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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rationales'
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Freiberg, Nicole. "Rationales Herdenverhalten Theorie, Empirie und Lösungsansätze /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975013521.
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Rothermel, Paula-Jane. "Home-education : rationales, practices and outcomes." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1005/.
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Bao, Yujia. "Deriving machine attention from human rationales." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122878.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-50).
Attention-based models are successful when trained on large amounts of data. In this thesis, we demonstrate that even in the low-resource scenario, attention can be learned effectively. To this end, we start with discrete human-annotated rationales and map them into continuous attention. Our central hypothesis is that this mapping is general across domains, and thus can be transferred from resource-rich domains to low-resource ones. Our model jointly learns a domain-invariant representation and induces the desired mapping between rationales and attention. Our empirical results validate this hypothesis and show that our approach delivers significant gains over state-of-the-art baselines, yielding over 15% average error reduction on benchmark datasets. Our code and data are available at https: //github. com/YujiaBao/R2A.
by Yujia Bao.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Alscher, Alexander. "Patterns, paths, and rationales in portfolio configuration /." [St. Gallen] : [s.n.], 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016410589&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Pasche, Markus. "Beschränkt rationales Verhalten und Heterogenität im Oligopol /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/472667394.pdf.
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Stevens, Sarah. "Automated glazed facades : occupant responses and architects rationales." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325292.
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Pickar, Charles K. "Evolving arms transfer rationales: the case of Italy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25914.
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Conventional wisdom about European arms suppliers holds that they are motivated primarily by financial considerations when faced with a decision to sell arms. This paper argues that the economic rationale is becoming less important in the Italian case. Evidence suggests that as Italy moves into the next decade, the political rationale will become more important. Italy is using arms transfers for reasons of policy rather than economics. There are three reasons for this change: 1) The Italian government has recently instituted a number of changes in the arms transfer mechanism designed to increase control over the export process; 2) The new and still developing defense policy offers Italy an opportunity to use arms sales to increase Italy's power in the Mediterranean; and 3) the Italian nation, long the object of scorn from its northern European neighbors, is gaining a sense of pride in its accomplishments. Italy's gross national product exceeds that of Great Britain and Italian technology is becoming increasingly in demand. These developments have resulted in Italy being treated as a serious middle-level power and in reflected in the arms transfer area
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Khoury, Sarah A. "Marital naming choice rationales of same-sex couples." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10150597.
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Marital naming choices are inevitably made from within the framework of the historical sociopolitical contexts and carry the potential to index particular social, cultural, and political meanings or to be made on the basis of personal, individual, or relationship-bound rationales. While same-sex couples may draw upon the choices and discursive frames put forth in the rationales provided by opposite-sex couples, there is no precedent of tradition for same-sex marital naming, allowing for flexibility and variety in the choices made and rationales invoked by married same-sex couples. This paper demonstrates that the reflexivity necessitated by being a member of a marginalized group newly entering into a normative practice influences naming decisions. Same-sex couples present highly nuanced rationales for naming choices and draw from but rework the traditional, heteronormative frame of marital naming by incorporating novel naming choices. Same-sex couples often make appeals to what “makes sense” for a particular couple in their own relationship in the context of traditional practice, whether regarding children and being seen as a family, biological factors in parenting, or resistance to heteronormative practice.
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Mishra, Sudhanshu Nath. "Explaining machine learning predictions : rationales and effective modifications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121599.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 129-131).
Deep learning models have demonstrated unprecedented accuracy in wide-ranging tasks such as object and speech recognition. These models can outperform techniques traditionally used in credit risk modeling like logistic regression. However, deep learning models operate as black-boxes, which can limit their use and impact. Regulation mandates that a lender must be able to disclose up to four factors that adversely affected a rejected credit applicant. But we argue that knowing why an applicant is turned down is not enough. An applicant would also want actionable advice that can enable them to reach a favorable classification. Our research thus focuses on both the desire to explain why a machine learning model predicted the classification it did and to find small changes to an input point that can reverse its classification. In this thesis, we evaluate two variants of LIME, a local model-approximation technique and use them in a generate and test algorithm to produce mathematically-effective modifications. We demonstrate that such modifications may not be pragmatically-useful and show how numerical analyses can be supplemented with domain knowledge to generate explanations that are of pragmatic utility. Our work can help accelerate the adoption of deep learning in domains that would benefit from interpreting machine learning predictions.
by Sudhanshu Nath Mishra.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Sowazi, Sibongile. "Internationalisation of South African higher education : rationales and implementation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760923.
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The primary aim of the study is to analyse the South African higher education sector’s understanding and implementation of the internationalisation of higher education, in conjunction with the identification of commonalities, variations and disparities in their activities. This entails the following supporting objectives: 1) understanding of internationalisation in the higher education institutions of South Africa selected for the study; 2) exploring the rationales and approaches undertaken in internationalisation in these particular higher education institutions; and 3) comparing the similarities and divergences of these entities’ internationalisation implementation strategies. The study employed qualitative research techniques; this was influenced by the researcher’s social constructivist stance, in combination with the qualitative investigatory methods, which were the most appropriate for the resolution of the research questions. Secondary data was collected from institutional policy documents, progress reports and websites. Primary data was collected through individual, semi-structured interviews. A comparison across three case studies yielded insights into the way internationalisation of teaching and learning is approached and implemented. All three case studies appear to regard internationalisation as a significant component of their business and activities. However, each institution adopts and interprets internationalisation in diverse manners, in conjunction with prioritising and contrasting different rationales. From the findings, some recommendations were derived for consideration by policy makers and practitioners in higher education institutions. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge by developing a practical tool that may assist in initiating and implementing international partnerships.
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Hetherington, Stephen. "The rationales of New Labour's cultural policy 1997-2001." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5145/.
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The cultural policies of New Labour, devised by the first British government department of "culture", the DCMS, have been noted for their conceptual inconsistencies and unsupportable claims, yet the rationales behind them have never been adequately explained. This thesis argues that, when seen from an historical perspective, the intentions of the Secretary of State, Chris Smith, and the DCMS in fact followed a consistent logic by which cultural policy was re-conceptualised to take DCMS into the heart of government where social and economic concerns dominated. Building on the principle of cross-government policy and the "pillars" of excellence, access, education, and the creative economy, DCSM claimed a foundational role for culture in propagating the roots of economic growth formed around theories of social capital. In doing so, it shifted the traditional balance between the public and private realms, compromised traditions of laissez-faire, instituted new mechanisms of governance, and marginalised the arts. The thesis concludes that Chris Smith and the DCMS sought power by arguing a role for culture in social and economic policy initiatives; an ambition that could not be achieved with policies for culture in its traditional meaning. The conceptual incoherence that resulted was ignored as insignificant to its purposes.
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Lackner, Tamara M. (Tamara Magda) 1975. "Enhancing children's educational television with design rationales and justifications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16751.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
This research involves creating a system that provides parents with tools and information to help children learn from television. Children who converse with their parents during television viewing are better able to evaluate and make sense of content. However, children might learn more if they are encouraged to go from simply understanding content to generating questions and problem solving strategies. To do this, we need to deliver teaching and learning strategies to parents so they can initiate dialogues with their children around television. This research describes a system, called the Parent Trap, which sends messages to parents about the television shows that their children watch. The information in the messages tries to model dialogues that promote more frequent and longer conversations, which include inquiry and explanation. These conversations might facilitate additional learning from television and encourage further discourse between parents and children around other programs and activities. In the thesis, I suggest ways that television shows can be augmented with additional, digital information to help parents learn strategies for conversing with their children. I also present preliminary evaluations to show that developing these strategies may help television producers change the ways that they think about the educational value of their content.
Tamara M. Lackner.
S.M.
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Poat, Angela Ellen. "Rationales for midwives' decision making : a symbolic interactionist study." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636493.
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The aim of this study was to explore and analyse midwives' rationales for their decision-making in everyday situations. Design A symbolic interactionist study underpinned by Blumer's Symbolic Interactionism Setting Midwifery practice areas in Central and Southern Scotland Methods Midwives were sampled purposively for age, experience and area of practice. Nineteen midwives took part from a variety of practice areas and three different regions in Scotland. Data collection comprised clinical observation of midwives making decisions in a variety of midwifery practice, use of validated interactive scenarios and in-depth interviews based on the observation field notes. Data were analysed using Blumer's principles of Symbolic Interactionism (Blumer, 1969), his concepts of 'self' and 'other' along with Ritchie and Spencer's (1994) five stage framework analysis. Findings The analysis of the data identified four rationales for midwives' decision-making. The first rationale was the individuality of the midwives, as related to Blumer's self 'I'. The second and third rationales were professional persona and compliance with policy and regulation, which were associated with Blumer's self 'me'. The final rationale was the individuality of women and babies, which is affiliated to Blumer's 'other'. Conclusions The individuality of the midwives and women was a major rationale for the decisions made. Individuality as a component of decision-making has not been well explored, and would benefit from further investigation within the research field of midwives' decision-making. Professional persona and compliance were also important rationales for the midwives' decisions. Midwifery and NHS culture influenced midwives in their actions, and these are issues that need to be examined more closely if midwives are to remain autonomous practitioners.
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Pasche, Markus [Verfasser]. "Beschränkt rationales Verhalten und Heterogenität im Oligopol / Markus Pasche." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1172614806/34.
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Chase, Trisha. "Influencing Acceptability of Parent Training Interventions Through Treatment Rationales." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4415.
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Parent training is an effective intervention for parents of children with a variety of childhood disorders, and parents often view behavioral parent training as acceptable. Explanations and rationales for parent training are commonly provided at the beginning of treatment. However, there is little research regarding how rationales may influence acceptability. There is also limited information on whether fathers and mothers judge the acceptability of parent training differently. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changing the description of a behavioral parenting intervention influenced parents’ acceptability ratings and whether mothers and fathers differed in their ratings.
Participants viewed one of two descriptions of parent training that focused on either addressing deficits in parenting skills or enhancing existing parenting skills. The results indicated that there was not a significant difference in the acceptability of the two parent training descriptions. However, mothers rated both treatment descriptions as more acceptable than did fathers. Results also indicated that parents’ beliefs about their influence as parents significantly predicted acceptability of the parent training descriptions. The results of the current study suggested that treatment acceptability was not influenced by the way that the interventions were described. Future research should focus on how to increase acceptability of parent training for fathers and parents who do not feel that they have control and influence over their children.
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Salman, Mohammed Haitham. "The UAE's statutory foreign ownership restrictions : rationales, impacts and alternatives." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490898.
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Kesselring, Jochen [Verfasser]. "Rationales Design, Synthese und Testung kovalent-reversibler Cysteinproteaseinhibitoren / Jochen Kesselring." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1128916509/34.
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Eberhard, Rachel. "The metagovernance of Australian water policy: Practices, rationales and outcomes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118143/1/Rachel_Eberhard_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines how governments work with stakeholders to develop and implement water policy in Australia. Evidence from the Great Barrier Reef and the Murray Darling Basin showed the challenges involved, and how this can affect environmental outcomes. Results show how government can work more effectively with stakeholders, and the potential of non-government organisations to help broker better policy outcomes.
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Ho, Ka-ki Lawrence. "Policing the 1967 riots in Hong Kong strategies, rationales and implications /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B44193932.
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Kandoth, Cyriac. "A quantitative study of gene identification techniques based on evolutionary rationales." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Kandoth_09007dcc804902b3.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 6, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 36).
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Pihlgren, Ann S. "Socrates in the Classroom : Rationales and Effects of Philosophizing with Children." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Education, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7392.
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Ho, Ka-ki Lawrence, and 何家騏. "Policing the 1967 riots in Hong Kong: strategies, rationales and implications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44193932.
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Chicot, Julien. "Strategic use of public procurement for innovation : rationales, instruments and practices." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE012/document.
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Un nombre croissant de pays de l’OCDE encourage l’utilisation des achats publics en soutien à l’innovation, mais les discours ont été peu suivis d’effets. L’ambition de cette thèse est d’aider l’élaboration des initiatives d’achat public d’innovation (API), en identifiant les obstacles à l’innovation qu’ils peuvent résoudre, ainsi que les instruments et les pratiques les plus à mêmes de les aider dans cet objectif. Nous identifions huit idéo-types d’API selon les défaillances de marché ou de système (niveau méso) auxquelles ils tentent de répondre pour stimuler l’innovation. Ces défaillances affectent soit les utilisateurs, soit les producteurs ou touchent leurs interactions. Nous les comparons à celles de niveau macro et déterminons ainsi la contribution potentielle de chacun de ces idéo-types d’API aux politiques tournées vers de grandes missions. Notre typologie constitue un cadre théorique unifié associant défaillances et modalités de mise en œuvre des API. Elle en aide ainsi l’élaboration, l’évaluation et l’analyse. Certains de nos idéo-types doivent soutenir la création de marché pour encourager l’innovation. Nous nous appuyons sur les théories économiques évolutionnistes et une série d’études de cas pour comprendre comment les API peuvent y parvenir. Nous identifions leurs rôles, à différentes étapes de la procédure d’achat public, dans la coordination de connaissances et d’informations pour la création et le développement de marché. Les API doivent notamment permettre aux utilisateurs d’interagir avec les fournisseurs de manière appropriée et suffisamment tôt dans la procédure d’achat. Les recherches sur les achats privés ont néanmoins montré qu’une telle implication précoce des fournisseurs est source de problèmes de niveau micro. Une série d’entretiens avec des acheteurs publics et des fournisseurs permet de mieux identifier les problèmes affectant leur collaboration au cours d’une procédure standard d’API ou d’un dialogue compétitif. La nature de ces défaillances diffère selon la procédure d’achat public, du même que leur moment d’apparition. Les entretiens révèlent également que les acheteurs et fournisseurs perçoivent différemment les pratiques à l’origine de ces défaillances. Nos résultats appellent enfin à reconsidérer l’influence du cadre juridique sur les API, et soulignent l’existence de procédures et stratégies alternatives qui sont plus ou moins privilégiées par les fournisseurs. En somme, notre travail de recherche identifie différents niveaux d’obstacles à l’innovation que les API peuvent résoudre, ainsi que les mesures les plus appropriées pour les aider dans cet objectif. Il plaide en faveur d’une approche dynamique de la décision politique, qui définit problèmes, instruments de politique et pratiques à chacune des étapes des procédures d’achat public, de formation des marchés, et de collaboration entre acheteurs public et fournisseursAn increasing number of OECD countries has adopted measures to encourage the use of public procurement to foster innovation. However, implementation of public procurement of innovation (PPI) is lagging behind policy discourse. The ambition of this dissertation is to address this discrepancy by assisting in the design of PPI initiatives, that is, by identifying the innovation-related failures that PPI can overcome, and the most appropriate policy instruments and practices for achieving this objective. We define eight PPI ideal-types according to the type of meso-level market of system failures they address. These failures can relate to users, producers or to their mutual interactions. We confront them with macro-level failures, and determine accordingly the contribution of each PPI ideal-type to distinct mission-oriented policies. Our typology provides a unified PPI framework associating their rationales with their design. Therefore, it contributes to policymaking, and to policy evaluation and analysis. Some PPI categories aim to spur innovation by stimulating the formation of markets. We employ an evolutionary approach to analyse the influence of PPI at the different stages of the dynamic process of market formation through a series of selected existing case studies. We demonstrate that PPI can underpin the different phases of knowledge coordination for market formation, by ensuring appropriate interactions between users and producers early in the public procurement procedure. The literature on private procurement nevertheless shows that early supplier involvement is subject to a number of micro-level failures having their root in procurement practices. Based on interviews with public procurers and suppliers, we identify relevant collaboration failures related to the standard PPI and competitive dialogue procedures. We highlight differences in these failures and their loci between the two procedures. Furthermore, public procurers and suppliers appear to have different perception of the causes of the failures they have encountered. Finally, our findings discuss the influence of the legal framework on PPI and suggest additional PPI procedures and strategies that are favoured by suppliers to varying extents. In sum, our research identifies innovation-related failures at different levels that PPI can resolve, and relevant instruments to help PPI initiative to achieve their objectives. Furthermore, it advocates a dynamic approach considering failures, instruments, and practices at different stages of public procurement procedures, and market formation and public procurer-supplier collaboration processes
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Wall, Emil. "Rationales and Approaches for Automated Testing of JavaScript and Standard ML." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-219043.
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The ever increasing complexity of web applications has brought new demands on automated testing of JavaScript, requiring test-driven development to achieve maintainable code. A contrasting area is testing of Standard ML, another functional language but with important differences. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the main problems with testing behaviour of applications written in these two programming languages, and how these problems relate to development tools and practises. This has been investigated based on the following research questions: What are the testability issues of client-side JavaScript and Standard ML? Which considerations need to be made in order to write stable and maintainable tests? How does testing culture affect productivity and quality of software? Through quantitative interviews, implementation of the DescribeSML testing framework and development with tests in different scenarios, answers to these questions have been sought. The dynamic nature of JavaScript makes it more important to test whereas there are limitations on how Standard ML can be tested imposed by its static type system and immutability. The conclusion was drawn that the main issues for testability are dependency management, how to test graphical interfaces, and maintaining separation of concerns. In order to write stable and maintainable tests, suitable tools and priorities are needed. The impact of testing culture depends on the ability to avoid time-consuming and unreliable tests. Harnessing the technological advancements, making continuous tradeoffs between rigour and simplicity, and applying pragmatism, ingenuity and persistence, are key to overcoming these challenges.
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Sen, Siddhartha. "An analysis of US development aid flows : a test of two rationales." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20971.
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Torregrosa, Paul T. "An examination of tax and agency costs rationales for long-term leasing." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87677.
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The focus of this dissertation is on tax and agency costs rationales for the use of long term leases. While much attention has been given to the valuation effects of debt and equity financing, the literature is surprisingly scant on the valuation effects of lease financing. This research develops a model that demonstrates that lease contracts can create wealth in two ways: one, by partially alleviating the Myers' underinvestment problem created by the issuance of risky debt and the other, by effectively transferring tax shields from low income lessees to high income lessors. The implications of the model are formulated into testable hypotheses which are empirically tested in both financial leases and sale and leaseback transactions.
Several new empirical findings are reported in the study. Evidence presented indicates that the market reacts favorably to lease announcements by lessees involved in either sale and leaseback transactions or financial leases. No general conclusions could be drawn for the valuation impact for lessors. In addition, the results suggest that tax motives are of primary importance in explaining the use of lease financing. However, the agency cost rationale is not confirmed by the data.Ph. D.
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Bellante, Laurel. "Building the local food movement in Chiapas, Mexico: rationales, benefits, and limitations." SPRINGER, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623140.
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Alternative food networks (AFNs) have become a common response to the socioecological injustices generated by the industrialized food system. Using a political ecology framework, this paper evaluates the emergence of an AFN in Chiapas, Mexico. While the Mexican context presents a particular set of challenges, the case study also reveals the strength the alternative food movement derives from a diverse network of actors committed to building a “community economy” that reasserts the multifunctional values of organic agriculture and local commodity chains. Nonetheless, just as the AFN functions as an important livelihood strategy for otherwise disenfranchised producers it simultaneously encounters similar limitations as those observed in other market-driven approaches to sustainable food governance.
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Tryggvesson, Kalle. "Freedom in a bottle : Young Swedes on rationales and norms for drunken behaviour." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Criminology, Stockholm University : Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-756.
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Abdo, Hafez. "Exploring the rationales for relaxations in the UK petroleum fiscal regime 1980-2000." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6083/.
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The UK is considered a new oil province compared with other oil producing countries, such as Saudi Arabia. The UK petroleum fiscal regime was established since 1975 and tightened up with a number of different new taxes till 1981. The objective of the tight fiscal terms was to secure more rent from the UK oil resources for the nation. However, the period 1983-2000 had witnessed three petroleum tax relaxations. These took place in 1983, 1987-88, and 1993. These relaxations presented a clear change in the type of the LJK governance of its petroleum resources from a proprietorial to a non-proprietorial regime. This new type of governance petroleum resources continued to be accommodated under a unique type of mineral ownership in the UK, which was called in ternis of the UK oil industry "the North Sea Model". This unique type of minerals ownership grants the concessionaire a mining and economic right but not a mineral right. Therefore, it accommodates private interests under public control. This thesis explores and tests the historical rationales for the three UK petroleum tax relaxations. The investigation of these rationales is based on three viewpoints: the Government, the UK oil industry, and academics. The tests of the rationales showed that the 1983 petroleum tax relaxation was not successful in achieving its proposed aims, which were expressed in the rationales. The 1987-88 petroleum tax relaxation was successful in stimulating extra investments in new areas, and in increasing the cash flow of the UK oil industry. This increase in investments and cash flow were at the expense of the Government who paid E216 million in 1992 because of PRT allowances and relief. However, the 1993 petroleum tax relaxation left the Government with a very small economic rent from new oil fields, which was based only on the ordinary corporation tax. The results of this thesis show that the UK Government was always the revenue loser as a consequence of these tax relaxations. These were the key drivers of changing the UK governance of its petroleum resources from proprietorial to non- proprietorial regime. This might be because of depending on wrong judgment to any potential petroleum resources in situ, and a wrong following to the Ricardian rent theory.
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Sato, Azusa. "Rationales for traditional medicines utilisation and its equity implications : the case of Ghana." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/491/.
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Individuals all over the world continue to utilise traditional health care, but there is very little understanding of why this is the case, especially in light of increased availability and accessibility of effective pharmaceutical medicine and other modern technologies. The overarching objective of this thesis is to investigate rationales for utilisation of traditional medicines, using Ghana as a case study. This thesis argues that institutional constraints and cultural preferences inherited from the past shape pluralistic health systems and, consequently, individual health-seeking behaviour. The thesis fuses investigative approaches from different disciplines (e.g. anthropology, economics, psychology) and uses statistical methods to analyse four aspects of medicines utilisation: the role of culture, income, the possibility of a placebo effect in use and finally, the distributional consequences manifested in utilisation inequities. Findings indicate that cultural attitudes and income constraints are associated with use of traditional systems, and users report high rates of satisfaction that are attributable to procedural factors. Inequities are shown to differ according to whether traditional medicines are included in analysis. Generally, this thesis advocates a holistic approach with respect to health systems, as opposed to interpreting traditional systems as simply appendages to modern health care systems; the latter perspective is liable to yield observers only a partial story of medicines utilisation and its impact on equity.
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Keskin, Zeren Aysegul. "Iraq's De-Ba`thification: Rationales and Implementation of a Contested Transitional Justice Mechanism." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1393325297.
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Tryggvesson, Kalle. "Freedom in a bottle young Swedes on rationales and norms for drunken behaviour /." Stockholm : Stockholm Universitet, 2006. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:198602/FULLTEXT01.
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Kanter, Jonathan. "Planting psychological theories : influencing the sequence of thoughts and emotions with treatment rationales /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9008.
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Dunemann, Till [Verfasser]. "Home-region Orientation of Multinational Corporations : Theoretical Rationales and Empirical Analyses / Till Dunemann." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052020321/34.
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Ingram, Rachel M. "Educational psychologists' rationales for different types of representation of children's views in written communication." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/representation-of-childrens-views-in-educational-psychologists-nonstatutory-written-communication(c105af31-3783-40f0-b22e-300531063a13).html.
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Writing about children's views is integral to EP work. Any written account of children's views is one of many possible interpretations, each of which may have a different impact. The choices EPs make about their writing may be informed by ethical, political and therapeutic considerations as well as the differing agendas of the readership. However, making a decision about how to represent children's views is problematic; EPs themselves report dilemmas and have been criticised for writing in ways that are disempowering for children. There is very little research on this aspect of EP practice. The aim of this thesis is to explore EPs' rationales for writing about children's views and how these link with their practice. I used discourse analysis to examine the representation of children's views. This involved focusing on the social functions of written communication rather than assuming that writing was a medium of communication. I considered both EP rationales about how they represented children's views and examples of EP writing. My data came from published work by EPs and from a focus group of my colleagues. I analysed papers on EP writing that contained an example of EP writing and an accompanying rationale. The focus group was asked to reflect on their practice in writing about children's views and to provide examples of their own writing. I looked for patterns in the arguments for different types of writing about children's views (known "as interpretative repertoires) and compared these with the styles in the examples of actual EP writing. I found that repertoires formed a hierarchical structure. There were two main repertoires used by the EPs: 'writing as a record', where writing is considered to be neutral; and 'writing as an event', where writing is understood to be one account of many and tailored to anticipate its impact on readers. These were subdivided into further repertoires, which I termed 'strands'. EPs used different repertoires in different situations rather than applying a consistent framework. I identified 'winning' arguments which seemed to mediate shifts between repertoires, but privileged one repertoire rather than resolving the differences in assumptions. EPs could use my analysis to reflect on their practice by comparing their own use of repertoires with those used by the EPs in this study, and challenging the assumptions which underpin the way they represent children's views. Potentially, further research on EP use of 'winning' arguments may reveal tacit rules which determine how children's views are represented. My analysis also suggests the need for a coherent theoretical framework to inform practice, as justifications which rely on using different assumptions on different occasions are vulnerable to criticism.
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Syrpis, Phil. "The rationales for European Community social policy : an analysis of EC worker participation law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365649.
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Busse, Heike. "Rationales Design und Synthese von carbocyclischen Kohlenhydratmimetika zur Inhibition mikrobieller Sialidasen und Trans-Sialidasen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-18439.
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Robertson, Jason Liu Tsai Lu. "A scalable approach for deciphering core rationales as the foundation of new product development." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1642.
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Woods, William John. "Articles of peace : Anglican rationales for subscription, 1772-1779 : the priest's reply to the freethinker /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arw8941.pdf.
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Wee, Cecilia Liang May. "Rationales of documentation in British Live Art since the 1990s : the pragmatic, memorial and holistic." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39562/.
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This thesis investigates rationales behind Live Art documentation, by examining the work of British artists working under the banner of ‘Live Art' since the 1990s. My aim has been to write an account of Live Art's history and major themes that incorporates primary research, analysis and criticism of recent research on documentation. Works by Live Artists are not discussed chronologically, but so that they might function as points of departure for discussions about Live Art's relationship to documentation and its relevance as a contemporary cultural form. The thesis starts with an introduction setting out definitions of Live Art and documentation and contextualising Live Art's relationship to Performance Art. The rationales for documenting Live Art are grouped into three categories: documentation as pragmatic, documentation as memorial and documentation as holistic. The main text is divided into three parts, each part discusses issues relating to one of the above categories. Part 1 addresses practical reasons why artists working under the banner of Live Art document their work. The section includes an exploration of the infrastructure for the development of Live Art in the UK as well as an analysis of the market for Live Art and its documentation. Part 2 interrogates perspectives from the discipline of performance studies on the relationship between live action and documentation, exploring how these issues have been interpreted in Live Art's history. In particular, this section will assess how writers and artists have approached discussion of Live Art in oral and written form. Part 3 proposes models of rethinking documentation based on works by British Live Artists that develop documentation in tandem to live action and enjoy a privileged relationship to technology.
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Yoon, O.-Kyung. "Intrinsic and instrumental rationales in UK cultural policy : negotiating cultural values in the climate of neoliberalism." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7103.
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Intrinsic and instrumental cultural values have represented core rationales for public cultural policies in the UK. However, the increasing dominance of neoliberal logic in recent decades has increased the tension between these policy rationales, making the question of how to negotiate and define intrinsic cultural values a key concern for cultural practitioners. This thesis investigates the intellectual, historical and sociological basis of intrinsic and instrumental cultural values, encompassing the times of classical Greece to the present day. The role of cultural values in the emergence of UK post-war cultural policy is explored. This aims to reconnect implicit cultural policy assumptions with their conceptual roots, and offer a theoretical perspective from which to appraise contemporary cultural policy developments. The analysis of liberal humanist ideas is complemented with an assessment of the network of discourses informing instrumental policies, in particular, social inclusion and urban regeneration. The thesis suggests that the contemporary instrumental cultural policy approach represents a misappropriation of the liberal humanist cultural discourse. In the neoliberal policy framework cultural and social concerns are usurped by entrepreneurial, managerial and consumerist imperatives, as cultural policies become a social and economic panacea. The neoliberal instrumental framework undermines key principles of public provision, with detrimental effects on social equality, local communities and cultural programming. The theoretical part of this project is complemented by qualitative field research, which is based on semi-structured interviews with 25 cultural managers from across the UK cultural sector. The key finding of this study suggests that cultural managers deflect the tension between intrinsic and instrumental policy rationales by proposing a synthesis between intrinsic and social instrumental cultural values. This recognition allows cultural managers to incorporate competing cultural policy assumptions into a broad cultural political framework. Cultural managers justified cultural policy making by resorting to enlightenment reasoning, public responsibility, cultural democracy and funder's demands. The critique of instrumentalism was deflected in to an opposition to impact-driven and commercial values.
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Sproull, Alan Cummings. "The growth of part-time employment in the service sector : employer rationales and trade union implications." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358790.
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Ekholm, David. "Sport as a Means of Responding to Social Problems : Rationales of Government, Welfare and Social Change." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Socialt arbete, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130783.
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Sport has been increasingly recognized in social policy as a means of steering social change and as a method for responding to diverse social problems. The present study examines how rationales of social change are formed through ‘sport as a means of responding to social problems’. Four research questions are posed: (1) How is it that sport can be thought of and articulated as a means of responding to social problems? (2) How are sport practices assumed to operate as a means of responding to social problems? (3) How are social problems represented when sport is promoted as a means of response? (4) What conduct, subjectivity and citizen competences are shaped within this regime of practice? The study focuses on the government of subjects’ conduct, the formation of community and delineation of domains subjected to social change. The gradual shifts in the governmental rationality of the Swedish welfare state provide a framework for the study. Two kinds of empirical material are investigated. Initially, scientific knowledge is analysed; after this, a sport-based intervention, conducted in cooperation between a social entrepreneur, municipality and local sport clubs, is examined. In relation to scientific discourse, research on sport for social objectives would benefit from more theoretically driven constructionist perspectives related to welfare state transformations. In scientific discourse, rationales of social change in sport are conceived of as individual attainment of skills, competences and powers that are presumably transferable to other social spheres. Such discourse represents problems as individual problems. With respect to the sport-based intervention, individual change is promoted by representatives of the social entrepreneur in terms of providing subjects with motivational powers, which are shaped by role models and applied in “choosing the right track”. By representing problems as risks, avoidance is formed as an individual opportunity. This positions subjects as being responsible for their own welfare and inclusion. Municipal policy makers view the intervention as a way to form community and social cohesion in response to tensions in society. They present sport (and the social entrepreneur) as a way to mobilize and activate civil society – which is associated with the potency of voluntarism, authentic leadership and personal relations based on common identity. Consequently, responsibility for responding to social problems is spread and elements of de-professionalized social work are imposed. To conclude, sport is conceptualized as a means of responding to social problems because sport practices are associated with individual agency and with an active civil society and moral community. The technologies and rationality of social change point out ‘the self’, ‘the community’ and ‘the place’ as locations where social change is possible, rather than the whole of society. For instance, the technologies of social change are based on activation and responsibilization of ‘the self’ and of ‘the community’. These rationales of social change are based on a critique of welfarist governmentality and of the idea of governing from ‘the social’ point of view. Arguably, such discourse obscures more profound social reform. The study provides some empirical explorations illustrating how a range of tendencies and mutations in the governmental rationality of the welfare state and of social work are manifested in ‘sport as a means of responding to social problems’.De senaste åren har idrott alltmer kommit att betraktas som ett socialpolitiskt verktyg med förväntningar om att åstadkomma social förändring och bidra till att lösa sociala problem. I den här avhandlingen undersöks hur den sociala förändringens rationalitet formas i relation till idén om ’idrott som en lösning på sociala problem’. Detta görs genom fyra frågeställningar: (1) Hur har idrott blivit möjligt att betrakta som en lösning på sociala problem? (2) Hur förmodas idrott i praktiken fungera som en lösning på sociala problem? (3) Hur representeras sociala problem när idrott lyfts fram som en lösning? (4) Vilken typ av uppförande, subjektivitet och medborgerliga färdigheter fostras genom att använda idrott som en lösning på social problem? Särskilt fokuseras på styrning av individers uppförande, skapande av gemenskap och sammanhållning samt gränsskapande kring vilka domäner som kan utsättas för förändring. Undersökningarna relateras till mer övergripande förändringar i den svenska välfärdsstatens styrningsrationalitet. Två empiriska material har undersökts: dels den vetenskapliga diskursen, dels olika företrädares beskrivningar av en idrottsbaserad välfärdsintervention för unga i risk för problem och exkludering, en verksamhet som sker i samverkan mellan en social entreprenör, kommun och föreningsliv. Avhandlingen pekar på vikten av teoretiskt driven forskning med konstruktionistiska perspektiv relaterade till välfärdsstatens och socialpolitikens förändring. I den vetenskapliga diskursen lyfts social förändring fram med avseende på individuell förändring genom tillägnande av färdigheter som antas kunna användas även i andra sociala sammanhang. Denna förståelse iscensätter de adresserade problemen som individuella problem. I idrottsledarnas beskrivningar av den sociala interventionen kan ungdomar motiveras individuellt, bygga självförtroende och självkänsla, genom att identifiera sig med positiva förebilder och ledare. Detta blir viktigt för att kunna ”välja rätt väg i livet”. Genom att framställa problem som risker blir de möjliga för individen att undvika. Detta positionerar ungdomarna som själva ansvariga för sin välfärd och inkludering. I politikernas beskrivningar lyfts idrotten fram som ett sätt att skapa gemenskap och sammanhållning som ett svar på spänningar och oro. Genom idrotten (och den sociala entreprenören) kan man mobilisera civilsamhällets föreningsliv vilket associeras med frivillighet, autentiskt ledarskap samt personliga och moraliska band baserade på gemensam identitet. Därmed kan ansvaret för att hantera sociala problem spridas mellan olika aktörer, något som även kan bidra till informalisering och de-professionalisering av det sociala arbetet. Sammanfattningsvis kan idrott konceptualiseras som en lösning på sociala problem därför att dess praktiker associeras med individuell aktivering samt med ett aktivt civilsamhälle som bygger på moralisk fostran och gemenskap. Den sociala förändringens teknologier och rationalitet pekar ut ‘självet’, ‘gemenskapen’ och ‘platsen’ som de domäner där förändring bedöms vara möjlig. Den sociala förändringens rationalitet bygger på aktivering och ansvarsgörande av ‘självet’ och ‘gemenskapen’. Styrningsrationaliteten bygger på en långtgående kritik av välfärdsstatens sätt att styra där samhället i sin helhet betraktas som målpunkt. Genom sådan diskurs skyms mer genomgående samhällsförändringar. Avhandlingen utforskar empiriskt och illustrerar hur en rad tendenser och mutationer i välfärdsstatens styrningsrationalitet och i det sociala arbetet kommer till uttryck genom ‘idrott som en lösning på sociala problem’.
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Lomer, Sylvie. "International students in UK policy from 1999 to 2013 : rationales for recruitment and representations of students." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12269/.
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International students have had an increasingly significant presence in UK higher education since the 1980s. Government policy has intentionally encouraged their recruitment, from the Prime Minister’s Initiative in 1999 to the Coalition Government’s 2013 International Education Strategy. This study establishes how public policy discursively creates problems, solutions and representations of international students through textual analysis of over 90 documents. It uses Carol Bacchi’s (2009) ‘what is the problem represented to be’ framework to uncover problems, solutions, assumptions and silences in the policy discourses. The analysis revealed that policy justifies international student recruitment in terms of anticipated gains for the UK, namely: increased diplomatic influence, educational reputation, and income. In a field of global competition, these perceived benefits address the implicit problems of addressing the declining power and status of the nation. International student recruitment is undesirable when students are in ‘academic deficit’ and contribute to negative popular discourses around immigrants. Thus, rationales are made both in favour of and counter to their recruitment. In these rationales, students are discursively represented as immigrants, conduits for income, consumers, arbiters of quality, creators of international education, ambassadors, and fundamentally Other. They are valued for the benefits they bring to the UK and are not constructed as individuals with agency. These representations and rationales are important because they have the power to modify institutional and national practices, change individuals’ self-representations and relationships. This thesis contributes to an enhanced critical awareness of how national policies rationalise and represent international students, a necessary precursor to an ethical pedagogical engagement in international higher education.
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Al, Harthy Masoud Ali Majid [Verfasser]. "Private Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman : Rationales, Development and Challenges / Masoud Ali Majid Al Harthy." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1013197429/34.
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Lemasson, Gaëlle. "Evolution of the rationales for Quebec's cultural policy from 1959 to 1992 : in search of a compromise." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59048/.
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This thesis stems from a questioning of the instability of the state's discourse in the cultural domain. In effect, since the appearance in the Western world of the first explicit cultural policies, arguments justifying the state intervention in this domain have ceaselessly changed over time, appealing sometimes to notions such as that of 'democratisation of culture', 'cultural democracy', or to notions of 'cultural development', 'cultural economy', or 'cultural diversity'. The inconsistencies that characterise the state's rationales in this domain notably reflect a continuous quest for legitimacy that is worth analysing. Like elsewhere, the consensus over the legitimacy and the purpose of a cultural policy was not easily reached in the Canadian French province, Quebec. Several policy statements have indeed been formulated before the adoption, in 1992, of Quebec's official cultural policy. To understand the evolution of the justifications for state intervention in this field, we analyse three policy statements that were key in the history of Quebec's cultural policy: Pour une politique (1959); La politique quebecoise du developpement cultureI (1979); and La politique culturelle du Quebec: Notre culture, notre avenir (1992). In a first phase, we examine the politico-historical context from which these policy statements emerge. Secondly, we recount the origins of the most important ideas that we find at the core of these statements and which were rooted in the work of intellectuals (such as Edmond de Nevers, Edouard Montpetit, Marcel Rioux, Fernand Dumont) as well as in governmental reports that predated their elaboration. We then analyse the argumentation of each cultural policy statement as well as the critiques they raised at the moment of their publication. These critiques were formulated as much by journalists as by politicians, artists and other professionals working in the field of culture. The analysis of the argumentation is carried out with a theoretical model that has been developed by French sociologist Luc Boltanski and economist Laurent Thevenot, the Economies of Worth. We explore more particularly the concept of 'compromise' such as it was designed in the model. This concept enables us to understand why cultural policies have difficulty achieving consensus. The application of this model to cultural policy has not been attempted before, so this is one of the original aspects of this thesis.
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Westerdahl, Sara. "“It feels like this is good for many people” The multiple rationales of municipal owned food production." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412849.
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There have been moves towards greater localization in our approaches to the economy and services we consume, especially within the sphere of food. In particular, self-sufficiency approaches have increased in interest to utilize and create a resilient local food system, as this shields an area from the uncertainty and fluctuation of global trades while securing local development. This qualitative study aims to develop an understanding of how two municipally owned food productions, promoting locally produced food, local development and self-sufficiency, can be seen and understood when balanced with national and regional strategic goals concerning food, procurement and regional development within a multi-level governance framework. A multiple combination of methods is used to triangulate understandings of the projects: interviews with municipal, regional and national governmental level was conducted as well as content analysis of strategic documents. The regional and national level could be seen to agree on the processes and several effects the municipally owned food productions entail. However, disagreements were raised concerning the economic aspects that the municipally owned food productions result in, such as costinefficiency and lost ability to use procurement to create societal change and development. It could be seen that the municipalities run these food productions because it secures food supply from a certain favorable production, while also generating several other benefits due to its production promoting local sustainable development through resilience.
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Mølbach, Jens Christian. "Økonomiske og strategiske rationaler for M&A drevet konsolidering : belyst ved den europæiske transport- og logistikbranche og DSV som case = Economic & Strategic Rationales for M& A based Consolidation /." Aarhus : Institut for Økonomi, Aarhus Universitet, 2008. http://mit.econ.au.dk/Library/Specialer/2008/20010688.pdf.
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Rixon, Shelagh. "Beyond ABC : investigating current rationales and systems for the teaching of early reading to young learners of English." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49792/.
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The premise of this thesis is that the role of the first steps in reading in courses for Young Learners of English (YL) at the beginner stage is a neglected area, with anomalies centred around the fact that ‘words on the page ’are often treated as if they were facilitative from the outset for language work in areas such as speaking while very little support is offered to children as to how to decode these words. Chapter 1 (Introduction) traces the rapid spread of YL teaching worldwide and considers the preparation of teachers for their roles. Materials are discussed as an important source of support and structure for teachers and a case is made for a focus in the main study on systems and rationales for early reading found among teachers themselves or evidenced in published materials. Chapter 2 (Literature Review) discusses relevant issues for systematic support for YL in their first steps in reading English. Areas discussed are: Teacher Cognition, Sociocultural inductions to reading, Orthographic Depth, Phonology, research on reading development across languages and influences in the YL world of established early reading methods for English native-speaking children. Chapter 3 (Research Methodology) justifies the decision to investigate the area via two main studies: (1) questionnaires and in-depth interviews with EYL professionals and (2) close analysis of course materials. It is argued that the qualitative stance of the former is not in conflict with the more objective and quantitative handling of course material data since both are appropriate ways of focusing on the same issue. A third, small-scale, study of the publishing experiences of curriculum experts and materials writers is justified and described. Chapter 4 (Findings) reports and integrates the findings of both main studies and summarizes the findings from the study with curriculum experts and materials writers. Main findings are that EYL professionals tend not to put linguistic considerations high in their priorities for decision-making and that materials analyzed had an underlay in the Alphabetic Principle but were dominated by ‘ABC’ ordering of Reading-Focal items and included activities which tended not to promote pattern-seeking or other behaviour likely to lead to ‘self-teaching’. Chapter 5 (Discussion) discusses the significance of the findings of the two main studies and uses the results of the third study to add balance to the materials analysis study. Limitations of, and reflections on, the research are discussed. Chapter 6 (Conclusions) draws implications for professional education, pedagogy and materials illustrated by examples in the Appendices. Claims are made for the contributions of the study that (1) it opens up discussion on an area of YL teaching which has been neglected both in the research literature and in practical materials creation (2) through the use of in-depth interviews it allows a voice for EYL professionals which has not been heard before (3) the concepts of Reading-Focal versus Vehicular language in YL course materials are claimed as new and useful, leading directly (4) to procedures and analysis tools which can be used with any set of YL materials. Directions for further research building on this thesis are indicated.
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Ylonen, Annamari. "Reinventing the Finnish comprehensive school system through specialisation : reasons, rationales and outcomes for equity and equality of opportunity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2174/.
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The passing of radical educational legislation in the 1990s in Finland has had far-reaching impacts on the comprehensive school system. Along with parental choice, schools were able to specialise by dedicating more hours to different subjects. This thesis discusses the phenomenon of specialisation of the comprehensive school using the analytical lens of equity and equality of opportunity. This has not been sufficiently investigated and analysed in the Finnish context. The key questions are: first, what influences the interpretation of national educational policies regarding choice/diversity and equity/equality of opportunity at the local level; second, why and how schools in the case study city have specialised; and third, what impact this has had on equity and equality of opportunity. A small scale, qualitative case study approach was adopted, focusing on one municipality in Finland. Interviews with staff in four schools and with education policy makers were carried out. These were supplemented with an analysis of policy documents at both national and local levels. The findings emphasise decision-making with regard to specialisation and parental 'choice' at schools, education boards and offices, which reflects the particular economic and demographic circumstances in the municipality as well as concerns about social justice. Decisions on further specialisation were affected by financial constraints on the one hand, and concerns about inequities deriving from the introduction of elements of market-oriented reforms on the other. External factors were important in relation to the initial introduction of specialisms, with the municipality requesting schools to take up specialism; internal motives were less significant. The outcomes of some of the educational decision-making - also manifested as a specific interpretation of national education policy priorities and trends - were found to increase inclusiveness, equity and equality of opportunity rather than exclusiveness and selection.