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1
Smailov, Nurzhigit, Vitaliy Tsyporenko, Akezhan Sabibolda, et al. "Improving the accuracy of a digital spectral correlation-interferometric method of direction finding with analytical signal reconstruction for processing an incomplete spectrum of the signal." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 9 (125) (2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.288397.
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A method of correlation-interferometric direction finding has been improved, which effectively solves the problem of radio direction finding of radio emission sources under conditions of exposure to one or two masking interference. The problem was solved using the selection of an unmasked fragment of the spatial spectrum of the signal and the reconstruction of the missing samples of its signal group. As a result of the synthesis of the proposed method, estimates of signal samples were obtained as exact solutions to the proposed energy balance equations. The resulting solutions provide a significant increase in the signal-to-interference ratio and, accordingly, direction-finding accuracy without increasing the number of reception channels of the antenna array. As a result of the simulation, the dependences of the standard deviation of the bearing estimate on the signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of interference were built. Under the influence of one or two masking interferences and a signal-to-interference ratio of 0 dB, the use of the known direction-finding method without interference selection produces an anomalously large direction-finding error of more than 0.42 degrees, which is practically independent of the signal-to-noise ratio. The direction-finding method with selection of spectral signal samples masked by interference reduces the direction-finding error to 0.22 degrees when exposed to one interference and to 0.3 degrees when exposed to two interferences. This is due to the presence of power losses of the usable signal during the selection of its samples masked by interference. The proposed method of direction finding with reconstruction of signal samples provides a significant gain in accuracy by 3–30 times compared to the method of selection of masked samples in the range of changes in the signal-to-noise ratio (–20.5) dB. The direction-finding error of the proposed method decreases with increasing signal/noise according to a hyperbolic dependence. It is advisable to use the proposed direction-finding method when masking no more than two samples of the signal group
2
Kropotov, Y. A., A. A. Belov, and A. Y. Prockuryakov. "Increasing signal/acoustic interference ratio in telecommunications audio exchange by adaptive filtering methods." Information Technology and Nanotechnology, no. 2416 (2019): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1613-0073-2019-2416-271-276.
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The paper deals with the issues of increasing signal/noise ratio in telecommunication audio exchange systems. The study of characteristics of speech signals and acoustic noises, such as mathematical expectation, dispersion, relative intensity of acoustic speech signals and various types of acoustic noises and interference is carried out. It is shown that in the design of telecommunications systems, in particular loudspeaker systems operating under the influence of external acoustic noise of high intensity, it is necessary to solve the problem of developing algorithms to effectively suppress the above mentioned interference to ensure the necessary signal/noise ratio in communication systems. A mathematical model of the autocorrelation function of the speech signal by using the Lagrange interpolation polynomial of order 10, considered the creation of adaptive algorithms to suppress acoustic noise by linear filtering methods. Thus suppression of acoustic noises and hindrances is possible at the expense of operated change of area of a cutting in the interval from 0 Hz to 300-1000 Hz, depending on a hindrance conditions.
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Kremenetskaya, Yana, and Sergey Markov. "Comparative analysis of interference, noise and losses in the mobile communication systems in millimeter wave range." Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 1 (2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jcpee2018.01.018.
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The article analyzes the approaches to the mathematical modeling of mobile systems in the millimeter wave range. The architecture of a mobile network using Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology is considered which is proposed for forming and transmitting the millimeter-wave signals via fiber-optic communication lines. The noise of the optical heterodyne used for the formation of radio signals is analyzed. The mathematical analysis of the components of the energy budget of the radio link in the millimeter wave range is carried out on the basis of a study of the fundamental physical aspects that affect the value of noise, losses and signal gains. The comparative analysis of the signal-to-interference ratio and the signal-to-noise ratio, the probability of transmitting information radio signals through the reflected paths is carried out. A quasi-optical model of the narrow-beam antenna radiation is proposed for calculating noise interference and signal loss in multipath propagation models taking into account multiple reflections and diffractions, as well as absorption in various media. The analysis of the energy budget components of the radio link in the millimeter wave range shows that it is necessary to take into account both interference and noise associated with the method of signal generation and emission, for example, in phased antenna arrays, as well as the effects of molecular absorption (repeated radiation) in the atmosphere and the effects of the reflection of signals in urban scenario.
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Chinomso, Maduakolam Francis, Samson Dauda Yusuf, Ibrahim Umar, and Abdullahi Abubakar Mundi. "Analysis of Savitzky-Golay Filter for Electrocardiogram De-Noising Using Daubechies Wavelets." EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology 9, no. 2 (2022): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol9.2.13.2022.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) examination is of great importance in medical diagnosis of the cardiac disease, but wrong interpretation due to noise interference in the signal could be dangerous as this may lead to wrong diagnoses of patient’s heart condition. De-noising helps to reduce the noise level for a better interpretation of the signals. In this study, an analysis of Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter for ECG de-noising using Daubechies wavelets has been carried out using MATLAB version 2015a. Noisy ECG signals downloaded from physionet.org under MIT-BIH arrhythmia database was de-noised using S-G filter of polynomial order 9 to data frames of length 21 displayed in both time and frequency domains while a quantitative evaluation was carried out to check the performance of the filter under signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), mean square error (MSE) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). Results show that de-noising using S-G filter for SNR, MSE, and SIR gives an average value of 32.78dB, 0.0001 and 1852.358dB respectively. This implies that the S-G filter helps eliminates the background noise as well as maintaining a good fit for our data, and also do not allow co-channel interference from other radio transmitters, which makes it an excellent filter for ECG signal de-noising. Hospitals management and cardiac health centers most understand the importance of these parameters in the selection of de-noising filters for good quality ECG in diagnosis and treatment of cardiac patients.
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Maduakolam, Francis Chinomso, Samson Dauda Yusuf, and Ibrahim Umar. "Analysis of Savitzky-Golay Filter for Electrocardiogram De-Noising Using Daubechies Wavelets." ASEANA: Science and Education Journal, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 34–48. https://doi.org/10.53797/aseana.v1i2.3.2021.
Full textAbstract:
Electrocardiogram (ECG) examination is of great importance in medical diagnosis of the cardiac disease, but wrong interpretation due to noise interference in the signal could be dangerous as this may lead to wrong diagnoses of patient’s heart condition. De-noising helps to reduce the noise level for a better interpretation of the signals. In this study, an analysis of Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter for ECG de-noising using Daubechies wavelets has been carried out using MATLAB version 2015a. Noisy ECG signals downloaded from physionet.org under MIT-BIH arrhythmia database was de-noised using S-G filter of polynomial order 9 to data frames of length 21 displayed in both time and frequency domains while a quantitative evaluation was carried out to check the performance of the filter under signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), mean square error (MSE) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). Results show that de-noising using S-G filter for SNR, MSE, and SIR gives an average value of 32.78dB, 0.0001 and 1852.358dB respectively. This implies that the S-G filter helps eliminates the background noise as well as maintaining a good fit for our data, and also do not allows co-channel interference from other radio transmitters, which makes it an excellent filter for ECG signal de-noising. Hospitals management and cardiac health centers most understand the importance of these parameters in the selection of de-noising filters for good quality ECG in diagnosis and treatment of cardiac patients.
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Kovtun, S., A. Vetoshkin, and V. Kutsenko. "INTERFERENCE RESISTANCE OF A CORRELATION RECEIVER AT A LIMITED OBSERVATION INTERVAL." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки 14, no. 4 (2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.14.2022.06.
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The article considers the possibility of increasing the capability of detecting a useful radio signal against the background of noise and simultaneously reducing the possibility of mistaking noise fluctuations for a signal. Moreover, if it is absent then the Neumann-Pearson statistical test should be used. This criterion is a partial case from the class of criteria consisting in the calculation of the likelihood ratio and does not require knowledge of a priori probabilities of the presence or absence a useful signal while constructing an optimal receiver and Bayesian methods are used.
 The effectiveness of the detection procedure according to the Neumann-Pearson test is characterized by the probability of correct detection at a fixed false alarm probability. These probabilities depend on the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the detection device. So, an important preparatory stage of the reception immunity analysis is the study of this parameter which is very important in the section of statistical radio engineering.
 It is known that the optimal detection of a signal against a background of white noise is reduced to the correlation integral calculation. This calculation can be done directly by using a multiplier and integrator (correlation method), by using a filter that is optimal for this signal (filter method) or by using a correlation-filter method.
 The presence of a priori uncertainty during signal reception makes it impossible to create an optimal (consistent) receiving path and therefore makes it impossible to obtain the required value of the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the detection device. In this case, an autocorrelation algorithm is used which is resistant to a priori uncertainty of signal parameters and is “optimal” while detecting signals of unknown shape. The most general character for determining the signal/noise ratio has an expression for the case of an incoherent single-channel autocorrelation algorithm for detecting a noisy signal against a background of stationary white noise (interference).
 For example, quite a large number of scientific works are devoted to the interference immunity issue of the correlation reception method. They mainly consider the interference immunity of correlation receivers when a mixture of harmonic signal and noise passes through them. The circuits with the same average frequencies of multiplying processes and etc. are analyzed. There are also known works in which formulas relating the value of the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiving path for a complex signal to the input signal-to-noise ratio are given.
 In the above works, idealized cases are considered, namely, when the observation is conducted on a fairly long observation interval but the real observation interval is quite limited. In this case, the averaging is carried out over a limited time interval and it is necessary to take into account the intercorrelation relations between the signal and noise, therefore, along with the signal-signal, noise-noise, signal-noise and noise-signal components, we will have the following mutual correlation moments between the combinations of signal and noise component.
 The issue of an autocorrelation receiver when passing an additive mixture of signal and white noise at a limited observation interval is investigated in which the immunity index is considered and a general solution of the signal/noise ratio based on the deviation criterion is obtained. Therefore, obtaining an analytical expression that establishes the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio at the input and output of the receiver is very important and relevant.
 The purpose of the article is to obtain an analytical expression of the signal-to-noise ratio value at the threshold device input of an incoherent autocorrelation receiver at a limited observation interval.
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Li, Linao, and Xinlao Wei. "Suppression Method of Partial Discharge Interferences Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Improved Empirical Mode Decomposition." Energies 14, no. 24 (2021): 8579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248579.
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Partial discharge detection is an important means of insulation diagnosis of electrical equipment. To effectively suppress the periodic narrowband and white noise interferences in the process of partial discharge detection, a partial discharge interference suppression method based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and improved empirical mode decomposition (IEMD) is proposed in this paper. First, the partial discharge signal with periodic narrowband interference and white noise interference x(t) is decomposed by SVD. According to the distribution characteristics of single values of periodic narrowband interference signals, the singular value corresponding to periodic narrowband interference is set to zero, and the signal is reconstructed to eliminate the periodic narrowband interference in x(t). IEMD is then performed on x(t). Intrinsic mode function (IMF) is obtained by EMD, and based on the improved 3σ criterion, the obtained IMF components are statistically processed and reconstructed to suppress the influence of white noise interference. The methods proposed in this paper, SVD and SVD + EMD, are applied to process the partial discharge simulation signal and partial discharge measurement signal, respectively. We calculated the signal-to-noise ratio, normalized correlation coefficient, and mean square error of the three methods, respectively, and the results show that the proposed method suppresses the periodic narrowband and white noise interference signals in partial discharge more effectively than the other two methods.
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Yan, Wenhe, Shifeng Li, Xinze Ma, Yuhang Song, Jiangbin Yuan, and Yu Hua. "Research on an Alpha Navigation Signal Detection Method Based on Multichannel Orthogonal Correlation." Applied Sciences 14, no. 9 (2024): 3620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14093620.
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The Alpha navigation system is the only operating radio system based on very-low-frequency (VLF) signals that can be used to research VLF navigation, timing, and ionospheric characteristics. The detection of the Alpha navigation signal is the key step in the Alpha receiver; however, the received Alpha navigation signal is susceptible to noise and mutual interference, which deteriorates signal detection performance. This paper presents a multichannel orthogonal correlation method for Alpha navigation signal detection. Once the three frequency signals of the Alpha navigation system are obtained using a notch filter, station identification is realized using a multichannel orthogonal correlation method and signal format. The selection of key parameters and the detection performance under noise and mutual interference are analyzed. This method’s detection probability exceeds 90% when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is greater than −10 dB. The influence of mutual interference on the signal correlation peak is less than 1% when the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of the mutual interference is greater than −28 dB. The proposed method is verified using an actual signal collected using an Alpha receiver. The results show that an Alpha signal can be detected at an extremely low SNR. This method has strong practicability and satisfies the application requirements of an Alpha receiver.
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Aghajani, Rouhollah, and Maryam Nilforosh. "SINR Enhancement in Co-located MIMO RADAR with Multiple Targets." Radar 8, no. 2 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689165.
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This paper focuses on improving the signal-to-noise plus interference ratio on multi-input multi-output radars. Here, an algorithm is proposed, whereby the waveform of the transmitter and the receiver filter coefficients are designed simultaneously to better detect the targets in the presence of the dependent interference signal. The proposed algorithm is a convex optimization-based sequential algorithm, in which each iteration optimizes the covariance matrix of the transmitted signals to concentrate the antenna radiation pattern on the target and also attempts to eliminate the maximum number of interferencein the receiver. The problem is in addition to limiting the use of identical RF circuits to all transmitting antennas, with the limitation of minimum interference power for each target. In previous research this scheme was designed to intercept a target, but in this study the covariance matrix is designed to maximize the signal-to-noise and interference ratio and the antenna transmit power at the maximum position of all targets and at the interference position as low as possible. The simulation results also show that the proposed method can achieve the maximum signal-to-interference plus noise ratio in all targets. This value can also be increased by increasing the number of antenna elements.
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Nguyen, V. D. "Studying the influence of correction codes on coherent reception of M-PSK signals in the presence of noise and harmonic interference." Russian Technological Journal 12, no. 4 (2024): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-4-84-95.
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Objectives. Signals with multiple phase shift keying (M-PSK) exhibiting good spectral and energy characteristics are successfully used in many information transmission systems. These include satellite communication systems, GPS, GLONASS, DVB/DVB-S2, and a set of IEEE 802.11 wireless communication standards. In radio communication channels, the useful signal is affected by various interferences in addition to noise. One of these is harmonic interference. As a result, high intensity harmonic interference practically destroys the reception of M-PSK signals. One of the important requirements for the quality of data transmission is the system error tolerance. There are different ways of improving the quality of information transmission. One of these is the use of corrective encoding technology. The aim of the paper is to assess the noise immunity of a coherent demodulator of M-PSK signals using Hamming codes (7,4) and (15,11), and convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding algorithm (7,5) when receiving M-PSK signals under noise and harmonic interference in the communication channel.Methods. The methods of statistical radio engineering, optimal signal reception theory and computer simulation modeling were used.Results. Experimental dependencies of the bit error rate on the signal-to-noise ratio and on the intensity of harmonic interference of coherent reception of M-PSK signals in a channel with noise and harmonic interference were obtained using computer simulation modeling. This was done without using correction codes and with Hamming code (7.4) and (15.11) and convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding algorithm (7,5).Conclusions. It is shown that the application of the correction codes effectively corrects errors in the presence of noise and harmonic interference with lower intensity. The correction is ineffective in the presence of high intensity interference. These results can provide important guidance in designing the reliable and energy efficient system.
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Satyanand, Singh, Vir Singh Sajai, Yadav Dinesh, Kumar Suman Sanjay, Bhagyalakshmi, and Singh Ghanshyam. "Discrete interferences optimum beamformer in correlated signal and interfering noise." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 2 (2022): 1732–43. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp1732-1743.
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This paper introduces a significant special situation where the noise is a collection of D-plane interference signals and the correlated noise of D+1 is less than the number of array components. An optimal beamforming processor based on the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) generates and combines appropriate statistics for the D+1 model. Instead of the original space of the N-dimensional problem, the interference signal subspace is reduced to D+1. Typical antenna arrays in many modern communication networks absorb waves generated from multiple point sources. An analytical formula was derived to improve the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) obtained from the steering errors of the two beamformers. The proposed MVDR processor-based beamforming does not enforce general constraints. Therefore, it can also be used in systems where the steering vector is compromised by gain. Simulation results show that the output of the proposed beamformer based on the MVDR processor is usually close to the ideal state within a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-interference ratio. The MVDR processor-based beamformer has been experimentally evaluated. The proposed processor-based MVDR system significantly improves performance for large interference white noise ratio (INR) in the sidelobe region and provide an appropriate beam pattern.
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Karraz, George. "Effect of adaptive line enhancement filters on noise cancellation in ECG signals." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 18, no. 3 (2021): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee2103291k.
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Power line interference is the main noise source that contaminates Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and measurements. In recent years, adaptive filters with different approaches have been investigated to eliminate power line interference in ECG waveforms. Adaptive line enhancement filter is a special type of adaptive filter that, unlike other adaptive filters, does not require a reference signal and has potential application in ECG signal filtering. In this paper, a selflearning filter based on an adaptive line enhancement (ALE) filter is proposed to remove power line interference in ECG signals. We simulate the adaptive filter in MATLwith a noisy ECG signal and analyze the performance of algorithms in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement. The proposed algorithm is validated with Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) ECG signals database. Additive white gaussian noise is added to the raw ECG signal. Influential parameters on the ALE filter performance such as filter delay, the convergence factor, and the filter length are analyzed and discussed.
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Paramonov, A. A., and Van Zung Hoang. "Joint use of frequency-time division and antinoise coding in radio communication systems with FHSS." Russian Technological Journal 9, no. 4 (2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2021-9-4-77-84.
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In the context of continuous improvement of radio prospecting and active radio jamming technics along with introduction of automated active countermeasures systems (ACS), the frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio communication systems (RCS) are widely used in order to improve reliability and noise immunity of data transmission. The noise immunity of the RCS affected by unintentional or deliberate interference can be significantly perfected by the combined use of frequency-time division and antinoise coding. This paper explores the case when the interference created by an ACS system with a limited transmitter power covers a part of the RCS frequency range. The receiver gets input mix of the wanted signal, the receiver noise, and probably a deliberate interference also considered as a noise. The article analyzes the noise immunity of signals reception with FHSS in the low-speed radio systems with joint use of frequency-time division of information subsymbols and noise combating codes when the deliberate interference destructively impacts a part of the RCS working band. Dependence of the bit error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated for the joint use of frequency division of information subsymbols and noise combating codes. It is shown that due to effective use of the frequency-energy resource of a radio line, considering the use of correction codes, a quite high noise immunity of RCS under the influence of deliberate interference can be assured. The indicated dependences of the error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio confirm that the reliability of data transmission can be significantly increased by the proper combination of signal spectrum spreading, applying of correction codes, and frequency division of subsymbols followed by their weight processing.
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Dayat, Kurniawan, Putra Asmaur Rohman Budiman, Indrawijaya Ratna, et al. "Autonomous radar interference detection and mitigation using neural network and signal decomposition." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 13, no. 3 (2024): 2854–61. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v13.i3.pp2854-2861.
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Autonomous radar interference is a challenging problem in autonomous vehicle systems. Interference signals can decrease the signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR), and this condition decreases the performance detection of autonomous radar. This paper exploits a neural network (NN) and signal decomposition to detect and mitigate radar interference in autonomous vehicle applications. A NN with four inputs, one hidden layer, and one output is trained with various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), interference radar bandwidth, and sweep time of autonomous radar. Four inputs of NN represent SNR, mean, total harmonic distortion (THD), and root means square (RMS) of the received radar signal. Variational mode decomposition (VMD) and zeroing based on a constant false alarm rate (CFAR-Z) are used to mitigate radar interference. VMD algorithm is applied to decompose interference signals into multi-frequency sub-band. As a result, the proposed NN can detect radar interference, and NN-VMD-CFAR-Z can increase SINR up to 2 dB higher than the NN-CFAR-Z algorithm.
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Singh, Satyanand, Sajai Vir Singh, Dinesh Yadav, Sanjay Kumar Suman, Bhagyalakshmi Lakshminarayanan, and Ghanshyam Singh. "Discrete interferences optimum beamformer in correlated signal and interfering noise." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 2 (2022): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp1732-1743.
Full textAbstract:
This paper introduces a significant special situation where the noise is a collection of D-plane interference signals and the correlated noise of D+1 is less than the number of array components. An optimal beamforming processor based on the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) generates and combines appropriate statistics for the D+1 model. Instead of the original space of the N-dimensional problem, the interference signal subspace is reduced to D+1. Typical antenna arrays in many modern communication networks absorb waves generated from multiple point sources. An analytical formula was derived to improve the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) obtained from the steering errors of the two beamformers. The proposed MVDR processor-based beamforming does not enforce general constraints. Therefore, it can also be used in systems where the steering vector is compromised by gain. Simulation results show that the output of the proposed beamformer based on the MVDR processor is usually close to the ideal state within a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-interference ratio. The MVDR processor-based beamformer has been experimentally evaluated. The proposed processor-based MVDR system significantly improves performance for large interference white noise ratio (INR) in the sidelobe region and provide an appropriate beam pattern.
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Li, Yi-bing, Xue-ying Diao, and Qian-hui Dong. "Spatial–degree of freedom improvement of interference alignment in multi-input, multi-output interference channels." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 1 (2017): 155014771668635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147716686351.
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As we know, the degree of freedom approximates the capacity of a network. To improve the achievable degree of freedom in the K-user interference network, we propose a rank minimization interference minimization algorithm. Unlike the existing methods concentrating on the promotion of degree of freedom, our rank optimization method works directly with the interference matrix rather than its projection using the receive beamformers. Moreover, we put the trace constraint of the square root of desired matrix into the rank optimization to prevent the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio from reduction. The decoders are designed through a weight interference leakage minimization method. Considering that the practical obtainable signal-to-noise ratio may be limited, we improve the design of decoders in rank minimization interference minimization, and propose the rank minimization rate maximization. Rank minimization rate maximization aims to reduce the impact of interference on undesired users as much as possible while improving the desired data rate. Simulation results show that rank minimization interference minimization algorithm can provide more interference-free dimensions for desired signals than other rank minimization methods. Rank minimization rate maximization outperforms rank minimization interference minimization at low-to-moderate signal-to-noise ratios, and its performance gets closer to rank minimization interference minimization with the increase in signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, in an improper system, rank minimization rate maximization still performs well.
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Sergii, Panchenko, Ananieva Olha, Babaiev Mykhailo, Davidenko Mykhailo, and Panchenko Vladyslav. "Synthesis of a device for anti-jamming reception of signals of tonal rail circuits on the background of additive five-component interference." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 9 (111) (2021): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.235835.
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An optimal receiving device for information signals of tonal rail circuits has been synthesized. The signals are observed against the background of an additive five-component interference. The first component of the interference is broadband Gaussian noise. The other four components of the interference are structurally determined: single impulse interference, interference from an adjacent tonal rail circuit, and multiharmonic interference from alternating traction current combined with the power line and from the locomotive traction converter. The presence of a complex of interference leads to errors in decision-making regarding the regulation of train traffic. This puts the participants in this movement before the danger of threatening emergencies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and study means of noise-immune reception of information signals and the formation of dispatch decisions. The decision on the presence or absence of a signal is made by comparing two values of the mean square of the approximation error. This error is understood as the difference between the input voltage of the receiver and the sum of the signal with structurally determined interference. The first value of the error is calculated assuming the presence of a signal in a mixture with structurally determined noise. The second error value is calculated on the assumption that there is no signal in this mixture. The noise component is assumed to be present in both cases. The solution corresponds to a channel with a lower mean squared error. The block diagram of the device is presented. Analytically, it has been shown that the average value of the error in recognizing situations of presence or absence of a signal is two orders of magnitude less than the admissible value according to regulatory requirements. High noise immunity of the developed device will improve the safety of train traffic
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Degtyaryov, Alexander, and Alexander Kozhemyakin. "Matched Filter Design Method for White Noise and Non-Gaussian Noise Conditions." Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 5, no. 2 (2022): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2022.05.2.19.
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A method for synthesizing a matched filter for conditions of simultaneous action of white noise and non-Gaussian noise is proposed. The method is based on the representation of the matched filter as a linear system that implements an integral transformation with a real kernel. Noise, non-Gaussian noise and signal are considered to be frequency limited. The signal-to-noise ratio at the reference point in time is determined. The expansion of the correlation function of the interference and the signal into a series of count functions and the resulting signal-to-noise ratio give an equation that allows one to determine the signals that maximize the signal-to-noise ratio.
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Wang, Hailong, Yongliang Yao, Guangdong Zhang, et al. "Enhanced Noise Suppression in Partial Discharge Signals via SVD and VMD with Wavelet Thresholding." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2024 (February 17, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/5676986.
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Partial discharge evaluation is a principal method for assessing insulation conditions in power transformers. Traditional singular value decomposition (SVD) approaches, however, face issues like high residual noise and loss of signal details in white noise suppression. This article introduces an advanced denoising algorithm integrating SVD, variational mode decomposition (VMD), and wavelet thresholding to effectively address mixed noise in on-site power transformer assessments. The algorithm initially employs SVD to suppress mixed noise, specifically targeting narrowband interference by decomposing the noisy signal and nullifying the corresponding singular values. Post-SVD, the signal is further processed through VMD, with its modal components refined via wavelet thresholding. The final reconstruction of these denoised components effectively eliminates white noise. Applied to an input signal with a signal-to-noise ratio of -27.593 dB, the proposed method achieves a postdenoising ratio of 13.654 dB. Comparative analysis indicates its superiority over existing algorithms in mitigating white noise and narrowband interference and more accurately restoring the partial discharge signal.
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Li, Rong. "Digital Modulation Recognition in Different Environments." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 2084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.2084.
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For the using of multi-modulation, the precondition of receiving and demodulating signal is to determine the type of the modulation, so automatic recognition of modulation signal has significant influence on the analysis of the signals. In this paper, digital modulation recognition is studied respectively in different environment of White Gaussian Noise (WGN), stationary interference and multipath interference. The simulation results show that the recognition success rate is the highest in stationary interference environment and the lowest in multipath interference environment with the same signal to noise ratio (SNR).
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Fathima, S. Yasmin, G. V. S. Karthik, M. Zia Ur Rahman, and A. Lay-Ekuakille. "Efficient Artifact Elimination in Cardiac Signals using Variable Step Size Adaptive Noise Cancellers." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 1 (2012): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012010103.
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In this paper several variable step size adaptive filter structures for extracting high resolution electrocardiographic (ECG) signals are presented which estimates the deterministic components of the ECG signal and removes the artifacts. The noise canceller minimizes the mean square error (MSE) between the input noisy ECG signal and noise reference. Different noise canceller structures are proposed to remove diverse forms of artifacts: power line interference, baseline wander, muscle artifacts and electrode motion artifacts. The proposed implementation is suitable real time applications, where large signal to noise ratios with fast convergence are required. Simulation studies shows that the proposed realization gives better performance compared to existing realizations in terms of signal to noise ratio, convergence rate and MSE.
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Sudhansu, Ranjan Dwibedi, and Kumar Ekka Bijaya. "Improvement of SNR by Removing Power-line Interference from Noisy ECG Signal." Advancement of Signal Processing and its Applications 5, no. 3 (2022): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7267424.
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<em>The electrical signals are invariably accompanied by components that are unrelated to the phenomenon being studied. Spurious or unwanted signal components which may occur at any frequency within band pass of the system are known as noise [1]. The instruments are designed in such a way that the noise is minimized to facilitate accurate and sensitive measurement. Noise in ECG recording occurs due to high frequency EM noise, motion artifacts and power line (50Hz or 60Hz) interference. For extraction of information from noisy signals, it is essential to increase or improve signal to noise ratio (SNR) which ultimately improves the performance. To process the signal waveform without distortion, the band pass of the system must be introduced such that all the frequency components of the signal contribute to signal strength. Most signal conditioners include low-pass filters designed specifically to provide maximum rejection of 50Hz noise. Such filters are called “notch filters”. Notch filters having only zeros in transfer function has very wide notch bandwidth and offers more attenuation at adjacent frequencies. Notch filter with poles added at 0<Radius(r) <1 improves the performance by narrowing the notch bandwidth and decreasing attenuation at adjacent frequencies [2]. As the poles move closer to zeros, notch bandwidth decreases and approaches ideal notch filter</em>
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PAVLOV, I. I., M. C. PAVLOVA, E. S. ABRAMOVA, S. S. ABRAMOV, A. KHAN, and YU S. SHCHERBAKOV. "MODIFIED INVARIANT AMPLITUDE MODULATION WITH TWO REFERENCE SIGNALS." T-Comm 17, no. 6 (2023): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2023-17-6-13-22.
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The model of modified invariant amplitude modulation and demodulation with two reference signals considered in the article belongs to the field of systems, networks and devices of telecommunications and radio engineering and can be used in radio transmitting devices, telecommunication systems and devices where an amplitude-modulated transmitted signal is required for transmission through a communication channel. The achieved technical result of the modified invariant amplitude modulation and demodulation with two reference signals is aimed at the possibility of forming an amplitude-modulated transmitted signal with increased noise immunity characteristics to a specific type of interference. Algorithms of modified invariant amplitude modulation and demodulation with two reference signals are proposed, and based on these algorithms, block diagrams of a modified invariant amplitude modulator and a demodulator with two reference signals were developed. In order to obtain experimental data for the analysis of a modified invariant amplitude modulation and demodulation with two reference signals when it is affected by interference in the communication channel, the communication system was simulated and the necessary data calculated in Matlab. Additive white Gaussian noise was chosen as an interference in the communication channel. The article presents a simplified block diagram of the communication system of the experimental model. To compare the results, modified invariant amplitude modulation and demodulation with two reference signals will be used as a modulator and demodulator, in the first case, and in the second case, amplitude modulation and demodulation. As a result, estimates of the dependence of the standard deviation on the value of the signal-to noise ratio and the probability of a bit error on the value of the signal-to-noise ratio were obtained. The standard deviation for modified invariant amplitude modulation and demodulation with two reference signals has significantly lower values than the standard deviation for amplitude modulation and demodulation. The transmission of information with the same reliability through a communication channel with a modified invariant amplitude modulation with two reference signals requires a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio than transmission through a communication channel with amplitude modulation.
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Yuan, Chao, Xiaosen Ding, Henxiang Cheng, Lei Zhu, and Yilei Li. "Research on Denoising of GIS Ultra-High Frequency Partial Discharge Signal Based on VMD Combined with S-G Filter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2661, no. 1 (2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2661/1/012006.
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Abstract Given the problem that it is easy to receive thermal noise interference from the electronic circuit and equipment circuit of the detection system in the current feature frequency detection of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) equipment, this paper proposes an ultra-high frequency (UHF) signal noise reduction method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) combined with Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter and tests it through simulation. By using VMD combine with the S-G filter method, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of signals can be effectively improved and the interference of white noise to signals can be reduced.
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Grinev, E. M., V. P. Pashintsev, and Yu I. Galushko. "Determination of frequency dependencies of deciles of the signal-to-noise ratio." Sovremennaya nauka i innovatsii, no. 4 (44) (2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2307-910x.2023.4.3.
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The level of signal and interference in the decameter range of radio waves is subject to significant random changes, which affects the reliability of radio communications. The reliability of radio communication in the decameter range is determined by the ratio of the average signal level to the noise level at the receiver input to its permissible value, which, in turn, depends on the selected operating frequency. Also an important indicator is the standard deviation (standard deviation) of the signal-tonoise ratio at the receiver input. The latter is considered to be a constant value and is 14 dB. Nevertheless, according to experimental data, the standard deviation (RMS deviation) of the ratio of signal power to noise power at the receiver input in the decameter range may vary depending on frequency, which may affect the accuracy of communication reliability calculations.
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Kharchenko, O. I., and V. M. Kartashov. "Standing out of Radiosignals on the Background of Noises Based on the Effect of Stochastic Resonance." Visnyk NTUU KPI Seriia - Radiotekhnika Radioaparatobuduvannia, no. 86 (September 30, 2021): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.20535/radap.2021.86.39-44.
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The main and most difficult problem of signals receiving is the problem of noise immunity to find the best methods of receiving radio signals in the presence of interference. The analysis of radio signals standing out with the help of stochastic resonance effect are given. The linear frequency modulated and phase-code-manipulated signals are considered as an object of research. Linear frequency modulated phase-code-manipulated signals are widely used in radar and telecommunication systems. The phenomenon of stochastic resonance is a type of cooperative effect of noise and weak signal under a certain non-linear circumstance, in which the weak signal can be amplified and detected by a suitable amount of noise. The stochastic resonance is observed, quantified, and described in a plethora of physical and biological systems, including neurons. Stochastic resonance is an interdisciplinary concept and is found in various fields of science from sociology to medicine and physics. The amplitude spectrum of the radio signal and the process at the output of the stochastic resonator are calculated. The possibility of the signal amplifying and noise reducing at the stochastic resonator output is shown. Dependence of signal-to-noise ratio at stochastic resonance output is determined for signal model in form of additive mixture of radio signal and white Gaussian noise at different values of variance of input noise. It is shown that at any noise dispersion value the signal-to-noise ratio at the stochastic resonator output is higher than at the output of the matched filter. Matched filter is derived to maximize signal to noise ratio. In addition, the dependence of the noise factor of the stochastic resonator on the noise dispersion at the input is determined. The noise factor is greater than one and increases with the input noise level. The stochastic resonance effect is shown to provides the standing out of the radio signal against the background white Gaussian noise.
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Fomin, A. V., V. V. Voznyuk, and V. M. Baranov. "APPLICATION OF COMPUTER MODELING TO ASSESS THE NOISE IMMUNITY OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LINES WITH M-ARY FREQUENCY-SHIFT-KEYED." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 198 (December 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.12.pp.020-028.
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The article considers the process of unintended noise interference with variable frequency and spectrum width values on a digital communication line with multi-position frequency manipulation. To conduct research in the modeling environment Matlab developed software model allows to estimate the influence of noise of various structures to receive signals from multiple frequency shift keying and obtain the dependence of the probability of bit error against signal-to-noise. The transmitter model allows you to generate a high-frequency signal manipulated by the frequency of an information message, which is represented in the work as a set of ASCIIRU-code characters. The receiver model is based on the scheme of optimal coherent reception of a frequency-manipulated signal. To improve the quality of signal reception, the transmitter and receiver models include: an interference-resistant encoder and decoder, an interleaver and deinterleaver, and an amplitude limiter. The interference model allows you to form a noise interference with a given band, with random amplitudes distributed according to the Rayleigh law, and random phases according to a uniform law in the interval [0, 2π]. Evaluation of the noise immunity of a signal receiver with multi-position frequency manipulation is performed on the basis of simulation for various noise parameters. Patterns of interference that have the most destructive effect on the receiver of signals with multi-position frequency manipulation are revealed. The protective ratio is used as an indicator of the effectiveness of radio-electronic protection, and the probability of a symbolic error (p* = 0.01) is the criterion for making a decision about the operability of the radio line.
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Elechi, P., E. U. Okawa, and U. B. Cornelius. "Application of Tuneable Notch Filters for Improved Signal Jamming Protection." Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC) 15, no. 1 (2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54554/jtec.2023.15.01.002.
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Adjacent channel interference is an inevitable consequence of the increasing number of radio signals and their widespread accessibility. In addition to this interference, information can be distorted by jamming techniques used by hackers and, in some cases, security services like the military. This research concentrated on enhancing jamming protection using a tunable notch filter, considering the growing need to ensure that accurate information reception. The necessary signal was provided through a signal source, and a barrage jammer was used to introduce the jamming signal that would interfere with the original signal. The circuit also featured an adjustable notch filter designed to mitigate the impact of the jamming signal. A spectrum analyzer was used to examine the circuit’s performance. The effectiveness of the notch filter in counteracting the effects of the jammer was examined through simulations using MatLab. Based on the distortion measurement, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the filtered signal, which was 4.92 dB, which was higher than the original signal's 1.92 dB. This finding indicates that the jamming effect was substantially reduced or eliminated. Additionally, it was discovered that without a notch filter, an increase in the jammer-to-signal noise ratio significantly decreased the signal-to-noise ratio value. However, the implementation of the notch filter prevented a drastic decline in performance, demonstrating that as the jammer-to-signal noise ratio increased, the depth of the notch also increased.
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Khailo, Nikita S., Andrey V. Krivetsky, and Aleksey G. Vostretsov. "An asymptotically robust invariant algorithm for demodulation of DPSK signals under external interference with a priori uncertain parameters." Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2022-2-46-59.
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The study aims at synthesizing an asymptotically robust invariant demodulation algorithm for DPSK signals with arbitrary modulation multiplicity used in aircraft communication systems and observed against the background of noise with an unknown probability distribution and a noise complex with a priori uncertain parameters. The analysis of the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is carried out by a computer simulation modeling. The algorithm implies automatic detection and rejection of narrowband pulse noise. This type of interference is typical for radio-navigation systems. It has been shown that the narrowband pulse noise should be eliminated if the signal-to-interference ratio becomes less than -10 dB. The use of the asymptotic robustness principle ensures the stability of the algorithm characteristics to changes in the character of the noise probability distribution density. It was found that the joint application of narrowband pulse interference elimination and the asymptotically robust approach provides reliable demodulation performance both when receiving against the background Gaussian noise and under the action of pulse interference and noise with "heavy tails". In addition, it has been shown that the use of signals with differential phase modulation, direct sequence spread spectrum, and the sidelobe levels of less than 10% effectively suppresses interference caused by multipath signal propagation.
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Saiapina, Inna, Mykhailo Babaiev, and Olha Аnanіevа. "Reducing noise influence on an audio frequency track circuit." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929403015.
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In connection with electromagnetic interference influence on the track circuits, the purpose of the research is finding the means to increase the noise immunity of an audio frequency track circuit. The authors propose a new engineering solution, which enables reducing the effect of noises on the input of the track receiver in the intervals between signal current pulses. The proposed noise-immune audio frequency track circuit is based on inserting a delay line, an adjustable single-pulse generator and a controlled electronic switch into the existing audio frequency track circuit equipment. To analyze its efficiency, the operation of the audio frequency track circuit was simulated under conditions of traction current disturbances, impulse and fluctuation interferences with the known parameters. The results show that proposed device for railway transport allows to increase a signal-to-noise ratio on the track receiver input from 8% to 30%, depending on the interference parameters and the level of the useful signal.
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Same, Mohammad Hossein, Gabriel Gandubert, Preslav Ivanov, René Landry, and Gabriel Gleeton. "Effects of Interference and Mitigation Using Notch Filter for the DVB-S2 Standard." Telecom 1, no. 3 (2020): 242–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom1030017.
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The abundance of radio signals and their increasing number creates interferences on adjacent signals and sometimes, with co-channel communication. Jammers, which are operated by hackers or by military forces, are another source of smart and powerful interferences. This paper will discuss the effect of the continuous wave interference (CWI) on a radio communication receiver, specifically with the Digital Video Broadcasting for Satellite Second Generation (DVB-S2) communication standard. It investigates the general effect of the interference on a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal over each part of the DVB-S2 receiver. It also focuses on the impact of the center frequency and power of the interference on the critical blocks of a DVB-S2 receiver. This study also tries to determine the deviation from the normal operation in the format of mathematical expressions and simulation results. Based on the obtained results, there is a vulnerability in the chain of the receiver’s blocks that allows a smart jammer to affect the device with low power interference. The notch filter is utilized as a solution to mitigate the interference. In addition, the effects of this technique on the system’s performance are studied. The simulation results show that there is a great improvement after CWI removal according to the Jamming to Signal Ratio (JSR), the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and the Bit Error Rate (BER). In some cases, the JSR was reduced by 15 dB, the SNR was improved by 10 dB and BER also improved by 7 dB. However, the notch filter deletes some information from the original signal. This study introduces new ways to clarify the tradeoff between the amount of interference power reduction and removed bandwidth from the signal with notch filtering.
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Wu, Jing, Cheng Jin, and Ziwu Wang. "Linear Anti-interference Algorithm for Digital Signal Transmission in Fiber Optic Communication Networks based on Link Analysis." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 25, no. 2 (2024): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v25i2.2607.
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In order to achieve accurate transmission of protection signals in fiber optic communication networks, it is necessary to perform channel balancing configuration of fiber optic communication networks and adaptive forwarding control processing of relay protection signals, the author proposes an accurate transmission method for relay protection signals in fiber optic communication networks based on time-varying multipath fading suppression and adaptive beamforming. The system analyzes the sources of wireless long-distance pain signal interference signals, introduces anti-interference technologies such as two-dimensional joint processing (STAP), provides anti-interference algorithms and related gain analysis, and conducts signal processing gain simulation using MATLAB. Based on the analysis of comprehensive simulation results, at a given symbol length, the signal bandwidth increases, and the processing gain infinitely approaches the given theoretical limit value, rather than increasing nonlinearly. The reason is that the channel is affected by noise, and the channel estimation value and signal conjugate multiplication produce a noise quadratic term. At this point, the estimated value of the coherent region channel is reduced by the influence of noise, and the signal-to-noise ratio loss caused by the noise quadratic term is reduced, so the processing gain increases. During the process of infinite increase in signal bandwidth, the input signal-to-noise power ratio of the receiver tends to decrease towards an infinite value, limited by the size of the coherent region. The channel estimation value increases under the influence of noise, and the noise quadratic term is the main factor affecting the output noise power. When the symbol length is greater than the coherent time, the smaller the maximum Doppler frequency shift and the larger the coherent detection area, the greater the processing gain.
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Heister, S. R., and V. V. Kirichenko. "Influence of Analog-To-Digital Conversion and Decimation Parameters on the Signal-To-Noise Ratio in the Radar Path." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 24, no. 6 (2021): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2021-24-6-38-50.
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Introduction. The digital representation of received radar signals has provided a wide range of opportunities for their processing. However, the used hardware and software impose some limits on the number of bits and sampling rate of the signal at all conversion and processing stages. These limitations lead to a decrease in the signal-to-interference ratio due to quantization noise introduced by powerful components comprising the received signal (interfering reflections; active noise interference), as well as the attenuation of a low-power reflected signal represented by a limited number of bits. In practice, the amplitude of interfering reflections can exceed that of the signal reflected from the target by a factor of thousands.Aim. In this connection, it is essential to take into account the effect of quantization noise on the signal-tointerference ratio.Materials and methods. The article presents expressions for calculating the power and power spectral density (PSD) of quantization noise, which take into account the value of the least significant bit of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and the signal sampling rate. These expressions are verified by simulating 4-, 8- and 16-bit ADCs in the Mathcad environment.Results. Expressions are derived for calculating the quantization noise PSD of interfering reflections, which allows the PSD to be taken into account in the signal-to-interference ratio at the output of the processing chain. In addition, a comparison of decimation options (by discarding and averaging samples) is performed drawing on the estimates of the noise PSD and the signal-to-noise ratio.Conclusion. Recommendations regarding the ADC bit depth and sampling rate for the radar receiver are presented.
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Lin, Tingting, Xiaokang Yao, Sijia Yu, and Yang Zhang. "Electromagnetic Noise Suppression of Magnetic Resonance Sounding Combined with Data Acquisition and Multi-Frame Spectral Subtraction in the Frequency Domain." Electronics 9, no. 8 (2020): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081254.
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As an advanced groundwater detection method, magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) has received more and more attention. However, the biggest challenge is that MRS measurements always suffer with a bad signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Aiming at the problem of noise interference in MRS measurement, we propose a novel noise-suppression approach based on the combination of data acquisition and multi-frame spectral subtraction (DA-MFSS). The pure ambient noise from the measurement area is first collected by the receiving coil, and then the noisy MRS signal is recorded following the pulse moments transmitting. The procedure of the pure noise and the noisy MRS signal acquisition will be repeated several times. Then, the pure noise and the noisy signal are averaged to preliminarily suppress the noise. Secondly, the averaged pure noise and the noisy signal are divided into multiple frames. The framed signal is transformed into the frequency domain and the spectral subtraction method is applied to further suppress the electromagnetic noise embedded in the noisy MRS signal. Finally, the de-noised signal is recovered by the overlap-add method and inverse Fourier transformation. The approach was examined by numerical simulation and field measurements. After applying the proposed approach, the SNR of the MRS data was improved by 16.89 dB and both the random noise and the harmonic noise were well suppressed.
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Chang, Lin, Hao Zhang, T. Aaron Gulliver, and Tingting Lyu. "Robust Adaptive Beamforming for Interference Suppression Based on SNR." Electronics 12, no. 21 (2023): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12214501.
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Robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) can be used to suppress interference signals while retaining the desired signals received by a sensor array. However, desired signal self-cancellation and model mismatch can affect RAB performance. In this paper, a novel interference-plus-noise covariance matrix (INCM) reconstruction method is proposed for RAB to solve these problems. The proposed method divides the desired signal into two ranges according to the input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), namely low SNR and high SNR. In the low SNR range, INCM reconstruction directly uses the same sample covariance matrix as the sample matrix inversion (SMI) beamformer to retain the advantages of the traditional SMI algorithm. In the high SNR range, the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix are used to estimate the interference power and noise power. The optimized interference steering vector (SV) is obtained by solving a quadratic convex optimization problem in an interference subspace. The INCM is reconstructed from the interference SVs, interference power, and noise power. The reconstructed INCM is then used to correct the desired signal SV via maximizing the beamformer output power. This is achieved by solving a quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problem. Analysis and simulation results are presented which demonstrate that the proposed method performs well under a variety of mismatch conditions.
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Virupaxi, Dalal, and Bhairannawar Satish. "Efficient de-noising technique for electroencephalogram signal processing." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 2 (2022): 603–12. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i2.pp603-612.
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An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of various frequencies of electrical activity in the brain. EEG signal is very useful for diagnosis of various brain related diseases at early stage to prevent severe issues which may lead to loss of life. The raw EEG signal captured through the leads contain different type of noises which is not susceptible for diagnosis. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed to process the raw EEG signal to combat the noise. To obtain noiseless EEG data, the likelihood test ratio is applied to interference computation block. The likelihood ratio test converts EEG data signal into segmented data with nearly constant noise characteristics. This will aid in detecting the noise present in a tiny segment which ensures proper signal denoising. The processed signal is compared with the database of noiseless EEG of the same person using principal component analysis (PCA) classifier. The proposed algorithm is 99.01% efficient to identify and combat noise in the EEG signal.
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Ren, Feitao, Daying Quan, Lai Shen, Xiaofeng Wang, Dongping Zhang, and Hengliang Liu. "LPI Radar Signal Recognition Based on Feature Enhancement with Deep Metric Learning." Electronics 12, no. 24 (2023): 4934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12244934.
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Low probability of intercept (LPI) radar signals are widely used in electronic countermeasures due to their low power and large bandwidth. However, they are susceptible to interference from noise, posing challenges for accurate identification. To address this issue, we propose an LPI radar signal recognition method based on feature enhancement with deep metric learning. Specifically, time-domain LPI signals are first transformed into time–frequency images via the Choi–Williams distribution. Then, we propose a feature enhancement network with attention-based dynamic feature extraction blocks to fully extract the fine-grained features in time–frequency images. Meanwhile, we introduce deep metric learning to reduce noise interference and enhance the time–frequency features. Finally, we construct an end-to-end classification network to achieve the signal recognition task. Experimental results demonstrate that our method obtains significantly higher recognition accuracy under a low signal-to-noise ratio compared with other baseline methods. When the signal-to-noise ratio is −10 dB, the successful recognition rate for twelve typical LPI signals reaches 94.38%.
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Zhu, Weipeng, Hu Jin, Jin Wang, Yingke Lei, Caiyi Lou, and Changming Liu. "Variable-Speed Frequency-Hopping Signal Sorting: Spectrogram Is Sufficient." Electronics 12, no. 21 (2023): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12214533.
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In this paper, we present a novel signal sorting method aimed at reducing the impact of interference and noise while achieving blind detection and accurate sorting of a variable-speed frequency-hopping communication system. To achieve this, we combine spectrogram analysis with an innovative sorting approach. First, we generate the spectrogram of the received signal, and then employ a morphology filter to effectively eliminate noise and sweep frequency interference from the spectrogram. Subsequently, we identify and mark connected domains in the spectrogram, from which we extract the duration data to create a dataset specifically for separating fixed-frequency interference. Furthermore, we propose a specialized time alignment algorithm designed to accommodate the unique characteristics of variable-speed frequency-hopping signals, enabling precise sorting of variable-speed frequency-hopping signals. Through rigorous comparative evaluations against existing algorithms, we demonstrate that our proposed approach provides superior accuracy by offering a clearer representation of the time–frequency situation of the received signals. The proposed method provides a high correct sorting probability which is equal to 0.8 when signal-to-noise ratio is 0 dB and reaches 1 when signal-to-noise ratio reaches over 12 dB. In comparison, the correct sorting probability of the comparison algorithm is far inferior to the proposed algorithm.
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Kharchenko, Oksana, Zlatinka Kovacheva, and Velin Andonov. "Analysis of Electroencephalograms Based on the Phase Plane Method." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (2024): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14052204.
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Ensuring noise immunity is one of the main tasks of radio engineering and telecommunication. The main task of signal receiving comes down to the best recovery of useful information from a signal that is destructed during propagation and received together with interference. Currently, the interference and noise control comes to the fore. Modern elements and methods of processing, related to intelligent systems, strengthen the role of the verification and recognition of targets. This makes noise control particularly relevant. The most-important quantitative indicator that characterizes the quality of the useful signal is the signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, determining the noise parameters is very important. In the present paper, a signal model is used in the form of an additive mixture of useful signals and Gaussian noise. It is an ordinary model of a received signal in radio engineering and communications. It is shown that the phase portrait of this signal has the shape of an ellipse at the low noise level. For the first time, an expression of the width of the ellipse line is obtained, which is determined by the noise dispersion. Currently, in electroencephalography, diagnosis is based on the Fourier transform. But, many brain diseases are not detected by this method. Therefore, the search and use of other methods of signal processing is relevant.
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Tian, Baofeng, Haoyu Duan, Yue-Der Lin, and Hui Luan. "Envelope Extraction Algorithm for Magnetic Resonance Sounding Signals Based on Adaptive Gaussian Filters." Remote Sensing 16, no. 10 (2024): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16101713.
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Magnetic resonance sounding is a geophysical method for quantitatively determining the state for groundwater storage that has gained international attention in recent years. However, the practical acquisition of magnetic resonance sounding signals, which are on the nanovolt scale, is susceptible to various types of interference, such as power-line harmonics, random noise, and spike noise. Such interference can degrade the quality of magnetic resonance sounding signals and, in severe cases, be completely drowned out by noise. This paper introduces an adaptive Gaussian filtering algorithm that is well-suited for handling intricate noise signals due to its adaptive solving characteristics and iterative sifting approach. Notably, the algorithm can process signals without relying on prior knowledge. The adaptive Gaussian filtering algorithm is applied for the envelope extraction of noisy magnetic resonance sounding signals, and the reliability and effectiveness of the method are rigorously validated. The simulation results reveal that, even under strong noise interference (with original signal-to-noise ratios ranging from −7 dB to −25 dB), the magnetic resonance sounding signal obtained after algorithmic processing is compared to the ideal signal, with 16 sets of data statistics, and the algorithm ensures an initial amplitude uncertainty within 4nV and restricts the uncertainty of the relaxation time within a 6 ms range. The signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by up to 53 dB. The comparative assessments with classical algorithms such as empirical mode decomposition and the harmonic modeling method confirm the superior performance of the adaptive Gaussian filtering algorithm. The processing of the field data also fully proved the practical application effects of the algorithm.
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Liang, Yao, Guanghong Du, Anzong Li, et al. "A signal processing method for continuous mud pressure wave signals in logging-while-drilling systems." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 23, no. 6 (2023): 3027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-226986.
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For signal transmission of mud pressure waves in logging-while-drilling systems, as more measurement parameters are adopted, the conventional signal transmission rate of approximately 1 bps cannot meet the requirements of parameter uploading. Transmission rates greater than 10 bps are widely used by current Chinese and international enterprises in their continuous wave transmission systems. Due to the increasing transmission rates, a conventional single-channel pressure sensor cannot effectively identify the key features of an original signal with a low signal-to-noise ratio at a high transmission rate. This issue results in a low success rate for pressure wave recognition and decoding. This paper addresses a method for the collection of pressure wave signals using multi-channel pressure sensors through the analysis of the signal transmission changes of mud pressure waves with well depths and echo interference caused by drilling rod reflection. In this research, numerical simulation and experimental verification were used to calculate the cross-correlations of the multi-channel signals to effectively remove interference noises such as reflective waves and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the original signal. The results showed that this method could effectively improve the SNR after the wave filtering of the original pressure wave. The characteristics of the continuous mud pressure wave signals were analysed using a circulation test. A corresponding band-pass filter was designed to remove pump noises to restore the sinusoidal pressure wave signal required by the original transmission rules.
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Kurniawan, Dayat, Budiman Putra Asmaur Rohman, Ratna Indrawijaya, et al. "Autonomous radar interference detection and mitigation using neural network and signal decomposition." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 13, no. 3 (2024): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v13.i3.pp2854-2861.
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<p>Autonomous radar interference is a challenging problem in autonomous vehicle systems. Interference signals can decrease the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR), and this condition decreases the performance detection of autonomous radar. This paper exploits a neural network and signal decomposition to detect and mitigate radar interference in autonomous vehicle applications. A neural network (NN) with four inputs, one hidden layer, and one output is trained with various signal-to-noise (SNR), interference radar bandwidth, and sweep time of autonomous radar. Four inputs of NN represent SNR, mean, total harmonic distortion (THD), and root means square (RMS) of the received radar signal. Variational mode decomposition (VMD) and zeroing based on a constant false alarm rate (CFAR-Z) are used to mitigate radar interference. VMD algorithm is applied to decompose interference signals into multi-frequency sub-band. As a result, the proposed neural network can detect radar interference, and NN-VMD-CFAR-Z can increase SINR up to 2dB higher than the NN-CFAR-Z algorithm.</p>
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Klymash, M., I. Kolodchak, O. Shpur, and A. Ratych. "INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC TARGET SIGNALS PROCESSING IN ON-BOARD MOBILE PULSE RADIOLOCATORS." Information and communication technologies, electronic engineering 4, no. 1 (2024): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ictee2024.01.112.
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The characteristic features of coherent (quasi-coherent) and incoherent accumulation and detection of signals received from the radio air (reflected from a passive dynamic target) are considered, which are an additive mixture of a useful component and a possible "noise-like" interference with the added "own" noise of the receiving path in airborne mobile pulse radars air base. It is assumed that the random components of the input signal are adequately described by a normal (or close to it) distribution law, and the signal (during the accumulation interval) is harmonic, the period of which is uniquely related to the Doppler frequency shift in the received signal. Necessary and sufficient conditions for coherent (quasi-coherent) and incoherent effective signal accumulation are formulated, analytical and graphical dependencies are given for determining the output ratio "signal /(noise+interference)" at different multiplicities of coherent and incoherent accumulation in both time and spectral domains. A mathematical model based on the system modeling package "System View" was developed and investigated, which demonstrates, by means of adequate simulation and statistical averaging, the peculiarities and quantitative differences of the results of coherent and incoherent accumulations at various, in particular low, but practically significant, input ratios "signal /( noise+interference)", as well as from the multiplicity of accumulation, that is, the number of received signals during the permissible interval of accumulation.
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Senkevich, Yury. "The use of the empirical mode decomposition method to clean and restavration acoustic emission signal." E3S Web of Conferences 62 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186203008.
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The results of the study of the possibility of using the empirical mode decomposition method for cleaning geoacoustic emission signals from various types of noise are presented. It is shown that the application of the method allows to increase the ratio of the signal noise 3-6 dB depending on the ratio of signal dispersion and noise in the input signal. The examples demonstrate the ability to remove trends and harmonic interference, as well as the ability to highlight a useful signal when masking its powerful noise. A comparative evaluation of the method in relation to the low-frequency filtration is carried out. The limitation of the method applicability in the case of processing of pulse signals asymmetric with respect to its average value is indicated.
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Mikhailik, D. A., and I. V. Malygin. "Estimation of the Immunity of a Satellite Communication System Based on Wideband Signals in Relation to Impulse and Fluctuating Interferences." Ural Radio Engineering Journal 7, no. 2 (2023): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/urej.2023.7.2.004.
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A model of a satellite communication system based on wideband signals with relative diphase encoding is developed in the paper. A system of four signals with binary phase shift keying is used. Spectra of the signals are spread by the direct sequence technique. The developed system operation under conditions of impulse electromagnetic interference and under the influence of fluctuation interference is simulated. The dependences of bit error rate on signal-to-interference ratio are evaluated in the cases of impulse interference with Johnson distribution and white Gaussian noise affecting the signal.
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Gao, Feng, Xutao Li, and Hongqiang Li. "Broadband Measurement Algorithm Based on Smooth Linear Segmented Threshold Wavelet Denoising and Improved VMD-Prony." Electronics 14, no. 12 (2025): 2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122410.
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Accurate measurement of broadband signals is fundamental to the broadband oscillation analysis of power grids. However, the measurement process of broadband signals generally suffers from noise interference and insufficient measurement accuracy. To address these issues, this study introduces a novel broadband measurement algorithm that integrates smooth linear segmented threshold (SLST) wavelet denoising with a fusion of the improved variational mode decomposition (VMD) and Prony methods. Initially, noise reduction preprocessing is designed for broadband signals based on the smooth linear segmented threshold wavelet denoising method to reduce the interference of noise on the measurement process, and two evaluation indices are established based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to assess the effectiveness of noise reduction. Subsequently, mutual information entropy and energy entropy are employed to optimize the parameters of VMD to enhance measurement precision. The denoised signal is decomposed into several modes with distinct center frequencies using the parameter-optimized VMD, thereby simplifying the signal processing complexity. Concurrently, the Prony algorithm is integrated to accurately identify the parameters of each mode, extracting frequency, amplitude, and phase information to achieve precise broadband signal measurement. The simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm effectively reduces noise interference and enhances the measurement accuracy of broadband signals.
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Liu, Zixiao. "Design of ECG Signals Filter Circuit Based on OTA Filtering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 32 (February 12, 2023): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v32i.4983.
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The ECG signal reflects the physiological characteristics of the heart to a certain extent and is an extremely important clinical reference for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, the ECG signal is affected by various noises during the acquisition process, especially the 50Hz noise from power lines which makes the diagnosis and analysis of ECG difficult. In this paper, a transconductance amplifier with strong practical applications is proposed and designed to filter out interference from ECG signals in power lines, based on the characteristics of ECG signals and the ability of differential signals to effectively resist external common-mode noise. This amplifier is able to effectively filter out 50Hz interference from power lines and features a high common-mode rejection ratio and low power consumption, in addition to using relatively few components and low production costs.
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Sarycheva, Anastasia, Alexey Adamov, Sergey S. Poteshin, Sergey S. Lagunov, and Alexey A. Sysoev. "Influence of multiplexing conditions on artefact signal and the signal-to-noise ratio in the decoded data in Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 26, no. 3 (2020): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469066719900763.
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In Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry (HT IMS), the signal-to-noise ratio is always lower for non-modified pseudorandom sequences than for modified sequences. Since the use of non-modified modulating pseudorandom sequences is strategically preferable from a duty cycle standpoint, we investigated the change in the interference signal when transitioning from non-modified modulating sequences to sequences modified by the addition of 1,3,5 and 7 zeros. The interfering signal in HT IMS with modified pseudorandom sequences was shown to be mainly random noise for all the cases except for modifying by incorporation of 1 zero. For standard samples of tetraalkylammonium halides, modulation by non-modified pseudorandom sequences is beneficial in the case of small numbers of averaged spectra (below ∼40 averaged spectra compared to any modified pseudorandom sequences except for 1 zero modified and below ∼200 averaged spectra compared to signal averaging ion mobility spectrometry) and worsens the signal-to-noise ratio in the case of large numbers of averaged spectra. Contrarily, modulation by modified pseudorandom sequences is beneficial for any number of averaged spectra, except for very small ones (below 15 averaged spectra compared to modulation by non-modified sequences). Pseudorandom sequence modified with 1 zero incorporation is beneficial in the case of below ∼400 averaged spectra compared to any modified and non-modified pseudorandom sequences. The signal-to-noise ratio in conventional signal averaging mode ion mobility spectrometry is affected by random noise, whereas the HT IMS with non-modified pseudorandom sequences was demonstrated to be primarily affected by a systematic noise-like artefact signal. Because noise-like artefact signals were found to be reproducible, predicting models for interference signals could be generated to improve signal-to-noise ratio. This is significant because non-modified modulating sequences are limited by their poor signal-to-noise ratio. This improvement would increase the viability of non-modified modulating sequences which are preferred because of their higher sample utilization efficiency.
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Paramonov, A. A., and V. V. Chu. "Noise immunity of QAM-OFDM signal reception using soft-decision demodulation in the presence of narrowband interference." Russian Technological Journal 12, no. 5 (2024): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2024-12-5-17-32.
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Objectives. The aim of this paper is to study the noise immunity of digital information transmission in systems with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) of subcarriers in the presence of narrowband interference. As a way of managing this interference, the paper studies the use of a demodulator with soft outputs and subsequent decoding of the convolutional code and low-density paritycheck (LDPC) code used in the system.Methods. The results presented in the article were obtained using statistical radio engineering, mathematical statistics, encoding theory, and computer modeling.Results. The paper presents a simple method for calculating soft bit estimates in the M-point signal QAM demodulator, where M is an even power of two. A considerable amount of numerical results were obtained which show the dependence of the transmitted information bit error rate on M, as well as on the signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-narrowband interference, and code rates.Conclusions. It can be concluded from the above results that the use of encoding with soft demodulator decisions significantly improves the noise immunity of OFDM signal reception, and enables narrowband interference to be managed efficiently. LDPC encoding is superior to convolutional encoding in increasing the noise immunity of OFDM signal reception both in the absence and in the presence of narrowband interference. Along with the use in QAM-OFDM systems, the proposed simple method for demodulating QAM signals with soft decisions can be used in any wireless communication system using M-position QAM signals, where M is 2 to an even power.
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Kowalgin, Yu A. "Interference Between Carrying Frequencies in DRM System." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 10, no. 3 (2024): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2024-10-3-35-44.
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Relevance. In Russia and worldwide, there is a gradual transition to digital radio broadcasting DRM. This transition offers higher quality sound reproduction, significant radio frequency resource savings, high interference resistance, substantial energy savings compared to analog broadcasting systems, and the ability to build single-frequency networks. The cliff effect inherent in DRM-systems necessitates considering the influence of the interference level between subcarriers (ICI, Intercarrier Interference) of the OFDM-signal (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) on the overall interference resistance of DRM-systems. This is partly due to the mismatch of generators in the transmitting and receiving paths of DRM-systems. However, the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) and available publications lack requirements for the stability of generators in the transmitting and receiving paths of digital radio broadcasting systems, which significantly affect their interference resistance. This work addresses this gap. Goal. Improve the interference resistance of the DRM-system. Methods. Based on the analysis and development of data available in publications, a method for calculating the interference level between subcarrier frequencies is proposed for situations where there is no loss of orthogonality of subcarrier frequencies during OFDM signal reception, and only white noise (AWGN - Additive White Gaussian Noise) is present in the radio channel. Results. The impact of normalized frequency shift of generators in the DRM-system's transceiver path on the degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio when modulating subcarrier frequencies with QPSK for different levels of interference resistance (PL0-PL3) has been studied and evaluated. It is shown that the interference level between subcarrier frequencies of the OFDM signal depends on reception conditions, modulation type, code rate, required minimum signal strength of the transmitter's electromagnetic field, and the required minimum signal-to-noise ratio at the reception point, receiver's own noise, and atmospheric noise level. The validity of the obtained results is confirmed by experimental data from other researchers. Novelty. The obtained results are new for the DRM-system. In mode stability under stationary reception and QAM-4 subcarrier frequency modulation, DRM-system OFDM signal reception becomes impossible when the frequency mismatch of the transceiver path generators exceeds (2.07…2.32) Hz. Practical significance. Knowledge of the ICI level of the OFDM-signal when the frequency of the generators in the transmitting and receiving clocks of DRM-systems is detuned is necessary for developing national regulatory documents that govern the operational characteristics of DRM system equipment.