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Journal articles on the topic 'Rat locomotion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Brudzynski, Stefan M., Michael Wu, and Gordon J. Mogenson. "Decreases in rat locomotor activity as a result of changes in synaptic transmission to neurons within the mesencephalic locomotor region." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (1993): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-060.

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The mesencephalic locomotor region is defined as a functional region sending signals to the spinal cord generators of rhythmical limb movements for locomotion. It has been shown that the mesencephalic locomotor region plays a critical role in locomotion initiated from the nucleus accumbens or from the subpallidal region. However, there are conflicting data on whether synaptic input from the nucleus accumbens – subpallidal region to the mesencephalic locomotor region mediates locomotion. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of synaptic input to different subregions of the mesencep

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2

Gerasimenko, Yury, Chet Preston, Hui Zhong, Roland R. Roy, V. Reggie Edgerton, and Prithvi K. Shah. "Rostral lumbar segments are the key controllers of hindlimb locomotor rhythmicity in the adult spinal rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 2 (2019): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00810.2018.

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The precise location and functional organization of the spinal neuronal locomotor-related networks in adult mammals remain unclear. Our recent neurophysiological findings provided empirical evidence that the rostral lumbar spinal cord segments play a critical role in the initiation and generation of the rhythmic activation patterns necessary for hindlimb locomotion in adult spinal rats. Since added epidural stimulation at the S1 segments significantly enhanced the motor output generated by L2 stimulation, these data also suggested that the sacral spinal cord provides a strong facilitory influe

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3

Liu, Jun, and Larry M. Jordan. "Stimulation of the Parapyramidal Region of the Neonatal Rat Brain Stem Produces Locomotor-Like Activity Involving Spinal 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A Receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 2 (2005): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00136.2005.

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Locomotion can be induced in rodents by direct application 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) onto the spinal cord. Previous studies suggest important roles for 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors in the locomotor effects of 5-HT. Here we show for the first time that activation of a discrete population of 5-HT neurons in the rodent brain stem produces locomotion and that the evoked locomotion requires 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors. Cells localized in the parapyramidal region (PPR) of the mid-medulla produced locomotor-like activity as a result of either electrical or chemical stimulation, and PPR-evoked locomotor

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4

Tresch, Matthew C., and Ole Kiehn. "Population Reconstruction of the Locomotor Cycle From Interneuron Activity in the Mammalian Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (2000): 1972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1972.

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Lesion studies have shown that neuronal networks in the ventromedial regions of the neonatal rat spinal cord are critical for the production of locomotion. We examined whether the locomotor cycle could be accurately predicted based on the activity recorded in a population of spinal interneurons located in these regions during pharmacologically induced locomotion. We used a Bayesian probabilistic reconstruction procedure to predict the most likely phase of locomotion given the observed activity in the neuronal population. The population reconstruction was able to predict the correct locomotor p

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5

Hayes, Heather Brant, Young-Hui Chang, and Shawn Hochman. "An In Vitro Spinal Cord–Hindlimb Preparation for Studying Behaviorally Relevant Rat Locomotor Function." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 2 (2009): 1114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90523.2008.

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Although the spinal cord contains the pattern-generating circuitry for producing locomotion, sensory feedback reinforces and refines the spatiotemporal features of motor output to match environmental demands. In vitro preparations, such as the isolated rodent spinal cord, offer many advantages for investigating locomotor circuitry, but they lack the natural afferent feedback provided by ongoing locomotor movements. We developed a novel preparation consisting of an isolated in vitro neonatal rat spinal cord oriented dorsal-up with intact hindlimbs free to step on a custom-built treadmill. This

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Bedford, T. G., P. K. Loi, and C. C. Crandall. "A model of dynamic exercise: the decerebrate rat locomotor preparation." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (1992): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.121.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a dynamic exercise model in the rat that could be used to study central nervous system control of the cardiovascular system. Rats of both sexes were decerebrated under halothane anesthesia and prepared for induced locomotion on a freely turning wheel. Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) elicited locomotion at different speeds and gait patterns and increased heart rate and blood pressure. Two maneuvers were performed to illustrate the potential use of the preparation. The first maneuver consisted of muscular paralysis, whic

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7

Ballion, Bérangère, Didier Morin, and Denise Viala. "Forelimb locomotor generators and quadrupedal locomotion in the neonatal rat." European Journal of Neuroscience 14, no. 10 (2001): 1727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01794.x.

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8

Sławińska, Urszula, Henryk Majczyński, Anna Kwaśniewska, et al. "Unusual Quadrupedal Locomotion in Rat during Recovery from Lumbar Spinal Blockade of 5-HT7 Receptors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 6007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116007.

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Coordination of four-limb movements during quadrupedal locomotion is controlled by supraspinal monoaminergic descending pathways, among which serotoninergic ones play a crucial role. Here we investigated the locomotor pattern during recovery from blockade of 5-HT7 or 5-HT2A receptors after intrathecal application of SB269970 or cyproheptadine in adult rats with chronic intrathecal cannula implanted in the lumbar spinal cord. The interlimb coordination was investigated based on electromyographic activity recorded from selected fore- and hindlimb muscles during rat locomotion on a treadmill. In

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9

Bauman, Jay M., and Young-Hui Chang. "Rules to limp by: joint compensation conserves limb function after peripheral nerve injury." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (2013): 20130484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0484.

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Locomotion persists across all manner of internal and external perturbations. The objective of this study was to identify locomotor compensation strategies in rodent models of peripheral nerve injury. We found that hip-to-toe limb length and limb angle was preferentially preserved over individual joint angles after permanent denervation of rat ankle extensor muscles. These findings promote further enquiry into the significance of limb-level function for neuromechanical control of legged locomotion.

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10

Ettema, G. J. "Elastic and length-force characteristics of the gastrocnemius of the hopping mouse (Notomys alexis) and the rat (Rattus norvegicus)." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 6 (1996): 1277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.6.1277.

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The aim of this study was to compare the contractile and series elastic properties of terrestrial mammals that use bipedal versus quadrupedal gaits. The gastrocnemius muscle of the hopping mouse (body mass 30.2 +/- 2.4 g, mean +/- S.D.) and the rat (313 +/- 10.7 g) were compared with data from the literature for the wallaby and the kangaroo rat to distinguish scaling effects and locomotion-related effects on muscle properties. Contractile length-force properties and series elastic stiffness were measured in situ during maximal tetanic contractions. The rat had a larger muscle-fibre-to-tendon-l

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11

Parker, Andrew J., and Kenneth A. Clarke. "Gait topography in rat locomotion." Physiology & Behavior 48, no. 1 (1990): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(90)90258-6.

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12

Atsuta, Y., E. Garcia-Rill, and R. D. Skinner. "Characteristics of electrically induced locomotion in rat in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 3 (1990): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.727.

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1. Electrical stimulation of two brain stem regions in the decerebrate neonatal rat brain--the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the medioventral medulla (MED)--were found to elicit rhythmic limb movements in the hind-limb-attached, in vitro, brain stem-spinal cord preparation. 2. Electromyographic (EMG) analysis revealed locomotion similar to that observed during stepping in the adult rat. The step-cycle frequency could be increased by application of higher-amplitude currents; but, unlike the adult, alternation could not be driven to a gallop. 3. Threshold currents for inducing locomot

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13

Heiland, B., and S. A. Greenfield. "Rat Locomotion and Release of Acetylcholinesterase." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 62, no. 1 (1999): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00117-8.

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14

Fish, F. E., and R. V. Baudinette. "Energetics of locomotion by the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster): a comparison of swimming and running in a semi-aquatic mammal." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 4 (1999): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.4.353.

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Semi-aquatic mammals occupy a precarious evolutionary position, having to function in both aquatic and terrestrial environments without specializing in locomotor performance in either environment. To examine possible energetic constraints on semi-aquatic mammals, we compared rates of oxygen consumption for the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) using different locomotor behaviors: swimming and running. Aquatic locomotion was investigated as animals swam in a water flume at several speeds, whereas water rats were run on a treadmill to measure metabolic effort during terrestrial locomo

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15

Alluin, Olivier, Hugo Delivet-Mongrain, and Serge Rossignol. "Inducing hindlimb locomotor recovery in adult rat after complete thoracic spinal cord section using repeated treadmill training with perineal stimulation only." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (2015): 1931–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00416.2015.

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Although a complete thoracic spinal cord section in various mammals induces paralysis of voluntary movements, the spinal lumbosacral circuitry below the lesion retains its ability to generate hindlimb locomotion. This important capacity may contribute to the overall locomotor recovery after partial spinal cord injury (SCI). In rats, it is usually triggered by pharmacological and/or electrical stimulation of the cord while a robot sustains the animals in an upright posture. In the present study we daily trained a group of adult spinal (T7) rats to walk with the hindlimbs for 10 wk (10 min/day f

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16

Thota, Anil K., Sonia Carlson Watson, Elizabeth Knapp, Brian Thompson, and Ranu Jung. "Neuromechanical Control of Locomotion in the Rat." Journal of Neurotrauma 22, no. 4 (2005): 442–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.442.

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17

Westerga, J., and A. Gramsbergen. "The development of locomotion in the rat." Developmental Brain Research 57, no. 2 (1990): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(90)90042-w.

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18

Canu, M. H., and M. Falempin. "Effect of hindlimb unloading on locomotor strategy during treadmill locomotion in the rat." European Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 4 (1996): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050078.

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19

Canu, M. H., and M. Falempin. "Effect of hindlimb unloading on locomotor strategy during treadmill locomotion in the rat." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 74, no. 4 (1996): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02226924.

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20

Rossignol, Serge. "Plasticity of connections underlying locomotor recovery after central and/or peripheral lesions in the adult mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1473 (2006): 1647–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1889.

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This review discusses some aspects of plasticity of connections after spinal injury in adult animal models as a basis for functional recovery of locomotion. After reviewing some pitfalls that must be avoided when claiming functional recovery and the importance of a conceptual framework for the control of locomotion, locomotor recovery after spinal lesions, mainly in cats, is summarized. It is concluded that recovery is partly due to plastic changes within the existing spinal locomotor networks. Locomotor training appears to change the excitability of simple reflex pathways as well as more comp

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21

Tresch, Matthew C., and Ole Kiehn. "Coding of Locomotor Phase in Populations of Neurons in Rostral and Caudal Segments of the Neonatal Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 6 (1999): 3563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3563.

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Several experiments have demonstrated that rostral segments of the vertebrate lumbar spinal cord produce a rhythmic motor output more readily and of better quality than caudal segments. Here we examine how this rostrocaudal gradient of rhythmogenic capability is reflected in the spike activity of neurons in the rostral (L2) and caudal (L5) lumbar spinal cord of the neonatal rat. The spike activity of interneurons in the ventromedial cord, a region necessary for the production of locomotion, was recorded intracellularly with patch electrodes and extracellularly with tetrodes during pharmacologi

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22

Dunlevy, J. R., and J. R. Couchman. "Controlled induction of focal adhesion disassembly and migration in primary fibroblasts." Journal of Cell Science 105, no. 2 (1993): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.105.2.489.

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Fibroblast migration is an integral component of biological processes such as wound healing and embryogenesis. Previous experiments examining fibroblast locomotion from tissue explants have shown that migrating fibroblasts lack, or contain only transient, focal adhesions (focal contacts). Focal adhesions are specialized regions of tight cell-matrix interaction, assembled by a complex process of transmembrane signalling. Although the explant model has been used for studying several aspects of fibroblast locomotion, it is limited by the lack of control over migration, and only a small percentage

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23

Dose, Francesco, and Giuliano Taccola. "Coapplication of noisy patterned electrical stimuli and NMDA plus serotonin facilitates fictive locomotion in the rat spinal cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 11 (2012): 2977–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00554.2012.

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A new stimulating protocol [fictive locomotion-induced stimulation (FL istim)], consisting of intrinsically variable weak waveforms applied to a single dorsal root is very effective (though not optimal as it eventually wanes away) in activating the locomotor program of the isolated rat spinal cord. The present study explored whether combination of FL istim with low doses of pharmacological agents that raise network excitability might further improve the functional outcome, using this in vitro model. FL istim was applied together with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) + serotonin, while fictive locom

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24

Armstrong, R. B., R. Phelps, K. Rouk, R. Stroup, J. White, and M. H. Laughlin. "RAT MUSCLE BLOOD FLOWS DURING HIGH SPEED LOCOMOTION." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17, no. 2 (1985): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198504000-00449.

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25

Rigosa, J., A. Panarese, N. Dominici, et al. "Decoding bipedal locomotion from the rat sensorimotor cortex." Journal of Neural Engineering 12, no. 5 (2015): 056014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056014.

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26

Armstrong, R. B., and M. H. Laughlin. "Rat muscle blood flows during high-speed locomotion." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 4 (1985): 1322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.4.1322.

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We previously studied blood flow distribution within and among rat muscles as a function of speed from walking (15 m/min) through galloping (75 m/min) on a motor-driven treadmill. The results showed that muscle blood flows continued to increase as a function of speed through 75 m/min. The purpose of the present study was to have rats run up to maximal treadmill speeds to determine if blood flows in the muscles reach a plateau as a function of running speed over the animals' normal range of locomotory speeds. Muscle blood flows were measured with radiolabeled microspheres at 1 min of running at

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27

Coles, S. K., J. F. Iles, and S. Nicolopoulos-Stournaras. "The mesencephalic centre controlling locomotion in the rat." Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (1989): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(89)90239-x.

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28

Li, Bo, Minjian Zhang, Yafei Liu, et al. "Rat Locomotion Detection Based on Brain Functional Directed Connectivity from Implanted Electroencephalography Signals." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030345.

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Previous findings have suggested that the cortex involved in walking control in freely locomotion rats. Moreover, the spectral characteristics of cortical activity showed significant differences in different walking conditions. However, whether brain connectivity presents a significant difference during rats walking under different behavior conditions has yet to be verified. Similarly, whether brain connectivity can be used in locomotion detection remains unknown. To address those concerns, we recorded locomotion and implanted electroencephalography signals in freely moving rats performing two

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29

Bertrand, Sandrine, and Jean-René Cazalets. "Postinhibitory Rebound During Locomotor-Like Activity in Neonatal Rat Motoneurons In Vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 1 (1998): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.342.

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Bertrand, Sandrine and Jean-René Cazalets. Postinhibitory rebound during locomotor-like activity in neonatal rat motoneurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 342–351, 1998. The aim of this study was to establish how a membrane property contributes to the neuronal discharge during ongoing behavior. We therefore studied the role of the postinhibitory rebound (PIR) in the bursting discharge of lumbar motoneurons intracellularly recorded in newborn rat in vitro brain stem/spinal cord preparation. The PIR is a transient depolarization that occurs after a hyperpolarization. We first investigated how i

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30

West, M. O., R. M. Carelli, M. Pomerantz, et al. "A region in the dorsolateral striatum of the rat exhibiting single-unit correlations with specific locomotor limb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (1990): 1233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1233.

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1. To examine the activity of single units in the lateral striatum of the awake rat with respect to sensorimotor function, 788 units were recorded during locomotion and passive testing. The focus of this report is on 138 units (18%) that fired in relation to sensorimotor activity of a single limb. The remaining units were related to other body parts (16%), to general body movement (38%), or were unresponsive (28%). 2. Firing rates of limb-related units were near zero during resting behavior but increased markedly during treadmill locomotion. Each of the 138 units exhibited a rhythmic pattern o

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31

Smith, S. S. "Sensorimotor-correlated discharge recorded from ensembles of cerebellar Purkinje cells varies across the estrous cycle of the rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 3 (1995): 1095–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1095.

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1. In the present study, locomotor-correlated activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells, recorded using arrays of microwires chronically implanted in adult female rats, was examined across estrous-cycle-associated fluctuations in endogenous sex steroids. Ongoing studies from this laboratory have shown that systemic and local administration of the sex steroid 17 beta-estradiol (E2) augments excitatory responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells to iontophoretically applied glutamate, recorded in vivo from anesthetized female rats. In addition, this steroid potentiated discharge correlated with limb move

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32

Dourado, Margarida, Helder Cardoso-Cruz, Clara Monteiro, and Vasco Galhardo. "Effect of Motor Impairment on Analgesic Efficacy of Dopamine D2/3 Receptors in a Rat Model of Neuropathy." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 10 (January 2016): JEN.S36492. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/jen.s36492.

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Testing the clinical efficacy of drugs that also have important side effects on locomotion needs to be properly designed in order to avoid erroneous identification of positive effects when the evaluation depends on motor-related tests. One such example is the evaluation of analgesic role of drugs that act on dopaminergic receptors, since the pain perception tests used in animal models are based on motor responses that can also be compromised by the same substances. The apparent analgesic effect obtained by modulation of the dopaminergic system is still a highly disputed topic. There is a lack

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33

McMahon, Lance R., and Paul J. Wellman. "PVN infusion of GLP-1-(7—36) amide suppresses feeding but does not induce aversion or alter locomotion in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 1 (1998): R23—R29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.1.r23.

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Intracerebroventricular infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7—36) amide (GLP-1) reduces feeding in rats, an effect that could be localized to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Intracerebroventricular GLP-1, however, may also induce conditioned taste aversion (CTA), thereby putting into question the specificity of the action of GLP-1 on feeding. The present experiments evaluated the action of PVN GLP-1 (0, 100, or 200 ng) on induction of CTA, on locomotion, and finally, on feeding and drinking in rats. PVN infusion of GLP-1 (100 or 200 ng) did not support the induction of CTA and

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34

Mogensen, J. "Serotonin, locomotion, exploration, and place recall in the rat." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 75, no. 2 (2003): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00107-2.

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35

Arkley, Kendra, Robyn A. Grant, Ben Mitchinson, and Tony J. Prescott. "Strategy Change in Vibrissal Active Sensing during Rat Locomotion." Current Biology 24, no. 13 (2014): 1507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.036.

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36

Clarke, Kenneth A., and Elizabeth Williams. "Development of locomotion in the rat— Spatiotemporal footfall patterns." Physiology & Behavior 55, no. 1 (1994): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90023-x.

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Clarke, Kenneth A., and Andrew J. Parker. "A quantitative study of normal locomotion in the rat." Physiology & Behavior 38, no. 3 (1986): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90105-8.

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Gutman, H., D. Risin, B. P. Katz, and N. R. Pellis. "Locomotion through three-dimentional type I rat tail collagen." Journal of Immunological Methods 157, no. 1-2 (1993): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(93)90084-k.

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39

Cowley, Kristine C., Eugene Zaporozhets, Raed A. Joundi, and Brian J. Schmidt. "Contribution of Commissural Projections to Bulbospinal Activation of Locomotion in the In Vitro Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (2009): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91212.2008.

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Commissural projections are required for left-right coordination during locomotion. However, their role, if any, in rhythm production is unknown. This study uses the neonatal rat in vitro brain stem–spinal cord model to examine the rostrocaudal distribution of locomotor-related commissural projections and study whether commissural connections are needed for the generation of hindlimb rhythmic activity in response to electrical stimulation of the brain stem. Midsagittal lesions were made at a wide range of rostrocaudal levels. Locomotor-like activity persisted in some preparations despite midsa

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40

Yazawa, Itaru, and Seiji Shioda. "Reciprocal functional interactions between the respiration/circulation center, the upper spinal cord, and the trigeminal system." Translational Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (2015): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2015-0008.

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AbstractThe interplay of neural discharge patterns involved in “respiration”, “circulation”, “opening movements in the mandible”, and “locomotion” was investigated electrophysiologically in a decerebrate and arterially perfused in situ rat preparation. Sympathetic tone increased with increases in perfusion flow rate. All nerve discharges became clearly organized into discharge episodes of increasing frequency and duration punctuated by quiescent periods as the perfusion flow rate increased at 26&#186;C. The modulated sympathetic tone at 10× total blood volume/ min activated the forelimb pa

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41

Alsalem, Mohammad, Ahmad Altarifi, Mansour Haddad, et al. "Analgesic Effects and Impairment in Locomotor Activity Induced by Cannabinoid/Opioid Combinations in Rat Models of Chronic Pain." Brain Sciences 10, no. 8 (2020): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080523.

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Both opioids and cannabinoids have well-known antinociceptive effects in different animal models of chronic pain. However, unwanted side effects limit their use. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of combining synthetic cannabinoids with subtherapeutic doses of opioids, and to evaluate the effects of these drugs/combinations on rat’s locomotor activity. Intra-plantar injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) into the left hindpaw and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to induce inflammatory and diabetic neuropathic pain in adult male Sp

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Alves, Joseph Andrews, Barbara Ciralli Boerner, and Diego Andrés Laplagne. "Flexible Coupling of Respiration and Vocalizations with Locomotion and Head Movements in the Freely Behaving Rat." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4065073.

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Quadrupedal mammals typically synchronize their respiration with body movements during rhythmic locomotion. In the rat, fast respiration is coupled to head movements during sniffing behavior, but whether respiration is entrained by stride dynamics is not known. We recorded intranasal pressure, head acceleration, instantaneous speed, and ultrasonic vocalizations from male and female adult rats while freely behaving in a social environment. We used high-speed video recordings of stride to understand how head acceleration signals relate to locomotion and developed techniques to identify episodes

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Roy, R. R., D. L. Hutchison, D. J. Pierotti, J. A. Hodgson, and V. R. Edgerton. "EMG patterns of rat ankle extensors and flexors during treadmill locomotion and swimming." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 6 (1991): 2522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2522.

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Intramuscular electromyography (EMG) was used to determine and compare the recruitment patterns of the rat soleus (Sol), tibialis anterior (TA), and a deep and a superficial portion of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) during treadmill locomotion at various speeds and inclines and during swimming. Raw EMG signals for 10-20 step or stroke cycles were rectified, averaged, and processed to determine cycle period (EMG onset of one cycle to EMG onset of the next cycle), EMG burst duration, and integrated area of the rectified burst (IEMG). Mean EMG per burst was calculated as IEMG/burst duration. IEMG/

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Gramsbergen, Albert. "Posture and Locomotion in the Rat: Independent or Interdependent Development?" Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 22, no. 4 (1998): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00043-2.

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Delp, Michael D., Changping Duan, Chester A. Ray, and R. B. Armstrong. "Rat hindlimb muscle blood flow during level and downhill locomotion." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 2 (1999): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.564.

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During eccentrically biased exercise (e.g., downhill locomotion), whole body oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentrations are lower than during level locomotion. These general systemic measurements indicate that muscle metabolism is lower during downhill exercise. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hindlimb muscle blood flow is correspondingly lower during downhill vs. level exercise. Muscle blood flow (determined by using radioactive microspheres) was measured in rats after 15 min of treadmill exercise at 15 m/min on the level (L, 0°) or downhill (D, −17°). Blood flow

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Bolton, David A. E., Arthur D. Y. Tse, Mark Ballermann, John E. Misiaszek, and Karim Fouad. "Task specific adaptations in rat locomotion: Runway versus horizontal ladder." Behavioural Brain Research 168, no. 2 (2006): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.017.

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Biewener, A. A., and R. Blickhan. "Kangaroo rat locomotion: design for elastic energy storage or acceleration?" Journal of Experimental Biology 140, no. 1 (1988): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140.1.243.

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Mechanical stresses (force/cross-sectional area) acting in muscles, tendons and bones of the hindlimbs of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) were calculated during steady-speed hops and vertical jumps. Stresses were determined from both high-speed cine films (light and X-ray) and force plate recordings, as well as from in vivo tendon force recordings. Stresses in each hindlimb support element during hopping (1.6-3.1 m s-1) were generally only 33% of those acting during jumping (greater than or equal to 40 cm height): ankle extensor muscles, 80 +/− 12 (S.D.) versus 297 +/− 42 kPa; ankle exte

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Armstrong, R. B., and C. R. Taylor. "Glycogen loss in rat muscles during locomotion on different inclines." Journal of Experimental Biology 176, no. 1 (1993): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176.1.135.

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Running downhill causes structural damage in deep slow-twitch extensor muscles of the limbs. Both mechanical and metabolic hypotheses have been proposed to explain the damage. The purpose of this study was to use measurements of glycogen loss in the muscles and metabolic rates of rats running on the level and up and down 16 degrees inclines at 26 m min-1 to try to distinguish between these hypotheses. Glycogen loss in the soleus and medial head to the triceps brachii muscles during running on the three inclines was proportional to whole-animal oxygen consumption, indicating that there were no

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Stackman, Robert W., Matthew L. Tullman, and Jeffrey S. Taube. "Maintenance of Rat Head Direction Cell Firing During Locomotion in the Vertical Plane." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 1 (2000): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.393.

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Previous studies have identified a subset of neurons in the rat anterodorsal thalamus (ADN) that encode head direction (HD) in absolute space and may be involved in navigation. These HD cells discharge selectively when the rat points its head in a specific direction (the preferred firing direction) in the horizontal plane. HD cells are typically recorded during free movement about a single horizontal surface. The current experiment examined how HD cell firing was influenced by 1) locomotion in the vertical plane and 2) locomotion on two different horizontal surfaces separated in height. Rats w

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Gorassini, Monica, Torsten Eken, David J. Bennett, Ole Kiehn, and Hans Hultborn. "Activity of Hindlimb Motor Units During Locomotion in the Conscious Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (2000): 2002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.2002.

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This paper compares the activity of hindlimb motor units from muscles mainly composed of fast-twitch muscle fibers (medial and lateral gastrocnemius: MG/LG, tibialis anterior: TA) to motor units from a muscle mainly composed of slow-twitch muscle fibers (soleus: SOL) during unrestrained walking in the conscious rat. Several differences in the activation profiles of motor units from these two groups of muscles were observed. For example, motor units from fast muscles (e.g., MG/LG and TA) fired at very high mean frequencies of discharge, ranging from 60 to 100 Hz, and almost always were recruite

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