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Journal articles on the topic 'Ratio analysis and interpretation'
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Yortsos, Y. C., Youngmin Choi, Zhengming Yang, and P. C. Shah. "Analysis and Interpretation of Water/Oil Ratio in Waterfloods." SPE Journal 4, no. 04 (December 1, 1999): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/59477-pa.
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Gol, E. М., and N. S. Avdeev. "Wave Velocity Ratio Analysis in the 3D/3C Multicomponent Seismic Interpretation." Oil and Gas technologies 120, no. 1 (January 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2019-120-1-32-37.
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Higgins, Victoria, Pow Lee Cheng, Rajeevan Selvaratnam, and Davor Brinc. "Optimizing Measurement and Interpretation of the G6PD/Hb Ratio." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 6, no. 5 (March 23, 2021): 1251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfab008.
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Abstract Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)/hemoglobin (Hb) ratio helps detect G6PD deficiency, an X-linked disorder that can be asymptomatic or cause acute hemolytic anemia and chronic hemolysis. We investigated preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical aspects to optimize G6PD/Hb measurement and interpretation. Methods G6PD was measured with the Pointe Scientific assay and Hb with Drabkin’s reagent on Alinity c® (Abbott Diagnostics). Stability of G6PD/Hb was assessed after 7 and 14 days while stored at 2–8 °C. Stability of hemolysate prepared for G6PD analysis was assessed using QC and patient samples up to 4 h at room temperature or 2–8 °C. Analytical performance specifications including precision, method comparison, linearity, LOQ, and carry-over were established for the enzymatic reaction of G6PD and spectrophotometric reading of Hb. G6PD/Hb reference interval and cut-offs were established indirectly using truncated maximum likelihood method (TML) using retrospective data (n = 4715 patient data points). Results Samples were stable after 7 days at 2–8°C, unless grossly hemolyzed. Hemolysate prepared for G6PD measurement remained stable for up to 4 h for QC at room temperature and 2–8°C, but up to 30 min–1 h at room temperature and 1–2 h at 2–8 °C for patient samples. Precision, linearity, LOQ, and carryover were acceptable. G6PD/Hb cut-offs were <3.3, ≥3.3, 3.3–8.9, and ≥8.9 U/g Hb for deficient males/females, normal males, intermediate females, and normal females, respectively. Conclusions In vitro hemolysis and delayed hemolysate analysis significantly reduce G6PD/Hb stability. QC material cannot detect the impact of delayed hemolysate analysis. These findings were foundational for optimizing G6PD/Hb protocols for a new platform and establishing laboratory-specific G6PD/Hb cut-offs.
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Guo, Wanwu, Michael C. Dentith, Robert T. Bird, and David A. Clark. "Systematic error analysis of demagnetization and implications for magnetic interpretation." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 2 (March 2001): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444947.
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Demagnetization can affect the interpretation of magnetic data significantly. However, little attempt has been made to understand its effects by analyzing systematically the differences between demagnetization‐ corrected and uncorrected magnetic properties. A systematic error analysis is made in this paper using a 2-D elliptic cylinder model. Generally, demagnetization changes the effective susceptibility and remanence or the effective magnetization in both magnitude and direction. Error analyses show that demagnetization causes the magnitude of effective magnetization of a magnetic body to be less than its intrinsic magnetization. This implies that a theoretical anomaly computed without accounting for demagnetization will overestimate the amplitude of the anomaly associated with the body. The decrease in magnetization magnitude depends on the intrinsic magnetic susceptibility of a body as well as on the body’s geometry (flattening ratio) and its relative orientation (magnetic dip) in the geomagnetic field. The magnitude of the effective magnetization, relative to the intrinsic magnetization, decreases with increasing intrinsic magnetic susceptibility. This factor dominates the body’s effective magnetization. When intrinsic magnetic susceptibility is less than 0.1 SI, the demagnetization effects are generally insignificant and may be ignored in magnetic anomaly modeling. The magnetic dip and flattening ratio only cause minor fluctuations in the effective magnetization. Demagnetization also changes the direction of the effective magnetization vector by making it approach the plane of flattening of any flattened body. The difference between the inclinations of the effective and intrinsic magnetization changes the horizontal positions of extreme values of an anomaly, which may affect the precision of magnetic interpretations. Generally, the inclination difference is significant for magnetic dips of 30° to 70° and increases with increasing susceptibility and decreasing flattening ratio. In particular, for large flat‐lying magnetic geological units located at middle magnetic latitudes (30° to 70°), significant magnetic inclination deflections are expected because of demagnetization effects. Theoretical, experimental, and practical examples of magnetic interpretation are presented to illustrate these demagnetization effects.
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Syafii, Sufyan, and M. Mizan Sya’roni. "Interpretation of Bi Al-Ra’yi Madrasah Tafsīr Makkah." Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies 1, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/edv.v1i5.67.
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The interpretation of the Al-Qur'an does not only come from narrations, but also from the ratio or ijtihad, and intuition or inspiration whose methods are difficult to find, because they are transcendent. This explanation is the background of the author who will conduct the research with the aim of knowing the practice of the interpretation of the Al-Qur'an carried out by Tabi'in. It also shows the fact that Tabi'in uses ratio in interpreting the verse. The research method used in this research is qualitative research with the type of library research. This research discussion uses descriptive-analysis method. The results of this study conclude that in terms of term, the tendency of the tafsir book to not reach certain disciplines, is only limited to geographic influences and is thick with the nuances of the interpretation of the teacher, namely ibn abb's. There are at least 23 bi al-Ra'yi interpretations of Mujâhid's tafsir, which are also agreed upon by several scholars, both from the tabi'in and commentators, but not all of them are the same as the opinion of Ibn Abbâs as his teacher. Of the 23 bi-rayi interpretations, 15 of them are different from Ibn Abbas's interpretation and 8 of them have similarities with Ibn Abbas and are classified into 4 parts, namely: Tafsîr bi al-Ra'yi bi al-Qiyas, Tafsîr bi al-Ra'yi bi al- Qisshah, Tafsîr bi al-Ra'yi bi al-Lughah, Tafsîr bi al-Ra'yi bi al-Dhamir.
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Guenette, Jordan A., Roberto C. Chin, Julia M. Cory, Katherine A. Webb, and Denis E. O'Donnell. "Inspiratory Capacity during Exercise: Measurement, Analysis, and Interpretation." Pulmonary Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/956081.
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Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an established method for evaluating dyspnea and ventilatory abnormalities. Ventilatory reserve is typically assessed as the ratio of peak exercise ventilation to maximal voluntary ventilation. Unfortunately, this crude assessment provides limited data on the factors that limit the normal ventilatory response to exercise. Additional measurements can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of respiratory mechanical constraints during CPET (e.g., expiratory flow limitation and operating lung volumes). These measurements are directly dependent on an accurate assessment of inspiratory capacity (IC) throughout rest and exercise. Despite the valuable insight that the IC provides, there are no established recommendations on how to perform the maneuver during exercise and how to analyze and interpret the data. Accordingly, the purpose of this manuscript is to comprehensively examine a number of methodological issues related to the measurement, analysis, and interpretation of the IC. We will also briefly discuss IC responses to exercise in health and disease and will consider how various therapeutic interventions influence the IC, particularly in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Our main conclusion is that IC measurements are both reproducible and responsive to therapy and provide important information on the mechanisms of dyspnea and exercise limitation during CPET.
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Onishchenko, E. I. "POLISH AESTHETIC DISCOURSE OF THE 20TH CENTURY: INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATIONS." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 1 (2) (2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2018.1(2).05.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Polish aesthetic discourse of the twentieth century and the prospects for its interpretation in the Ukrainian aesthetics, particularly in the works by Kateryna Shevchuk, defended at the department of ethics, aesthetics and culture studies of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. These research greatly extend the idea of the aesthetic canon of the Polish thought, classically represented by the aesthetics R. Ingarden and W. Tatarkiewicz and reveal the names of virtually unknown in Ukraine Polish scientists, including special interest is the legacy of L. Blaustein, M. Wallis, H. Elzenberg and G. Ossowski. In particular, this perspective covers traditional for the twentieth century aesthetics problems, including psychology of art, collective aesthetic experience, ratio, fantasy, and imagination. Also, new interpretive perspectives of sublime and ugly, aesthetical experience are opened. The theoretical orientations of the Polish scholars, in one way or another, were connected with the cornerstones of the aesthetic science - its subject, the conceptual-categorical apparatus, the structure of aesthetic consciousness, the phenomenon of artistic creativity, the specific nature of art, and others. In the process of conceptual concretization, in the field of Polish aesthetics a number of problems have been rather clearly distinguished, among which the special attention of practically all of its leading representatives has attracted the phenomenon of aesthetical experience. K. Shevchuk’s investigation opens up an opportunity, at least in the format of a secondary interpretation, to join the research of the Polish scholars, whose work proved to be a giant "white spot" for the Ukrainian aestheticians. Introducing actually unexplored concepts Polish scientists to the modern Ukrainian aesthetic theory not only facilitates the opening of "unknown pages" in the history of the twentieth century aesthetics, but also makes actual mark of new approaches to the analysis of classical problems, the relevance of which will never be a subject of doubt.
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Şişman, Eyüp, and Burak Kizilöz. "Artificial neural network system analysis and Kriging methodology for estimation of non-revenue water ratio." Water Supply 20, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 1871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.095.
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Abstract The non-revenue water (NRW) ratio parameter is significantly important for performance evaluation of water distribution systems. In order to evaluate the NRW ratio, the variables influencing this parameter should be determined. Therefore, the first aim of the paper is to define the variables which are influential on the estimation of the NRW ratio and then analyze these variables by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) methodology by means of 50 models with one, two, three, and four-variable input. Secondly, in this study, the NRW ratios have been predicted for the first time by using the Kriging methodology through only two variables. By using the data measured in 12 district meter areas (DMA) in Kocaeli, 60 models in total have been established for NRW ratio prediction through the ANN and Kriging methodologies. The ANN models are closed-box models and therefore the interpretation of the ANN model results requires higher expert opinion. As a consequence, the results show that Kriging model graphs produce much more useful information than ANN models in terms of application and interpretation.
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Righetti, Timothy L., David R. Sandrock, Bernadine Strik, and Anita Azarenko. "Appropriate Analysis and Interpretation Approaches to Determine Fertilizer-derived Nitrogen in Plant Tissues." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 3 (May 2007): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.3.429.
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Two approaches for estimating the amount of nitrogen (N) in plant tissues derived from labeled fertilizer were evaluated for two tissue types (root and shoot) in three different genera. In the first, atom percentage values obtained by mass spectrometry were converted to the portion of N derived from the fertilizer (NDFF). In the second, the slope of the regression line for the relationship between total N and labeled fertilizer N was used to represent the incremental increase in fertilizer N for each unit increase in total N. These two approaches were applied to data collected during container experiments. Unless a plot of total N versus labeled fertilizer N passes through the origin, conventional ratio-based estimates of the amount of NDFF for plants or tissues are often misleading. When nonzero intercepts occur, NDFF is dependent on the size (total N content) of the tissue or plant. Nonzero intercepts were frequently encountered. An analysis of regression lines describing the relationship between total N gain and fertilizer N produces a different interpretation than evaluations of the NDFF for treatment means. When an analysis of covariance was used to account for differences in total N between tissues and genera, results were generally consistent with the graphical observations and regression analysis. If only ratio-based approaches are used, it is difficult to determine if there are real physiological differences among treatments, genera, and tissues or if differences in NDFF are size-related. Because the data easily can be analyzed several ways, simultaneously evaluating data with ratio-based NDFF, covariates, and regression is appropriate.
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Sun, L., and X. S. Gan. "ANALYSIS OF DENOISING INTERPRETATION OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGE BASED ON ICA-WAVELET TRANSFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 7, 2020): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-411-2020.
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Abstract. The noise will blur the key information of the remote sensing image, such as edge texture and important feature information, which will result in the loss of key information contained in the remote sensing image, resulting in the degradation of the overall quality of the image, which will bring difficulties to the interpretation work. Therefore, in order to obtain higher precision, signal-to-noise ratio and improve the quality of remote sensing image, denoising the remote sensing image containing noise is a crucial step and processing step for image remote sensing image application.In this paper, the ICA wavelet analysis algorithm is applied to the application of real-time remote sensing image denoising. A series of pre-processing procedures such as control point correction, image fusion and image mosaic are carried out on the Asian sub-level remote sensing image, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the remote sensing image is adopted. (SNR/dB) and mean square error (RMSE) verify the image quality after denoising.
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Poletto, Flavio. "A blind interpretation of drill‐bit signals." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 3 (May 2000): 970–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444793.
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The role of kurtosis in evaluating the quality of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) drill‐bit data is investigated. The calculations show how kurtosis depends on the dominant frequency, bandwidth, and phase content of a seismic signal. This analysis is applied to synthetic and real common‐offset and common‐shot drill‐bit seismograms to evaluate the prominence and quality of the first arrival and other coherent events. High values of kurtosis correspond to an isolated first arrival or to a compressed coherent noise event, while low values are typical of low S/N (distributed) ratio traces. Kurtosis analysis applied to drill‐bit VSP data while drilling proved to be successful at identifying high‐quality traces with little interpretational input.
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Adriansyah and George A. McMechan. "AVA analysis and interpretation of a carbonate reservoir: northwest Java basin, Indonesia." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 3 (May 2001): 744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444964.
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A detailed analysis is performed of amplitude variation with angle (AVA) observations in six common‐midpoint gathers with reflection points that are over and beside carbonate reefs in the Parigi Formation in the northwest Java basin. Both empirical analysis and full‐wavefield modeling of the AVA data suggest that the presence of gas affects AVA by reducing the bulk density of the reservoir, decreasing of the overburden [Formula: see text] ratio and by local attenuation caused by gas sieving through the overlying sediments. The slopes of AVA curves for reflections from the top of the Parigi are negative for brine saturation and strongly positive for gas saturation.
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RAMÓN, M. L., D. M. MAZA, H. L. MANCINI, A. M. MANCHO, and H. HERRERO. "HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE IN INTERMEDIATE ASPECT RATIO BÉNARD–MARANGONI CONVECTION." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 11, no. 11 (November 2001): 2779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127401003899.
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In the present work, an isolated hexagonal structure is studied for the intermediate aspect ratio Bénard–Marangoni convection. Experimental and numerical results are contrasted, providing an alternative interpretation of the hexagon: Numerical results show that the hexagonal pattern can be reproduced by the overlapping of only two proper modes, which are numerical solutions of a linear analysis for the cylindrical problem with realistic boundary conditions. Experimental and numerical streamlines are compared. In bulk, this 3D structure gives rise to 2D streamlines, forming warped figures.
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Musgrove, Frank W. "Time‐variant statics corrections during interpretation." GEOPHYSICS 59, no. 3 (March 1994): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443609.
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Even though statics processing is well advanced and is routinely applied, interpreters are still required to evaluate seismic data that has either no statics corrections or poor statics corrections. It is a critical interpretation skill to recognize uncorrected statics and to correct for their effects. Poor decisions and dry holes are often the result of failure to do this. Since multifold seismic data has become the norm, statics are no longer time invariant. The method of flattening stacked data on a shallow reflector that worked so well for single fold data will show anomalous structure and isochron variation caused by the time‐variant effects of uncorrected statics. Uncorrected statics can be identified by anomalous undulations in a shallow reflector, by the time‐variant effects with increasing reflection time, and by the variations in optimal stacking velocities, all of which have been documented in the literature. Knowledge of these properties from stacked data observations can lead to robust estimates of the surface position delay profile necessary for all statics corrections. Although prestack analysis and correction provide the best solutions, full spatial and temporal corrections can be calculated easily and applied to the interpretation of stacked data on most work stations to enable quicker, less expensive decision making. Prestack reprocessing is only one action that may result from a quality poststack analysis. Stacked data time picks can be fully corrected with a statics term and a velocity term. Partial corrections, applied only to the center trace of a static‐causing body can be made without knowledge of the exact surface position delay model. The ratio of central trace delays of two reflectors is approximately equal to the ratio of effective spread lengths used to stack the two reflectors. This method is applied to a real data example published last year in Geophysics where the anomalous isochron thinning is accurately predicted.
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Booth, A. D., R. A. Clark, B. Kulessa, T. Murray, J. Carter, S. Doyle, and A. Hubbard. "Thin-layer effects in glaciological seismic amplitude-versus-angle (AVA) analysis: implications for characterising a subglacial till unit, Russell Glacier, West Greenland." Cryosphere 6, no. 4 (August 16, 2012): 909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-909-2012.
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Abstract. Seismic amplitude-versus-angle (AVA) methods are a powerful means of quantifying the physical properties of subglacial material, but serious interpretative errors can arise when AVA is measured over a thinly-layered substrate. A substrate layer with a thickness less than 1/4 of the seismic wavelength, λ, is considered "thin", and reflections from its bounding interfaces superpose and appear in seismic data as a single reflection event. AVA interpretation of subglacial till can be vulnerable to such thin-layer effects, since a lodged (non-deforming) till can be overlain by a thin (metre-scale) cap of dilatant (deforming) till. We assess the potential for misinterpretation by simulating seismic data for a stratified subglacial till unit, with an upper dilatant layer between 0.1–5.0 m thick (λ / 120 to > λ / 4, with λ = 12 m). For dilatant layers less than λ / 6 thick, conventional AVA analysis yields acoustic impedance and Poisson's ratio that indicate contradictory water saturation. A thin-layer interpretation strategy is proposed, that accurately characterises the model properties of the till unit. The method is applied to example seismic AVA data from Russell Glacier, West Greenland, in which characteristics of thin-layer responses are evident. A subglacial till deposit is interpreted, having lodged till (acoustic impedance = 4.26±0.59 × 106 kg m−2 s−1) underlying a water-saturated dilatant till layer (thickness < 2 m, Poisson's ratio ~ 0.5). Since thin-layer considerations offer a greater degree of complexity in an AVA interpretation, and potentially avoid misinterpretations, they are a valuable aspect of quantitative seismic analysis, particularly for characterising till units.
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Konieczny, Jerzy, and Paulina Wolańska-Nowak. "Likelihood Ratio in Evidential Evaluation of Polygraph Examination." Internal Security 11, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5343.
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The starting point of the paper is the observation that the likelihood ratio (LR) is not used in the evaluation practice of — so important in the field of internal security — polygraph examinations. Meanwhile, LR is the only scientifically justifiable parameter that shows the evidential weight of particular evidence. The authors present theoretical attempts to use LR for evidential assessment of the polygraph examinations value and subject them to criticism. The main objective of the paper is to present the LR calculation procedure in the context of interpretation of a polygraph examination result treated as evaluative expertise. The following assumptions are made: the analysis includes only comparison question techniques; examination results enable to include a relevant subject only in one of the three categories: deception indicated, no deception indicated, inconclusive; there are various ways to assign LR; in the course of LR assignment, the arbitrary adoption of the values of some variables is admissible. Several examples of LR calculations are presented in different tactical configurations of polygraph examinations. The significance of including the inconclusive results in the examination technique characteristics is analysed. The possibility of applying the cumulative LR is indicated, however, leaving this question open. Consequences of the LR application in the interpretation of polygraph examinations are also presented as an argument in the criminal analysis. Conclusions show that treating polygraph examinations as evaluative expertise opens a new perspective on this method of forensic identification and deserves to be continued; however, the issue of the evidential use of polygraph examination results, in the light of the evaluation made with the use of the Bayesian approach, requires a number of further discussions among lawyers and scientists.
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Caswell, J. L., M. J. Kesteven, T. R. Bedding, and A. J. Turtle. "G357.7-0.1—a Double-lobed Radio Source?" Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 8, no. 2 (1989): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000023298.
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AbstractThe radio source G357.7-0.1 has commonly been regarded as a galactic supernova remnant; alternative interpretations have concentrated on the pronounced brightness gradient along its major axis. Analysis of our new map shows that this brightness gradient masks an even more crucial characteristic – symmetry about the centre – the key to a totally different interpretation.
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Cappelleri, Joseph C., and Richard Chambers. "Addressing Bias in Responder Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes." Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 55, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43441-021-00298-5.
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Abstract Introduction Quantitative patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures ideally are analyzed on their original scales and responder analyses are used to aid the interpretation of those primary analyses. As stated in the FDA PRO Guidance for Medical Product Development (2009), one way to lend meaning and interpretation to such a PRO measure is to dichotomize between values where within-patient changes are considered clinically important and those that are not. But even a PRO scale with a cutoff score that discriminates well between responder and non-responders is fraught with some misclassification. Methods Using estimates of sensitivity and specificity on classification of responder status from a PRO instrument, formulas are provided to correct for such responder misclassification under the assumption of no treatment misclassification. Two case studies from sexual medicine illustrate the methodology. Results Adjustment formulas on cell counts for responder misclassification are a direct extension of correction formulas for misclassification on disease from a two-way cross-classification table of disease (yes, no) and exposure (yes, no). Unadjusted and adjusted estimates of treatment effect are compared in terms of odds ratio, response ratio, and response difference. In the two case studies, there was considerable underestimation of treatment effect. Discussion and conclusions The methodology can be applied to different therapeutic areas. Limitations of the methodology, such as when adjusted cell estimates become negative, are highlighted. The role of anchor-based methodology is discussed for obtaining estimates of sensitivity and specificity on responder classification. Correction for treatment effect bias from misclassification of responder status on PRO measures can lead to more trustworthy interpretation and effective decision-making. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00343200
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Ma, Hong-Wei, Yi-Zhou Lin, and Zhen-Hua Nie. "Physical Interpretation of Principal Component Analysis for Structural Dynamics Through String Vibration." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 19, no. 09 (August 28, 2019): 1950109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419501098.
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Principal component analysis (PCA) has been successfully applied in structural dynamics in recent years. However, it is usually used as a black-box, resulting in a gap between the application aspect and the physics essence of the problem. Thus a physical interpretation of PCA is necessary, along with further investigation, especially on the mechanism involved. This paper provides a physical meaning of the PCA by the theoretical analysis and numerical experiment on the vibration of a 1D string. Conditions that make the interpretation feasible were identified. The theoretical derivation and numerical simulation results indicate that the PCA gives a good estimation of the modal participation ratio in terms of energy, and the principal component coefficient (PCC) can be used to estimate the structural modes. The physical interpretation gives a new perspective on how the current methods work while providing the possibility of further application of the PCA related methods to structural dynamic problems.
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Abu-Siada, Ahmed. "Improved Consistent Interpretation Approach of Fault Type within Power Transformers Using Dissolved Gas Analysis and Gene Expression Programming." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040730.
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Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) of transformer oil is considered to be the utmost reliable condition monitoring technique currently used to detect incipient faults within power transformers. While the measurement accuracy has become relatively high since the development of various off-line and on-line measuring sensors, interpretation techniques of DGA results still depend on the level of personnel expertise more than analytical formulation. Therefore, various interpretation techniques may lead to different conclusions for the same oil sample. Moreover, ratio-based interpretation techniques may fail in interpreting DGA data in case of multiple fault conditions and when the oil sample comprises insignificant amount of the gases used in the specified ratios. This paper introduces an improved approach to overcome the limitations of conventional DGA interpretation techniques, automate and standardize the DGA interpretation process. The approach is built based on incorporating all conventional DGA interpretation techniques in one expert system to identify the fault type in a more consistent and reliable way. Gene Expression Programming is employed to establish this expert system. Results show that the proposed approach provides more reliable results than using individual conventional methods that are currently adopted by industry practice worldwide.
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Jia, Zhihao, Linsong Cheng, Peng Wang, Suran Wang, and Pin Jia. "A Practical Methodology for Production Data Analysis in Carbonate Reservoirs Using New Decline Type Curves." Geofluids 2020 (December 8, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1873236.
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Carbonate reservoirs typically have complex pore structures, so the production wells typically have high production in the early production stage, but they decline rapidly. It is highly challenging to achieve accurate interpretation results. In this paper, a new and practical methodology for production data analysis of fractured and fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs is proposed. Firstly, analytical solutions to characterize the different multipore media and simulate transient production behavior of fractured and fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs during the transient flow regime are presented. Then, a new function f q D and f ′ q D that related to the dimensionless production rate is introduced, and a series of new decline type curves are drawn to make a clear observation of different flow regimes. In addition, the effects of the storativity ratio, interporosity flow coefficient, skin factor, and dimensionless radial distance of external boundary on production performance are also analyzed. Finally, two example wells from the fractured and fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs are used to perform rate decline analysis with both the Blasingame type curves and the new type curves. The validation of the new method is demonstrated in comparison to the results of well test interpretation. The results show that the curves of 1 / f ′ q D vs. t D are ∧ -shaped for dual-porosity reservoirs and M -shaped for triple porosity reservoirs and also indicate that the interpreted parameters such as permeability, skin factor, storativity ratio, and interporosity flow coefficient using new decline type curves are aligned well test interpretation. In correlation with other traditional well test analysis, this approach effectively reduces the multisolution probability of interpretation.
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Brand, R., and H. Kragt. "Importance of trends in the interpretation of an overall odds ratio in the meta-analysis of clinical trials." Statistics in Medicine 11, no. 16 (1992): 2077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780111605.
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Senn, Stephen, and Ronald Brand. "Importance of trends in the interpretation of an overall odds ratio in the meta-analysis of clinical trials." Statistics in Medicine 13, no. 3 (February 15, 1994): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780130310.
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Alladio, Eugenio, Agnieszka Martyna, Alberto Salomone, Valentina Pirro, Marco Vincenti, and Grzegorz Zadora. "Direct and indirect alcohol biomarkers data collected in hair samples - multivariate data analysis and likelihood ratio interpretation perspectives." Data in Brief 12 (June 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.03.026.
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Malkoti, Ajay, Arjun Datta, and Shravan M. Hanasoge. "Rayleigh-wave H/V ratio measurement from ambient noise cross-correlations and its sensitivity to VP: a numerical study." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab228.
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SUMMARY The promise of passive seismology has increasingly been realized in recent years. Given the expense in installing and maintaining seismic station networks, it is important to extract as much information from the measurements as possible. In this context, the ellipticity or H/V amplitude ratio of Rayleigh waves can prove to be a valuable observable in ambient noise seismology due to its complimentary sensitivity to subsurface structure, compared to phase and group-velocity dispersion, as well as its potential for constraining VP structure in addition to VS. However, the suitability of the Rayleigh H/V ratio in noise-based studies depends on the accurate interpretation of measurements made on multicomponent ambient-noise cross-correlations. We present a synthetic study that critically examines measurements commonly interpreted as the Rayleigh-wave H/V ratio, under realistic scenarios of spatially distributed and non-uniform noise sources. Using the surface wave terms of Green’s function in a laterally homogeneous medium, we rigorously model multicomponent cross-correlations for arbitrary noise-source distributions and extract from them standard estimates of the H/V ratio. Variation of these measurements as a function of VP is studied empirically, by brute-force simulation. We find that the measurements depart significantly from the theoretical Rayleigh-wave H/V for the medium in question, when noise sources are strongly directional or anisotropic. Love waves, if present in the cross-correlations, also have the potential to significantly bias interpretation. Accurate interpretation of the H/V ratio measurement thus rests on carefully modelling these effects. However, the sensitivity to VP structure is comparable to that of the classic Rayleigh-wave H/V. We also propose a new measurement for cross-correlations that has slightly greater sensitivity to VP. Finally, uncertainty analysis on synthetic tests suggests that simplistic interpretations of Rayleigh-wave ellipticity are only effective (in resolving VP structure) when the Love-wave contamination is negligible and measurement uncertainties are less than 10 per cent.
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AbuRahma, Ali F., and L. Scott Dean. "Duplex ultrasound interpretation criteria for inferior mesenteric arteries." Vascular 20, no. 3 (June 2012): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/vasc.2011.oa0349.
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There is no specific duplex ultrasound (DUS) criteria for the diagnosis of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) stenosis. This study will define the optimal duplex velocity values with the best overall accuracy (OA) in detecting ≥50% stenosis of the IMAs. Eighty-five IMAs with both DUS and mesenteric arteriography were analyzed. Eighty-five IMAs were examined: 45 were normal, 12 with <50% stenosis, eight with ≥50–69% stenosis and 15 with ≥70% stenosis (including occlusion) based on angiography. The mean peak systolic velocities (PSVs) for a normal IMA, <50% and ≥50% stenosis was 105, 215 and 392 cm/second, respectively ( P < 0.0001). The most accurate PSV in detecting ≥50% stenosis was ≥250 cm/second with a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 96% and an OA of 95%. The most accurate end-diastolic velocity (EDV) in detecting ≥50% stenosis was ≥80% or ≥90 cm/second, with an OA of 86%, a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 100%. The most accurate ratio in detecting ≥50% stenosis was ≥4 or ≥4.5 with an OA of 93%.Receiver operator curves analysis showed that the PSV was not better than EDV and PSV ratio in detecting ≥50% stenosis ( P = 0.1661 and 0.4568, respectively). In conclusion, specific IMA PSVs, EDVs and IMA/aortic systolic ratios can be used in detecting significant IMA stenosis with reasonable accuracy.
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Shifan, Zhan, Chen Maoshan, Li Lei, Tao Chunfeng, Wan Zhonghong, and Zhao Xiaohui. "Offset vector tile domain wide-azimuth prestack seismic interpretation methods and applications." Interpretation 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): T337—T347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0243.1.
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The offset vector tile (OVT) is a special prestack seismic gather type, and OVT technology is a seismic processing technology suitable for wide-azimuth seismic (WAZ) exploration. Because current WAZ interpretation is not yet mature and because of the lack of key techniques and tools for OVT-domain seismic interpretation, abundant offset and azimuth information possessed in the OVT gathers has not been fully used. To take full advantage of the OVT gathers to achieve more accurate geologic, reservoir, and fluid information, we have developed an OVT-domain wide-azimuth prestack seismic interpretation technology and a typical workflow. The OVT-domain wide-azimuth prestack seismic interpretation technology is composed of five key prestack analysis and interpretation techniques focused on OVT gathers: (1) sensitive offset and azimuth analysis for choosing their sensitive offset and azimuth ranges, (2) template-based OVT gather optimization for improving their signal-to-noise ratio and quality, (3) multiscale and multiazimuth attribute analysis, (4) OVT domain amplitude versus incidence angle analysis, and (5) azimuthal anisotropy analysis. These technologies are used to extract seismic attributes that vary with offset and/or azimuth from OVT gathers facing on reservoir characterization, fluid detection, and fracture prediction. These technologies can form an OVT-domain prestack seismic interpretation workflow.
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Karsli, Hakan, Derman Dondurur, and Günay Çifçi. "Application of complex-trace analysis to seismic data for random-noise suppression and temporal resolution improvement." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 3 (May 2006): V79—V86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2196875.
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Time-dependent amplitude and phase information of stacked seismic data are processed independently using complex trace analysis in order to facilitate interpretation by improving resolution and decreasing random noise. We represent seismic traces using their envelopes and instantaneous phases obtained by the Hilbert transform. The proposed method reduces the amplitudes of the low-frequency components of the envelope, while preserving the phase information. Several tests are performed in order to investigate the behavior of the present method for resolution improvement and noise suppression. Applications on both 1D and 2D synthetic data show that the method is capable of reducing the amplitudes and temporal widths of the side lobes of the input wavelets, and hence, the spectral bandwidth of the input seismic data is enhanced, resulting in an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. The bright-spot anomalies observed on the stacked sections become clearer because the output seismic traces have a simplified appearance allowing an easier data interpretation. We recommend applying this simple signal processing for signal enhancement prior to interpretation, especially for single channel and low-fold seismic data.
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Mortola, Jacopo P. "The heart rate - breathing rate relationship in aquatic mammals: A comparative analysis with terrestrial species." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.569.
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Abstract Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals, while resting at the water surface or ashore, breathe with a low frequency (f) by comparison to terrestrial mammals of the same body size, the difference increasing the larger the species. Among various interpretations, it was suggested that the low-f breathing is a consequence of the end-inspiratory breath-holding pattern adopted by aquatic mammals to favour buoyancy at the water surface, and evolved to be part of the genetic makeup. If this interpretation was correct it could be expected that, differently from f, the heart rate (HR, beats/min) of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals at rest would not need to differ from that of terrestrial mammals and that their HR-f ratio would be higher than in terrestrial species. Literature data for HR (beats/min) in mammals at rest were gathered for 56 terrestrial and 27 aquatic species. In aquatic mammals the allometric curve (HR=191·M-0.18; M= body mass, kg) did not differ from that of terrestrial species (HR=212·M-0.22) and their HR-f ratio (on average 32±5) was much higher than in terrestrial species (5±1) (P<0.0001). The comparison of these HR allometric curves to those for f previously published indicated that the HR-f ratio was body size-independent in terrestrial species while it increased significantly with M in aquatic species. The similarity in HR and differences in f between aquatic and terrestrial mammals agree with the possibility that the low f of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals may have evolved for a non-respiratory function, namely the regulation of buoyancy at the water surface.
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van Aalst, Robertus, Edward Thommes, Maarten Postma, Ayman Chit, and Issa J. Dahabreh. "On the Causal Interpretation of Rate-Change Methods: The Prior Event Rate Ratio and Rate Difference." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa122.
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Abstract A growing number of studies use data before and after treatment initiation in groups exposed to different treatment strategies to estimate “causal effects” using a ratio measure called the prior event rate ratio (PERR). Here, we offer a causal interpretation for PERR and its additive scale analog, the prior event rate difference (PERD). We show that causal interpretation of these measures requires untestable rate-change assumptions about the relationship between 1) the change of the counterfactual rate before and after treatment initiation in the treated group under hypothetical intervention to implement the control strategy; and 2) the change of the factual rate before and after treatment initiation in the control group. The rate-change assumption is on the multiplicative scale for PERR but on the additive scale for PERD; the 2 assumptions hold simultaneously under testable, but unlikely, conditions. Even if investigators can pick the most appropriate scale, the relevant rate-change assumption might not hold exactly, so we describe sensitivity analysis methods to examine how assumption violations of different magnitudes would affect study results. We illustrate the methods using data from a published study of proton pump inhibitors and pneumonia.
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Antoshkina, Valerya. "Legal nature, role, meaning and grounds of Constitutional Court interpretation and doctrinal interpretation: their interconnection." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.04.
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That article studies the questions on the legal nature, significance and grounds of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (hereinafter - CCU) and of doctrinal interpretation as well as their interconnection. The author analyzes the types of interpretation by the subject and notes that among the subjects of the official interpretation the Constitutional Court plays an important role, while for the informal interpretation the doctrinal interpretation is crucial. The paper defines the legal basis for exercising of the right of interpretation by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, as a specific body, which is the latter at national level aimed at exercising exclusive special powers in protecting the rights and fundamental freedoms of human and citizen. It is stated that the CCU is a quasi-legislative body whose acts are binding and have the features of a source of law, the paradigm of its activity is determined, first of all, by the rule of law and then by the supremacy of the Constitution of Ukraine. The article also pays attention to the ratio between the legal positions and decisions of the CCU.
The article analyzes the changes of the legislation on the activity of the CCU in the context of reducing the power to interpret laws, limiting it only to the right to interpret the Constitution of Ukraine.
The author also emphasizes that as the subject of court interpretation may act a scientist who interprets a certain norm of law and works as a judge of the CCU. In this case, the interpretation is based on the results of a scientific research for a judge. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine can to some extent be considered as “subjects of doctrinal interpretation”, especially taking into account the fact that these days there are many legal scientists, scientists with academic degrees and titles working at the posts of judges and performing scientific and judicial activity at the same time.
The author also studies certain aspects of the doctrinal interpretation and the definition of its role and significance in the historical aspect on the example of different states. Questions on the ratio between doctrinal and court interpretation are also paid attention by the author.
It is noted that, in general, in Ukraine scientific doctrine is not recognized as an official source of law, but at the same time plays an important role in the formation of legal consciousness, worldview and lawmaking. Therefore, it can be noted basing on the results of the analysis of legal norms and court practice, that many doctrinal legal positions over time are reflected both in the rulemaking process and in court decisions, turning into court legal provisions.
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Hazeltine, R. D., and M. H. Montgomery. "On tokamak equilibrium." Journal of Plasma Physics 40, no. 3 (December 1988): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800013453.
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Large-aspect-ratio tokamak equilibrium is studied, including effects, such as ellipticity of the flux surfaces, of second order in the inverse aspect ratio. To facilitate the interpretation of experimental data, the analysis uses simple coordinates that are readily evaluated, rather than co-ordinates based on the exact flux surfaces. An explicit formula for the safety factor, including second-order terms, is presented, along with a brief discussion of rotational effects. The analysis assumes near-circularity of the outermost closed surface and low plasma pressure.
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Stepańczak, Beata, Krzysztof Szostek, and Jacek Pawlyta. "The human bone oxygen isotope ratio changes with aging." Geochronometria 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-013-0146-1.
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AbstractThe oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) in tissues is the outcome of both climatic and geographical factors in a given individual’s place of abode, as well as the physiology and metabolism of his organism. During an individual’s life, various rates and intensities of physiological and metabolic processes are observable in the organism, also within the bone tissue.The aim of this study is to verify whether involutional changes occurring as a result of the organism’s ageing have a significant impact on δ18O determined in the bone tissue.The material used for analysis was fragments of the long bones taken from 65 people, (11 children and 54 adults), whose remains had been uncovered at the early mediaeval (X–XI century) cemetery located at the Main Market Square in Kraków (Poland).The correlation analysis between δ18O of bone tissue and an individual’s age shows that up to 40 years of age, such a relationship does not exist in both, males and females. However, the conducted correlation analysis prompted the observation that after 40 years of life, δ18O in bone tissue significantly drops as females increase in age.Results suggest that the δ18O in bone tissue among older people may be the outcome not only of environmental factors but also involutional changes in bone linked to an organism’s ageing. Therefore, the interpretation of δ18O results relating to the description of the origin and migrations of older individuals should be treated with caution.
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Welsman, Joanne R., and Neil Armstrong. "Statistical Techniques for Interpreting Body Size–Related Exercise Performance during Growth." Pediatric Exercise Science 12, no. 2 (May 2000): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.2.112.
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This paper reviews some of the statistical methods available for controlling for body size differences in the interpretation of developmental changes in exercise performance. For cross-sectional data analysis simple per body mass ratio scaling continues to be widely used, but is frequently ineffective as the computed ratio remains correlated with body mass. Linear regression techniques may distinguish group differences more appropriately but, as illustrated, only allometric (log-linear regression) scaling appropriately removes body size differences while accommodating the heteroscedasticity common in exercise performance data. The analysis and interpretation of longitudinal data within an allometric framework is complex. More established methods such as ontogenetic allometry allow insights into individual size-function relationships but are unable to describe adequately population effects or changes in the magnitude of the response. The recently developed multilevel regression modeling technique represents a flexible and sensitive solution to such problems allowing both individual and group responses to be modeled concurrently.
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Bergman, Jukka-Pekka, Antti Knutas, Pasi Luukka, Ari Jantunen, Anssi Tarkiainen, Aleksander Karlik, and Vladimir Platonov. "Strategic interpretation on sustainability issues – eliciting cognitive maps of boards of directors." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 162–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-04-2015-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of cognitive diversity on strategic issue interpretation among the boards of directors making sense of sustainability management. The study also investigated the centrality of the corporate sustainability issues to identify common interpretative patterns in the shared cognitive maps among the companies. In addition, the aim was to advance quantitative methods for the analysis of decision-makers’ cognition. Design/methodology/approach The research was an exploratory study analyzing 43 individual cognitive maps collected through surveys from the boards of nine cleantech companies. For the elicitation of the cognitive maps, the study used the hybrid cognitive mapping technique. The diversity of the shared cognitive maps was analyzed using the distance ratio formula and the graph analysis method with eigenvector to measure the centrality of the strategic issue interpretation in the maps. Findings This study provides evidence through the analysis of distance ratios on the existence of cognitive diversity among companies within the same industry. Surprisingly, despite the cognitive diversity, the study identified strong common patterns on strategic issue interpretations among the companies. In addition, the study shows that the sustainability management issues have gained minor attention from the boards of directors. Research limitations/implications The initial industry sample provided relatively restricted perspectives on managerial cognition, and to confirm the findings regarding the effects of industry on the shared cognitive maps of top decision-makers, wider industry-level data are needed. Practical implications This study provides an approach to facilitate the process of strategic decision-making for top decision-makers by identifying the shared beliefs of the selected strategic theme and to concentrate on the most central strategic issues in the company and industry. It reveals asymmetry between the significance of sustainability issues in an open agenda and the real position of sustainability concepts in the shared cognitive maps in the green industry. Also, the study advances cognitive mapping techniques for application in the board’s decision-making. Originality/value This paper contributes to brightening the black box of corporate governance by shedding light on the interaction of the concepts of corporate sustainability and other key strategic issues within the shared cognitive maps of the boards. It also provides new empirical knowledge on top decision-making processes and the effects of cognitive diversity on the strategic issue interpretations within the corporate boards of the green industry, and it further develops the methodology for the quantification of cognitive diversity and the content of cognitive maps.
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Chiroiu, Lucian. "Damage Assessment of the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake Using Ikonos Imagery." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1_suppl (December 2005): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2119227.
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Photo-interpretation analysis could be a reliable technique for earthquake damage assessment, depending on the objectives and the image resolution. The very high-resolution data, such as 1 m imagery supplied by the Ikonos satellite, enable interpretation of the damage and could offer a first estimation of the event consequences. In this research, damaged zones in Bam, Iran, were detected and mapped using visual analysis of multispectral 1 m Ikonos imagery. In a second step, a simple procedure to obtain a preliminary estimation of casualties based on GIS mapping and casualty ratio, was applied to the image. The loss estimation was next compared with the official statistics.
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Liguori, Barbara, Paolo Aprea, Bruno de Gennaro, Fabio Iucolano, Abner Colella, and Domenico Caputo. "Pozzolanic Activity of Zeolites: The Role of Si/Al Ratio." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244231.
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A great challenge of research is the utilization of natural or synthetic zeolites, in place of natural pozzolans, for manufacturing blended cements. The difficulties of interpretation of the pozzolanic behavior of natural zeolite-rich materials and the role played by their nature and composition can be overcome by studying more simple systems, such as pure synthetic zeolites. This study aims at investigating the pozzolanic ability of isostructural zeolites with different framework compositions, such as three sodium zeolites of the faujasite (FAU) framework type: LSX, X, and Y. The pozzolanic activity has been estimated by thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis. The overall outcome of the investigation is that the zeolite structure affects its pozzolanic activity, as zeolites with similar framework densities exhibit distinct abilities to fix lime. Moreover, the framework composition is effective either from a kinetic point of view or on the total amount of fixed lime. Zeolite X appears to possess the best average features.
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Sanni, Adeola A., and Kevin K. McCully. "Interpretation of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Signals in Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020028.
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Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) uses the relative absorption of light at 850 and 760 nm to determine skeletal muscle oxygen saturation. Previous studies have used the ratio of both signals to report muscle oxygen saturation. Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study is to assess the different approaches used to represent muscle oxygen saturation and to evaluate the pulsations of oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (O2heme) and deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Heme) signals. Method: Twelve participants, aged 20–29 years, were tested on the forearm flexor muscles using continuous-wave NIRS at rest. Measurements were taken during 2–3 min rest, physiological calibration (5 min ischemia), and reperfusion. Ten participants were included in the study analysis. Results: There was a significant difference in pulse size between O2heme and Heme signals at the three locations (p < 0.05). Resting oxygen saturation was 58.8% + 9.2%, 69.6% + 3.9%, and 89.2% + 6.9% when calibrated using O2heme, the tissue oxygenation/saturation index (TSI), and Heme, respectively. Conclusion: The difference in magnitude of O2heme and Heme pulses with each heartbeat might suggest different anatomical locations of these signals, for which calibrating with just one of the signals instead of the ratio of both is proposed. Calculations of physiological calibration must account for increased blood volume in the tissue because of the changes in blood volume, which appear to be primarily from the O2heme signal. Resting oxygen levels calibrated with Heme agree with theoretical oxygen saturation.
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Dmytruk, Yuri. "Analysis of morphometric features of soil profiles to rating their evolution." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1204.
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We studied the soil of different ages of chronological catenas at stationary Precarpathian and PrutDniester interfluvial. The obtained results of the morphometric features of the background and buried soils extend the capabilities for the interpretation of their evolution. Thus more soundly use of absolute values of morphometric parameters of genetic soil horizons. We showed, that the thickness of humus horizons and first of all the background soil profile generally, during the time after burial of soil increased. This is due to an increase in humidity of the climate in the last 1000 years. Key words: soil: background and buried, genetic horizon, thickness, the ratio between the horizons.
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TAJ, M. N. A. GULSHAN, and ANUPAM CHAKRABARTI. "BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED SKEW PLATES: AN EFFICIENT FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 05, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825113500415.
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In the present study, an attempt has been made to present the Co finite element formulation based on third order shear deformation theory for buckling analysis of functionally graded material skew plate under thermo-mechanical environment. Here, prime emphasis has been given to study the influence of skew angle on the buckling behavior of functionally graded plate. Two dissimilar homogenization schemes, namely Mori–Tanaka scheme and Voigt rule of mixture are employed to sketch their influence for the interpretation of data. Temperature-dependent material properties of the constituents of the plate are considered to perform thermal analysis. Numerical examples are solved using different mixture of ceramic and metal plates to generate the new results and relative imperative conclusions are highlighted. The roles played by the different factors like loading condition, volume fraction index, skew angle, boundary condition, aspect ratio, thickness ratio and homogenization schemes on buckling behavior of the FGM skew plates are presented in the form of tables and figures.
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Kropko, Jonathan, and Jeffrey J. Harden. "Beyond the Hazard Ratio: Generating Expected Durations from the Cox Proportional Hazards Model." British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000712341700045x.
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The Cox proportional hazards model is a commonly used method for duration analysis in political science. Typical quantities of interest used to communicate results come from the hazard function (for example, hazard ratios or percentage changes in the hazard rate). These quantities are substantively vague, difficult for many audiences to understand and incongruent with researchers’ substantive focus on duration. We propose methods for computing expected durations and marginal changes in duration for a specified change in a covariate from the Cox model. These duration-based quantities closely match researchers’ theoretical interests and are easily understood by most readers. We demonstrate the substantive improvements in interpretation of Cox model results afforded by the methods with reanalyses of articles from three subfields of political science.
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Bréon, F. M. "Aerosol extinction to backscatter ratio derived from passive satellite measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 2351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-2351-2013.
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Abstract. Spaceborne reflectance measurements from the POLDER instrument are used to study the specific directional signature close to the backscatter direction. The data analysis makes it possible to derive the extinction to backscatter ratio (EBR) which is the invert of the scattering phase function for an angle of 180° and is needed for a quantitative interpretation of lidar observations (active measurements). In addition, the multi-directional measurements are used to quantify the scattering phase function variations close to backscatter, which also provide some indication of the aerosol particle size and shape. The spatial distributions of both parameters show consistent patterns that are consistent with the aerosol type distributions. Pollution aerosols have an EBR close to 70, desert dust values are on the order of 50, while marine aerosol's is close to 25. The scattering phase function shows an increase with the scattering angle close to backscatter. The relative increase ∂lnP/∂ γ is close to 0.01 for dust and pollution type aerosols and 0.06 for marine type aerosols. These values are consistent with those retrieved from Mie simulations.
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Bréon, F. M. "Aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio derived from passive satellite measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2013): 8947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8947-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Spaceborne reflectance measurements from the POLDER instrument are used to study the specific directional signature close to the backscatter direction. The data analysis makes it possible to derive the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (EBR), which is related to the inverse of the scattering phase function for an angle of 180° and is needed for a quantitative interpretation of lidar observations (active measurements). In addition, the multidirectional measurements are used to quantify the scattering phase function variations close to backscatter, which also provide some indication of the aerosol particle size and shape. The spatial distributions of both parameters show consistent patterns that are consistent with the aerosol type distributions. Pollution aerosols have an EBR close to 70, desert dust values are on the order of 50 and EBR of marine aerosols is close to 25. The scattering phase function shows an increase with the scattering angle close to backscatter. The relative increase ∂lnP/∂γ is close to 0.01 for dust and pollution type aerosols and 0.06 for marine type aerosols. These values are consistent with those retrieved from Mie simulations.
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Niraj Baral, Akhilesh Kumar Karna, and Suraj Gautam. "Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Modified Frequency Ratio Model in Kaski District, Nepal." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.1.23.
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Landslides are the most common natural hazards in Nepal especially in the mountainous terrain. The existing topographical scenario, complex geological settings followed by the heavy rainfall in monsoon has contributed to a large number of landslide events in the Kaski district. In this study, landslide susceptibility was modeled with the consideration of twelve conditioning factors to landslides like slope, aspect, elevation, Curvature, geology, land-use, soil type, precipitation, road proximity, drainage proximity, and thrust proximity. A Google-earth-based landslide inventory map of 637 landslide locations was prepared using data from Disinventar, reports, and satellite image interpretation and was randomly subdivided into a training set (70%) with 446 Points and a test set with 191 points (30%). The relationship among the landslides and the conditioning factors were statistically evaluated through the use of Modified Frequency ratio analysis. The results from the analysis gave the highest Prediction rate (PR) of 6.77 for elevation followed by PR of 66.45 for geology and PR of 6.38 for the landcover. The analysis was then validated by calculating the Area Under a Curve (AUC) and the prediction rate was found to be 68.87%. The developed landslide susceptibility map is helpful for the locals and authorities in planning and applying different intervention measures in the Kaski District.
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Simakov, Sergey, Timur Gamilov, Fuyou Liang, and Philipp Kopylov. "Computational Analysis of Haemodynamic Indices in Synthetic Atherosclerotic Coronary Netwroks." Mathematics 9, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9182221.
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Haemodynamic indices are widely used in clinical practice when deciding on a particular type of treatment. Low quality of the computed tomography data and tachycardia complicate interpretation of the measured or simulated values. In this work, we present a novel approach for evaluating resistances in terminal coronary arteries. Using 14 measurements from 10 patients, we show that this algorithm retains the accuracy of 1D haemodynamic simulations in less detailed (truncated) geometric models of coronary networks. We also apply the variable systole fraction model to study the effect of elevated heart rate on the values of fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow reserve (CFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR). We conclude that tachycardia may produce both overestimation or underestimation of coronary stenosis significance.
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Faraj, Musbah, Tatjana Solevic-Knudsen, Ksenija Stojanovic, Sonja Ivkovic-Pavlovic, Hans Nytoft, and Branimir Jovancicevic. "GC-MS vs. GC-MS-MS analysis of pentacyclic terpanes in crude oils from Libya and Serbia - a comparison of two methods." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 11 (2017): 1315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc170419075a.
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The values of parameters calculated from distribution and abundance of the selected pentacyclic terpanes in crude oils from Libya and Serbia, which were originally derived from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC?MS) were compared with results of quantification based on gas chromatography? ?mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (GC?MS-MS). The parameters analyzed are the most often used terpane source and maturity parameters, which were applied to a large sample set of 70 oils, originating from five oil fields. The aim of the paper was to investigate to which extent the measurements of the selected parameters by these two instrumental techniques agree and to determine the influence of differences between parameter values on geochemical interpretation. For that purpose two methods, concordance correlation coefficient and mean-difference plot were used. The obtained results indicate that calculation of C2718?(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane/(C2718?(H)-22,29,30- -trisnorneohopane + C2717?(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane), C2918?(H)-30-norneohopane/ C2917?(H)21?(H)-30-norhopane and C2917?(H)21?(H)-30-norhopane/ C3017?(H)21?(H)-hopane ratios either by GC?MS or GC?MS-MS do not significantly influence interpretation. On the other hand, the determination of C3017?(H)21?(H)-moretane/C3017?(H)21?(H)-hopane ratio, gammacerane index and oleanane index by GC?MS vs. GC-MS-MS could notably affect interpretation. These differences can be explained by the co-elution and the peak overlapping in GC?MS but also by better separation, higher precision and better selectivity of the GC?MS-MS. Deviation of the almost all studied parameters from the line of equality was similar for the oils from the same oil field but some differences were observed for the oils from different oil fields. Therefore, when GC?MS-MS results are to be used in organic geochemical interpretations, a regional calibration of GC?MS vs. GC-MS-MS relationship for each petroleum system is highly recommended.
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McClean, Gavin, Nathan R. Riding, Guido Pieles, Sanjay Sharma, Victoria Watt, Carmen Adamuz, Amanda Johnson, et al. "Prevalence and significance of T-wave inversion in Arab and Black paediatric athletes: Should anterior T-wave inversion interpretation be governed by biological or chronological age?" European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 26, no. 6 (November 14, 2018): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487318811956.
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Background International electrocardiographic (ECG) recommendations regard anterior T-wave inversion (ATWI) in athletes under 16 years to be normal. Design The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence, distribution and determinants of TWI by ethnicity, chronological and biological age within paediatric athletes. A second aim was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of international ECG recommendations against refinement within athletes who present with ECG variants isolated to ATWI (V1–V4) using receiver operator curve analysis. Clinical context was calculated using Bayesian analysis. Methods Four hundred and eighteen Arab and 314 black male athletes (11–18 years) were evaluated by ECG, echocardiogram and biological age (by radiological X-ray) assessment. Results A total of 116 (15.8%) athletes presented with ATWI (V1–V4), of which 96 (82.8%) were observed in the absence of other ECG findings considered to be abnormal as per international recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes; 91 (12.4%) athletes presented with ATWI confined to V1–V3, with prevalence predicted by black ethnicity (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–3.5) and biological age under 16 years (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.3). Of the 96 with ATWI (V1–V4) observed in the absence of other ECG findings considered to be abnormal, as per international recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes, diagnostic accuracy was ‘fail’ (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.00–1.00) for international recommendations and ‘excellent’ (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.92–1.00) when governed by biological age under 16 years, providing a positive and negative likelihood ratio of 15.8 (95% CI 1.8–28.1) and 0.0 (95% CI 0.0–0.8), respectively. Conclusion Interpretation of ECG variants isolated with ATWI (V1–V4) using international recommendations (chronological age <16 years) warrants caution, but governance by biological age yielded an ‘excellent’ diagnostic accuracy. In the clinical context, the ‘chance’ of detecting cardiac pathology within a paediatric male athlete presenting with ATWI in the absence of other ECG findings considered to be abnormal, as per international recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes (positive likelihood ratio 15.8), was 14.4%, whereas a negative ECG (negative likelihood ratio 0.0) was 0%.
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Duan, Yanting, Chaodong Wu, Xiaodong Zheng, Yucheng Huang, and Jian Ma. "Coherence based on spectral variance analysis." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): O55—O66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0158.1.
Full textAbstract:
The eigenstructure-based coherence attribute is a type of efficient and mature tool for mapping geologic edges such as faults and/or channels in the 3D seismic interpretation. However, the eigenstructure-based coherence algorithm is sensitive to low signal-to-noise ratio seismic data, and the coherence results are affected by the dipping structures. Due to the large energy gap between the low- and high-frequency components, the low-frequency components play the principal role in coherence estimation. In contrast, the spectral variance balances the difference between the low- and high-frequency components at a fixed depth. The coherence estimation based on amplitude spectra avoids the effect of the time delays resulting from the dipping structures. Combining the spectral variance with the amplitude spectra avoids the effect of dipping structures and enhances the antinoise performance of the high-frequency components. First, we apply the short-time Fourier transform to obtain the time-frequency spectra of seismic data. Next, we compute the variance values of amplitude spectra. Then, we apply the fast Fourier transform to obtain the amplitude spectra of spectral variance. Finally, we calculate the eigenstructure coherence by using the amplitude spectra of spectral variance as the input. We apply the method to the theoretical models and practical seismic data. In the Marmousi velocity model, the coherence estimation using the amplitude spectra of the spectral variance as input shows more subtle discontinuities, especially in deeper layers. The results from field-data examples demonstrate that the proposed method is helpful for mapping faults and for improving the narrow channel edges’ resolution of interest. Therefore, the coherence algorithm based on the spectral variance analysis may be conducive to the seismic interpretation.
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Багаев and Kirill Bagaev. "Again about Automation of Digital X-Ray Image Interpretation." NDT World 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12571.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. This article is dedicated to a possible approach to automatic inspection of welded joints X-Ray images. This problem is very urgent but there is no established practice of the automated X-Ray images inspection and image objects recognition. The purpose of the article was to highlight the tasks included in the X-Ray interpretation process that can be automated, and to offer possible solutions.
Method. Analysis and interpretation of images were made using "X-Vizor" software by “Newcom-NDT”.
Results. Studies have shown that the straight and elliptical seam areas could be recognized automatically. It provides the possibility for a signal-noise ratio to be automatically measured. Wire image quality indicators and grooving gages also could be recognized automatically in approximately 80% cases. So it is possible to automatically calculate the sensitivity of the inspection. It is also achievable to automatically determine the basic spatial resolution using duplex wire image quality indicator. But the task of automation of defect recognition is still not solved. The possible alternative was offered. It is semi automation of defects recognition and analysis. This procedure needs the human to take part in image interpretation process.
Conclusion. The conclusion is that the total automation of digital X-Ray image interpretation of welded joints is now unavailable. Nevertheless using automation algorithms in all parts of interpretation process where it is possible can highly increase the performance of the inspection and its reliability.
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Viechtbauer, Wolfgang. "Accounting for Heterogeneity via Random-Effects Models and Moderator Analyses in Meta-Analysis." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 215, no. 2 (January 2007): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.215.2.104.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. To conduct a meta-analysis, one needs to express the results from a set of related studies in terms of an outcome measure, such as a standardized mean difference, correlation coefficient, or odds ratio. The observed outcome from a single study will differ from the true value of the outcome measure because of sampling variability. The observed outcomes from a set of related studies measuring the same outcome will, therefore, not coincide. However, one often finds that the observed outcomes differ more from each other than would be expected based on sampling variability alone. A likely explanation for this phenomenon is that the true values of the outcome measure are heterogeneous. One way to account for the heterogeneity is to assume that the heterogeneity is entirely random. Another approach is to examine whether the heterogeneity in the outcomes can be accounted for, at least in part, by a set of study-level variables describing the methods, procedures, and samples used in the different studies. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss these different approaches with particular emphasis on the interpretation of the results and practical issues.