January 2019): 205873921985285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058739219852855.

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The objective of this study is to discuss the effect and mechanism of lithium chloride on the rehabilitation of locomotion post spinal cord injury (SCI) by observing the effect of lithium chloride on the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) pathway. In total, 36 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group (n = 12), model group (n = 12), and lithium chloride group (n = 12). The sham operation group underwent laminectomy, while for the model group and the lithium chloride group with the NYU spinal cord im

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Wang, Xingxing, Tianna Zhou, George D. Maynard, et al. "Nogo receptor decoy promotes recovery and corticospinal growth in non-human primate spinal cord injury." Brain 143, no. 6 (2020): 1697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa116.

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Abstract After CNS trauma such as spinal cord injury, the ability of surviving neural elements to sprout axons, reorganize neural networks and support recovery of function is severely restricted, contributing to chronic neurological deficits. Among limitations on neural recovery are myelin-associated inhibitors functioning as ligands for neuronal Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1). A soluble decoy (NgR1-Fc, AXER-204) blocks these ligands and provides a means to promote recovery of function in multiple preclinical rodent models of spinal cord injury. However, the safety and efficacy of this reagent in non-

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10

Zarrindast, M. R., M. Nasehi, and M. Pournaghshband. "Effects of dopaminergic drugs in the dorsal hippocampus of rats in the MK801-induced anxiolytic-like behavior." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72148-4.

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IntroductionExcitatory transmission through glutamate receptors constitutes the main mode of synaptic signaling in the brain regions that are critical for cognition such as learning and anxiety.ObjectivesThe possible involvement of dorsal hippocampal (intra-CA1) dopaminergic receptor mechanism on the anxiolytic-like response induced by NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801 has been investigated in the present study.MethodsThe male wistar rats were used and the elevated plus maze apparatus has been used to test parameters (%OAT, %OAE, locomotor activity, grooming, rereading and defection) of anxiety-

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Mamiya, Keiko, Kevin Bay, R. D. Skinner, and E. Garcia-Rill. "Induction of long-lasting depolarization in medioventral medulla neurons by cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 3 (2005): 1127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00253.2005.

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Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to induce changes in arousal and postural/locomotor states by activation of such descending targets as the caudal pons and the medioventral medulla (MED). Previously, PPN stimulation was reported to induce prolonged responses (PRs) in intracellularly recorded caudal pontine neurons in vitro. The present study used intracellular recordings in semihorizontal slices from rat brain stem (postnatal days 12–21) to determine responses in MED neurons following PPN stimulation. One-half (40/81) of MED neurons showed PRs after PPN stimulation. M

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12

Tang-Christensen, M., P. J. Larsen, R. Goke, et al. "Central administration of GLP-1-(7-36) amide inhibits food and water intake in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 4 (1996): R848—R856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.r848.

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Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-(7-36) amide and its pancreatic receptors are important for control of blood glucose levels. However, rat GLP-1 receptors are also localized in the brain, in hypothalamus, and in areas without a blood-brain barrier. When rats were kept on a food restriction schedule, intracerebroventricular injection of GLP-1 just before food was offered inhibited food intake. However, peripheral GLP-1 administration by intraperitoneal injection had little effect. GLP-1 effects on water intake and output were also investigated. Intracerebroventricular GLP-1 profoundly inhibited an

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13

Blivis, D., G. Z. Mentis, M. J. O'Donovan, and A. Lev-Tov. "Differential Effects of Opioids on Sacrocaudal Afferent Pathways and Central Pattern Generators in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 4 (2007): 2875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01313.2006.

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The effects of opioids on sacrocaudal afferent (SCA) pathways and the pattern-generating circuitry of the thoracolumbar and sacrocaudal segments of the spinal cord were studied in isolated spinal cord and brain stem-spinal cord preparations of the neonatal rat. The locomotor and tail moving rhythm produced by activation of nociceptive and nonnociceptive sacrocaudal afferents was completely blocked by specific application of the μ-opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin acetate salt (DAMGO) to the sacrocaudal but not the thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord. The rhy

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14

Widdowson, PS, MJ Farnworth, R. Upton, and MG Simpson. "No changes in behaviour, nigro-striatal system neurochemistry or neuronal cell death following toxic multiple oral paraquat administration to rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 7 (1996): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500706.

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We have examined whether the widely used herbicide, paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'dipyridylium) may accumu late in rat brain following multiple oral dosing (5 mg paraquat ion/kg/day) for 14 days and whether this dosing regime may produce signs of neurotoxicity. This dosing regime may determine whether low dose exposure to mammals may be neurotoxic. Using [14C]paraquat to measure tissue and plasma paraquat concentrations, we observed significantly higher plasma and tissue paraquat concentrations in brain, liver, lungs and kidneys of rats which received multiple doses for 14 days, as compared to p

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15

Weaver, SA, FX Aherne, MJ Meaney, AL Schaefer, and WT Dixon. "Neonatal handling permanently alters hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis function, behaviour, and body weight in boars." Journal of Endocrinology 164, no. 3 (2000): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1640349.

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Neonatal handling permanently alters hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function in rats. In the rat, this treatment increases hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and dampens plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to stressors. The objectives of this study were to determine whether neonatal handling of pigs would effect permanent changes in plasma corticosteroid binding capacity (CBG), basal or stressor-induced plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations, brain or pituitary GR levels, dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations, behaviour in an open field-t

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16

Kobayashi, T., C. Good, K. Mamiya, R. D. Skinner, and E. Garcia-Rill. "Development of REM sleep drive and clinical implications." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 2 (2004): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00908.2003.

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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the human declines from ∼50% of total sleep time (∼8 h) in the newborn to ∼15% of total sleep time (∼1 h) in the adult, and this decrease takes place mainly between birth and the end of puberty. We hypothesize that without this developmental decrease in REM sleep drive, lifelong increases in REM sleep drive may ensue. In the rat, the developmental decrease in REM sleep occurs 10-30 days after birth, declining from >70% of total sleep time in the newborn to the adult level of ∼15% of sleep time during this period. Rats at 12-21 days of age were anesthetized

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17

Sławińska, Urszula, Henryk Majczyński, Anna Kwaśniewska, et al. "Unusual Quadrupedal Locomotion in Rat during Recovery from Lumbar Spinal Blockade of 5-HT7 Receptors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 6007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116007.

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Coordination of four-limb movements during quadrupedal locomotion is controlled by supraspinal monoaminergic descending pathways, among which serotoninergic ones play a crucial role. Here we investigated the locomotor pattern during recovery from blockade of 5-HT7 or 5-HT2A receptors after intrathecal application of SB269970 or cyproheptadine in adult rats with chronic intrathecal cannula implanted in the lumbar spinal cord. The interlimb coordination was investigated based on electromyographic activity recorded from selected fore- and hindlimb muscles during rat locomotion on a treadmill. In

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18

Puymirat, Jack. "Thyroid receptors in the rat brain." Progress in Neurobiology 39, no. 3 (1992): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(92)90019-b.

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19

Li, Bo, Minjian Zhang, Yafei Liu, et al. "Rat Locomotion Detection Based on Brain Functional Directed Connectivity from Implanted Electroencephalography Signals." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030345.

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Previous findings have suggested that the cortex involved in walking control in freely locomotion rats. Moreover, the spectral characteristics of cortical activity showed significant differences in different walking conditions. However, whether brain connectivity presents a significant difference during rats walking under different behavior conditions has yet to be verified. Similarly, whether brain connectivity can be used in locomotion detection remains unknown. To address those concerns, we recorded locomotion and implanted electroencephalography signals in freely moving rats performing two

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20

Kohzuki, M., H. Onodera, M. Yasujima, et al. "Endothelin Receptors in Ischemic Rat Brain and Alzheimer Brain." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 26 (1995): S329–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199526003-00099.

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Kohzuki, M., H. Onodera, M. Yasujima, et al. "Endothelin Receptors in Ischemic Rat Brain and Alzheimer Brain." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 26 (1995): S329–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199506263-00099.

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22

Irifune, Masahiro, Tomoaki Sato, Takashige Nishikawa, et al. "Hyperlocomotion during Recovery from Isoflurane Anesthesia Is Associated with Increased Dopamine Turnover in the Nucleus Accumbens and Striatum in Mice." Anesthesiology 86, no. 2 (1997): 464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199702000-00022.

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Background It was recently reported that isoflurane increases dopamine release in the striatum in rats both in vivo and in vitro, and that isoflurane inhibits uptake of dopamine in the rat brain synaptosomes. However, the functional role of these effects of isoflurane on dopamine neurons is uncertain. Dopaminergic mechanisms within the nucleus accumbens and striatum play an important role in the control of locomotor activity, and a change in dopamine turnover depends essentially on a change in impulse flow in the dopamine neurons. In this study, the effects of isoflurane on locomotor activity

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Phillips, Paddy A., Janice M. Kelly, Josephine M. Abrahams, et al. "Vasopressin receptors in rat brain and kidney." Journal of Hypertension 6, no. 4 (1988): S550–553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-198812040-00173.

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Thoss, V. Silke, Dominique Duc, and Daniel Hoyer. "Somatostatin receptors in the developing rat brain." European Journal of Pharmacology 297, no. 1-2 (1996): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(95)00736-9.

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Haapaniemi, Helena, Minoru Tomita, Norio Tanahashi, Hidetaka Takeda, Masako Yokoyama, and Yasuo Fukuuchi. "Non-amoeboid locomotion of cultured microglia obtained from newborn rat brain." Neuroscience Letters 193, no. 2 (1995): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(95)11683-n.

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Cushman, Jesse, Jeannette Lo, Zhi Huang, Clive Wasserfall, and John M. Petitto. "Neurobehavioral Changes Resulting from Recombinase Activation Gene 1 Deletion." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 1 (2003): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.1.13-18.2003.

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ABSTRACT Recombinase activation gene 1 (RAG-1) function is essential for V(D)J recombination in T-cell-receptor and immunoglobulin rearrangements whereby the immune system may encode memories of a vast array of antigens. The RAG-1 gene is also localized to neurons in the hippocampal formation and related limbic regions that are involved in spatial learning and memory as well as other parameters of neurobehavioral performance. Since the unique ability to encode memory is shared by the immune system and the brain, we tested the hypothesis that loss of the RAG-1 gene in the brain would influence

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27

Shimizu, Yohei, Takahiro Shimizu, Suo Zou та ін. "Stimulation of brain α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors suppresses the rat micturition through brain GABAergic receptors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 548 (квітень 2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.051.

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Zhou, M. "Distribution of the sulphonylurea receptors in rat brain." Neuroscience Research 38 (2000): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(00)81335-8.

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Imamura, Toru, Yoshihito Tokita, and Youji Mitsui. "Purification of basic FGF receptors from rat brain." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 155, no. 2 (1988): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80534-5.

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Williams, Lynda M., Lisa T. Hannah, Michael H. Hastings, and Elizabeth S. Maywood. "Melatonin receptors in the rat brain and pituitary." Journal of Pineal Research 19, no. 4 (1995): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1995.tb00186.x.

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KLOET, E. R. DE, J. M. H. M. REUL, F. R. VAN DEN BOSCH, J. A. D. M. TONNAER, and H. SAITO. "Ginsenoside RG1 and Corticosteroid Receptors in Rat Brain." Endocrinologia Japonica 34, no. 2 (1987): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj1954.34.213.

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Khan, Z. U., A. Gutiérrez, R. Martı́n, A. Peñafiel, A. Rivera, and A. de la Calle. "Dopamine D5 receptors of rat and human brain." Neuroscience 100, no. 4 (2000): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00274-8.

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Nukuda, Takashi, Koichiro Ozawa, and Tomio Segawa. "Solubilization of histamine H2-receptors from rat brain." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 49 (1989): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)56099-1.

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Gong, Jian-Ping, Emmanuel S. Onaivi, Hiroki Ishiguro, et al. "Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: Immunohistochemical localization in rat brain." Brain Research 1071, no. 1 (2006): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.035.

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Martel, Jean-Claude, Serge St-Pierre, and Remi Quirion. "Neuropeptide Y receptors in rat brain: Autoradiographic localization." Peptides 7, no. 1 (1986): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(86)90061-6.

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Padua, Rodolfo A., James I. Nagy, and Jonathan D. Geiger. "Subcellular localization of ryanodine receptors in rat brain." European Journal of Pharmacology 298, no. 2 (1996): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(95)00797-0.

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Rimvall, Karin, F. Keller, and P. G. Waser. "Muscarinic receptors in slice cultures of rat brain." Neuropharmacology 25, no. 3 (1986): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(86)90243-1.

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Arrang, Jean-Michel, Nadia Defontaine, and Jean-Charles Schwartz. "Phencyclidine blocks histamine H3-receptors in rat brain." European Journal of Pharmacology 157, no. 1 (1988): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(88)90467-0.

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Cagnotto, Alfredo, Antonio Bastone та Tiziana Mennini. "[3H](+)-Pentazocine binding to rat brain σ1 receptors". European Journal of Pharmacology: Molecular Pharmacology 266, № 2 (1994): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-4106(94)90102-3.

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Hoffman, Neil W., Arnold A. Gerall, and Peter W. Kalivas. "Sexual refractoriness and locomotion effects on brain monoamines in the male rat." Physiology & Behavior 41, no. 6 (1987): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90312-x.

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Yang, Hui, Wei Li, Pan Meng, Zhuo Liu, Jian Liu, and Yuhong Wang. "Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Aggravates Mood Disorder, Cognitive Impairment, and Brain Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Rat." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (December 3, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2901863.

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Diabetes-induced brain insulin resistance is associated with many mental diseases, including depression. Epidemiological evidences demonstrate the pathophysiologic link between stress, depression, and diabetes. This study was designed to determine whether chronic unpredictable mild stress- (CUMS-) induced changes in brain insulin resistance could contribute to deterioration in mood and cognitive functions in diabetic rats. Male SD rats were randomly assigned to three groups, including standard control group, the diabetes group, and the diabetes with CUMS group. After 7 weeks, emotional behavio

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Fouad, K., M. M. Rank, R. Vavrek, K. C. Murray, L. Sanelli, and D. J. Bennett. "Locomotion After Spinal Cord Injury Depends on Constitutive Activity in Serotonin Receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (2010): 2975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2010.

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Following spinal cord injury (SCI) neurons caudal to the injury are capable of rhythmic locomotor-related activity that can form the basis for substantial functional recovery of stepping despite the loss of crucial brain stem-derived neuromodulators like serotonin (5-HT). Here we investigated the contribution of constitutive 5-HT2 receptor activity (activity in the absence of 5-HT) to locomotion after SCI. We used a staggered hemisection injury model in rats to study this because these rats showed a robust recovery of locomotor function and yet a loss of most descending axons. Immunolabeling f

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Atsuta, Y., E. Garcia-Rill, and R. D. Skinner. "Characteristics of electrically induced locomotion in rat in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 3 (1990): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.727.

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1. Electrical stimulation of two brain stem regions in the decerebrate neonatal rat brain--the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the medioventral medulla (MED)--were found to elicit rhythmic limb movements in the hind-limb-attached, in vitro, brain stem-spinal cord preparation. 2. Electromyographic (EMG) analysis revealed locomotion similar to that observed during stepping in the adult rat. The step-cycle frequency could be increased by application of higher-amplitude currents; but, unlike the adult, alternation could not be driven to a gallop. 3. Threshold currents for inducing locomot

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Dourado, Margarida, Helder Cardoso-Cruz, Clara Monteiro, and Vasco Galhardo. "Effect of Motor Impairment on Analgesic Efficacy of Dopamine D2/3 Receptors in a Rat Model of Neuropathy." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 10 (January 2016): JEN.S36492. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/jen.s36492.

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Testing the clinical efficacy of drugs that also have important side effects on locomotion needs to be properly designed in order to avoid erroneous identification of positive effects when the evaluation depends on motor-related tests. One such example is the evaluation of analgesic role of drugs that act on dopaminergic receptors, since the pain perception tests used in animal models are based on motor responses that can also be compromised by the same substances. The apparent analgesic effect obtained by modulation of the dopaminergic system is still a highly disputed topic. There is a lack

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Brown, J., and A. Czarnecki. "Autoradiographic localization of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide receptors in rat brain." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 1 (1990): R57—R63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.1.r57.

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Displacement of bound 125I-labeled atrial natriuretic peptide-(1-28) [alpha 125I-ANP-(1-28)] by alpha-ANP-(5-28) and porcine brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was used to map receptors common to these peptides in rat brain by in vitro autoradiography. alpha-125I-ANP bound reversibly to subfornical organ, area postrema, median preoptic, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and arachnoid mater. Binding at these sites was displaced similarly by 1 microM unlabeled alpha-ANP, alpha-ANP-(5-28), and BNP. Binding dissociation constants in the subfornical organ and arachnoid were 4.40 +/- 1.15 and 3.99

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46

Ninomiya, Haruaki, Shun Shimohama, Takashi Taniguchi, Soichi Miwa, and Motohatsu Fujiwara. "Effects of hypoxia on muscarinic receptors in rat brain." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 43 (1987): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)58609-7.

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Whitcomb, D. C., A. M. Puccio, S. R. Vigna, I. L. Taylor, and G. E. Hoffman. "Distribution of pancreatic polypeptide receptors in the rat brain." Brain Research 760, no. 1-2 (1997): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00295-3.

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Kidd, E. J., K. J. Miller, A. J. Sansum, and P. P. A. Humphrey. "Evidence for P2X3 receptors in the developing rat brain." Neuroscience 87, no. 3 (1998): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00294-2.

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Balcar, Vladimir J., Yi Li, Suzanne Killinger, and Maxwell R. Bennett. "Autoradiography of P2X ATP receptors in the rat brain." British Journal of Pharmacology 115, no. 2 (1995): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15877.x.

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50

Helmke, S. M., and D. M. F. Cooper. "Solubilization of stable adenosine A1 receptors from rat brain." Biochemical Journal 257, no. 2 (1989): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570413.

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Despite numerous reports of solubilization of adenosine A1 receptors, little progress has been made in isolating or purifying the receptor, owing to the extreme lability of the preparations. The present solubilization strategies recognized the possible role of endogenous adenosine to produce adenosine-receptor-N-protein complexes, which are intrinsically unstable, and instead attempted to use caffeine to solubilize free adenosine receptors, which might be more stable. Endogenous adenosine was removed from membranes by using adenosine deaminase along with GTP to accelerate the release of recept

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