Academic literature on the topic 'Rational choice. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rational choice. eng"
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Santos, Ricardo Simões, João, Matias, and Antonio Abreu. "Getting efficient choices in buildings by using Genetic Algorithms: Assessment & validation." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0026.
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AbstractThe energy consumption in buildings, can be reduced through a rational choice of the household appliances to be acquired. This choice can be based, on a specific criteria, settled according to the consumer needs. However, such choice, still needs to be optimized, since in general, an efficient equipment has a high investment, although a low energy consumption. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are used therefore, as an optimization technique, to get efficient and several solutions, based on those pre-selected from the market, and according to a set of criteria. However, there is a need to assess its robustness as well as its consistence in terms of convergence results. The quality of its solutions is also assessed, by comparing GAs results with those, obtained from Simplex method. The problem formulation, and its influence on GAs results, is also considered on this work, where it’s chosen the best one, among four proposed. In this paper it is presented a methodology that allows to promote energy efficiency in buildings, by achieving savings in terms of initial investment, energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the consumer. It is shown that GAs, can provide several and optimal solutions, through formulation and parameters suitable.
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MYERS-SCOTTON, CAROL, and AGNES BOLONYAI. "Calculating speakers: Codeswitching in a rational choice model." Language in Society 30, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501001014.
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Although the methodologies for describing many types of linguistic variation have been well developed, satisfactory theoretical links between data and explanation – especially links that include causal mechanisms – remain lacking. This article argues, somewhat paradoxically, that even though most choices reflect some societal pattern, speakers make linguistic choices as individuals. That is, choices ultimately lie with the individual and are rationally based. Rational Choice Models (e.g. Elster 1979, 1989, 1997) provide explanatory mechanisms for the ways actors in society select from alternative structures and available options. The Rational Choice approach taken here is enhanced by diverse theories of human action (e.g. Damasio 1996, Klein 1998, Lessig 1995). Analysis of codeswitching examples within a recasting of the Markedness Model (Myers-Scotton, e.g. 1993, 1998) suggests how a rationally based model offers better explanations for linguistic variation than do other approaches.
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Hashim, Rosnani. "Secularism and Spirituality." American Journal of Islam and Society 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v24i3.1531.
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This compilation provides a systematic overview of the development andchallenges of Islamic education in Singapore. After the introduction by NoorAishah and Lai Ah Eng, Chee Min Fui focuses on the historical evolution ofmadrasah education (chapter 1) and Mukhlis Abu Bakar highlights the tensionbetween the state’s interest and the citizens’ right to an Islamic education(chapter 2). In chapter 3, Noor Aishah elaborates on the fundamental problemof the madrasah’s attempt to lay the educational foundation of both traditionaland rational sciences. Azhar Ibrahim surveys madrasah reforms inIndonesia, Egypt, India, and Pakistan in chapter 4, while Afiza Hashim andLai Ah Eng narrate a case study of Madrasah Ma`arif in chapter 5. Tan TayKeong (chapter 6) examines the debate on the national policy of compulsoryeducation in the context of the madrasah, and Syed Farid Alatas (chapter 7)clarifies the concept of knowledge and Islam’s philosophy of education,which can be used to assess contemporary madrasah education.Formal madrasah education in Singapore began with the establishmentof Madrasah Iqbal in 1908, which drew inspiration from Egypt’sreformist movement. This madrasah was a departure from traditionalIslamic education, which was informal and focused only on the traditionalsciences and Arabic. The madrasah’s importance and popularity in Singaporewas attested to by the fact that at one point, Madrasah al-Junied was“the school of choice for students from the Malay states, Indonesia and thePhilippines” (p. 10). After the Second World War, there were about 50-60such schools, mostly primary, with about 6,000 students using Malay asthe medium of instruction. The number declined with the introduction ofMalay-language secondary schools in the 1960s ...
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Fischhoff, Baruch, and Amber E. Barnato. "Value Awareness: A New Goal for End-of-life Decision Making." MDM Policy & Practice 4, no. 1 (January 2019): 238146831881752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468318817523.
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The principal policy tool for respecting the preferences of patients facing serious illnesses that can prompt decisions regarding end-of-life care is the advance directive (AD) for health care. AD policies, decision aids for facilitating ADs, and clinical processes for interpreting ADs all treat patients as rational actors who will make appropriate choices, if provided relevant information. We review barriers to following this model, leading us to propose replacing the goal of rational choice with that of value awareness, enabling patients (and, where appropriate, their surrogates) to be as rational as they can and want to be when making these fateful choices. We propose approaches, and supporting research, suited to individuals’ cognitive, affective, and social circumstances, resources, and desires.
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Savickas, Mark L., and Erik J. Porfeli. "Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory." Journal of Career Assessment 19, no. 4 (May 26, 2011): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409342.
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Initially administered in 1961, the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) was the first paper-and-pencil measure of vocational development. The present research revised the CMI to reestablish its usefulness as a succinct, reliable, and valid measure of career choice readiness, with a few theoretically relevant and practically useful content scales for diagnostic work with school populations up to and including Grade 12. The new Form C was produced by combining rational organization of item content with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In the end, CMI Form C provides a total score for career choice readiness, three scale scores reflecting career adaptability dimensions of concern, curiosity, and confidence, and a score reflecting relational style in forming occupational choices. Initial evidence supports the face, construct, and concurrent validity of the CMI scores as indicators of career choice readiness.
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Krol, Oleg, and Volodymyr Sokolov. "RATIONAL CHOICE OF MACHINING TOOLS USING PREDICTION PROCEDURES." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2018.00667.
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Introducing the methods and procedures for predictive analysis into the design process contours of a variety of machining tools (MT) of metal cutting machines is the main aim of this article. A sequence of realization of prediction object (PO) choice as an initial stage of search of perspective designs is offered. Effective in this regard is the "Tree of objectives" apparatus, on the basis of which many ways of improving MT are formed, selecting progressive (reducing the dimension of the problem) at each level of the hierarchy of the constructed graph-tree. The procedure for selecting the prediction method (PM) as a means of generating the forecast data is developed. The task of choosing a method is structured in detail and uses "Information supply"as the main criterion. To this end, assessment scales of choice criteria have been formed, on the basis of which it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness for the PM selection process. The rules forPOcoding are introduced by a three-element information code, including information source classes – static data, expert estimates and patent data. The process of forecasting the MT components by the method of engineering forecasting on the basis of a representative patent fund is realized. The General Definition Table has been built (GDT "Machining tools") and estimates of the prospects of design solutions have been obtained. A fragment of the database of 3D models of promising MT designs in the integrated computer-aided design KOMPAS-3D is proposed.
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Dewi, Nevy Rusmarina. "Pendekatan Rational Choice Pada Reformasi Ekonomi (Doi Moi) Di Vietnam." POLITEA 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/politea.v1i2.4327.
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<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">The development of world globalization after the end of the Cold War made many countries in the world adapt to the changes in the existing world constellation. The countries that were most affected were those who supported the Eastern Bloc with communist ideology. Some countries in Asia with communist ideology, such as China, Vietnam, and Laos, have had to face such rapid changes in the world. The conflict between maintaining ideology by adopting the values of globalization is a very important issue. China strives not to be trapped in the entanglement of the globalization of the world by changing the pattern of thinking for the achievement of its economy through economic reform. Economic reform by opening up the economy in welcoming world free trade to take advantage of world trade, but still maintaining communist ideology is the solution for China. China's success in its economic reforms was taken into consideration for Vietnam, its communist ally, to adopt the same steps. With very bad economic conditions after the end of the Vietnam War and its limitations in carrying out reconstruction, real action was greatly needed by Vietnam amid the end of dependence on the Soviet Union. The economic reform movement through "Doi Moi" took effect since 1986 to overcome economic turmoil and efforts to carry out reconstruction reconstruction. The ideology he embraced made it a barrier for the international community to provide assistance to Vietnam. Globalization cannot be rejected because it provides an opportunity for the development and economic growth of a country.</span></p>
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Gownder, Joseph P., Robert Pekkanen, J. Mark Ramseyer, and Frances M. Rosenbluth. "The End of Political Science? Rational Choice Analyses in Studies of Japanese Politics." Journal of Japanese Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132977.
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Caronna, Roberto, Nadia Peparini, Gabriele Cosimo Russillo, Adolfo Antonio Rogano, Giuseppe Dinatale, and Piero Chirletti. "Pancreaticojejuno Anastomosis after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Brief Pathophysiological Considerations for a Rational Surgical Choice." International Journal of Surgical Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/636824.
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Introduction. The best pancreatic anastomosis technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still debated. Pancreatic fistula (PF) is the most important complication but is also related to postoperative bleedings and pancreatic remnant involution. We support pancreaticojejuno anastomosis (PJ) advantages describing our technique with brief technical considerations.Materials and Methods. 89 consecutive patients underwent PD with suprapyloric gastric resection and double loop reconstruction. Pancreaticojejunal end-to-end anastomosis was done by simple invagination with a single layer of interrupted pledget-supported Ticron stitches.Results. Pancreatic fistula occurred in seven patients (7.8%): six cases of grade A fistula resolved spontaneously, and in only one case of grade B fistula percutaneous drainage was necessary. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in only two (2.2%) of 89 patients.Conclusion. Pancreaticojejunostomy with minor changes in anastomotic techniques can contribute to improvement of the outcome of Roux-en-Y reconstruction regarding PF and other related complications. The particular reconstruction reported seems also to preserve the pancreatic exocrine function.
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Goel, Nishu Singh. "Angelina’s choice." South Asian Journal of Cancer 02, no. 04 (October 2013): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-330x.119903.
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AbstractThis is an opinion piece on how a celebrity’s personal choice to undergo prophylactic mastectomy on discovery of an aberrant gene, when publicly promoted, carries in itself the power to influence and impact healthcare trends and decisions. When celebrities advocate causes that are universally and uniformly acceptable and indisputable as the best in the realm of healthcare and cure (e.g. no smoking), it creates well-being and awareness in society at large. But those which are personal choices made out of a repertoire of other available and effective options may, because of celebrity preference, don the mantle of a norm. They thus run the danger of being blindly replicated by others without proper awareness and knowledge of the true potential of disease, risk factors, and other existing remedial or risk-reducing measures. Society should thus be encouraged to question, debate, and understand the validity, authenticity, and reason of the choices, especially those with a medical basis. This tempering of information with intelligence and rationale and making informed choices based on facts will serve humanity as a whole.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rational choice. eng"
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Romano, Clayton Cardoso. "Do ABC ao Planalto : a cultura política do petismo /." Franca : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103088.
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Orientador: Alberto AggioBanca: Caetano Ernesto Pereira de Araújo
Banca: Gildo Marçal Bezerra Brandão
Banca: Hector Luis Saint-Pierre
Banca: Rita de Cássia Aparecida Biason
Resumo: Este trabalho investiga a cultura política do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), do ABC ao Planalto. A chegada de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva à Presidência da República, em 2002, expôs o descompasso petista entre passado e presente. Em meio à crise enfrentada pelo partido - com dirigentes envolvidos em atos de corrupção -, proliferam interpretações que anunciam a morte do petismo, ao lado de defesas apaixonadas atestando sua vivacidade. Em ambos os casos, o ponto de chegada é o mesmo, qual seja, a conclusão de que o petismo atual não condiz com aquele de três décadas atrás, logo, em algum instante, os petistas romperam seus laços originais. Ao contrário, compreende-se aqui o petismo como uma cultura política sem cortes ou traumas. Admitindo que os historiadores pouco contribuíram até momento para clarear a questão, este estudo aplica o conceito de cultura política, valendo-se do marxismo gramsciano para concluir que o petismo não expressa propriamente uma tradição, mas um comportamento político específico, uma mudança políticocultural da sociedade "formada" durante o regime militar no Brasil. Controlada politicamente pelo arbítrio, transfigurada em sua face social tamanho o fluxo migratório aos grandes centros industriais e instigada em seu instinto egoístico pela nova dinâmica do capital, aquela sociedade passou a se organizar à margem do Estado, valendo-se, para tanto, de demandas econômicas e sociais em seus gestos de associação. O binômio crescimento-pobreza transbordou para além das estatísticas. Metalúrgicos de indústrias de ponta do capitalismo brasileiro passaram a expressar de modo visceral um comportamento social difuso e sistematizado de início pelo sindicalismo autêntico. Os movimentos grevistas de 1978-1980 foram assim expressões monográficas de uma nova ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper investigates the political culture of the Workers Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores - PT), from the ABC region to the governmental headquarters, the Planalto. The arrival of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to the presidency in 2002 exposed the irregularities of his party between the past and the present. In the middle of the crisis faced by the party - with leaders being involved in corruption events - some interpretations that claimed the end of PT have risen, along with some passionate defense statements which attested its vivacity. In both cases, the final point is the same, that is, the conclusion that the current party policy doesn't agree with the one in the past which shows that in some points the petistas (the politician from PT) had broken with its original bonds. However, the petismo (PT's policies) is understood here as a political culture without cuts or traumas. Admitting that historians gave little contribution to clarify this issue so far, this study applies the gramscian marxism to conclude that petismo doesn't express a tradition but a specific political behavior, a political and cultural change of the society "created" during the military regime in Brazil. Politically controlled by will, with transfigured social view due to the size of migratory flow towards the big industrial centers and instigated in its selfish instinct by new capital dynamics, that society began to be organized on the edge of the State, taking refuge with the economic and social demands in its acts of association. The binomial growth-poverty went beyond statistics. Metallurgists of Brazilian capitalistic industries began expressing a diffuse social behavior in a visceral way, systematized at first by authentic union acts. Striker movements from 1978 to 1980 were monographic expressions of a new political behavior experimented by Brazilians. PT has amplified the appropriation of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumen: Ese trabajo busca investigar la cultura política del Partido de los Trabajadores (PT), del ABC al Planalto. La llegada de Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva a la Presidencia de la República el 2002 expresó el desajuste petista entre pasado y presente. En médio a la crisis que impactó el partido - en razón del involucramiento de sus dirigentes en actos de corrupción - incontables interpretaciones fueran produzidas en las cuales se anunciava la muerte del petismo y al revés de la misma manera apacionantes defensas con vistas a certificar su vitalidad. El los dos casos el punto de llegada es el mismo, o sea, se concluye que el petismo actual no confirma aquel que se afirmó hace tres décadas, lo que significa que en su momento los petistas han roto sus vínculos con sus concepciones originales. Aqui, por el contrario, se comprende el petismo como una cultura política sin descontinuidad o traumas. Mismo con el reconocimiento de que los historiadores hasta el momento poco hicieran en el sentido de aclarar la cuestión esa investigación se utiliza del concepto de cultura política, traduzido por el marxismo gramsciano, para llegar a la conclusión que el petismo no expresa verdaderamente una tradición; más bien expresa un comportamiento político específico, un cambio político-cultural que se produjo en la sociedade bajo el influjo del regimen militar brasileño. Atrapada politicamente por el autoritarismo, desfigurada socialmente por el flujo migratório a los grandes centros industriales y fomentada en sus instintos egoísticos en razón de la nueva dinâmica del capital, la sociedad brasileña se volvió a organizarse al borde del Estado utilizando para ese movimiento las demandas econômicas y sociales en su empeño asociativo. El binómio crescimiento-pobreza traspasó las estatísticas. Obreros metalúrgicos de las industrias más avanzadas del capitalismo brasileño volveran a ... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo)
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Ellingsen, Simen Andreas. "Nuclear terrorism and rational choice." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2009. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nuclear-terrorism-and-rational-choice(c87cf97b-5be3-4ec3-b660-d8e5c1b7b639).html.
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The prospect of nuclear terrorism, terrorist acts with nuclear fission explosives, is analysed by means of rational choice theory, a methodology borrowed from economics which has hitherto not been systematically applied to nuclear terrorism. The methodology allows the formalisation and modelling of key choices faced by both the aspiring nuclear terrorist and a potential target government in order to work out best strategies under the assumptions that the players are rational and intelligent. Four relevant decision situations are studied: The terrorist's choice of whether to embark on an ambitious and expensive nuclear project or to stay with tried and trusted conventional methods; The choice of fissile material for a terrorist bent on building a nuclear weapon: highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium as fissile material; The government's choice of prioritising between branches of fissile materials safeguards (HEU versus plutonium); and the strategic interplay between terrorist and government in the case where the terrorist has acquired a nuclear weapon and must decide whether to use it to attack, for extortion (blackmail) or to deter an attack upon his own interests. Several key conclusions reached are of direct policy applicability. A simple decision theoretical analysis shows that heavy emphasis on HEU over plutonium in safeguards measures is justified. It is demonstrated that relative deterrence (by denial) of nuclear terrorism in favour of conventional means is possible, and the conditions for which are found. It is found, moreover, that to use an acquired nuclear weapon for blackmail or deterrence purposes is almost never preferable for a terrorist, and the best response of a government to an explicit nuclear terrorist threat is almost always forceful response.
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Walker, Samuel Edward Patrick. "Justifying constraint in the legal regulation of reproduction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/justifying-constraint-in-the-legal-regulation-of-reproduction(53bd029a-7606-4c4f-897a-6b66092eb4b9).html.
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This thesis seeks provide an original contribution by extending rational choice theory into a general theory of law which has not been done before. I term this theoretical framework rational constraint to distinguish it from other rational choice and contractarian theories. This is predicated on the increasing heterogeneity of contemporary populations and the claim that moral claims cannot resolve conflicts because they are not truth-apt (as I argue in chapter 1). I seek to extend rational choice theory by further developing the tradition of social contract theory as it applies to law in the contractarian tradition of Thomas Hobbes and David Gauthier. This can roughly be termed the contractarian version of social contract theory (in the introduction I distinguish this tradition from the other social contract tradition of contractualism). This tradition takes rationality to be a practical method for determining action based upon self-interest – this assumes that agents are not concerned about the wellbeing of others. Even so a broad range of restrictions are possible – this thesis seeks to take Gauthier’s theory (as the most contemporary and developed contractarian theory) further by providing a system that takes account of higher-order constraints as well. This approach is not concerned with the application of different competing sets of moral claims – rather the application of self-interested rationality to law is the focus and the original contribution of this thesis. Ultimately, I seek to provide a method for designing legal rules that can minimise conflict and cost in a heterogeneous population. The subject that I apply this framework to is reproduction which is non-economic in nature thus extending rational choice beyond it normal economic haunts. Moreover it is an area of law that concerns a part of life subject to a great deal of moral controversy thus demonstrating the superiority of the extended rational choice framework over moral systems in designing laws.
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Löhr, Stefan Franz. "Betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds: Eine Analyse aus ökonomischer und rechtlicher Perspektive." Universitätsverlag Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21414.
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Betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds ist in Deutschland Statistiken zufolge für jährliche Kapitalverluste im mittleren dreistelligen Millionenbereich verantwortlich. Der Gesetzgeber hat sich in der Vergangenheit wiederholt dem Problem angenommen und eine Vielzahl von zivil-, straf- und öffentlich-rechtlichen Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Anlegerschutzes auf den Weg gebracht, die mit dem Inkrafttreten des Kapitalanlagegesetzbuchs (KAGB) im Jahr 2013 ihren bisherigen Höhepunkt erreicht haben. Die Zweckdienlichkeit dieser Maßnahmen wird von Kritikern indes bezweifelt, darüber hinaus scheint sich in jüngerer Zeit ein neuartiges Phänomen des „sanktionslosen Betrugs“ auf dem Kapitalmarkt zu etablieren, bei dem es den Tätern gelingt entweder ohne, oder ohne nennenswerte Sanktionen – insbesondere in strafrechtlicher Hinsicht – davonzukommen. Als Beispiele seien hier die Debi Select Fonds aus Landshut sowie die POC-Fonds aus Berlin genannt, bei denen die im Hintergrund agierenden „Strippenzieher“ trotz millionenschwerer Anlegerschädigung weder in zivil- noch in strafrechtlicher Hinsicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden konnten. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der systematischen Erkundung dieses Phänomens, indem sie die Themenkomplexe „(sanktionslose) betrügerische geschlossene Fonds“ und „Anlegerschutz“ aus ökonomischer und rechtlicher Perspektive theoretisch analysiert und hieraus Verbesserungsvorschläge ableitet, die anschließend durch eine explorativ-empirische Expertenbefragung abgesichert und ergänzt werden. Konkret beantwortet die Arbeit folgende zentrale Forschungsfrage: „Was ist betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds und warum ist dies zum Teil sanktionslos?“ sowie vier ergänzende Forschungsfragen: (1) „Wie sieht die Anatomie betrügerischer geschlossener Fonds aus?“ (2) „Was sind die Ursachen und Anreizstrukturen, die betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds begünstigen?“ (3) „Welche Maßnahmen eignen sich zur Abwehr bzw. zur Eindämmung des betrügerischen Verhaltens bei geschlossenen Fonds?“ (4) „Bieten die zivil-, straf- und öffentlich-rechtlichen Maßnahmen des Gesetzgebers, insbesondere das KAGB einen ausreichenden Schutz vor betrügerischen geschlossenen Fonds?“Fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds is, according to statistics, responsible for annual capital losses in the mid-triple-digit millions. Legislators have repeatedly addressed the problem in the past and initiated a large number of civil, criminal and public-law measures to improve investor protection, which reached their peak in 2013 with the entry into force of the so-called “Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch” (KAGB). The usefulness of these measures are doubted by critics, moreover it appears that a new phenomenon of 'unsanctioned fraud' on the capital market appears to be established recently, where the perpetrators succeed either without or without significant sanctions, especially in criminal matters. Examples include the Debi Select funds from Landshut and the POC funds from Berlin, in which the 'stripping pullers' operating in the background could be held accountable neither in civil nor in criminal law despite millions in damage to investors. The present work is devoted to the systematic investigation of this phenomenon by theoretically analyzing the topics '(non-sanctioned) fraudulent closed-end funds' and 'investor protection' from an economic and legal perspective and deriving recommendations for improvement, which are then confirmed and supplemented by an explorative-empirical expert survey become. Specifically, the paper answers the following central research question: 'What is fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds and why is this partially sanctionless?' And four complementary research questions: (1) 'What is the anatomy of fraudulent closed-end funds?' (2) 'What are the causes and incentive structures that favor fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds? (3)'What measures are appropriate for the prevention or the containment of fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds?' (4) 'Do civil, criminal and public legislative measures, in particular the KAGB, provide sufficient protection against fraudulent closed-end funds?'
Books on the topic "Rational choice. eng"
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S, Bonchek Mark, ed. Analyzing politics: Rationality, behavior, and institutions. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
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de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno. Foreign Policy Analysis and Rational Choice Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.395.
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Since the end of World War II, foreign policy thinking has been dominated by a realist (or neorealist) perspective in which states are taken as the relevant unit of analysis. The focus on states as the central actors in international politics leads to the view that what happens within states is of little consequence for understanding what happens between states. However, state-centric, unitary rational actor theories fail to explain perhaps the most significant empirical discovery in international relations over the past several decades. That is the widely accepted observation that democracies tend not to fight wars with one another even though they are not especially reluctant to fight with autocratic regimes. By looking within states at their domestic politics and institutionally induced behavior, the political economy perspective provides explanations of the democratic peace and associated empirical regularities while offering a cautionary tale for those who leap too easily to the inference that since pairs of democracies tend to interact peacefully; therefore it follows that they have strong normative incentives to promote democratic reform around the world. Rational choices approaches have also helped elucidate new insights that contribute to our understanding of foreign policy. Some of these new insights and the tools of analysis from which they are derived have significantly contributed to the actual decision making process.
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Tenenbaum, Sergio. Rational Powers in Action. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851486.001.0001.
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Human actions unfold over time, in pursuit of ends that are not fully specified in advance. Rational Powers in Action locates these features of the human condition at the heart of a new theory of instrumental rationality. Where many theories of rational agency focus on instantaneous choices between sharply defined outcomes, treating the temporally extended and partially open-ended character of action as an afterthought, this book argues that the deep structure of instrumental rationality can only be understood if we see how it governs the pursuit of long-term, indeterminate ends. These are ends that cannot be realized through a single momentary action, and whose content leaves partly open what counts as realizing the end. For example, one cannot simply write a book through an instantaneous choice to do so; over time, one must execute a variety of actions to realize one’s goal of writing a book, where one may do a better or worse job of attaining that goal, and what counts as succeeding at it is not fully determined in advance. Even to explain the rational governance of much less ambitious actions like making dinner, this book argues that we need to focus on temporal duration and the indeterminacy of ends in intentional action. Theories of moment-by-moment preference maximization, or indeed any understanding of instrumental rationality on the basis of momentary mental items, cannot capture the fundamental structure of our instrumentally rational capacities. This book puts forward a theory of instrumental rationality as rationality in action.
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Callard, Agnes. Decision Theory and Transformative Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639488.003.0002.
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If rationality is the maximization of expected preference-satisfaction, it appears impossible to rationally decide to change one’s core preferences. For there is no stable set of preferences whose maximization could determine the rationality of the choice. Some have argued that this means one cannot rationally become, e.g., a parent, philosopher, or music-lover. But we do not become parents, philosophers, or music-lovers by choosing: there are no acts of choice that take as their input a non-parent and output a parent. The rationality of major life transformations is invisible to those who look for it at an initial moment of decision to become a new person. These transformations are gradual—and not because we thoughtlessly “drift” into the people we become. They are gradual because they are kinds of learning, and it takes time to learn to care about new things.
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Shepsle, Ken A., and Mark S. Bonchek. Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions. W. W. Norton, 1996.
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Shepsle, Ken A., and Mark S. Bonchek. Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions. W. W. Norton, 1996.
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Adam, Christian, and Michael W. Bauer. Policy and Organizational Termination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.138.
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In the perspective of a rational policy cycle, termination is the logical end of unsuccessful policy choices. As the deliberate conclusion or cessation of specific government functions, programs, policies, or organizations the termination concept consists of the ending of public policies, as well as public institutions. Its potential as a tool of enlightenment as well as its pitfalls in a world dominated by politics are presented by analyzing five decades of scholarly efforts in the area of policy and organizational termination.
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Zimmerman, Aaron Z. Alternative Measures and Taxonomies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809517.003.0002.
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Those advancing formal models of rational choice, action, and judgment tend to follow F. Ramsey (1931) in defining degrees of belief in terms of a person’s willingness to risk money, happiness, and other “good stuff” on the truth of a sentence or proposition. The dominant paradigm in cognitive psychology—introduced by D. Kahneman (2011) and colleagues—distinguishes “two systems” of cognition, and some theorists—e.g. K. Frankish (2004)—have tried to define “belief” in terms of these two systems. L.J. Cohen (1992) defines “belief” phenomenologically, in terms of feelings of conviction. The pragmatic conception of belief differs from all of these approaches, and is superior to the “two systems” analysis.
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McCarthy, Michael, and Mark G. Kuczewski. Reframing Care in End-of-Life Care Helpful Themes from a Catholic-Christian Understanding of Death. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.5.
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This article proposes an alternative approach to caring for dying persons at the end of life based on three aspects of care—embodied, compassionate, and communal—that have strong roots in the Catholic-Christian theological tradition. Before explaining the theological rationale for an embodied, compassionate, and communal focus in end-of-life care, it considers a number of key concepts in Catholicism-Christianity that provide an important supplement or corrective to the current overemphasis on patient autonomy, which almost exclusively centers on preference or choice. It then discusses the advantages of adopting themes from a Catholic-Christian understanding of death, particularly in the context of palliative care. The article goes on to examine embodiment as the basis of compassionate care within the community and makes the case for compassion as a fundamental element of a spiritual approach to patient care at the end of life.
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Okasha, Samir. Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0010.
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This brings us to the end of the journey. The discussion has ranged quite widely, so it is worth stepping back to re-capitulate the main points and to extract some general morals.Part I focused on a mode of thinking in evolutionary biology that we called ‘agential’. This involves using notions such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking has a number of manifestations. One is the use of intentional idioms (‘wants, knows’), usually in an extended or metaphorical sense, to describe adaptive behaviour. Another is the analogical transfer of concepts from rational choice theory to evolutionary biology. There are two types of agential thinking, which need to be sharply distinguished. Type 1 treats an evolved entity, paradigmatically an individual organism, as akin to an agent with a goal towards which its phenotypic traits, including its behaviour, conduce. Type 2 treats ‘mother nature’, a personification of natural selection, as akin to a rational agent choosing between alternatives in accordance with a goal, such as maximal fitness. The former is a way of thinking about adaptation (the product), the latter about selection (the process)....
Book chapters on the topic "Rational choice. eng"
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Bamberg, Sebastian, Eldad Davidov, and Peter Schmidt. "Wie gut erklären „enge“ oder „weite“ Rational-Choice- Versionen Verhaltensveränderungen?" In Rational Choice: Theoretische Analysen und empirische Resultate, 143–69. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90866-3_9.
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Origgi, Gloria. "Is Reputation a Means or an End?" In Reputation, translated by Stephen Holmes and Noga Arikha, 28–61. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196329.003.0002.
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This chapter is devoted to the theoretical approaches to reputation developed in the different branches of social science that adopt the theory of rational choice. It answers the principal questions of whether reputation can be seen as a rational strategy or as a means to other ends or an end in itself. The chapter explores the various ways in which cultivating one's reputation, given the costs it imposes and the benefits it confers, can be a rational strategy. It examines how several most prominent social scientists approach the questions on reputation. It also treats explanations that synthesize evolutionary theory with rational-choice theory only as “theoretical models” useful for illuminating the conditions for the possibility of the emergence of a social trait, such as reputation.
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"12. Choosing War: State Decisions to Initiate and End Wars and Observe the Peace Afterward." In The Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research, 411–42. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804785501-015.
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Macchia, S., D. Bossolasco, and A. Fornasero. "Strategies and Technologies for the Future Success of Students at School." In Handbook of Research on Didactic Strategies and Technologies for Education, 408–18. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2122-0.ch035.
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The reasons why drop out in the EU countries is so widespread are different in places and contexts. The Member States have therefore undertaken to identify the triggers and implement effective policy choices. In this chapter, the authors show, even in a local context, how wrong choices made by pupils at the end of middle school are one of the causes of school/educational failure. In order to get in front of all this, the authors’ school has applied for a method three years, improved day by day and supported by new technologies, which stimulates and guides the students towards a rational and informed choice about their future employment / training.
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Hacker, Philipp. "Regulating under Uncertainty about Rationality." In Theories of Choice, 87–114. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863175.003.0006.
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Theories of choice, and their legal consequences, dramatically differ based on whether they are premised on rational or boundedly rational actors. This chapter describes the interactions between, and regulatory implications of, three types of uncertainties that the selection of an adequate theory of choice requires. First, it suggests that Knightian uncertainty concerning the distribution of degrees of rationality between regulatees obtains in many regulatory areas. More recently, this has been described as a ‘knowledge problem’ of behavioural law and economics. This chapter argues that the best regulatory response to the knowledge problem is to frame regulation as a problem of decision making under uncertainty. Second, with the rise of machine learning, it is arguably becoming ever more possible to estimate the level of bias, or even entire rationality quotients, of individual regulatees. This opens the potential for, but also the pitfalls of, personalised law. Third, even Big Data analytics generally only offers a snapshot of a distribution of rationality at one moment in time. Recent economic analyses have suggested behavioural heterogeneity can evolve over time in unpredicted ways that may lead to unforeseen consequences, leading to economic complexity. This calls for a greater role of standards, as opposed to rules, in regulating environments with dynamic behavioural heterogeneity. The chapter focuses on the normative implications of different types of uncertainty. In the end, theories of choice can aid more transparent normative trade-offs but they cannot replace the value judgments, and normative discourses, that balance the involved interests.
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Tenenbaum, Sergio. "Pursuing Ends as the Fundamental Given Attitude." In Rational Powers in Action, 49–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851486.003.0003.
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The extended theory of instrumental rationality (ETR) takes the intentional pursuit of ends to be the only relevant attitude for the theory of instrumental rationality, and takes the principle of instrumental reasoning, a non-comparative principle, to be the only principle of derivation. However, it seems that if the agent has more than one end, we’ll need to introduce comparative or graded attitudes, such as the preference orderings in orthodox decision theory, in order to explain the rationality of choices among competing ends. In fact, ETR can provide a significantly better account of how a rational agent pursues multiple indeterminate ends through time than theories that make use of comparative and graded attitudes. ETR proposes that in the pursuit of such ends a rational agent must inevitably “satisfice” rather than maximize. At the same time, the chapter explains how some comparative attitudes, such as preferences, can be incorporated into ETR.
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Koutropoulos, Apostolos. "Learning Management System Evaluation and Selection." In Learning Management Systems and Instructional Design, 20–39. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3930-0.ch002.
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Educational technology goes hand-in-hand with pedagogy when it comes to teaching and learning. At the center of our collection of educational tools, especially those in online-only courses, is the Learning Management System (LMS). Compared to other newer technologies, such as blogs and wikis, the selection and implementation of an LMS requires more in-depth evaluation due to the higher re-implementation costs associated with making an initial poor choice. LMS choice goes beyond a simple comparison of the various tools available in the various LMS candidates. This case study examines the process by which the UMassOnline consortium chose an LMS to replace their end-of-life LMS. In this case we describe the Learning Platform Review process that drove our decision-making, the rationale behind this process, and the outcomes. This LPR process is based on agile methodology, and it was the first use case of the LPR for the UMassOnline consortium; we therefore also include a post-modem analysis, what we learned, and what we would have done differently.
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Shortland, Anja. "Why Do Hostages Die?" In Kidnap, 185–208. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815471.003.0010.
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Every hostage negotiation has the potential to end badly—yet almost all insured criminal kidnaps end with a safe hostage release. This chapter analyses under what circumstances abusing or killing hostages is a rational choice. It shows how private sector negotiators shape kidnappers’ pay-offs to encourage cooperative behaviour. When a kidnapping gang is reclassified as terrorist, the parameters of bargaining change substantially. Putting well-resourced but nervous and inexperienced civil servants in charge of negotiations results in the escalation of ransoms. Murder and torture for reputation drives up the prices for hostages from nations whose governments are willing to engage with terrorists. The UN ban on ransom payment therefore has unintended and counterproductive consequences.
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Aytes, Kregg, and Terry Connolly. "Computer Security and Risky Computing Practices." In End-User Computing, 1690–707. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-945-8.ch115.
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Despite rapid technological advances in computer hardware and software, insecure behavior by individual computer users continues to be a significant source of direct cost and productivity loss. Why do individuals, many of whom are aware of the possible grave consequences of low-level insecure behaviors such as failure to backup work and disclosing passwords, continue to engage in unsafe computing practices? In this article we propose a conceptual model of this behavior as the outcome of a boundedly-rational choice process. We explore this model in a survey of undergraduate students (N = 167) at two large public universities. We asked about the frequency with which they engaged in five commonplace but unsafe computing practices, and probed their decision processes with regard to these practices. Although our respondents saw themselves as knowledgeable, competent users, and were broadly aware that serious consequences were quite likely to result, they reported frequent unsafe computing behaviors. We discuss the implications of these findings both for further research on risky computing practices and for training and enforcement policies that will be needed in the organizations these students will shortly be entering.
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Kelly, Jamie Terence. "Conclusion." In Framing Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691155197.003.0007.
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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has demonstrated that a behavioral approach to democratic theory—one that rejects the rational actor model of decision making in favor of a picture of choice informed by empirical psychology—can yield important theoretical results. In order to do this, it focused on the phenomenon of framing effects and its relevance to normative theories of democracy. The author generated two results that will validate the behavioral approach. The first concerns democratic theories at the minimalist end of the spectrum. The second result applies to theories that place epistemic demands on the judgment of citizens.
Conference papers on the topic "Rational choice. eng"
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BALEŽENTIENĖ, Ligita. "THE SCALE OF ECOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IN URBAN AMATEUR GARDENS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.093.
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Though urban areas globally cover only about 3% of the earth’s land surface, the UAGs have received a little attention with regards to their ecological facilities. The main aim of this study remains to assess and compare the choice of ecological management options, which guidelines to improvement of environmental-friendly forms of gardening provided by two different UAGs, e.g. Užuovėja (U) and Nemunas (N) in Kaunas distr., central Lithuania. The gardeners were interviewed to identify their preference of different gardening means and reasons for their ecological choices using a questionnaire (n = 60) containing questions about gardening behaviour were surveyed. The interviewed gardeners differ in their commitment and motivation, their agro-ecological practices, and their habits when growing fruits and vegetables. Ecological means, e.g. self-generated compost, turf and organic fertilizer were applied in 43.3-16.7; 16.7-6.7 and 43.3-16.7% in UAGs N and U, respectively. Only 3 or 10% (N) and 4 or 13.3% (U), of respondent regularly used chemical control means regularly. Unfortunately, only 11 or 36.7% (N) and 4 or 13.3% (U) of respondents regularly and sometimes used biological control means. While 7 or 23.3% (N) and 1 or 3.3% (U) of respondents apply biological control means on rare occasion. The large amount of gardeners’, i.e. 63% (N) and 80% (U) employs the natural water resources. This study shows that choice of the urban gardeners for the farming options proceeds the act of production through the conscious manipulation of natural resources, by the means of mobilizing practices (soil improvement, pest control means, watering), as well as supported by knowledge and sustainable viewpoint. Nonetheless, local ecosystem services will support gardener motivation, enhancing knowledge of sustainable gardening, authorizing the rational use of bio-control and soil improvement products, expresses an essential need for rational usage of water and other environmental resources.
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Zhou, Feng, and Jianxin (Roger) Jiao. "Quantification of Customer Perception on Airplane Cabin Lighting Design Based on Cumulative Prospect Theory." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13624.
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This paper aims to develop quantitative models of customer perception on products and/or services. Prevailing methods often deal with this issue using utility theory, which uses normative models to make rational decisions without considering affective factors. This paper takes another perspective using cumulative prospect theory through how human users’ subjective experience impacts their choice behavior under uncertainty. Toward this end, quantitative measure of customer perception based on cumulative prospect theory and affective influence in terms of parameter shaping based on hierarchical Bayesian model with Markov chain Monte Carlo is proposed. A case study of airplane cabin lighting design is presented to show the potential and feasibility of the proposed method.
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Coulentianos, Marianna J., Ilka Rodriguez-Calero, Shanna R. Daly, and Kathleen H. Sienko. "Stakeholder Engagement With Prototypes During Front-End Medical Device Design: Who Is Engaged With What Prototype?" In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9020.
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Abstract Stakeholder engagement with prototypes during the front-end phases of medical device design can support problem identification, problem definition, and early concept generation. This study examined what prototypes were leveraged to engage specific types of stakeholders during front-end medical device design. Analysis of semi-structured interviews with 22 design practitioners in the medical device industry revealed some common associations of prototype choice for particular stakeholders. A few associations are highlighted: designers engaged users with physical three-dimensional (3D) prototypes, financial decision-makers with physical 3D and two-dimensional (2D) prototypes, government and regulatory stakeholders with 2D prototypes, and expert advisors with digital 3D prototypes. The rationale provided by practitioners revealed the intentional selection of prototype form for specific stakeholder engagements.
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Morgan, Neil, and Ian Finnie. "An Integrated Approach to Offshore Pile Axial Design in Sands and Clays." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92130.
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Most offshore pile axial design is currently carried out according to API RP 2A WSD, the recommendations of which we understand are due to change. As a result there are many new pile axial capacity calculation methods emerging which may become acceptable for use, each with its own particular site investigation requirements. For the same soil input these methods usually result in just as many different capacities and it is apparent that no single design method is applicable to all design situations and it would be unusual for a single method to be completely reliable for a single platform. We examine the sources of geotechnical uncertainty and concentrate on the transformation uncertainty which is principally due to the choice of pile design method. It would be a rational approach to use a single set of soil and pile input parameters and calculate the pile capacities according to all of the methods. This paper considers two major pile test sites that have had detailed site investigations (Pentre and Euripides) and uses the API, UWA, ICP, NGI, Fugro and Kolk pile design methods to compare the results. We examine the reliability of this combined approach with depth, which shows that our predictive ability varies between shallower (e.g. less than 20 metres) and deeper penetrations. It concludes with practical recommendations on how a rational pile design may be achieved. One such approach is to take the mean average of all the capacities calculated. Optimising pile design in this manner may help to identify and reduce unwarranted conservatism and conversely help to ensure that optimum pile capacity is achieved and to avoid installation difficulties associated with piles that are unnecessarily too long.
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Rodríguez-Calero, Ilka, Marianna Coulentianos, Shanna R. Daly, and Kathleen H. Sienko. "Single Versus Multiple Prototypes: Medical Device Design Practitioners’ Rationale for Varying Prototype Quantities to Engage Stakeholders During Front-End Design." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9046.
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Abstract Engaging stakeholders during medical device design processes, especially during front-end design activities, is a critical consideration for successful product design, which includes the safety and effectiveness of devices. The use of prototypes with stakeholders is encouraged by proponents of human-centered design, but guidelines for front-end stakeholder engagement with detailed descriptions of prototyping practices are lacking. One important question design practitioners must ask for each stakeholder engagement is how many prototypes to use. This study investigated reasons design practitioners chose to use one or more prototypes to engage stakeholders during front-end design activities within their design projects. Participants described using multiple prototypes, for example, to allow stakeholders to compare across different design alternatives, and to convey to stakeholders that multiple alternatives are being explored. Participants described using a single prototype, for instance, to probe for deep responses about a narrow topic and to refine a single concept through feedback. These results have the potential to inform design decisions and pedagogical approaches to prototyping use.
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Rasoulifar, Golnoosh, Claudia Eckert, and Guy Prudhomme. "Toward Supporting the Implementation of User’s Emotional Perceptions During the Design Process of Branded Products." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12994.
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Visual appearance of design plays a critical role in the initial customer perception as well as the emotional response and evaluation of product properties. For branded products, the design of a product must also have distinctive references to the brand values. The successful implementation of the brand value in terms of the physical product properties and product appearance is therefore crucial. This requires product designers and engineering designers working together to create a shared understanding of the brand and the rationale behind the design choices made to implement them. Although communication mechanisms do exist, researchers observed that product designers and engineering designers still do not understand each other well. As the design process progresses the link to original brand values appears to be gradually lost (e.g. through engineering changes and cost reduction activities). Therefore it is important to make sure that the brand identity, and intended emotional responses are maintained throughout the changes. The aim of this paper is to describe the factors contributing to the complexity of communication between product designers and engineering designers related to the development of branded products. Several alternative approaches for supporting this communication are suggested with the objective of making the brand more accessible and understandable to engineers, who are not trained in brand design and aesthetics, and of integrating an engineering viewpoint in early design idea generation and decision making.
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Shakarji, Craig M., Vijay Srinivasan, Vincent D. Lee, Meghan Shilling, and Bala Muralikrishnan. "Standards for Evaluating the Influence of Materials on the Performance of X-Ray Computed Tomography in Measuring Geometric Variability." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24651.
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Abstract The industrial use of X-ray Computed Tomography (known briefly as XCT, or sometimes simply as CT) is on the rise because a single XCT scan can measure an arbitrary number of features, and XCT instruments can measure features inaccessible to contact or optical instruments — even features that are completely encased in material. This makes XCT a natural metrological companion to additive manufacturing where internal features (e.g., lattice structures) can be produced. But this advantage of being able to measure through material is somewhat mitigated by the fact that the obstructing material has a strong influence on the geometric measurement and is a dominant source of error. This problem is addressed by two emerging documentary standards in ASME and ISO (International Organization for Standardization). These documents define standardized tests for metrological accuracies of an XCT system, where accuracies — now unambiguously defined — can be expressed as Maximum Permissible Errors (MPEs). These tests rely on calibrated artifacts that are designed to reveal various XCT error sources when the system measures these artifacts in prescribed manners. This paper gives the general philosophy behind Coordinate Measuring System standards and then applies them to XCT systems in particular. Rationale is given for the artifact choices contained within these standards, with particular emphasis on material effects, and clarifies the metrological coverage of these standards.
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Golestani, Maziar, and Mostafa Zeinoddini. "Gap-Filling and Predicting Wave Parameters Using Support Vector Regression Method." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49814.
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Knowledge of relevant oceanographic parameters is of utmost importance in the rational design of coastal structures and ports. Therefore, an accurate prediction of wave parameters is especially important for safety and economic reasons. Recently, statistical learning methods, such as Support Vector Regression (SVR) have been successfully employed by researchers in problems such as lake water level predictions, and significant wave height prediction. The current study reports potential application of a SVR approach to predict the wave spectra and significant wave height. Also the capability of the model to fill data gaps was tested using different approaches. Concurrent wind and wave records (standard meteorological and spectral density data) from 4 stations in 2003, 2007, 2008 and 2009 were used both for the training the SVR system and its verification. The choice of these four locations facilitated the comparison of model performances in different geographical areas. The SVR model was then used to obtain predictions for the wave spectra and also time series of wave parameters (separately for each station) such as its Hs and Tp from spectra and wind records. New approach was used to predict wave spectra comparing to similar studies. Reasonably well correlation was found between the predicted and measured wave parameters. The SVR model was first trained and tested using various methods for selecting training data. Also different values for SVM parameters (e.g. tolerance of termination criterion, cost, and gamma in kernel function) were tested. The best possible results were obtained using a Unix shell script (in Linux) which automatically implements different values for different input parameters and finds the best regression by calculating statistical scores like correlation of coefficient, RMSE, bias and scatter index. Finally for a better understanding of the results, Quantile-Quantile plots were produced. The results show that SVR can be successfully used for prediction of Hs and wave spectrum out of a series of wind and spectral wave parameters inputs. Also it was noticed that SVR is an efficient tool to be used when data gaps are present in the data.
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Wolff-Boenisch, Domenik. "A case study on student perception of online lecturing." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12710.
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This case study looks at implications of transitioning live to recorded lectures, a subject that has acquired an acute importance given COVID19 and the unexpected need to move lectures online. Over a period of six years, from 2015 to 2020, a questionnaire was handed out at the end of a ‘unit’ on environmental geoscience; a ‘unit’ at Australian universities represents a ‘course’ in the European and American tertiary system. This is a 2nd semester, 3rd year core unit of an Applied Geology course meaning that (most of) the polled students were about to acquire a bachelor of science finishing their undergraduate studies. The students were asked multiple questions related to iLectures and their attitude towards this asynchronous content delivery approach as integral part of a flipped classroom. Provided that such a STEM unit with 40-120 students can be deemed representative of the wider student community, the findings indicate that students in general have come to terms with online lectures, way before COVID19 gave them no other choice. Acceptance rates for iLectures were over 50 % across all years, except for 2020, a clear indication that COVID19 marred the online experience, probably due to oversaturation and isolation. The majority of the students saw benefits in this asynchronous lecturing approach, irrespective of whether the rationale behind it had been explained in detail. Despite seeing benefits of the flipped classroom and recorded lectures, one out of three students preferred live lectures. This number has increased after COVID19 to 40 %, yet another sign of the negative impact of the pandemic on online lecturing. This inference is unrelated to the quality of the recordings which was deemed high. Other than the conspicuous pandemic effect, the data show enough scatter to rule out any sustained trend of student attitudes across the years. This demonstrates the heterogeneous demographics of the students taking this unit. Finally, the importance of meaningful extended lecture notes to complement the recordings is highlighted.
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Babeshko, Eugene, Vyacheslav Kharchenko, Kostiantyn Leontiiev, Oleg Odarushchenko, and Oleksiy Strjuk. "NPP I&C Safety Assessment by Aggregation of Formal Techniques." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82270.
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Safety assessment of nuclear power plant instrumentation and control systems (NPP I&Cs) is a complicated and resource consuming process that is required be done so as to ensure the required safety level and comply to normative regulations. A lot of work have been performed in the field of application of different assessment methods and techniques, modifying them and using their combinations so as to provide unified approach in comprehensive safety assessment. Anyway, performed research have shown there are still challenges to overcome, including rationale and choice of the safety assessment method, verification of assessment results, choosing and applying techniques that support safety assessment process, especially in the nuclear field. In our work we present developed framework that aggregates the most appropriate safety assessment methods typically used for NPP I&Cs. Key features that this framework provides are the formal descriptions of all required input information for every safety assessment method, possible data flows between methods, possible output information for every method. Such representation allows to obtain possible paths required to get necessary indicators, analyze the possibility to verify them by application of different methods that provide same indicators etc. During safety assessment of NPP I&Cs it is very important to address software due to its crucial role in I&C safety assurance. Relevant standards like IEC 60880 [1] and IEC 62138 [2] provide requirements for software related activities and supporting processes in the software safety lifecycle of computer-based I&C systems of nuclear power plants performing functions of safety category A, B and C, as defined by IEC 61226 [3]. Requirements and frameworks provided by IEC 60880 and IEC 62138 for the nuclear application sector correspond to IEC 61508, part 3 [4]. These standards define several types of safety related software and specify particular requirements for each software type. So as to verify software and confirm correspondence to required safety level, different techniques are suggested in normative documents. We share our experience obtained during software failure modes and effect analysis (software FMEA) and software fault insertion (software FIT) processes into FPGA-based platform, NPP I&C systems based on that platform, and RPCT, integrated development environment used by RPC Radiy and end users to design user application logic, specify hardware configuration etc. We apply software FIT to outputs of RPCT, considering source code, configuration files and firmware files. Finally, we provide a case study of application the developed safety assessment framework and software FMEA/FIT practices during practical assessment of FPGA-based NPP I&C system.