Journal articles: 'Ratio of fat'

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FRIED, A. M., K. COUGHLIN, and W. O. GRIFFEN. "The Sonographic Fat/Muscle Ratio." Investigative Radiology 21, no. 1 (January 1986): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-198601000-00012.

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Ozkan, Fuat, Mehmet Fatih Inci, and Murvet Yuksel. "Measuring of the maximum fat lesion ratio." Breast Cancer 20, no. 3 (May 17, 2012): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12282-012-0370-1.

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Tesařová, M., M. Zárubová, V. Filip, V. Spěváčková, and J. Šmidrkal. "The Influence of Interesterification of Structured Fats on the Properties of the Fat Blends." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S293—S296. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1088-cjfs.

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Consistency, rheology and melting/solidification characteristics of model fat blends (FB) on the basis of interesterified structured fats (SF) are discussed. SF were prepared by an alkaline catalysed random interesterification of fully hydrogenated coconut (FHCO) and high-erucic rapeseed (FHHERO) oils with variable molar ratio (2:1; 1.4:1; 1:1; 1:1.4 and 1:2) of the medium chain (M; C8:0–C14:0) and long chain (L; C16:0–C22:0) saturated fatty acids (FA) to find out, if stearic/arachic/behenic acids can substitute palmitic/stearic acids in SF. This substitution in SF is possible at molar ratios M:L 2:1 and 1.4:1 from the point of view of melting and solidifications characteristics as well as consistency and rheology for soft margarines. Lower molar ratios of M:L are suitable for FB of shortenings. The final ratio of saturated:unsaturated FA in FB for soft-margarines is 33:67 w/w.

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Paudyal, S., F. P. Maunsell, C. A. Risco, A. Donovan, A. De Vries, D. Manriquez, and P. J. Pinedo. "0147 Evaluating milk fat to protein ratio and milk fat to lactose ratio as indicators for early lactation disease." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0147.

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Adebowale, Tolulope O., Kang Yao, and Yulong Yin. "353 Starch to fat ratio in piglet nutrition." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.256.

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Abstract Dietary high energy density (HED) and the energy compositions, especially the fat and starch composition could have a variable effect on performance, intestinal health and the profitability of piglet production. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary energy densities and digestible energy ratio of starch to fat on intestinal functions and growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 48 healthy weaners (9.60 ± 0.13 kg) were allocated to two dietary energy densities (14.21 and 15.91MJ/kg) and two digestible energy ratio: high starch: low fat, HSLF (9:1) or low starch: high fat ratio, LSHF (1:3) in a factorial arrangement. It was found that dietary LSHF ratio induced diarrhea in the weaner pigs (P < 0.001). The feed intake of weaners was increased by HED (P < 0.05), however, this did not result in improved body weight gain (P > 0.05). The HED reduced (P = 0.017) energy digestibility, while digestible energy ratio reduced crude protein digestibility and amino acid utilization in the weaners. Fat and dry matter digestibility were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). Dietary LSHF ratio increased intestinal villus height/crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05). The lymphocyte count was increased by HSLF energy ratio. The highest high-density lipoprotein concentration was exhibited in weaners fed dietary LSHF energy ratio (P < 0.01) and dietary HSLF ratio increased the duodenal sucrase and lactase activities (P < 0.01). The dietary LSHF ratio showed an increased tendency to increase fecal ammonia concentration, but dramatically decreased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.01). The HED seems to induced oxidative stress (P < 0.01). The study suggests that dietary high fat, but not dietary starch or HED could decrease the intestinal health of weaner pigs.

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DONALDSON, W. E. "Lipogenesis and Body Fat in Chicks: Effects of Calorie-Protein Ratio and Dietary Fat." Poultry Science 64, no. 6 (June 1985): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0641199.

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Behera, Swikruti, Ayaskant Sahoo, and P. Satyanarayana. "Relationship of blood group with body fat percentage, visceral fat, and waist-hip ratio." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6, no. 6 (2016): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2016.6.0615624062016.

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Isdadiyanto, Sri. "Ratio Kadar Ldl/Hdl Tikus Putih Sprague Dawley Hiperlipidemia Setelah Diberi Cangkang Udang Laut (Penaeus monodon F.)." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 17, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.17.2.118-122.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the ratio of LDL/HDL level of Sprague Dawley rats induced by high fat ration after given of sea shrimp carapace (Penaeus monodon F.). The animals for this study were twenty adult male rats divided into four groups, i.e. group I as the control was fed with basal ration containing normal fat for 3 months, group II was fed ration containing high fat for 3 months, group III was fed ration containing high fat and given sea shrimp carapace 180 mg per kg body weight per day orally in 2 ml aquadest for 3 months, group IV was fed ration containing high fat for 3 months and after 1 month given sea shrimp carapace 180 mg per kg body weight per day orally in 2 ml aquadest for 2 months. Each group consisted of five animals. After 90 days, the rats were necropsied and the blood were collected to analyzes ratio of LDL/HDL level. LDL level and HDL level were measured using colorimetric enzymatic method and Roche/Hitachi cobas c systems automatically calculate. The difference between treatments was statistical analysis by Anava, and continued by Lowest Significant Difference Test to locate the difference. The result showed that high fat diet increased ratio of LDL/HDL level and Sea shrimp carapace decreased ratio of LDL/HDL level. Keywords: Sea shrimp carapace, Sprague Dawley rats, ratio of LDL/HDL level

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ZHANG, QING, MU-JIE GUO, and YU-FEN WU. "Correlation of abdominal fat ratio with hepatic CT enhancement." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 1 (May 6, 2015): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2474.

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Docimo, Salvatore, Young Lee, Prav Chatani, Ann M. Rogers, and Frank Lacqua. "Visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio predicts acuity of diverticulitis." Surgical Endoscopy 31, no. 7 (October 24, 2016): 2808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5290-2.

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Ronis, Martin J. J., Colin T. Shearn, and Dennis R. Petersen. "S09-3ROLE OF FAT/CARBOHYDRATE RATIO AND DIETARY FAT TYPE IN DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLIC PATHOLOGY." Alcohol and Alcoholism 52, suppl_1 (October 1, 2017): i4—i30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx075.34.

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Zurawiecka, Martyna, Agnieszka Suder, Anna Stangret, Iwona Teul, and Iwona Wronka. "Differences in body fat distribution in women depending on the second to fourth digit ratio value." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 76, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2019/0938.

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13

van Zyl, J. Martin. "The Laplace Likelihood Ratio Test for Heteroscedasticity." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/249564.

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It is shown that the likelihood ratio test for heteroscedasticity, assuming the Laplace distribution, gives good results for Gaussian and fat-tailed data. The likelihood ratio test, assuming normality, is very sensitive to any deviation from normality, especially when the observations are from a distribution with fat tails. Such a likelihood test can also be used as a robust test for a constant variance in residuals or a time series if the data is partitioned into groups.

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Hickner, R. C., P. M. Mehta, D. Dyck, P. Devita, J. A. Houmard, T. Koves, and P. Byrd. "Relationship between fat-to-fat-free mass ratio and decrements in leg strength after downhill running." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1334.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether greater body fat mass (FM) relative to lean mass would result in more severe muscle damage and greater decrements in leg strength after downhill running. The relationship between the FM-to-fat-free mass ratio (FM/FFM) and the strength decline resulting from downhill running (−11% grade) was investigated in 24 male runners [age 23.4 ± 0.7 (SE) yr]. The runners were divided into two groups on the basis of FM/FFM: low fat (FM/FFM = 0.100 ± 0.008, body mass = 68.4 ± 1.3 kg) and normal fat (FM/FFM = 0.233 ± 0.020, body mass = 76.5 ± 3.3 kg, P < 0.05). Leg strength was reduced less in the low-fat (−0.7 ± 1.3%) than in the normal-fat individuals (−10.3 ± 1.5%) 48 h after, compared with before, downhill running ( P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the decline in strength could be predicted best by FM/FFM ( r2= 0.44, P < 0.05) and FM-to-thigh lean tissue cross-sectional area ratio ( r2= 0.53, P < 0.05), with no additional variables enhancing the prediction equation. There were no differences in muscle glycogen, creatine phosphate, ATP, or total creatine 48 h after, compared with before, downhill running; however, the change in muscle glycogen after downhill running was associated with a higher FM/FFM ( r = −0.56, P < 0.05). These data suggest that FM/FFM is a major determinant of losses in muscle strength after downhill running.

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Subramanian, V., B. Erhayiem, R. Dhingsa, and C. J. Hawkey. "Ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat area is a predictive biomarker for complicated crohn's disease." Gut 60, Suppl 1 (March 13, 2011): A180—A181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2011.239301.384.

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Martínez, E., E. Ribera, B. Clotet, V. Estrada, J. Sanz, J. Berenguer, R. Rubio, et al. "Switching from zidovudine/lamivudine to tenofovir/emtricitabine improves fat distribution as measured by fat mass ratio." HIV Medicine 16, no. 6 (December 11, 2014): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12210.

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17

Xiao, J., S. A. Purcell, C. M. Prado, and M. C. Gonzalez. "Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio reference values from NHANES III using bioelectrical impedance analysis." Clinical Nutrition 37, no. 6 (December 2018): 2284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.021.

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Dungan, J. S. "Changes in weight, total fat, percent body fat, and central-to-peripheral fat ratio associated with injectable and oral contraceptive use." Yearbook of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health 2010 (January 2010): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-798x(10)79345-0.

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Berenson, Abbey B., and Mahbubur Rahman. "Changes in weight, total fat, percent body fat, and central-to-peripheral fat ratio associated with injectable and oral contraceptive use." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200, no. 3 (March 2009): 329.e1–329.e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.12.052.

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20

Suzuki, Ryouichi, Satoe Watanabe, Yasuo Hirai, Kazuhide Akiyama, Toshio Nishide, Yasuhisa Matsushima, Hiroshi Murayama, et al. "Abdominal wall fat index, estimated by ultrasonography, for assessment of the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen." American Journal of Medicine 95, no. 3 (September 1993): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(93)90284-v.

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21

Chugh, Bhawna, Gurmukh Singh, and B. K. Kumbhar. "Development of Low-Fat Soft Dough Biscuits Using Carbohydrate-Based Fat Replacers." International Journal of Food Science 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/576153.

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Experiments were conducted to develop low-fat soft dough biscuits using carbohydrate-based fat replacers (maltodextrin and guar gum). A central composite rotatable design was used to optimise the level of sugar 24–36%, composite fat (fat 10.5–24.5%, maltodextrin 10.4–24%, and guar gum 0.1–0.5%), ammonium bicarbonate 0.5–2.5%, and water 20–24% for production of low-fat biscuits. Diameter and stress-strain ratio decreased significantly with increase in the amount of sugar. There was a significant decrease in spread ratio at high amount of water. Hardness was significantly affected by the interactions of ammonium bicarbonate with sugar and fat . The optimum level of ingredients obtained for low-fat biscuits was sugar 31.7 g, fat 13.55 g, maltodextrin 21.15 g, guar gum 0.3 g, ammonium bicarbonate 2.21 g, and water 21 mL based on 100 g flour. The fat level in the optimised low-fat biscuit formulation was found to be 8.48% as compared to 22.65% in control; therefore, the reduction in fat was 62.5%.

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KASHIMURA, Jun, and Yukie NAGAI. "Addition Ratio of Palatinose and Body Fat Accumulation in Mice." Food Science and Technology Research 13, no. 1 (2007): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.13.81.

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Riangwiwat, Tanawan, Lindsay B. Kohorn, Dominic C. Chow, Scott A. Souza, Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, Jennifer W. H. Wong, Louie Mar Gangcuangco, and Cecilia M. Shikuma. "CD4/CD8 Ratio Predicts Peripheral Fat in HIV-Infected Population." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 72, no. 1 (May 2016): e17-e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000955.

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Marti-Bonmati, Luis, Carlos Torrijo, Jose Vilar, Crisanto Ronchera, Juan Carlos Paniagua, and Amalia Talens. "Lesion/Fat Intensity Ratio in MR Characterization of Hepatic Masses." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 15, no. 4 (July 1991): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199107000-00002.

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Grundy, Scott M. "THE OPTIMAL RATIO OF FAT-TO-CARBOHYDRATE IN THE DIET." Annual Review of Nutrition 19, no. 1 (July 1999): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.325.

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Lissner, Lauren, and Berit L. Heitmann. "The dietary fat: carbohydrate ratio in relation to body weight." Current Opinion in Lipidology 6, no. 1 (February 1995): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-199502000-00003.

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Novotny, Rachel, Yihe G. Daida, John S. Grove, Loïc Le Marchand, and Vinutha Vijayadeva. "Asian Adolescents Have a Higher Trunk:Peripheral Fat Ratio than Whites." Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.3.642.

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Kurinami, Noboru, Seigo Sugiyama, Akira Yoshida, Kunio Hieshima, Fumio Miyamoto, Keizo Kajiwara, Katsunori Jinnouch, Tomio Jinnouchi, Masatoshi Nomura, and Hideaki Jinnouchi. "Body Muscle-to-Fat Ratio, Rather Than Fat-to-Muscle Ratio, Significantly Correlates With Measured Insulin Resistance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 13, no. 7 (July 2021): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4401.

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Bojanic-Rasovic, M., N. Nikolic, A. Martinovic, V. Katic, R. Rasovic, M. Walzer, and K. Domig. "Correlation between protein to fat ratio of milk and chemical parameters and the yield of semi-hard cheese." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, no. 1 (2013): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1301145b.

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In order to obtain good cheese quality, the milk has to possess good physical-chemical properties and should originate from healthy cows. Since milk fat and milk protein are the main constituents of cheese, their proportion in milk is of particular importance for the product yield and quality. This paper describes studies on the protein to fat ratio of milk and the consequent influence on the chemical composition and yield of semi-hard cheese, commercially called "Montenegrin naturally dried cheese". The tests were conducted on six bulk milk samples and six cheese samples. The milk parameters were analysed by the Milkoscan 400 unit whereas chemical analysis of cheese and whey were carried out with the Milkoscan FT 120 device. The average composition of the cheeses was: 29.27% fat, 21.90% protein, 55.27% total dry matter and 0.78% sodium chloride. The mean value for the content of dry matter without fat was 26%, whereas the fat content of the cheese dry matter was 53.18%, the moisture content in cheese 44.73% and moisture content in fat-free matter 63.24%. There was a medium positive correlation between the ratio of fat to protein in milk and fat content in cheese (r = 0.60309), the ratio of fat to protein in milk and dry matter of cheese (r = 0.57103), weak positive correlation between the ratio of fat to protein in milk and cheese protein (r = 0.48067) and medium negative correlation between the ratio of fat to protein in milk and moisture content in cheese (r = -0.57103). Medium negative correlation was found between the ratio of protein to fat in milk and content of cheese fat (r = -0.56416), the ratio of protein to fat in milk and cheese protein content (r = -0.51899), the ratio of protein to fat in milk and dry matter of cheese (r = -0.53118) and medium positive correlation between the ratio of protein to fat in milk and moisture content in cheese (r = -0.53118). Ratio fat to protein in milk and the actual yield of cheese was determined as medium positive (r = 0.66459) and the ratio protein to fat in milk and the actual yield of cheese as medium negative correlation (r = -0.67807). The protein to fat ratio in milk influences the decline of fat, protein, dry matter and yield of cheese and increase moisture content in cheese.

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Marina, Henny, Dany Hilmanto, and Julistio Tb Djais. "Relationship between fat distribution ratio and blood pressure in obese adolescents." Paediatrica Indonesiana 48, no. 5 (September 15, 2016): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi48.5.2008.274-7.

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Background The incidence of obesity in big cities increasessignificantly. The association between obesity and increased riskof cardiovascular disease and hypertension in adults has beenknown but less information is available in adolescents. Similarly,the relationship between body-fat distribution and cardiovasculardiseases in adolescents is less clear tha that in adults.Objective This study aimed to determine the association betweenbody fat distribution and increased blood pressure in obeseadolescents in Bandung.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from June toAugust 2006. Subjects were students aged 15-18 years at highschools in Bandung with body mass index (BMI) measured usingCDC chart 2000 (> P95) and increased blood pressure (> P90)depended on age and gender according to National High BloodPressure Education Program Working Group on High BloodPressure in Children and Adolescents 2004. Waist-to-hip ratio(central fat), and subscapula skinfold-to-triceps skinfold ratio(peripheral fat) were used to measure fat distribution. Correlationbetween body fat distribution and blood pressure was analyzedusing Pearson correlation statistical test.Results Out of 3170 adolescents examined, 34 obese adolescentgirls and 43 obese adolescent boys had increased blood pressure.Correlation between waist-to-hip ratio and systole blood pressurein boys showed by r=0.495; P=0.003 and girls showed r=0.494;P=O.OOl. Correlation between subscapula skinfold-to-tricepsskinfold ratio in boys showed r=0.289; P=0.097 and girls showedby r=0.248; P=0.109.Conclusion Central fat is moderately correlated with increasedblood pressure in obese adolescents.

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Zhou, JianQiao, Chun Zhou, WeiWei Zhan, XiaoHong Jia, YiJie Dong, and ZhiFang Yang. "Elastography ultrasound for breast lesions: fat-to-lesion strain ratio vs gland-to-lesion strain ratio." European Radiology 24, no. 12 (September 3, 2014): 3171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3366-8.

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Gay, Roger. "Premium Calculation for Fat-tailed Risk." ASTIN Bulletin 35, no. 01 (May 2005): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.35.1.583171.

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When insurance claims are governed by fat-tailed distributions considerable uncertainty about the value of the tail-index is often inescapable. In this paper, using the theory of risk aversion, a new premium principle (the power principle – analogous to the exponential principle for thin-tailed claims) is established and its properties investigated. Applied to claims arising from generalized Pareto distributions, the resultant premium is shown to be the ratio of the two largest expected claims, for which the ratio of the actual claims is an unbiased as well as a consistent estimator. Whereas thin-tailed claim premiums are determined largely by the first two moments of the claims distribution, fat-tailed claim premiums are determined by the first two extremes. The context of risk-aversion leads to a natural model for incorporating tail-index uncertainty into premiums, which nevertheless leaves the basic ratio structure unaltered. To illustrate the theory, possible ‘premiums’ for US hurricane data are examined, which utilize the consistent pattern of observed extremes.

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Gay, Roger. "Premium Calculation for Fat-tailed Risk." ASTIN Bulletin 35, no. 1 (May 2005): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100014112.

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When insurance claims are governed by fat-tailed distributions considerable uncertainty about the value of the tail-index is often inescapable. In this paper, using the theory of risk aversion, a new premium principle (the power principle – analogous to the exponential principle for thin-tailed claims) is established and its properties investigated. Applied to claims arising from generalized Pareto distributions, the resultant premium is shown to be the ratio of the two largest expected claims, for which the ratio of the actual claims is an unbiased as well as a consistent estimator. Whereas thin-tailed claim premiums are determined largely by the first two moments of the claims distribution, fat-tailed claim premiums are determined by the first two extremes. The context of risk-aversion leads to a natural model for incorporating tail-index uncertainty into premiums, which nevertheless leaves the basic ratio structure unaltered. To illustrate the theory, possible ‘premiums’ for US hurricane data are examined, which utilize the consistent pattern of observed extremes.

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Kinoshita, Toshihiko, and Motohiro Itoh. "Longitudinal Variance of Fat Mass Deposition during Pregnancy Evaluated by Ultrasonography: The Ratio of Visceral Fat to Subcutaneous Fat in the Abdomen." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 61, no. 2 (2006): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000089456.

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Yang, Jyun-Ru, and Tu-Fa Lien. "Healthy Pork Production through Dietary n6:n3 Ratio Regulation." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (December 7, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n1p25.

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<p>The meat fat fatty acid composition could influent consumer health. Thus, this study was though dietary n-6:n-3 ratio regulation to production healthy pork. The experiment was used eighty LYD pigs that average weight was 66.5 kg (half male and half female) divide into five groups, they are lard group (L), soybean oil group (SO), commercial fish product group (CFP), canola oil group (CO), and 50% fish oil and 50% canola oil group (FCO) with 4 replicates, this experiment was lasted for 90 days. Experimental results indicated that the growth performances was no difference among groups; serum cholesterol, LDL and LDL-C were lower, meanwhile HDL was higher (P < 0.05) in FCO group than in control group. Back fat thickness, pork color, water holding capacity and meat fat content show no difference among groups. TBARS test on pork storage for 15 days in SO group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than CO group. The n-6:n-3 ratio of back and belly fat in CFP, FCO and CO groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in lard group. Panel evaluation score in SO group was significantly better (P < 0.05) than CO group in flavor, texture, juicy and total acceptance in longissmus muscle, but no difference in belly meat. In conclusion, the pork n-6: n-3 ratio was decreased with CFP, FCO, and CO supplementation, feeding pigs with low n-6:n-3 ratio fat could production healthy pork for consumers.</p>

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Van Camp, Debra, Neal H. Hooker, and Chung-Tung Jordan Lin. "Changes in fat contents of US snack foods in response to mandatory trans fat labelling." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 6 (February 8, 2012): 1130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000079.

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AbstractObjectiveImpact of mandatory trans fat labelling on US snack food introductions is examined.DesignUsing label information, lipid ingredients and fat profiles are compared pre- and post-labelling.SettingKey products in the US snack food industry contribute significant amounts of artificial trans fat. Industry efforts to reformulate products to lower trans fat may alter the overall fat profile, in particular saturates.SubjectsComposition data for more than 5000 chip and cookie products introduced for sale between 2001 (pre-labelling) and 2009 (post-labelling) were analysed.ResultsOne-way ANOVA was used to test for significant changes in saturated fat content per serving and the ratio of saturated to total fat. The shares of chip and cookie introductions containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oil declined by 45 and 42 percentage points, respectively. In cookies, there was an increase of 0·49 (98 % CI 0·01, 0·98) g in the average saturated fat content per 30 g serving and an increase of 9 (98 % CI 3, 15) % in the average ratio of saturated to total fat. No statistically significant changes in fat content were observed in chips.ConclusionsThis research suggests that, holding other factors constant, the policy has resulted in a decreased use of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil in chip products without a corresponding increase in saturated fat content, but led to significantly higher levels of saturated fat and ratio of saturated fat to total fat in cookie products.

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Şirik, Mehmet, and İbrahim İnan. "Effects of Insall-Salvati ratio and obesity on suprapatellar fat pad." Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences 27, no. 1 (2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/ias.2019.75983.

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Chen, A., J. Luo, A. Wang, C. Broadbent, J. Zhong, F. A. Dilmanian, F. Zafonte, and Z. Zhong. "Fat to muscle ratio measurements with dual energy x-ray absorbtiometry." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 788 (July 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.03.001.

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VANDERPLOEG, E. "156. Variation in dietary lipase/fat ratio in young CF-patients." Netherlands Journal of Medicine 54 (June 1999): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-2977(99)90208-5.

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Kouda, Katsuyasu, Harunobu Nakamura, Yuki Fujita, Kumiko Ohara, and Masayuki Iki. "Increased Ratio of Trunk to Appendicular Fat and Increased Blood Pressure." Circulation Journal 76, no. 12 (2012): 2848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-12-0417.

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Prošková, A., J. Kučera, Z. Kopicová, and L. Škarková. "Comparison of three methods for rendering plant fat transesterification." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 2 (May 31, 2013): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/19/2011-rae.

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Three most frequently used methods for fat transesterification were compared using rendering plant fat (RPF) as model. Acid-catalysed transesterification was found to be the most effective (conversion 90%) at optimum conditions (fat: methanol ratio 1:10, sulphuric acid amount of 2% v/v, temperature 95°C). Base-catalysed transesterification of RPF on the other hand, results in much lower conversion (45%) at optimum conditions (fat:methanol ratio 1:20, NaOH amount 8% w/v, optimum temperature 95°C). The difference is done (among others) by the fact that RPF has high concentration of free acid (high acidity number) compared with the fats usually used for transesterification and that free acids are not esterified in alkaline media. Enzyme-(lipase) catalysed reaction could lead to partial esterification of free fatty acids, but with much lower reaction velocity. This fact leads to higher conversion in the case of enzyme-catalysed transesterification of RPF compared with base-catalysed reaction; nevertheless, even in this case the conversion is much lower in comparison with acid-catalysed reaction. The optimum conversion in enzyme-catalysed reaction was 55%.  

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Kiilerich, Pia, Lene Secher Myrmel, Even Fjære, Qin Hao, Floor Hugenholtz, Si Brask Sonne, Muriel Derrien, et al. "Effect of a long-term high-protein diet on survival, obesity development, and gut microbiota in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 310, no. 11 (June 1, 2016): E886—E899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2015.

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Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a regular low-fat diet or high-fat diets combined with either high or low protein-to-sucrose ratios during their entire lifespan to examine the long-term effects on obesity development, gut microbiota, and survival. Intake of a high-fat diet with a low protein/sucrose ratio precipitated obesity and reduced survival relative to mice fed a low-fat diet. By contrast, intake of a high-fat diet with a high protein/sucrose ratio attenuated lifelong weight gain and adipose tissue expansion, and survival was not significantly altered relative to low-fat-fed mice. Our findings support the notion that reduced survival in response to high-fat/high-sucrose feeding is linked to obesity development. Digital gene expression analyses, further validated by qPCR, demonstrated that the protein/sucrose ratio modulated global gene expression over time in liver and adipose tissue, affecting pathways related to metabolism and inflammation. Analysis of fecal bacterial DNA using the Mouse Intestinal Tract Chip revealed significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in relation to host age and dietary fat content, but not the protein/sucrose ratio. Accordingly, dietary fat rather than the protein/sucrose ratio or adiposity is a major driver shaping the gut microbiota, whereas the effect of a high-fat diet on survival is dependent on the protein/sucrose ratio.

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Ramírez-Vélez, Robinson, Hugo Carrillo, Jorge Correa-Bautista, Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle, Emilio González-Jiménez, María Correa-Rodríguez, Katherine González-Ruíz, and Antonio García-Hermoso. "Fat-to-Muscle Ratio: A New Anthropometric Indicator as a Screening Tool for Metabolic Syndrome in Young Colombian People." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081027.

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Fat-to-muscle ratio has been proposed as an alternative approach for assessing body fat. The objective of this study was to explore fat-to-muscle ratio thresholds in metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosis; it was hypothesised that the fat-to-muscle ratio is a good predictive indicator of MetS in a large population of young Colombian adults. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 1416 subjects (66.6% female), aged from 18.1 to 25.1. As part of the study, measurements of the subjects’ anthropometric indicators, serum lipid indices, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose were taken. Body composition was measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A new variable (ratio of fat mass to muscle mass, in kg) was calculated. Following the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition, MetS includes three or more metabolic abnormalities. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression determined the discriminatory ability of the fat-to-muscle ratio to predict MetS. According to the IDF, the best fat-to-muscle ratio cut-off point for detecting MetS in men was 0.225 kg, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83, sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 70%. For women, the fat-to-muscle ratio cut-off point was 0.495 kg, the AUC was 0.88, and the sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 80%, respectively. In conclusion, our results showed that the fat-to-muscle ratio cut-off points from ROC analyses demonstrate good discriminatory power for detecting MetS in young Colombian adults.

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Pipek, P., J. Jeleníková, and L. Sarnovský. "The use of video image analysis for fat content estimation." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 3 (December 12, 2011): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4288-cjas.

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The composition of selected cuts of cattle carcasses was determined in connection with the search for new methods of carcass classification. The content of adipose tissue and intramuscular fat in the cross-section of beef loin was estimated. A total of 79 samples was taken for investigations in a broad range of cattle category. The classical extraction method in Soxhlet extractor was compared with video image analysis, which measured the ratio of muscle to fat areas. The size and the shape of the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT) and its ratio in the loin cross-section was also estimated. A good correlation (r = 0.99, P < 0.05) between both methods was found for the estimation of intramuscular fat in MLLT. The correlation in the case of the whole cross-section was influenced by the connective tissue that gives also white areas similarly like the adipose tissue, but the fat content is different.  

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Basile, Anthony, Michael Renner, Jessica Scillian, and Karen Sweazea. "Restricting Calories on Low-Carbohydrate vs Low-fat Diets for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_007.

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Abstract Objectives As the never-ending macronutrient debate for weight loss continues, conflicting evidence persist. Per the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis, a low-carbohydrate diet (LC) should produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a low-fat/calorie diet (LF) by releasing less of the anabolic hormone insulin. However, from a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, does restricting calories on a LC diet produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a LF diet? Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of LC vs LF trials for weight loss was conducted and data were collected from 53 studies. Weight loss data were converted to kcals (1 kg = 3500 kcals) and a ratio was produced for each individual diet (ID-Ratio: weight loss in kcals/restricted dietary kcals) where a ratio of 1 indicates that one dietary kcal restriction equals one kcal of weight loss. Next, to compare the two diets, a comparison ratio (DC-Ratio: LC ID-Ration/LF ID-Ratio) was produced where a ratio greater than 1 indicates greater weight loss per dietary calorie restricted with LC diet. These calculations were repeated for body fat loss for full duration (n = 30 trials) and time of greatest weight loss (TGWL; Weight Loss: n = 19 trials; Fat Mass Loss: n = 4 trials). Results LC diets produced a greater weight loss (Full Duration: 6.10 kg vs 4.86 kg; n = 53 trials; P = 0.024; TGWL: 6.29 kg vs 4.34 kg; n = 19 trials; P = 0.024), however no difference was found for the amount of restricted calories or fat mass loss for either duration. No difference was found for the LC and LF ID-Ratios for weight or fat mass loss for either duration. The mean weight loss DC-Ratio was greater than 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.61, SD: 1.71, n = 53 studies, P = 0.004; TGWL Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.0, n = 19 trails, P = 0.010) indicating a greater weight loss per calorie restricted with a LC diet. However, the fat loss DC-Ratio was not different from 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.09, n = 30 trials, P = 0.552; TGWL Mean: 1.25, SD: 0.53, n = 4 trials, P = 0.428). Conclusions From a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, restricting calories on a LC diet produced a greater weight loss for the full duration of the trails and at the time of greatest weight loss compared to a LF diet. As no effect was seen on LC diets and fat mass loss, these results do not support the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis of obesity. Funding Sources School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.

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Draycott, Sally A. V., Matthew J. Elmes, Beverly S. Muhlhausler, and Simon Langley-Evans. "Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio and Total Fat Content of the Maternal Diet Alter Offspring Growth and Fat Deposition in the Rat." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092505.

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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have been shown to inhibit lipogenesis and adipogenesis in adult rats. Their possible early life effects on offspring fat deposition, however, remain to be established. To investigate this, female Wistar rats (n = 6–9 per group) were fed either a 9:1 ratio of linoleic acid (LA) to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or a lower 1:1.5 ratio during pregnancy and lactation. Each ratio was fed at two total fat levels (18% vs. 36% fat w/w) and offspring were weaned onto standard laboratory chow. Offspring exposed to a 36% fat diet, irrespective of maternal dietary LA:ALA ratio, were lighter (male, 27 g lighter; female 19 g lighter; p < 0.0001) than those exposed to an 18% fat diet between 3 and 8 weeks of age. Offspring exposed to a low LA (18% fat) diet had higher proportions of circulating omega-3 LCPUFA and increased gonadal fat mass at 4 weeks of age (p < 0.05). Reduced Srebf1 mRNA expression of hepatic (p < 0.01), gonadal fat (p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat (p < 0.05) tissue was observed at 4 weeks of age in male and female offspring exposed to a 36% fat diet, and hepatic Srebf1 mRNA was also reduced in male offspring at 8 weeks of age (p < 0.05). Thus, while offspring fat deposition appeared to be sensitive to both maternal dietary LA:ALA ratio and total fat content, offspring growth and lipogenic capacity of tissues appeared to be more sensitive to maternal dietary fat content.

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Tee, Yu-San, Chi-Tung Cheng, Chi-Hsun Hsieh, Shih-Ching Kang, Chih-Yuan Fu, Brian A. Derstine, Grace L. Su, and Stewart C. Wang. "Does a “Cushion Effect” Really Exist? A Morphomic Analysis of Vulnerable Road Users with Serious Blunt Abdominal Injury." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081006.

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Introduction: The severity of injury from motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) depends on complex biomechanical factors, and the bodily features of the injured person account for some of these factors. By assuming that vulnerable road users (VRUs) have limited protection resulting from vehicles and safety equipment, the current study analyzed the characteristics of fat distribution measured by computed tomography (CT) imaging and investigated the existence of a “cushion effect” in VRUs. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 592 VRUs involved in MVCs who underwent CT scans. Visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat cross-sectional area were measured and adjusted according to total body area (TBA) and are presented as the visceral fat ratio and the subQ fat ratio (subcutaneous fat ratio). Risk factors for serious abdominal injury (maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAISabd ≥ 3)) resulting from MVCs were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: MAISabd ≥ 3 was observed in 104 (17.6%) of the patients. The subQ fat ratio at the L4 vertebral level was significantly lower in the MAISabd ≥ 3 group than in the MAISabd < 3 group (24.9 ± 12.0 vs. 28.1 ± 11.9%; p = 0.015). A decreased L4 subQ fat ratio was associated with a higher risk for MAISabd ≥ 3 in multivariate analysis (odds ratio 0.063; 95% CI 0.008–0.509; p = 0.009). Conclusion: The current study supported the “cushion effect” theory, and protection was apparently provided by subcutaneous fat tissue. This concept may further improve vehicle and safety designation in the future.

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Sampels, S., T. Zajíc, and J. Mráz. "Effects of frying fat and preparation on carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillet lipid composition and oxidation." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 32, No. 5 (October 1, 2014): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/405/2013-cjfs.

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We investigated the changes in omega 3 enriched carp fillets caused by pan frying. The investigated characteristics were fat uptake, fatty acid (FA) composition, and oxidation. Four different fats were used and fillets were fried plain or battered. The fillet fat content increased during frying and FA composition in the fillets reflected the composition of the frying fat. Frying with sunflower oil negatively influenced the nutritional value by decreasing the n-3/n-6 ratio in the fillets. Frying with rapeseed oil preserved the favourable n-3/n-6 ratio without increasing the saturated fatty acids (SFA). Frying with lard and butter preserved the n-3/n-6 ratio but increased the SFA content. No increased oxidation occurred with the use of rapeseed oil. We concluded that using rapeseed oil for fish seemed to preserve the nutritionally valuable composition best.  

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Nafakhi, Hussein, Abdulameer A. Al-Mosawi, Mundher M. Mudhafar, Hasan A. Al-Nafakh, and Rana Alsaady. "Digit ratio and hair color relationships with coronary atherosclerotic markers." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 27, no. 5 (April 24, 2019): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492319847379.

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Objective We aimed to investigate the association between body phenotype markers and coronary atherosclerosis markers. Methods Eighty-nine patients (mean age 57 ± 9 years, 50.5% male) who were assessed for coronary artery disease by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography angiography were enrolled in the study. Results A significant positive association was observed between coronary artery calcification and the second to fourth digit ratio ( r = 0.2, p = 0.00); more notably in males compared to females ( p = 0.03 vs. p = 0.08). There was a significant association between coronary artery calcification and pure white hair ( p = 0.00). There was no significant association between pericardial fat volume and second to fourth digit ratio ( p = 0.8). Pericardial fat volume was significantly associated with pure white hair ( p = 0.02). A significant association was observed between coronary plaque and a higher second to fourth digit ratio ( p = 0.01) and this was more notable in males ( p = 0.04). A significant association was observed between pure white hair and coronary plaque ( p = 0.00). After adjustment for conventional cardiac risk factors, the association of coronary artery calcification and coronary plaque with the second to fourth digit ratio did not persist, whereas the association of pericardial fat volume and coronary artery calcification with pure white hair remained significant ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.00, respectively). Conclusion These results suggest a possible predictive value of hair color, rather than digit ratio, in assessing increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis and cardiac fat deposition.

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Le Mapihan, Kristell, Kanza Benomar, Stéphanie Espiard, Claire Vahe, Olivier Ernst, Corinne Vigouroux, Georges Lion, Claire Douillard, and Marie-Christine Vantyghem. "Lipodystophic laminopathies are characterised by an increased intra/whole abdominal fat ratio with preserved fat/lean mass ratio and hypoleptinemia, in contrast with obese people, compared to controls." Problems of Endocrinology 62, no. 5 (September 22, 2016): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201662546-47.

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Introduction. The diagnosis of non-HIV lipodystrophies is challenging, especially since borderline forms with type 2 diabetes have been described (Strickland Diabetes Care 2013).Aim: to identify the most specific anthropometric and biological parameters enabling to differentiate lipodystrophic from obese and control subjects.Methods. This prospective study (clin.gov 2009-AO-1169-48) included 94 patients divided in 3 groups adjusted for age and gender: 52 lipodystrophic patients (among whom 16LMNA–mutated lipodystrophies (LDM),16non-LMNAmutated partial lipodystrophies (LDNM), and 20 other types of lipodystrophies), 28 obese (O; 12 diabetic (OD) and 16 non-diabetic (OND)) and 14 normal-weighed healthy subjects (C). The anthropometric (DEXA, MRI) characteristics and leptin levels of the patients were recorded. Three ratios were calculated to assess the respective part of fat and lean mass (FM/LM), intra- and whole abdominal fat (IAF/WAF) and adipose tissue function (leptin/WAF).Results. The three groups differed by the FM, LM, IAF, WAF, leptinemia, trunk FM/LM (P<0.0001), IAF/WAF (P<0.001) and leptin/WAF (P<0.01). The main distinctive feature of LDM compared to C was IAF (188±38vs 82±23 cc;P<0.01) whereas BMI, FM, LM, WAF and leptinemia were similar. The ratios ranges of the five subgroups were as follows: IAF/WAF: 0.5 in LDMvs0.3 in all other subgroups; trunk FM/LM: 0.2 in LDM and C, increased from 0.5 to 0.7 and 0.8 respectively in LDNM, OD, OND); leptin/WAF: decreased to 2.3 and 1.6 in respectively LDM and LDNM compared to C (2.7), and increased in OD (3.7) and OND (5.6).Conclusion. Increased intra/whole abdominal fat ratio, hypoleptinemia and preserved fat/lean mass ratio characterized lipodystrophic laminopathies, in contrast with obese people who showed an increased fat/muscle mass, hyperleptinemia and preserved intra/whole abdominal fat ratio. Non-mutated lipodystrophic patients were intermediate, with decreased leptin/WAF ratio, close to LDM, and increased IAF/WAF and FM/LM ratios close to the obese population.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ratio of fat'

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