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Santos, Ricardo Simões, João, Matias, and Antonio Abreu. "Getting efficient choices in buildings by using Genetic Algorithms: Assessment & validation." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0026.
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AbstractThe energy consumption in buildings, can be reduced through a rational choice of the household appliances to be acquired. This choice can be based, on a specific criteria, settled according to the consumer needs. However, such choice, still needs to be optimized, since in general, an efficient equipment has a high investment, although a low energy consumption. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are used therefore, as an optimization technique, to get efficient and several solutions, based on those pre-selected from the market, and according to a set of criteria. However, there is a need to assess its robustness as well as its consistence in terms of convergence results. The quality of its solutions is also assessed, by comparing GAs results with those, obtained from Simplex method. The problem formulation, and its influence on GAs results, is also considered on this work, where it’s chosen the best one, among four proposed. In this paper it is presented a methodology that allows to promote energy efficiency in buildings, by achieving savings in terms of initial investment, energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the consumer. It is shown that GAs, can provide several and optimal solutions, through formulation and parameters suitable.
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MYERS-SCOTTON, CAROL, and AGNES BOLONYAI. "Calculating speakers: Codeswitching in a rational choice model." Language in Society 30, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501001014.
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Although the methodologies for describing many types of linguistic variation have been well developed, satisfactory theoretical links between data and explanation – especially links that include causal mechanisms – remain lacking. This article argues, somewhat paradoxically, that even though most choices reflect some societal pattern, speakers make linguistic choices as individuals. That is, choices ultimately lie with the individual and are rationally based. Rational Choice Models (e.g. Elster 1979, 1989, 1997) provide explanatory mechanisms for the ways actors in society select from alternative structures and available options. The Rational Choice approach taken here is enhanced by diverse theories of human action (e.g. Damasio 1996, Klein 1998, Lessig 1995). Analysis of codeswitching examples within a recasting of the Markedness Model (Myers-Scotton, e.g. 1993, 1998) suggests how a rationally based model offers better explanations for linguistic variation than do other approaches.
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Hashim, Rosnani. "Secularism and Spirituality." American Journal of Islam and Society 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v24i3.1531.
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This compilation provides a systematic overview of the development andchallenges of Islamic education in Singapore. After the introduction by NoorAishah and Lai Ah Eng, Chee Min Fui focuses on the historical evolution ofmadrasah education (chapter 1) and Mukhlis Abu Bakar highlights the tensionbetween the state’s interest and the citizens’ right to an Islamic education(chapter 2). In chapter 3, Noor Aishah elaborates on the fundamental problemof the madrasah’s attempt to lay the educational foundation of both traditionaland rational sciences. Azhar Ibrahim surveys madrasah reforms inIndonesia, Egypt, India, and Pakistan in chapter 4, while Afiza Hashim andLai Ah Eng narrate a case study of Madrasah Ma`arif in chapter 5. Tan TayKeong (chapter 6) examines the debate on the national policy of compulsoryeducation in the context of the madrasah, and Syed Farid Alatas (chapter 7)clarifies the concept of knowledge and Islam’s philosophy of education,which can be used to assess contemporary madrasah education.Formal madrasah education in Singapore began with the establishmentof Madrasah Iqbal in 1908, which drew inspiration from Egypt’sreformist movement. This madrasah was a departure from traditionalIslamic education, which was informal and focused only on the traditionalsciences and Arabic. The madrasah’s importance and popularity in Singaporewas attested to by the fact that at one point, Madrasah al-Junied was“the school of choice for students from the Malay states, Indonesia and thePhilippines” (p. 10). After the Second World War, there were about 50-60such schools, mostly primary, with about 6,000 students using Malay asthe medium of instruction. The number declined with the introduction ofMalay-language secondary schools in the 1960s ...
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Fischhoff, Baruch, and Amber E. Barnato. "Value Awareness: A New Goal for End-of-life Decision Making." MDM Policy & Practice 4, no. 1 (January 2019): 238146831881752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468318817523.
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The principal policy tool for respecting the preferences of patients facing serious illnesses that can prompt decisions regarding end-of-life care is the advance directive (AD) for health care. AD policies, decision aids for facilitating ADs, and clinical processes for interpreting ADs all treat patients as rational actors who will make appropriate choices, if provided relevant information. We review barriers to following this model, leading us to propose replacing the goal of rational choice with that of value awareness, enabling patients (and, where appropriate, their surrogates) to be as rational as they can and want to be when making these fateful choices. We propose approaches, and supporting research, suited to individuals’ cognitive, affective, and social circumstances, resources, and desires.
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Savickas, Mark L., and Erik J. Porfeli. "Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory." Journal of Career Assessment 19, no. 4 (May 26, 2011): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409342.
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Initially administered in 1961, the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) was the first paper-and-pencil measure of vocational development. The present research revised the CMI to reestablish its usefulness as a succinct, reliable, and valid measure of career choice readiness, with a few theoretically relevant and practically useful content scales for diagnostic work with school populations up to and including Grade 12. The new Form C was produced by combining rational organization of item content with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In the end, CMI Form C provides a total score for career choice readiness, three scale scores reflecting career adaptability dimensions of concern, curiosity, and confidence, and a score reflecting relational style in forming occupational choices. Initial evidence supports the face, construct, and concurrent validity of the CMI scores as indicators of career choice readiness.
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Krol, Oleg, and Volodymyr Sokolov. "RATIONAL CHOICE OF MACHINING TOOLS USING PREDICTION PROCEDURES." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2018.00667.
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Introducing the methods and procedures for predictive analysis into the design process contours of a variety of machining tools (MT) of metal cutting machines is the main aim of this article. A sequence of realization of prediction object (PO) choice as an initial stage of search of perspective designs is offered. Effective in this regard is the "Tree of objectives" apparatus, on the basis of which many ways of improving MT are formed, selecting progressive (reducing the dimension of the problem) at each level of the hierarchy of the constructed graph-tree. The procedure for selecting the prediction method (PM) as a means of generating the forecast data is developed. The task of choosing a method is structured in detail and uses "Information supply"as the main criterion. To this end, assessment scales of choice criteria have been formed, on the basis of which it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness for the PM selection process. The rules forPOcoding are introduced by a three-element information code, including information source classes – static data, expert estimates and patent data. The process of forecasting the MT components by the method of engineering forecasting on the basis of a representative patent fund is realized. The General Definition Table has been built (GDT "Machining tools") and estimates of the prospects of design solutions have been obtained. A fragment of the database of 3D models of promising MT designs in the integrated computer-aided design KOMPAS-3D is proposed.
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Dewi, Nevy Rusmarina. "Pendekatan Rational Choice Pada Reformasi Ekonomi (Doi Moi) Di Vietnam." POLITEA 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/politea.v1i2.4327.
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<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">The development of world globalization after the end of the Cold War made many countries in the world adapt to the changes in the existing world constellation. The countries that were most affected were those who supported the Eastern Bloc with communist ideology. Some countries in Asia with communist ideology, such as China, Vietnam, and Laos, have had to face such rapid changes in the world. The conflict between maintaining ideology by adopting the values of globalization is a very important issue. China strives not to be trapped in the entanglement of the globalization of the world by changing the pattern of thinking for the achievement of its economy through economic reform. Economic reform by opening up the economy in welcoming world free trade to take advantage of world trade, but still maintaining communist ideology is the solution for China. China's success in its economic reforms was taken into consideration for Vietnam, its communist ally, to adopt the same steps. With very bad economic conditions after the end of the Vietnam War and its limitations in carrying out reconstruction, real action was greatly needed by Vietnam amid the end of dependence on the Soviet Union. The economic reform movement through "Doi Moi" took effect since 1986 to overcome economic turmoil and efforts to carry out reconstruction reconstruction. The ideology he embraced made it a barrier for the international community to provide assistance to Vietnam. Globalization cannot be rejected because it provides an opportunity for the development and economic growth of a country.</span></p>
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Gownder, Joseph P., Robert Pekkanen, J. Mark Ramseyer, and Frances M. Rosenbluth. "The End of Political Science? Rational Choice Analyses in Studies of Japanese Politics." Journal of Japanese Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132977.
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Caronna, Roberto, Nadia Peparini, Gabriele Cosimo Russillo, Adolfo Antonio Rogano, Giuseppe Dinatale, and Piero Chirletti. "Pancreaticojejuno Anastomosis after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Brief Pathophysiological Considerations for a Rational Surgical Choice." International Journal of Surgical Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/636824.
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Introduction. The best pancreatic anastomosis technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still debated. Pancreatic fistula (PF) is the most important complication but is also related to postoperative bleedings and pancreatic remnant involution. We support pancreaticojejuno anastomosis (PJ) advantages describing our technique with brief technical considerations.Materials and Methods. 89 consecutive patients underwent PD with suprapyloric gastric resection and double loop reconstruction. Pancreaticojejunal end-to-end anastomosis was done by simple invagination with a single layer of interrupted pledget-supported Ticron stitches.Results. Pancreatic fistula occurred in seven patients (7.8%): six cases of grade A fistula resolved spontaneously, and in only one case of grade B fistula percutaneous drainage was necessary. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in only two (2.2%) of 89 patients.Conclusion. Pancreaticojejunostomy with minor changes in anastomotic techniques can contribute to improvement of the outcome of Roux-en-Y reconstruction regarding PF and other related complications. The particular reconstruction reported seems also to preserve the pancreatic exocrine function.
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Goel, Nishu Singh. "Angelina’s choice." South Asian Journal of Cancer 02, no. 04 (October 2013): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-330x.119903.
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AbstractThis is an opinion piece on how a celebrity’s personal choice to undergo prophylactic mastectomy on discovery of an aberrant gene, when publicly promoted, carries in itself the power to influence and impact healthcare trends and decisions. When celebrities advocate causes that are universally and uniformly acceptable and indisputable as the best in the realm of healthcare and cure (e.g. no smoking), it creates well-being and awareness in society at large. But those which are personal choices made out of a repertoire of other available and effective options may, because of celebrity preference, don the mantle of a norm. They thus run the danger of being blindly replicated by others without proper awareness and knowledge of the true potential of disease, risk factors, and other existing remedial or risk-reducing measures. Society should thus be encouraged to question, debate, and understand the validity, authenticity, and reason of the choices, especially those with a medical basis. This tempering of information with intelligence and rationale and making informed choices based on facts will serve humanity as a whole.
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Duncan, Denvil, Arthur Lin Ku, Alyssa Julian, Sanya Carley, Saba Siddiki, Nikolaos Zirogiannis, and John D. Graham. "Most Consumers Don’t Buy Hybrids: Is Rational Choice a Sufficient Explanation?" Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 10, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2018.24.
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Although federal regulation of vehicle fuel economy is often seen as environmental policy, over 70% of the estimated benefits of the 2017–2025 federal standards are savings in consumer expenditures on gasoline. Rational-choice economists question the counting of these benefits since studies show that the fuel efficiency of a car is reflected in its price at sale and resale. We contribute to this debate by exploring why most consumers in the United States do not purchase a proven fuel-saving innovation: the hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV). A database of 110 vehicle pairs is assembled where a consumer can choose a hybrid or gasoline version of virtually the same vehicle. Few choose the HEV. A total cost of ownership model is used to estimate payback periods for the price premiums associated with the HEV choice. In a majority of cases, a rational-choice explanation is sufficient to understand consumer disinterest in the HEV. However, in a significant minority of cases, a rational-choice explanation is not readily apparent, even when non-pecuniary attributes (e.g., performance and cargo space) are considered. Future research should examine, from a behavioral economics perspective, why consumers do not choose HEVs when pricing and payback periods appear to be favorable.
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Rescher, Nicholas. "Predictive incapacity and rational decision." European Review 3, no. 4 (October 1995): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001642.
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Even agents possessed of free will must—if rational—be substantially predictable. However, there will be some situations where the act-choices of rational agents will not be predictable—for example, in circumstances of underdetermination due to insufficient information. And moreover, unpredictability can also result in situations of analysis overdetermination that arise when equally cogent analyses yield disparate results, as in the example of Dr. Psychic Psycho. The Prisoner's Dilemma affords yet another instance of this. Clearly, when determination fails even after rationality has had its say, then rationality's predictive power is exhausted! Fortunately, however, that does not mean that our human resources of issue-resolution are at the end of their tether.
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TROST, MICHAEL. "AN EPISTEMIC RATIONALE FOR ORDER INDEPENDENCE." International Game Theory Review 16, no. 01 (January 21, 2014): 1440002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198914400027.
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The issue of the order dependence of iterative deletion procedures is well known in the game theory community, and conditions on the dominance concept underlying these procedures have meanwhile been detected which ensure order independence (see, e.g., the criteria of Gilboa et al. (1990) and Apt (2011)). While this kind of research deals with the technical issue whether certain iterative deletion procedures are order independent, or not, our focus is on the normative issue whether there are weighty reasons for applying order-independent iterative deletion procedures to strategic games. We tackle this question from an epistemic perspective and attempt to figure out whether order independence contains some specific epistemic meaning. It turns out that, under fairly general conditions on the choice rules underlying the iterative deletion procedures, their order independence coincides with the epistemic characterization of their solutions by the common belief of choice rule following behavior. Presumably, the most challenging condition of this coincidence is the property of independence of unfavorable acts. We also examine the consequences of two weakenings of this property on our epistemic motivation for order independence. Although the coincidence mentioned above does not hold for both weakenings, there still exist links between the order independence of iterative deletion procedures and their epistemic characterization by the common belief of following the choice rules on which these procedures are based.
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Czech, Sławomir. "Choice overload paradox and public policy design. The case of Swedish pension system." Equilibrium 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2016.025.
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In this paper we focus on an adverse effect of extensive choice widely known as ‘choice overload’. We draw on the case of Swedish funded pensions for illustration and analyze the consequences of the design that allowed for maximizing the choice set. The analysis shows limitations of employing the rational choice approach to the real choice decisions biased with common psychological factors and demonstrates that government’s responsibility for the privatized pension system does not end with the design. We also emphasize the need for a decent default option, which would mitigate socially harmful results of adverse behavior effects like procrastination, status quo bias or abstaining from choice. After all, privatized pension systems still belong to the sphere of public policy.
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Dailydka, Stasys. "CHOOSING RAILWAY VEHICLES FOR CARRYING PASSENGERS." TRANSPORT 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.02.
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To carry passengers, diesel and electrical trains, railcars, passenger carriages and hauled locomotives are used in AB ‘Lietuvos geležinkeliai’ (Lithuanian Railways). In certain sections, the number of passengers is very low (e.g. several or up to twenty passengers per 24 hours), and therefore rolling stock is used inefficiently. For this reason, it is necessary to optimize the choice of vehicles on different routes taking into account the possibilities of their application and fluctuations in the number of passengers. To this end, a mathematical model has to be developed which would allow selecting an efficient means for carrying passengers in each case and, if required, to choose rational routes by applying the above introduced model.
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Shevyakov, Vladimir V. "THE CHOICE OF THE RATIONAL SCHEME OF GAS FLOW IN RESIDENTIAL FURNACE." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/10.22227/2305-5502.2018.4.5.
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Introduction. The study presents an approach to the correct selection of the gas flow system in the furnace, the dosed air supply to the furnace, the choice of the sizes of the furnace flues, the length of their channels and their number. Coordination of the furnace with the chimney provides the most efficient design of the furnace. The phenomenon that occurs in any heated vertical channel with respect to the ambient air temperature is called “draft” for the chimney and “flue effect” for the sections of the furnace. The draft or flue effect (vacuum or pressure) is expressed in units of pressure (Pa). This channel can create either a vacuum or a head depending on which end of the channel is connected to the atmosphere. Summarizing the values of flue effect on all areas of the furnace, the total value of flue effect for the entire furnace can be obtained. All channel furnaces according to the hot gas flow scheme are divided into two characteristic groups: direct flows and counter flows. Such a difference in the flow of hot gases has a great influence on the total value of the flue effect of the furnace. Since the total draft of the furnace system affects the process of wood combustion, i.e. the chimney draft and the flue effect of the furnace itself, the study of various schemes of the flow of gases in the furnace, has provided the most rational scheme of the flow of gases in the furnace, which got a patent on a utility model, which provides a more uniform process of wood combustion in the residential furnace and thus increases furnace efficiency. The study is aimed to analyze the various schemes of the flow of hot gases in the furnace and the choice of the most rational scheme. Materials and methods. A detailed examination and study of the effect of various gas flow schemes in a residential furnace on the characteristics of the furnace has been carried out. Results. The results of the study and examination have been used to develop recommendations on the choice of the most rational scheme of gas flow in the furnace and the choice of its design values. Conclusions. The results of the work can be recommended in the development of residential furnaces.
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Lipshitz, Raanan. "Two cheers for bounded rationality." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 5 (October 2000): 756–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0039344x.
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Replacing logical coherence by effectiveness as criteria of rationality, Gigerenzer et al. show that simple heuristics can outperform comprehensive procedures (e.g., regression analysis) that overload human limited information processing capacity. Although their work casts long overdue doubt on the normative status of the Rational Choice Paradigm, their methodology leaves open its relevance as to how decisions are actually made.
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Hamdani, Syed Nisar Hussain, and Eatzaz Ahmad. "Towards Divine Economics: Some Testable Propositions." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.609-626.
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Throughout the human history, the religion has remained a fundamental feature of social construct and human behaviour. Religious orientation plays important role in shaping human perceptions about economic and non-economic activities. With few exceptions, religion has remained an un-explored area in economics. For most economists, narrative and metaphor have no place in a rational choice theory, which is a wrong belief. In fact, any approach that considers behavioural laws satisfying the criteria of objectivity, reproducibility, and refutability is scientific and falls in purview of rational choice framework. A few studies, however, do exist on economics of religion under rational choice concerning to households, groups, and entire “religious markets”. [Becker (1976); Iannaccone (1988, 1990, 1992, 1993); Mack and Leigland (1992)]. Rosenberg (1985) presents discussion of the limitations of neoclassical economic theory due to its reliance on exogenous differences in taste and preference. It is argued that these limitations cannot be circumvented by findings and theories in other disciplines (e.g., psychology), because any measurement of preferences must begin with neoclassical assumptions about rationality. The alternative to tasteendogeniety advanced by [Becker (1976)] is found to only circumvent the usual difficulties if “stable preferences” notion is interpreted as needs. Further advancement is not taking place because of the important heterogeneous variables, which have yet received little attention from economists. Such variables may be found in attitudes and values acquired by consumers in variety of social and religious environments.
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Vos, Irene M. L., Maartje H. N. Schermer, and Ineke L. L. E. Bolt. "Recent insights into decision-making and their implications for informed consent." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 11 (July 21, 2018): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-104884.
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Research from behavioural sciences shows that people reach decisions in a much less rational and well-considered way than was often assumed. The doctrine of informed consent, which is an important ethical principle and legal requirement in medical practice, is being challenged by these insights into decision-making and real-world choice behaviour. This article discusses the implications of recent insights of research on decision-making behaviour for the informed consent doctrine. It concludes that there is a significant tension between the often non-rational choice behaviour and the traditional theory of informed consent. Responsible ways of dealing with or solving these problems are considered. To this end, patient decisions aids (PDAs) are discussed as suitable interventions to support autonomous decision-making. However, current PDAs demand certain improvements in order to protect and promote autonomous decision-making. Based on a conception of autonomy, we will argue which type of improvements are needed.
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Harvey, Frank. "Rationalité, non-rationalité et théorie prospective : un programme de recherche sur la gestion des crises internationales." Études internationales 27, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703557ar.
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The strength of rational choice theory and the decision models derived from its axiomatic base (e.g., expected utility, game theory, deterrence, etc.) has always depended on the degree to which the theory's underlying assumptions offer at least a close approximation of reality. Proponents of political psychology have compiled what appears to be an impressive body of evidence against the utility of theories derived from these assumptions. Decision-makers, particularly in a time of crisis, are either unwilling or unable to live up to the demands of rationality. Conflicting empirical evidence from rational choice theorists continues to fuel the debate. In the absence of any attempt to identify areas of consensus, theoretical progress on the question of how to effectively manage international crisis mil remain elusive. In the conviction that this ongoing debate has become counterproductive to the development of crisis management theory, the following paper attempts, in part, to identify areas of consensus and to develop an alternative research agenda around Prospect Theory.
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Mikhael, John G., Lucy Lai, and Samuel J. Gershman. "Rational inattention and tonic dopamine." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e1008659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008659.
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Slow-timescale (tonic) changes in dopamine (DA) contribute to a wide variety of processes in reinforcement learning, interval timing, and other domains. Furthermore, changes in tonic DA exert distinct effects depending on when they occur (e.g., during learning vs. performance) and what task the subject is performing (e.g., operant vs. classical conditioning). Two influential theories of tonic DA—the average reward theory and the Bayesian theory in which DA controls precision—have each been successful at explaining a subset of empirical findings. But how the same DA signal performs two seemingly distinct functions without creating crosstalk is not well understood. Here we reconcile the two theories under the unifying framework of ‘rational inattention,’ which (1) conceptually links average reward and precision, (2) outlines how DA manipulations affect this relationship, and in so doing, (3) captures new empirical phenomena. In brief, rational inattention asserts that agents can increase their precision in a task (and thus improve their performance) by paying a cognitive cost. Crucially, whether this cost is worth paying depends on average reward availability, reported by DA. The monotonic relationship between average reward and precision means that the DA signal contains the information necessary to retrieve the precision. When this information is needed after the task is performed, as presumed by Bayesian inference, acute manipulations of DA will bias behavior in predictable ways. We show how this framework reconciles a remarkably large collection of experimental findings. In reinforcement learning, the rational inattention framework predicts that learning from positive and negative feedback should be enhanced in high and low DA states, respectively, and that DA should tip the exploration-exploitation balance toward exploitation. In interval timing, this framework predicts that DA should increase the speed of the internal clock and decrease the extent of interference by other temporal stimuli during temporal reproduction (the central tendency effect). Finally, rational inattention makes the new predictions that these effects should be critically dependent on the controllability of rewards, that post-reward delays in intertemporal choice tasks should be underestimated, and that average reward manipulations should affect the speed of the clock—thus capturing empirical findings that are unexplained by either theory alone. Our results suggest that a common computational repertoire may underlie the seemingly heterogeneous roles of DA.
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Spanjaard, Daniela, Louise Young, and Lynne Freeman. "Emotions in supermarket brand choice." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 17, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-10-2012-0049.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to show how the application of multiple qualitative methods reveals insights into grocery shopping that cannot be captured via traditional survey methods. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-method approach was applied where the results of one technique provided the guidelines for the next as a way to understand how decisions are made within a grocery store. A mail survey started the process which subsequently presented input for the focus group, leading to videographic observations, depth interviews and consumer diaries. Findings – The results show that many decisions in the grocery store are not driven by the store environment but rather by emotional connections to the brand. This suggests that using behavioral and attitudinal surveys to understand this perspective may not adequately capture important aspects of grocery buying. Instead, consideration must be given to alternative methods which offer the shopper freedom to discuss what is important to them in terms of product selection. Research limitations/implications – This study is unique in applying multiple qualitative methods to an environment that is often overlooked as a source for meaningful insights into consumer decisions. The ability to use methods such as videography and self-assessment provides consequential reasons behind consumer behaviour rather than just statistical measurements of this. Practical implications – The results make a note of caution for retailers. Radical changes to brand offerings (e.g. deleting lines) and accessibility to preferred products (e.g. out of stocks, store layouts) runs the risk of potentially isolating regular customers. Our research shows that when a favorite product is not available, a substitute is not likely. Instead respondents tend to go to another store that does stock their brand, or they buy a smaller, cheaper product to “make do” until the next shop. Neither option is a good outcome for the consumer, the manufacturer or the store. Originality/value – This study will show that for grocery buying, not all decisions are rational where the use of available information is what drives the final brand choice. Instead, consumers display evidence of emotion that one research method in isolation is unlikely to adequately capture.
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Siddique, Muhammad Zahid, and Javed Akbar Ansari. "Skill Formation Strategies for Sustaining ‘The Drive to Maturity’ in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 541–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.541-566.
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Skill formation is a multi-faceted process. Skills are necessarily (by definition) instrumental—i.e. means for the achievement of a metaphysically defined objective. In Modernity,1 this metaphysical presupposed ‘rational’ purpose of existence (both individual and societal) is freedom [Kant (2001)]. In the history of Modernity, the primary source of the growth of freedom has been capital accumulation.2 A nation committed to Modernity (‘Enlightened Moderation’) is necessarily committed to articulating a skill formation strategy which can transform ‘human being’ into ‘human capital’. This transformation requires three distinct types of skills: individual, communitarian and political. This is because capitalism is not just a ‘lifeworld’ in the Habermasian sense but a system [Foucault (1976)]. Capitalist individuality requires a prioritisation of the preference for preference itself (‘choice’) over all preferences. This is necessary for the internalisation of capitalist norms (the commitment to profit/utility maximisation and competition to achieve this end). Capitalist individuality must also posses the skills which allow it to rationally identify and pursue its interest in the market and in the firm. It must also have the selfdiscipline to function as a diligent and co-operative participant in the capitalist work process.
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O`Bockris, M. J. "A primer on electrocatalysis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 3 (2005): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0503475b.
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A short review of the development and achievement of electrocatalysis in the last 50 years is given. The need for the knowledge of the reaction mechanism and position of the rate determining step for rational choice of catalyst is particularly stressed. Fundamental aspects of electrocatalysis are elaborated in more detail on the examples of electrochemically important reactions of hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction, as well on the reaction of electrochemical oxidation of organic fuels (e.g., methanol).
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Sinha, Nishi, and Dov Fried. "Clustered Disclosures by Competing Firms: The Choice of Fiscal Year-Ends." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 23, no. 4 (October 2008): 493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0802300404.
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In some industries, firms schedule their disclosure at about the same time, usually around the end of the business season, whereas in others such disclosures are more dispersed over time. This paper examines firms' choice of fiscal year-ends (and hence of disclosure timing) relative to the business cycle and to the timing chosen by other firms in the industry. We model a stochastic setting in which the periodic closing of books yields information that is relevant for subsequent managerial decisions. The results show that although it is business seasonality that is the primary determinant of reporting period choice, competitive forces in the form of information transfer effects and proprietary disclosure costs have the ability to make firms' fiscal years deviate from the business season. Such deviations are more likely in industries in which costs exhibit low serial correlation across seasons, where cross-sectional correlation between firms' costs is high, or where within-season variations in business conditions are moderate. Furthermore, if incumbent firms are already reporting at the end of the business season, newer firms may have a greater inclination to make a different choice. The results also offer a novel rationale for what makes the end of the business cycle an attractive fiscal year-end. In our setting it is the desire to acquire managerially relevant information at an opportune time, rather than the ease of collecting information or the desire to optimize disclosure timing, that makes the end of a business cycle a preferred fiscal year-end.
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Bougher, Lori D., and Richard R. Lau. "The origins of information processing preferences in politics: Examining parental influence." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1057.
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Cognitive motivations (e.g., need for cognition and need to evaluate) and decision strategies (e.g., rational choice vs. heuristic-based) importantly shape political understanding, evaluations, and vote choice. Despite the importance of these cognitive factors, few studies have examined their origins. Adopting an exploratory framework with a primary focus on parental influence, we uniquely address this research gap by identifying potential pathways through which parents can affect this development. Using a convenience sample of college students who participated in a 10-week panel study with their parents, we reveal that, unlike many other political characteristics, there is little parent-child similarity in cognitive motivations and decision strategies. We, however, find some similarity in the information search behaviors parents and children exhibit during the mock election campaign. The findings highlight the need to further investigate not only additional parenting behaviors, but also the socializing role of the information environment itself.
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Thornhill-Miller, Branden, and Peter Millican. "The Common-Core/Diversity Dilemma: Revisions of Humean thought, New Empirical Research, and the Limits of Rational Religious Belief." European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 7, no. 1 (March 21, 2015): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v7i1.128.
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This paper is the product of an interdisciplinary, interreligious dialogue aiming to outline some of the possibilities and rational limits of supernatural religious belief, in the light of a critique of David Hume’s familiar sceptical arguments – including a rejection of his famous Maxim on miracles – combined with a range of striking recent empirical research. The Humean nexus leads us to the formulation of a new ‘Common-Core/Diversity Dilemma’ (CCDD), which suggests that the contradictions between different religious belief systems, in conjunction with new understandings of the cognitive forces that shape their common features, persuasively challenge the rationality of most kinds of supernatural belief. In support of this conclusion, we survey empirical research concerning intercessory prayer, religious experience, near-death experience, and various cognitive biases (e.g. agency detection, theory of mind, egocentric and confirmation bias). But we then go on to consider evidence that supernaturalism – even when rationally unwarranted – has significant beneficial individual and social effects, despite others (such as tribalism) that are far less desirable. This prompts the formulation of a ‘Normal/Objective Dilemma’ (NOD), identifying important trade-offs to be found in the choice between our humanly evolved ‘normal’ outlook on the world, and one that is more rational and ‘objective’. Can we retain the pragmatic benefits of supernatural belief while avoiding irrationality and intergroup conflict? It may well seem that rationality is incompatible with any wilful sacrifice of objectivity (and we appreciate the force of this austere view). But in a situation of uncertainty, an attractive compromise may be available by moving from the competing factions and mutual contradictions of ‘first-order’ supernaturalism to a more abstract and tolerant ‘second-order’ view, which itself can be given some distinctive (albeit controversial) intellectual support through the increasingly popular Fine Tuning Argument. We end by proposing a ‘Maxim of the Moon’ to express the undogmatic spirit of this second-order religiosity, providing a cautionary metaphor to counter the pervasive bias endemic to the human condition, and offering a more cooperation- and humility-enhancing understanding of religious diversity in a tense and precarious globalised age.
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Rubleva, Olga. "RATIONAL VALUES OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE END PRESSING PROCESS OF TENON JOINT ELEMENTS." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.2/18.
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Glue tenon joints are widely used in wood products. The face pressing method of the tenon joint elements is an economical alternative to traditional milling. The industrial implementation of the new method requires a reasonable choice of process operating parameters that ensure high quality processing with minimal resource costs. This multicriteria problem belongs to the field of operations research and is solved by mathematical modeling methods. The goal of the work is to determine the rational values of the parameters of the end face pressing process of rectangular eyes in blanks from wood of typical species: coniferous (pine), broad-leaved diffuse-porous (birch), leaf ring-porous (oak). The development of the objective function for the optimization procedure was carried out on the basis of the principle of fair compromise with the reduction of particular criteria to dimensionless form. To construct the objective function, we used regression models that describe the output parameters of the process: the pressing force, the hardness of eye bottoms, and the depth of the deformed zone. The search for solutions to optimization problems was performed using the generalized reduced gradient method in the Microsoft Excel software package. The rational values of the input parameters (moisture content, depth and width of the eyes) and the expected values of the output parameters for each of the studied species have been determined. Recommended moisture values for blanks from pine wood are 8%, birch - 9.5%, oak - 7%; the depth of the pressed eyes is 11, 8 and 9 mm, respectively, the width of the eyes is 4 mm. The objective function has the potential in the direction of reducing the width of the eyes, which can be used to improve the strength characteristics of adhesive joints on multiple extruded spikes.
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Bandurin, Ivan, Vladimir Ivanov, Igor Kozyrev, Vladimir Korobov, Alexey Khaimin, Anastasia Martirosian, and Sergey Trashchenkov. "Optimization of the selection of sections in the distribution line considering reactive power compensation." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601070.
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Today, the increase in reactive power consumption far exceeds the increase in active power consumption. Due to the increasing demands of the end-users for the quality of the supply of electricity, the problem of joint selection of rational sections and places of installation of reactive power compensation in the distribution line becomes relevant. A mathematical model and algorithm allowing such a choice are proposed. The mathematical model can be used both in the design of new lines and in the reconstruction of existing lines. An example is given.
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Craske, James, and Janis Loschmann. "On Rationality." Political Studies Review 16, no. 4 (May 7, 2018): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929918771455.
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Rationality is an enduring topic of interest across the disciplines and has become even more so, given the current crises that are unfolding in our society. The four books reviewed here, which are written by academics working in economics, political science, political theory and philosophy, provide an interdisciplinary engagement with the idea of rationality and the way it has shaped the institutional frameworks and global political economy of our time. Rational choice theory has certainly proved to be a useful analytic tool in certain contexts, and instrumental reason has been a key tenet of human progress in several periods of history, including the industrial revolution and the modernity that emerged in the nineteenth century. Given the complexity of our current challenges, however, is it time to ask whether this paradigm might be better complemented by more holistic and heterodox approaches? Hindmoor A and Taylor TY (2015) Rational Choice (Political Analysis), 2nd edn. London; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Massumi (2015) The Power at the End of the Economy. Durham: Duke University Press. Brown (2015) Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. New York: Zone Books. Ludovisi SG (ed.) (2015) Critical Theory and the Challenge of Praxis: Beyond Reification. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
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Chung, Heewon, and Myungsun Kim. "Encoding of Rational Numbers and Their Homomorphic Computations for FHE-Based Applications." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 06 (September 2018): 1023–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118500193.
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This work addresses a basic problem of security systems that operate on very sensitive information. Specifically, we are interested in the problem of privately handling numeric data represented by rational numbers (e.g., medical records). Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is one of the natural and powerful tools for ensuring privacy of sensitive data, while allowing complicated computations on the data. However, because the native plaintext domain of known FHE schemes is restricted to a set of quite small integers, it is not easy to obtain efficient algorithms for encrypted rational numbers in terms of space and computation costs. For example, the naïve decimal representation considerably restricts the choice of parameters in employing an FHE scheme, particularly the plaintext size. Our basic strategy is to alleviate this inefficiency by using a different representation of rational numbers instead of naïve expressions. In this work we express rational numbers as continued fractions. Because continued fractions enable us to represent rational numbers as a sequence of integers, we can use a plaintext space with a small size while preserving the same quality of precision. However, this encoding technique requires performing very complex arithmetic operations, such as division and modular reduction. Theoretically, FHE allows the evaluation of any function, including modular reduction at encrypted data, but it requires a Boolean circuit of very high degree to be constructed. Hence, the primary contribution of this work is developing an approach to solve this efficiency problem using homomorphic operations with small degrees.
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Huybers, Twan, and Jason Mazanov. "What Would Kim Do: A Choice Study of Projected Athlete Doping Considerations." Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 4 (July 2012): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.4.322.
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This paper reports on an empirical discrete choice model of the factors influencing a hypothetical athlete’s deliberations around using prohibited performance enhancing substances (doping) developed from a sample of 259 elite Australian athletes (76% Australian, Worlds or Olympic). Kim was constructed as a gender neutral athlete at the same level and stage of career as the respondent. The results indicate athletes felt Kim would be more at risk of considering doping if convinced by a coach or senior athlete of disproportionate immediate gains to performance with little or no consequences (e.g., low risk of prosecution). Conversely, athletes indicated Kim was felt to be less inclined to consider doping if doping would be fatal, to achieve or maintain performance, large fines ($150,000) or no financial gain. The choice model also indicates elite athletes’ projections about doping considerations were rational in character. The implications for managing the role of drugs in sport suggest antidoping could be improved with precisely timed testing, changing incentive structures within sport, concealing test accuracy and publicly humiliating athletes caught doping.
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Quadrini, Isabella, Deema Ujayli, and Amanda Lynch. "“The Best Portion of Your Life Is Small:” The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Food Choices and Eating Motivations." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_056.
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Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe food choice changes and explain food choice rationales to understand dietary intake patterns in the first year following bariatric surgery. Methods Thirty bariatric surgery candidates (19 sleeve gastrectomy, 11 gastric bypass) were recruited to participate in a mixed methods study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants pre-surgery and at 6- and 12-months post-surgery to explore food choices, dietary patterns and behaviors. Block Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) were completed at each time point. Transcripts were coded using a constant comparative method. Emergent themes were compared across time points. A matrix was created to display food classifications and dietary patterns. Pre-and post- surgery food group and macronutrient comparisons were made using paired t-tests. Results Three themes emerged to describe food choice patterns: macronutrient content at meals and snacks, eating structure and routine, and “eating out” habits. Both pre- and post-surgery, protein foods (e.g., dairy and lean meats) and vegetables were the most commonly reported “healthy” foods and were valued for satiety. Unhealthy foods included desserts, sweets, salty snacks, and fruit. Participants unanimously described reduced portion size, but not all chose foods based on perceptions of health. Other important food choice motivators included hunger, convenience, control and enjoyment. FFQ data revealed that participants reduced intake of all food groups at 6 months with increases in servings of fat (P < 0.05) 12 months. At 6 months, there was an increase in % calories from protein (P < 0.000) and a decrease in % calories from sweets (P < 0.021). At 12-months, there was a reversal of this trend: Protein decreased to 20% of calories (P < 0.007) and sweets increased to 18% (P < 0.045). Conclusions Participants’ perceptions of healthy and unhealthy food did not drive a majority of food choice decisions following bariatric surgery. Post-surgery changes in food choice patterns and dietary behaviors may not be long-term, which could impact weight loss outcomes. Funding Sources Oakland University and William Beaumont Hospital.
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McCauley, Melanie, Constance Benson, and Darcy Wooten. "2530. TACO Tuesday as a Medical Education Tool." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2208.
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Abstract Background Novel strategies in medical education including the flipped classroom, test-enhanced learning, and gaming have proven to be effective for preclinical learners but little is known about their efficacy in post-graduate education. We implemented an educational tool in our Infectious Diseases (ID) Fellowship Training program called TACO (To Assess Cognitive Operations) Tuesday that utilizes aspects of the flipped classroom, test-enhanced learning, and gaming to improve ID fellow engagement, satisfaction, knowledge retention, and board examination preparation in association with a weekly ID core didactic curriculum. Methods One to three multiple choice clinical vignettes were emailed to ID fellows the day prior to their weekly didactic lecture. The first fellow to answer all questions correctly was the winner for the week. The correct answer choices along with detailed rationales were distributed to all fellows at the end of the week. After one year of using this educational tool, we surveyed fellows to evaluate its impact on their engagement with the weekly didactic sessions, self-perception of content retention, and sense of preparation for the ID board examination. Results We had a response rate of 82% with 9 of 11 fellows polled participating. Of those, two-thirds attempted to answer the multiple-choice questions prior to lecture and most (77%) reviewed the correct answer choices and rationales weekly. All participants felt the educational tool helped improve their engagement with the lectures and half felt it increased overall satisfaction with their educational experience. The majority felt the tool increased content retention and their level of preparation for the ID board examination. Implementation of this tool was associated with a higher mean IDSA in-training examination score compared with scores from the previous year (518 vs 469). Conclusion ID fellows found that an educational tool utilizing a flipped classroom, test-enhanced learning, and gaming in association with a weekly core didactic curriculum increased their engagement, satisfaction, knowledge retention, and board examination preparation. Future studies will investigate the impact of this tool on knowledge retention and ID board examination scores within our institution as well as across institutions. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Gersel, Johan, and Morten Sørensen Thaning. "The Plight to Choose: Cultivating Practical Deliberation in Management Learning and Education." Journal of Management Education 44, no. 5 (July 10, 2020): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1052562920937034.
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Departing from discussions at Research in Management Learning & Education (RMLE) Unconferences, we identify the problem of practical deliberation: When faced with multiple, relevant theories that all demand to be given weight in a process of deliberation, how do management students, while drawing on these theories, justify their choice? Based on contemporary practical philosophy, we claim that students must aim for rational necessitation when practically deliberating about such decisions. Using the example of our teaching on a Master of Public Governance program at a major European business school, we delineate how we have employed a philosophical pedagogy to teach MBA students to practically deliberate in order to reach rational necessitation. With our theoretical and practical research, we aim to show how contemporary practical philosophy offers a distinct, original contribution to management learning and education in contrast with the traditional philosophies of education We end the article by suggesting and motivating five avenues of further research into the problem of practical deliberation in management learning and education.
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Mueller, Sean, Adrian Vatter, and Charlie Schmid. "Self-Interest or Solidarity?" Statistics, Politics and Policy 7, no. 1-2 (December 20, 2016): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2016-0003.
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AbstractThis article puts the self-interest hypothesis to an empirical test by analysing the 2004 referendum on fiscal equalisation in Switzerland. That vote put forth a series of reforms which created regional winners and loser in terms of having to pay or receiving unconditional funding. Although Switzerland is usually portrayed as a paradigmatic case in terms of inter-regional solidarity and national integration, we show that rational and selfish cost-benefit calculations strongly mattered for the end-result. We rely on a multi-level model with referendum and other data on more than 2700 municipalities and all 26 cantons. More broadly, our findings confirm that rational choice theory works well for voting on straightforward monetary issues with a clearly defined group of winners and losers. However, symbolic interests such as party strength and cultural predispositions against state intervention and in favour of subsidiarity also matter and need to be taken into account alongside.
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Fierke, K. M. "Agents of death: the structural logic of suicide terrorism and martyrdom." International Theory 1, no. 1 (March 2009): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971909000049.
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While the strategic objectives of those who organize suicide terrorism may be explained in rationalist terms, the choice of those who volunteer to be candidates for death is far more problematic, given the high premium, at least within international relations theory, on survival as the ultimate rational end. The rational choice model also makes it difficult to take language or emotion into account as factors in constituting the meaning of the act. This article begins with an observation: In Western discourse the acts of human bombs tend to be referred to as ‘suicide terrorism’ or ‘suicide bombings’; by contrast the terminology of ‘martyrdom operations’ is more prevalent in the Arab and Muslim Middle East, or among Islamists in the West. The first section of the paper examines the importance of context for understanding the rationality of an action. The second explores ‘martyrdom’ and ‘suicide’ as two distinct frameworks for giving meaning to an act of voluntary death in the post-9/11 world, and the emotional dynamics that link these two ‘games’ to a larger structural logic. The third section further develops the structural logic that emerges from the interaction of the two. The conclusions analyse the significance of this argument for rethinking both the structural dynamics of this international context, as well as the theoretical model of games.
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RICH, BEN A. "Pathologizing Suffering and the Pursuit of a Peaceful Death." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 4 (July 17, 2014): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180114000085.
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Abstract:The specialty of psychiatry has a long-standing, virtually monolithic view that a desire to die, even a desire for a hastened death among the terminally ill, is a manifestation of mental illness. Recently, psychiatry has made significant inroads into hospice and palliative care, and in doing so brings with it the conviction that dying patients who seek to end their suffering by asserting control over the time and manner of their inevitable death should be provided with psychotherapeutic measures rather than having their expressed wishes respected as though their desire for an earlier death were the rational choice of someone with decisional capacity. This article reviews and critiques this approach from the perspective of recent clinical data indicating that patients who secure and utilize a lethal prescription are generally exercising an autonomous choice unencumbered by clinical depression or other forms of incapacitating mental illness.
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Sylvestre, Marie-Eve. "Rethinking Criminal Responsibility for Poor Offenders: Choice, Monstrosity, and the Logic of Practice." McGill Law Journal 55, no. 4 (February 16, 2011): 771–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000785ar.
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In theory and in discourse, Canadian criminal law insists on the importance of free will, choice, and difference in order to hold someone criminally responsible and to legitimize punishment. Yet legal doctrine is constructed and applied in a very technical and descriptive manner that usually casts aside practical considerations, proceeds on utilitarian grounds, and simplifies what it means to be free, rational, and different. Recent proposals to strengthen or to eliminate the retributive model (e.g., to include in the analysis considerations such as socio-economic disparities and power differential or to definitely shift the discourse toward utilitarian considerations) still rely on assumptions about agency, liberty, and equality that are grounded in contested sociological evidence. As a result, their capacity to promote concrete reform is limited. In this paper, the author draws from the works of Bourdieu and other praxis theorists and argues that their research could shed new light on our understanding of choice and difference—two essential components in the assessment of responsibility. The author concludes by showing what criminal law theory could look like, especially in the case of poor offenders, if reformers were to consider such sociological evidence.
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Rudski, Jeffrey M., and Jennifer Volksdorf. "Pictorial versus Textual Information and the Ratio-Bias Effect." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 2 (October 2002): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.2.547.
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The ratio-bias effect refers to the perception that a low probability event is more likely when presented in the form of a larger, e.g., 10-in-100, than smaller, e.g., 1-in-10, numerical ratio. This phenomenon has been used to help distinguish between rational-analytic versus heuristic-automatic ways of problem solving. In the current study, responding in accordance with the ratio bias was more prevalent when choices were presented pictorially as opposed to textually. Results are discussed with respect to how various factors, including mode of information presentation, may affect whether problems are solved via heuristic, automatic processes as opposed to effortful, analytic strategies.
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Górska, Katarzyna, Andrzej Horzela, and Roberto Garrappa. "Some results on the complete monotonicity of Mittag-Leffler functions of Le Roy type." Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis 22, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 1284–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fca-2019-0068.
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Abstract The paper [5] by R. Garrappa, S. Rogosin, and F. Mainardi, entitled “On a generalized three-parameter Wright function of the Le Roy type” and published in Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 20 (2017), 1196–1215, ends up leaving the open question concerning the range of the parameters α, β and γ for which Mittag-Leffler functions of Le Roy type $\begin{array}{} F_{\alpha, \beta}^{(\gamma)} \end{array}$ are completely monotonic. Inspired by the 1948 seminal H. Pollard’s paper which provides the proof of the complete monotonicity of the one-parameter Mittag-Leffler function, the Pollard approach is used to find the Laplace transform representation of $\begin{array}{} F_{\alpha, \beta}^{(\gamma)} \end{array}$ for integer γ = n and rational 0 < α ≤ 1/n. In this way it is possible to show that the Mittag-Leffler functions of Le Roy type are completely monotone for α = 1/n and β ≥ (n + 1)/(2n) as well as for rational 0 < α ≤ 1/2, β = 1 and n = 2. For further integer values of n the complete monotonicity is tested numerically for rational 0 < α < 1/n and various choices of β. The obtained results suggest that for the complete monotonicity the condition β ≥ (n + 1)/(2n) holds for any value of n.
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Puaschunder, Julia. "Nudgitize me! A behavioral Finance Approach to minimize losses and maximize profits from Heuristics and Biases." International Journal of Management Excellence 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 1241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v10i2.957.
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Behavioral Finance is one of the most novel developments in Behavioral Economics. Since the end of the 1970ies a wide range of psychological, economic and sociological laboratory and field experiments proved human beings deviating from rational choices. Standard neoclassical profit maximization axioms were outlined to fail to explain how human actually behave. Human beings were rather found to use heuristics in the day-to-day decision making. These mental short cuts enable to cope with information overload in a complex world. Behavioral economists proposed to nudge and wink citizens to make better choices for themwith many different applications in very many different domains. This paper reviews and proposes how to use mental heuristics, biases and nudges in the finance domain to profit from markets.
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Alsharif, Mohammad A., Michael D. Peters, and Timothy J. Dixon. "Designing and Implementing Effective Campus Sustainability in Saudi Arabian Universities: An Assessment of Drivers and Barriers in a Rational Choice Theoretical Context." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125096.
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Saudi Arabia is a developing country that is experiencing a rapid growth in its population and level of urbanisation. Higher education (HE) in the country has developed rapidly over the last ten years, and it is still moving through numerous major reforms. Largely, the concept of sustainability has not yet been formally adopted in public institutions in a way that could sufficiently remedy the range of activities that currently impact negatively on the environment. The central aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which planning and action for sustainability is currently being taken on university campuses in Saudi Arabia, and to review the opportunities and challenges for encouraging and enabling further progress to this end. The research that the paper draws on specifically investigated the influence of decision makers’ personal knowledge and perceptions within Facilities and Project Management (FPM) departments at selected Saudi universities, and the constraints faced by FPM decision makers with regard to the promotion of sustainability on campus. This exploration was supported by the development of a theoretical framework that draws on rational choice theory (RCT). The research revealed mixed levels of prevailing knowledge and awareness towards sustainability among FPM decision makers within the case study university campuses. Cost notably came across as a dominant influence on FPM decision makers’ choices and decisions, and it undoubtedly plays an important role in shaping the decision-making process alongside other key organisational factors. A number of barriers facing the incorporation of sustainability emerged with clarity, such as the lack of supportive leadership, the lack of sustainability knowledge and awareness among senior management and an absence of sustainability-related legislation policy or strategic direction in the HEIs concerned.
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Shidarta, Shidarta, and Stefan Koos. "INTRODUCTION TO A SOCIAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN THE INDONESIAN CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW." Veritas et Justitia 5, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.3292.
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This legal study, using a social-functional approach, underscores the importance of developing a viable social consumer protection system. Through it the government should promote a more effective consumer protection system in which any obstacle hampering consumer’s ability to obtain information necessary to make rational choices can be prevented. In short, a system protecting consumer’s right to obtain information. In this context, business enterprises are still expected to participate and support consumer protection movements at the national as well as regional level in which the end goal is to develop a fair business competition climate.
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McGain, Forbes, Jason R. Bishop, Laura M. Elliot-Jones, David A. Story, and Georgina LL Imberger. "A survey of the choice of general anaesthetic agents in Australia and New Zealand." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 47, no. 3 (May 2019): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x19836104.
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Strategies to reduce the adverse environmental costs of anaesthesia include choice of agent and fresh gas flows. The current preferences of Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists are unknown. We conducted a survey of Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists to determine the use of volatiles, nitrous oxide and intravenous anaesthesia, lowest fresh gas flow rates, automated end-tidal volatile control, and the rationales for these choices. The survey was answered by 359/1000 (36%), although not all questions and multiple responses within single questions were answered by all respondents. Sevoflurane was preferred by 246/342 (72%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 67%–77%), followed by propofol, 54/340 (16%, 95% CI 12%–20%), desflurane 39/339 (12%, 95% CI 8%–16%) and isoflurane 3/338(1%, 95% CI 0–3%). When asked about all anaesthetics, low-risk clinical profile was the most common reason given for using sevoflurane (129/301 (43%, 95% CI 37%–49%)), reduced postoperative nausea for propofol (297/318 (93%, 95% CI 90%–96%)) and faster induction/awakening times for desflurane (46/313 (79%, 95% CI 74%–83%)). Two-thirds (226/340 (66%, 95% CI 61%–71%)) of respondents used nitrous oxide in 0–20% of general anaesthetics. Low fresh gas flow rates for sevoflurane were used by 310/333 (93%, 95% CI 90%–95%) and for 262/268 (98%, 95% CI 95%–99%) for desflurane. Automated end-tidal control was used by 196/333 (59%, 95% CI 53%–64%). The majority of respondents (>70%) preferred sevoflurane at low flows. These data allow anaesthetists to consider further whether changes are required to the choices of anaesthetic agents for environmental, financial, or any other reasons.
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Kydd, Andrew. "Trust, Reassurance, and Cooperation." International Organization 54, no. 2 (2000): 325–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551190.
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Many scholars have argued that mistrust can prevent cooperation. These arguments often fail to adequately address the possibility that states can take steps to reassure each other, build trust, and thereby avoid conflict. I present a rational choice theory of reassurance focusing on costly signals and identify the conditions under which players can use costly signals to reassure the other side. The central result is that reassurance will be possible between trustworthy players in equilibrium if trustworthy actors are more willing to take risks to attain mutual cooperation than untrustworthy actors. I discuss the implications of the model in the context of the reassurance strategies pursued by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the end of the Cold War.
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King, Robert G. "Will the New Keynesian Macroeconomics Resurrect the IS-LM Model?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.1.67.
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The IS-LM model has no greater prospect of being a viable analytical vehicle for macroeconomics in the 1990s than the Ford Pinto has of being a sporty, reliable car for the 1990s. Because of its treatment of expectations, the IS-LM model, as traditionally constructed and currently used, is a hazardous base on which to build positive theories of business fluctuations and to undertake policy analysis. To simplify economic reality sufficiently to use the IS-LM model as an analytical tool, economists must essentially ignore expectations; we now know that this simplification eliminates key determinants of aggregate demand. The last two decades of research have taught economists that the assumption of rational expectations is a powerful part of economic explanations of individual and market behavior, ranging from consumption and investment dynamics to pricing of stocks and bonds. The emphasis on expectations in the macro-model is the end result of a process of building microeconomic underpinnings that was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s, when the goal was to develop dynamic theoretical foundations for the IS and LM schedules; inevitably, consideration of dynamic choice pushed the question of expectations to the forefront. As a result, most of the equations of the ISLM model are now viewed as summarizing purposeful economic behavior in which choices over time play a central role. However, as we will see, this finding means there is no way to maintain traditional uses of the IS-LM model.
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Geng, Changjuan, and Lucas Meijs. "The Democratic Implications of npos and the Control Strategy of the State." China Nonprofit Review 8, no. 1 (May 21, 2016): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341303.
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Liberal scholars attribute an essential role to nonprofit organizations (npos) in the process of democratization, due to their roles in raising public awareness and supervising the hegemony of the state. Nevertheless, the current literature has yet to pay sufficient attention to the ways in which governments respond to the dynamics of power. As argued inpublic rational choice theory, the government is a self-benefit maximizing bureaucrat that spares no effort to adopt various strategies aimed at keeping society under control. We have studied this postulation by comparing the two contrasting civil societies of China and the Netherlands. Results from our investigation of campaigningnpos from China and the Netherlands confirm that states tend to apply a range of strategies (e.g., political restrictions and financial instruments) in order to assimilatenpos into the developmental planning of the government (e.g., by stimulating the economic functions ofnpos while weakening their democratic functions in intangible ways).
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Zwolińska, Bożena, and Edward Michlowicz. "Impact of change in the structure of distribution system on incurred cost." Archives of Transport 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1225453.
Full textAbstract:
In multi-tier distribution, in addition to suppliers and consumers there are also intermediaries who participate in the transfer of products from manufacturers to end consumers. The choice of the distribution system depends on the optimisation of the performance indicators for servicing an area, taking into account the technical capabilities of the individual logistics chain links. The paper compares two typical distribution structures in the construction sector. The choice of the structure is a function of the manufacturer’s economic and organisational determinants. The paper presents a model representing the costs of two typical distribution structures in the construction sector. The choice of the structure depends on the company’s outsourcing policy and total costs of all three major system components: the distribution network, transport network, and warehousing. Rationally built and implemented functioning models are a key element of business success in the marketplace. The choice of a suitable strategy is difficult, as it depends on many dynamically changing parameters which directly affect costs. In addition, the relations between the system elements are very complex and interdependent.
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Hill, Heather C. "The Nature and Predictors of Elementary Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 41, no. 5 (November 2010): 513–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.41.5.0513.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores elementary school teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching and the relationship between such knowledge and teacher characteristics. The Learning Mathematics for Teaching project administered a multiple-choice assessment covering topics in number and operation to a nationally representative sample of teachers (n = 625) and at the same time collected information on teacher and student characteristics. Performance did not vary according to mathematical topic (e.g., whole numbers or rational numbers), and items categorized as requiring specialized knowledge of mathematics proved more difficult for this sample of teachers. There were few substantively significant relationships between mathematical knowledge for teaching and teacher characteristics, including leadership activities and self-reported college-level mathematics preparation. Implications for current policies aimed at improving teacher quality are addressed.