Academic literature on the topic 'Ration'

This study aims to determine the effect of using rations based on local raw materials as a substitute for commercial rations on the production performance (ration consumption, body weight gain and ration conversion) of broilers. This study used 100 DOC without male and female separation. The cages used were box cages measuring 75x60x50 cm per unit of 20 units and each unit consisting of 5 chickens. This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with 5 ration treatments and 4 replications. The treatment rations were A (100% Commercial / Control Ration), B (75% Commercial Ration + 25% Local Ration) C (50% Commercial Ration + 50% Local Ration), D (25 % Commercial Ration + 75% Local Ration) and E (100% Local Basal Ration). Parameters measured were ration consumption (g/head/week), body weight gain (g/head/week) and broiler ration conversion. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the provision of rations based on local raw materials as a substitute for commercial rations had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on ration consumption, body weight gain and broiler ration conversion. The results of the DMRT test showed that the provision of rations based on local raw materials as a substitute for commercial rations on ration consumption, body weight gain and ration conversion in treatments B, C and D were not significantly different from treatment A, but significantly higher than treatment E. Based on this study it can be concluded that giving 25% commercial ration + 75% local ration has the same effect as giving 100% commercial ration (control ration). Keywords: Broilers, local rations, production performance

This study aims to determine the potential of rations based on local raw materials as a substitute for commercial rations for crude protein, crude fat, and fiber content. This study uses local feed ingredients in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province: local corn, rice bran, palm kernel cake, fish meal, maggot, stone flour, topmix, and commercial rations with the brand AL 100-II Comfeed produced by PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk. This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with five ration treatments and four replications. The treatment rations were A (100% Commercial / Control Ration), B (75% Commercial Ration + 25% Local Ration), C (50% Commercial Ration + 50% Local Ration), D (25 % Commercial Ration + 75% Local Ration) and E (100% Local Basal Ration). The parameters measured were crude protein (%), crude fat (%), and crude fiber (%). The results showed that the nutritional quality of local and factory rations at specific compositions had no significant effect (P>0.05) on crude protein, crude fat, and fiber content. This study concluded that the composition of the mixture of local and commercial rations did not affect the nutritional content, especially crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber. Crude protein content ranges from 16.87% to 17.96%, crude fat from 5.17% to 6.29%, and crude fiber from 5.17% to 6.29%.

This study investigates the financial cost of increasing the diversity of cereal grains in livestock feed rations. We first develop a nonlinear mathematical programming model that determines the least-cost composition of livestock feed rations of one metric ton that have at least the same energy and nutrient content as a reference feed ration. We then add into the model a diversity constraint using the Simpson Index of diversity to examine how changes in the diversity of the commodities in the ration affect the cost of the ration while maintaining the ration’s energy and nutrient content at a reference ration value. We apply the model to cereal grain feed rations for livestock in 153 countries, using reference rations that depict the historical composition of cereal grain feed rations offered to livestock in each country. Results suggest that a one percent change in ration diversity changed the ration cost (i.e., the cost-diversity elasticity) from −0.67% to 1.41% (average = −0.02%) across all countries. Our results suggest that changes in ration diversity can come at a financial cost, but this financial cost appears negligible in many countries. This negligible cost could provide the feed sector more encouragement to diversify its feed supply and potentially become more resilient to price and production shocks.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate body weight gain (PBB), ration consumption and ration conversion of Kampung Super chickens fed with turmeric flour in their rations. Single factor analysis was used in this study. Turmeric flour was given in stages: 0% (control), 2%, 4%, and 6%. Based on the results of the evaluation for ration consumption, it showed that the provision of turmeric flour was not significantly different (P 0.05) on the ration of super native chicken consumption. The average feed consumption is 324.39-338.69 g / head. Evaluation of body weight gain, showed that giving turmeric flour had a significant effect (P 0.05) on body weight gain. The ration conversion evaluation showed that the use of turmeric flour had a significant effect (P 0.05) on the ration conversion of Kampung Super chickens. The addition of 2-6% turmeric flour to native chicken rations showed an increase in body weight, a decrease in ration conversion. The recommendation for using turmeric in the super native chicken ration is 4% of the total basal ration

This study examined fermentation rates and kinetics of sheep rations based on combinations of elephant grass hay, gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) hay or silage, soybean meal and corn meal using in vitro techniques. Three rations were prepared, namely: Control (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal); gliricidia hay (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia hay); and gliricidia silage (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia silage). A fixed ratio of roughage:concentrate of 55:45 was maintained for all rations, which were isocaloric and designed to support sheep gains of 200 g/day. The gliricidia replaced 57.6% of the soybean meal in the rations containing gliricidia and 81.8% of the elephant grass hay. Fermentation rates and kinetics, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and degradability of the rations were evaluated. Rations containing gliricidia as both hay and silage had higher (P<0.05) IVDMD than the Control ration (67.8 and 66.2 vs. 59.8%). The degradability of the ration containing gliricidia hay was higher (P<0.05) than that of the gliricidia silage ration (57.8 vs. 50.5%), whereas the Control showed an intermediate value (54.4%). The ration containing gliricidia hay and the Control produced more gas in the first 24 h than the ration containing gliricidia silage, and the gliricidia hay ration showed the shortest colonization time. Peak gas production occurred for the ration with gliricidia silage later than for the other rations. The study showed that substituting soybean meal with preserved gliricidia can result in higher digestibility of sheep rations. Feeding studies with animals are now warranted to verify these laboratory findings.

Au Burkina Faso l’alimentation des animaux pendant la saison sèche constitue le premier contraint du développement de l’élevage. Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer l’effet d’une alimentation à base de Panicum maximum C1, Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthès hamata, Arachis pintoï sur les performances zootechniques des lapins. Le dispositif expérimental a été réalisé sur la Station de Recherche de Farako-Bâ. Au total, neuf (9) lapins mâles (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) âgés de dix (10) semaines et pesant en moyenne (790 ± 39,04g) chacun, ont été répartis dans 3 cages de volume: 42 cm x 63 cm x 39 cm soit un volume de 103194 cm3 chacune. Ces lapins ont été répartis en trois (3) lots de trois (3) lapins chacun. Les lots ont reçu les rations suivantes: la ration1du lot1(R1L1) était composée de l’aliment Panicum maximum C1, Aeschynomene histrix ; la ration 2 (R2L2), Panicum maximum C1, Stylosanthès hamata et la ration 3 (R3L3), Panicum maximum C1, Arachis pintoï. A chaque ration on a ajouté du son de maïs et de riz et du sel. Les lapins nourris à la ration R3L3, ont eu un gain moyen journalier de 9,13±4,33 g/j contre 8,51±2,22g/j pour R1L1 8,90±3,33g/j pour R2L2. Une différence non significative (p > 0,05) est observée entre les trois rations. La ration R3L3 donne de bonnes performances zootechniques et constitue un atout économique pour les cunicultures.Mots clés : lapins, rations, gain moyen quotidien, alimentation
 
 English title: Optimization of the use of Panicum maximum C1 and Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthes hamata and, Arachis pintoï on the zootechnical performance of rabbitsIn Burkina Faso feeding animals during the dry season is the main constraint on livestock development. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a diet based on Panicum maximum C1, Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthès hamata, and Arachis pintoï on the zootechnical performance of rabbits. The experimental device was carried out at the Farako-Bâ Research Station. A total of nine (9) male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) aged ten (10) weeks and weighing on average (790 ±39,04g) each, were distributed in three volume cages: 42 cm x 63 cm x 39 cm, each having a volume of 103194 cm3. These rabbits were divided into three (3) lots of three (3) rabbits each. The lots received the following rations: ration1 of Lot 1(R1L1) consisted of the food Panicum maximum C1 and Aeschynomene histrix; ration 2 (R2L2), Panicum maximum C1 and Stylosanthès hamata and ration 3 (R3L3), Panicum maximum C1, Arachis pintoï. Corn and rice bran and salt was added to each ration. Rabbits fed R3L3, had an average daily gain of 9,13±4,33 g/d compared to 8,51±2,22g/d for R1L1 and 8,90±3,33g/d for R2L2. There was no difference between the three rations (p > 0.05) but the R3L3 ration provides good zootechnical performance and is an economic asset for cuniculture.Keywords: Rabbits, rations, average daily gain, feed.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of the combination of fibrolytic enzymes and probiotics (a mixture of bacteria and yeast) on the performance of fattening lambs. Thirty-two male Ossimi lambs (weighing 39 ± 0.24 kg) were divided into four groups randomly (eight animals each). The first group (control ration, G1) was fed on a ration of 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 20% Egyptian clover (EC), and 20% wheat straw (WS). The second (G2), third (G3), and fourth (G4) groups were fed a control ration supplemented with Calfo Care® at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/ton diet of dry matter (DM). Results showed that the G2 and G3 rations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the DM, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and ether extract digestibility compared with the G1 and G4 rations. Moreover, the G2 and G3 rations increased (p ≤ 0.05) the percentages of total digestible nutrients (TDN), starch values (SV), and digestible crude protein (DCP) compared with the G1 and G4 rations. Both the G2 and G3 rations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the TDN, SV, and DCP as kg/day or g/kg w0.75 and kg or g/100 kg body weight compared with the G1 and G4 rations. Conversely, the G1 ration significantly decreased the feed conversion of DM, TDN, SV, and DCP compared with the experimental groups. Furthermore, the G2, G3, and G4 rations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the total weight gain by 25.34%, 52.20%, and 3.79%, respectively, compared with the G1 ration. The G2, G3, and G4 rations also (p ≤ 0.05) increased the concentrations of most hematological parameters, including triiodothyronine, total protein, albumin, and glucose, compared with the G1 ration. Finally, the best net profit was recorded with the G3 ration, followed by the G2, G4, and G1 rations.

EIGHT hundred Starbrow day-old broiler chicks were raised on deep litter on a commercial broiler starter ration. At the end of seven weeks the chicks were randomly and equally alloted to five experimental broiler finisher rations in which maize and gari constituted the main carbohydrate source in the proportions 58:0, 39:16, 29:24.5, 19:33 and 0.49% of ration, respectively. The protein source, groundnut cake, was varied accordingly such that the five rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. All other ingredients were mixed in the same amounts for all five rations which were balanced for essential nutrients. All chicks received ad libitum intake of feed and water from the eight week to the thirteenth week when the experiment was concluded. Feed consumption, growth rate, feed efficiency, dressed carcass percentage, liver Weight and abdominal fat percentage were used as parameters to evaluate the relative efficacy of the five ration treatments. 
 Birds on gari rations consumed 3.2% less feed on the average, than those on the Control maize ration, for nearly identical gains. Feed/gain ratio was, therefore, slightly lower for the gari treatments, the lowest value coming from the ration in which maize/gari ratio was 29%:24.5%. Average body weights, rate of gain and feed gain ratio were not significantly different. Variations in carcass and organoleptic measurements indicated no significant differences from dressed carcass percentage, liver weight percentage, tenderness, juiciness, colour or general acceptability. However, abdominal fat percentage was significantly [P<0.001] larger in the gari rations than the control maize ration. This value was highest in the ration that contained only gari as the major carbohydrate source. There was no significant difference in the iodine number of the abdominal fat of the five treatments. 
 The results of this study suggest that gari can replace all the maize in broiler finisher rations or constitute up to 49% of the whole ration, without any decrease in growth rate or carcass quality of broilers, provided such a ration is balanced for protein and amino acids. The best substitution level from this study appears to be at 50%, or 29% of the whole ration.

This study aimed to examine the composition of flavonoids and saponins in sheep rations added with multi-nutrient blocks with different levels of papaya leaves (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). The research design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used was T0: sheep ration added MNB without papaya leaves flour, T1: sheep ration added MNB using 2% papaya leaves flour, T2: sheep ration added MNB using 4% papaya leaves flour, and T3: sheep ration added MNB using 6% papaya leaves flour. The parameters reviewed were flavonoids and saponins. The materials used were sheep ration (forage and concentrate), multi-nutrient blocks and papaya leaves flour. The method used is making complete rations, making MNB, and the analysis stage. The treatment used in the study was a complete ration, consisting of forage and concentrate added with multi-nutrient blocks with papaya leaf levels of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. The results of the study were that sheep ration added MNB with different levels of papaya leaves flour did not show an increase in flavonoids and saponins. The highest flavonoids content was found at sheep ration added MNB using 4% papaya leaves flour while the highest saponin content was found at sheep ration added MNB using 6% papaya leaves flour.