Journal articles: 'Rationales'

1

Copp, David. "Morality, Reason, and Management Science: The Rationale of Cost-Benefit Analysis." Social Philosophy and Policy 2, no. 2 (1985): 128–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500003241.

Full text

Abstract:

The ProblemEconomic efficiency is naturally thought to be a virtue of social policies and decisions, and cost-benefit (CB) analysis is commonly regarded as a technique for measuring economic efficiency. It is not surprising, then, that CB analysis is so widely used in social policy analysis. However, there is a great deal of controversy about CB analysis, including controversy about its underlying philosophical rationale. The rationales that have been proposed fall into three basic, though not mutually exclusive categories. There are moralist views to the effect that an acceptable CB analysis would provide, or contribute to, an ethical appraisal of proposed policies or projects. There are rationalist views to the effect that an acceptable CB analysis would contribute to the selection of social policies and projects that are “socially rational.” Finally, there are so-called management science views to the effect that the purpose of CB analysis is to promote the achievement of objectives held by the policy maker, whatever they may be. Different positions are available within each of these categories. But there is also the possibility that CB analysis lacks any viable rationale. I will examine some of the major rationales for CB analysis in this paper, and I will suggest that the last view is close to the truth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ismail, Suhaiza, and Fatimah Azzahra Haris. "Rationales for public private partnership (PPP) implementation in Malaysia." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 19, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 188–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-04-2014-0006.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – This paper aims to, first, examine the rationale for implementation of public private partnerships (PPP) in Malaysia. Second, it investigates the differences among perceptions of the public and private sectors, in relation to the rationales for implementing PPP in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey captured the perceptions of the public and private sectors concerning the rationales for PPP implementation in Malaysia. Of 250 questionnaires distributed, 122 usable responses were obtained and analysed using SPSS to rank the importance of the rationales and to examine differences in perceptions between the government and private sectors. Findings – Results show that “to enhance private sector involvement in economic development” is the only rationale that was rated as most important by all respondents. While other rationales were perceived as important, “to reduce the role of the Government in providing public services and facilities” was regarded as the least important rationale by both parties. The results also reveal significant differences between public and private perceptions for the least important rationales. Originality/value – This paper offers empirical evidence on the concept and the rationales for implementing PPP in Malaysia, and also provides evidence on the differences in the perceptions of the public and private sectors in relation to these rationales.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Xiao, Lu, and John M. Carroll. "Shared Practices in Articulating and Sharing Rationale." International Journal of e-Collaboration 11, no. 4 (October 2015): 11–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100102.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper reports a classroom study in which group learners brainstormed ideas in virtual group space and justified their ideas through articulating their rationales in the shared rationale space. The investigation focused on the learners' practices of articulating and sharing rationales. The results suggest that group members would brainstorm the ideas and generate rationales to justify the ideas before reading the others' ideas and rationales. Also, the members in general brainstormed all the ideas first and then elaborated the rationales to justify the ideas; and grouped the shared rationales according to their authors. The group members' reasoning styles were examined by using Rhetorical Structure Theory to analyze the shared rationales. It was found that similar reasoning styles existed across the groups. Additionally, the group context seemed to have affected the members' strategies of using contextual and additional information to justify their ideas. Several design implications are presented to support the practices of articulating and sharing rationales in virtual group workspace. The authors also articulate how their work contributes to other research areas such as project management, crowdsourcing, and online deliberation. Based on their study, the authors argue for a rationale-based knowledge management approach to complex collective activities in the online environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Brahman, Faeze, Vered Shwartz, Rachel Rudinger, and Yejin Choi. "Learning to Rationalize for Nonmonotonic Reasoning with Distant Supervision." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 14 (May 18, 2021): 12592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i14.17492.

Full text

Abstract:

The black-box nature of neural models has motivated a line of research that aims to generate natural language rationales to explain why a model made certain predictions. Such rationale generation models, to date, have been trained on dataset-specific crowdsourced rationales, but this approach is costly and is not generalizable to new tasks and domains. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which neural models can reason about natural language rationales that explain model predictions, relying only on distant supervision with no additional annotation cost for human-written rationales. We investigate multiple ways to automatically generate rationales using pre-trained language models, neural knowledge models, and distant supervision from related tasks, and train generative models capable of composing explanatory rationales for unseen instances. We demonstrate our approach on the defeasible inference task, a nonmonotonic reasoning task in which an inference may be strengthened or weakened when new information (an update) is introduced. Our model shows promises at generating post-hoc rationales explaining why an inference is more or less likely given the additional information, however, it mostly generates trivial rationales reflecting the fundamental limitations of neural language models. Conversely, the more realistic setup of jointly predicting the update or its type and generating rationale is more challenging, suggesting an important future direction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Starck, Jordan G., Stacey Sinclair, and J. Nicole Shelton. "How university diversity rationales inform student preferences and outcomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 16 (April 12, 2021): e2013833118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013833118.

Full text

Abstract:

It is currently commonplace for institutions of higher education to proclaim to embrace diversity and inclusion. Though there are numerous rationales available for doing so, US Supreme Court decisions have consistently favored rationales which assert that diversity provides compelling educational benefits and is thus instrumentally useful. Our research is a quantitative/experimental effort to examine how such instrumental rationales comport with the preferences of White and Black Americans, specifically contrasting them with previously dominant moral rationales that embrace diversity as a matter of intrinsic values (e.g., justice). Furthermore, we investigate the prevalence of instrumental diversity rationales in the American higher education landscape and the degree to which they correspond with educational outcomes. Across six experiments, we showed that instrumental rationales correspond to the preferences of White (but not Black) Americans, and both parents and admissions staff expect Black students to fare worse at universities that endorse them. We coded university websites and surveyed admissions staff to determine that, nevertheless, instrumental diversity rationales are more prevalent than moral ones are and that they are indeed associated with increasing White–Black graduation disparities, particularly among universities with low levels of moral rationale use. These findings indicate that the most common rationale for supporting diversity in American higher education accords with the preferences of, and better relative outcomes for, White Americans over low-status racial minorities. The rationales behind universities’ embrace of diversity have nonlegal consequences that should be considered in institutional decision making.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Nardin, Terry. "Humanitarian Imperialism." Ethics & International Affairs 19, no. 2 (September 2005): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00497.x.

Full text

Abstract:

Fernando Tesón offers two “humanitarian rationales” for the war in Iraq. The first, which he calls the “narrow” rationale, is that the war was fought to overthrow a tyrant. The second, “grand,” rationale is that it was fought as part of a strategy for defending the United States by establishing democratic regimes in the Middle East and throughout the world–peacefully, if possible, but by force if necessary. Both rationales strain the traditional understanding of humanitarian intervention.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Booth-Bell, Darlene. "Social capital as a new board diversity rationale for enhanced corporate governance." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-02-2017-0035.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThe benefits of board diversity are often categorized into five distinct business rationales: talent rationale, market rationale, litigation rationale, employee relations rationale and governance rationale. However, if resource dependency theory’s focus on the director’s ability to secure important resources for the firm is considered, social capital as a viable additional rationale for board diversity can also be considered. The purpose of this paper is to argue that diverse members of the board are likely to have social capital that differs from non-diverse members of the board. Consequently, that diverse social capital can bridge the board to new resources for advice and counsel, legitimacy, channels for communication and access to important external elements, thus making a strong argument to be included as a rationale for board diversity.Design/methodology/approachIt is intended to provide a conceptual discussion on whether enhancing the board’s social capital is perhaps a viable and overlooked rationale for board diversity.FindingsConsistent with the other five rationales for board diversity, this analysis suggests that social capital should be considered as a sixth rationale for board diversity. Social capital serves a role in governance and rises to the standard of other rationales for board diversity.Practical implicationsBoards may not recognize that social capital is a strategic resource and sufficiently diverse groups such as women and minorities may be more likely to contribute non-overlapping social capital networks, which may translate into greater external influence and thus additional resources for the firm. This paper may help to influence the viewpoints of directors on who is valuable as a board member.Originality/valueExisting board diversity rationales do not include social capital as a primary rationale for board diversity. It may be possible that social capital becomes a legitimate sixth rationale for board diversity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Dutta, Rohan, and Sean Horan. "Inferring Rationales from Choice: Identification for Rational Shortlist Methods." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130118.

Full text

Abstract:

A wide variety of choice behavior inconsistent with preference maximization can be explained by Manzini and Mariotti's Rational Shortlist Methods. Choices are made by sequentially applying a pair of asymmetric binary relations (rationales) to eliminate inferior alternatives. Manzini and Mariotti's axiomatic treatment elegantly describes which behavior can be explained by this model. However, it leaves unanswered what can be inferred, from observed behavior, about the underlying rationales. Establishing this connection is fundamental not only for applied and empirical work but also for meaningful welfare analysis. Our results tightly characterize the surprisingly rich relationship between behavior and the underlying rationales. (JEL D11, D12, D83, M37)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Hertwig, Ralph, and Ulrich Hoffrage. "Eingeschränkte und ökologische Rationalität: Ein Forschungsprogramm." Psychologische Rundschau 52, no. 1 (January 2001): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0033-3042.52.1.11.

Full text

Abstract:

Zusammenfassung. Was ist rationales Urteilen und Entscheiden? Eine der klassischen Antworten auf diese Frage ist, dass Urteile und Entscheidungen dann rational sind, wenn sie mit den Regeln diverser normativer Systeme wie zum Beispiel der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie oder der “expected utility“-Theorie übereinstimmen. Mit dieser Auffassung von Rationalität geht die Fiktion einher, dass der rationale Agent über unbegrenzte Ressourcen an Zeit, Wissen und Verarbeitungskapazität verfüge. Uns Menschen stehen diese Ressourcen aber nur begrenzt zur Verfügung. Aus diesem Grund hat Herbert Simon menschliche Rationalität als eingeschränkte (“bounded“) Rationalität konzipiert. Eingeschränkt rationales Urteilen ist aber keineswegs mit schlechtem Urteilen gleichzusetzen. Wir zeigen exemplarisch, dass einfache Heuristiken, die wenig Information benötigen, dennoch zu erstaunlich genauen Urteilen gelangen können. Der Schlüssel zu ihrem Erfolg liegt in ihrer ökologischen Rationalität, das heißt in ihrer Anpassung an die Struktur der Information in der Umgebung, in der sie arbeiten.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Xiao, Lu, and John M. Carrol. "The Effects of Rationale Awareness on Individual Reflection Processes in Virtual Group Activities." International Journal of e-Collaboration 9, no. 2 (April 2013): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jec.2013040104.

Full text

Abstract:

Reflection is an important part of professional work. Researchers and education practitioners have explored various ways of promoting the reflective thinking process towards educating reflective practitioners. Although group work and group learning activities have become increasingly important in modern society and education systems, an insufficient amount of effort has been put towards cultivating reflective thinking processes in the group setting. In addressing this research gap, they examined one reflection technique, namely, the technique of documenting and sharing rationales, in a virtual workspace for group learning. The authors studied the impact of this technique on the group activities through an exploratory classroom study focusing on the effects of one’s awareness of the others’ rationales, i.e., rationale awareness. In this paper, they reported the findings about the effects of rationale awareness on individual reflection processes in the activities. The authors’ findings suggest that when rationales are articulated and shared in such an explicit manner (e.g., having a dedicated group space to present shared rationales), the development of individual members’ reasoning skills seems to be very much influenced by the other members’ capability or willingness to reason.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Hirth, Hans, and Andreas Walter. "Rationales Herdenverhalten." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 30, no. 1 (2001): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2001-1-17.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Phillips, Kenneth H. "Rationales (continued)." Music Educators Journal 81, no. 4 (January 1995): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3398825.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Eshing, Amy K. "Rationales (continued)." Music Educators Journal 81, no. 5 (March 1995): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3398845.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Eriksson, G. "Reduction rationales." British Dental Journal 201, no. 10 (November 2006): 615–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4814275.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Kutlu, Mucahid, Tyler McDonnell, Matthew Lease, and Tamer Elsayed. "Annotator Rationales for Labeling Tasks in Crowdsourcing." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 69 (September 23, 2020): 143–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12012.

Full text

Abstract:

When collecting item ratings from human judges, it can be difficult to measure and enforce data quality due to task subjectivity and lack of transparency into how judges make each rating decision. To address this, we investigate asking judges to provide a specific form of rationale supporting each rating decision. We evaluate this approach on an information retrieval task in which human judges rate the relevance of Web pages for different search topics. Cost-benefit analysis over 10,000 judgments collected on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk suggests a win-win. Firstly, rationales yield a multitude of benefits: more reliable judgments, greater transparency for evaluating both human raters and their judgments, reduced need for expert gold, the opportunity for dual-supervision from ratings and rationales, and added value from the rationales themselves. Secondly, once experienced in the task, crowd workers provide rationales with almost no increase in task completion time. Consequently, we can realize the above benefits with minimal additional cost.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Chiou, Guey-Fa. "Learning Rationales and Virtual Reality Technology in Education." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 23, no. 4 (June 1995): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4j65-a2al-p58b-5nw6.

Full text

Abstract:

Virtual reality technology has many potentials to be applied to help learning. Learning rationales are required to guide the design of virtual reality technology-based learning (VR-Based Learning). Constructionism, case-based learning, problem-based learning, and situated learning are considered as appropriate rationales. An integrated learning rationale and design models based on the integrated learning rationale for VR-based learning are needed. Beliefs about information technology in education were used as guidelines to discuss the application of virtual reality technology to design virtual learning environment, virtual learning material, and virtual learning tool. Virtual reality technology is a modeling technology, education is a modeling process, combining these two modeling approaches is natural and necessary.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Zabotkina, Vera. "Rationales of internationalization: Rethinking academic mobility." Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business 13, no. 4 (November 5, 2013): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/pieb.2013.19.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Williams, Colin C., Ioana Alexandra Horodnic, and Jan Windebank. "Explaining participation in the informal economy: a purchaser perspective." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 1421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2016-0099.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose Participation in the informal economy has been predominantly explained from a supply side perspective by evaluating the rationales for people working in this sphere. Recognising that many transactions in the informal economy are often instigated by customers, exemplified by purchasers asking “how much for cash?”, the purpose of this paper is to explain the informal economy from a demand-side perspective by evaluating citizens’ rationales for making purchases in the informal economy. Here, the authors test three potential explanations for acquiring goods and services in the informal economy, grounded in rational economic actor, social actor and formal economy imperfections theoretical perspectives. Design/methodology/approach To do this, a 2013 Eurobarometer survey, involving 27,563 face-to-face interviews conducted in 28 European Union member states is reported. Findings The finding is that all three rationales apply but the weight given to each varies across populations. A multinomial logit regression analysis then pinpoints the specific groups variously using the informal economy to obtain a lower price, for social or redistributive rationales, or due to the failures of the formal economy in terms of the availability, speed and quality of provision. Practical implications The outcome is to reveal that the conventional policy approach of changing the cost/benefit ratios confronting purchasers will only be effective for those purchasers citing a lower price as their prime rationale. Different policy measures will be required for those making informal economy purchases due to the shortcomings of the formal economy, and for social ends. These policy measures are then discussed. Originality/value The value and originality of this paper is that it explains participation in the informal economy from a purchaser, rather than the predominant supplier, perspective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Xiao, Lu. "Hidden Gems in the Wikipedia Discussions: The Wikipedians’ Rationales." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 10, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i2.14835.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents a series of completed and ongoing studies that are aimed at understanding the role of the Wikipedians’ rationales in the Wikipedia discussions. We define a rationale as one’s justification of her viewpoint and suggestion. Our studies demonstrate the potential of leveraging the Wikipedians’ rationales in the discussions as resources for future decision-makings and as resources for eliciting knowledge about the community’s norms, practices and policies. Viewed as the rich digital traces in these environments, we consider them to be beneficial for the community members, such as helping newcomers familiarize themselves on the commonly accepted justificatory reasoning styles. We call for more research attention to the discussion content from this rationale study perspective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Dignam, Alan, and Peter Oh. "Rationalising corporate disregard." Legal Studies 40, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2020.7.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe area of corporate disregard has a poor reputation for certainty of reasoning. To provide an alternative way of approaching the issue, we conducted an empirical study of the relationship between rationale and outcome within UK corporate disregard cases from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century. We examine the evidence from three perspectives. First, we examine the broad range of instrumental rationales found in the case law by disregard rates in order to identify where issues might be arising with individual rationales. Secondly, as suggested in the wider empirical literature, we examine the rationale rates by jurisdiction in order to see whether there were problematic interpretation issues concentrated in particular parts of the court levels. Thirdly, we examine the rationale rates by substantive claim to see whether contextual aspects of the doctrine, as the court identified with family law in Prest, were influencing outcomes. By providing an empirical study on the rationales instrumental to corporate disregard outcomes we aim to introduce a broader evidential view of where concerns may lie, which can both aid critique of key judicial historical developments such as Adams and Prest and provide a broader evidence base that might aid future judicial reform of the area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Chao, Chiang-Nan. "An Examination on the Chinese Students’ Rationales to Receive their Higher Education in the U.S." World Journal of Education 7, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v7n3p41.

Full text

Abstract:

This research attempts to explore the rationales why so many Chinese students choose to study abroad and why theUnited States is their preferred destination. This population is small, but a vital component of university life at manycolleges and a much needed source of financial revenue. A total of 380 students completed a questionnaire yielding138 usable responses. Specifically, the rationale behind Chinese students’ rationales for attending colleges in the U.Sis explored. The results indicate that Chinese students are seeking education with a worldview, and opt to break fromthe Chinese system of learning. Although choosing to study in the U.S. is an academic endeavor the rationalesbehind that choice is not solely for academics. A better understanding of the Chinese students’ rationales can helpacademicians and university administrators to better target at this population and serve them better.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Boettcher, Laura L., and E. Thomas Dowd. "Comparison of Rationales in Symptom Prescription." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2, no. 3 (January 1988): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.2.3.179.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study examines the effects of the overt presentation of a variety of rationales underlying symptom prescription directives in a brief therapy experiment with anxious college student undergraduates. Forty undergraduate volunteers received a directive to increase their anxiety under one of four rationale conditions: (a) no rationale, in which the directive was given without a rationale; (b) positive refraining, which stressed the positive characteristics of anxiety symptoms; (c) performance anxiety, which described the vicious cycle created by direct attempts to decrease anxiety; and (d) double-bind, in which students were told that the counselor expected them to change whether or not they followed the directive and why this was so. Results showed significant therapeutic gain across all four treatment conditions on outcome measures of anxiety, internal attributions for change and self-efficacy; however, there were no differential effects due to type of rationale on any measure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Jørgensen, Andreas Møller, and Maria Appel Nissen. "Making sense of decision support systems: Rationales, translations and potentials for critical reflections on the reality of child protection." Big Data & Society 9, no. 2 (July 2022): 205395172211251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20539517221125163.

Full text

Abstract:

Decision support systems, which incorporate artificial intelligence and big data, are receiving significant attention in the public sector. Decision support systems are sociocultural artefacts that are subject to a mix of technical and political choices, and critical investigation of these choices and the rationales they reflect are paramount since they are inscribed into and may cause harm, violate fundamental rights and reproduce negative social patterns. Applying and merging the concepts of sense-making and translation, this article investigates the rationales, translations and critical reflections that shape the development of a decision support system to support social workers assessing referrals concerning child neglect. It presents findings from a qualitative case study conducted in 2019–2020 at the Citizen Centre Children and Young People, Copenhagen Municipality, Denmark. The analysis shows how key actors through processes of translation construct, negotiate and readjust problem definitions, roles, interests, responsibilities and ideas of ambiguity and accountability. Although technological solutionism is present in these processes, it is not the only rationale invested. Rather, technological and data-driven rationales are adjusted to and merged with rationales of efficiency, return on investment and child welfare. Through continuous renegotiation of roles, responsibilities and problems according to these rationales, the key actors attempt to orchestrate ways of managing the complexity facing child welfare services by projecting images of future potentials of the decision support system that are yet to be realised.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Bolleyer, Nicole, Felix-Christopher von Nostitz, and Valeria Smirnova. "Conflict regulation in political parties." Party Politics 23, no. 6 (April 29, 2016): 834–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816642804.

Full text

Abstract:

Independent party tribunals (i.e. intra-party courts) can be used by both the party leadership (e.g. to discipline members) and rank-and-file members (e.g. to challenge the leadership overstepping its authority). Thus, their study offers broad insights into party conflict regulation we know little about. Integrating the literatures on party organization, intra-party democracy and judicial politics, we propose two theoretical rationales to account for tribunal decision-making (whether a case finds tribunal support): tribunal decision-making can be theorized as shaped by elite-member divisions or, alternatively, by how verdicts affect the tribunal’s own position in the organization and organizational stability generally. We test hypotheses derived from these rationales using a new data set covering 243 tribunal decisions made over the life spans of three German parties. While both rationales are empirically relevant, the ‘organizational stability rationale’ proves particularly insightful.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Phillips, Kenneth H. "Rationales, Round Three." Music Educators Journal 80, no. 5 (March 1994): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3398738.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Nones, Alberto. "Studiosi Rationales Communicantes." International Studies Review 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00525.x-i1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Nones, Alberto. "Studiosi Rationales Communicantes." International Studies Review 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00526.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Ricklefs, R. E. "Affinities and Rationales." Science 259, no. 5102 (March 19, 1993): 1774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5102.1774-a.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Kane, Nuala B., Alex Ruck Keene, Gareth S. Owen, and Scott Y. H. Kim. "Applying decision-making capacity criteria in practice: A content analysis of court judgments." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0246521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246521.

Full text

Abstract:

Background/Objectives Many jurisdictions use a functional model of capacity with similar legal criteria, but there is a lack of agreed understanding as to how to apply these criteria in practice. We aimed to develop a typology of capacity rationales to describe court practice in making capacity determinations and to guide professionals approaching capacity assessments. Methods We analysed all published cases from courts in England and Wales [Court of Protection (CoP) judgments, or Court of Appeal cases from the CoP] containing rationales for incapacity or intact capacity(n = 131). Qualitative content analysis was used to develop a typology of capacity rationales or abilities. Relationships between the typology and legal criteria for capacity [Mental Capacity Act (MCA)] and diagnoses were analysed. Results The typology had nine categories (reliability: kappa = 0.63): 1) to grasp information or concepts, 2) to imagine/ abstract, 3) to remember, 4) to appreciate, 5) to value/ care, 6) to think through the decision non-impulsively, 7) to reason, 8) to give coherent reasons, and 9) to express a stable preference. Rationales most frequently linked to MCA criterion ‘understand’ were ability to grasp information or concepts (43%) or to appreciate (42%), and to MCA criterion ‘use or weigh’ were abilities to appreciate (45%) or to reason (32%). Appreciation was the most frequently cited rationale across all diagnoses. Judges often used rationales without linking them specifically to any MCA criteria (42%). Conclusions A new typology of rationales could bridge the gap between legal criteria for decision-making capacity and phenomena encountered in practice, increase reliability and transparency of assessments, and provide targets for decision-making support.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Bent, N., K. Williams, and E. Gilbert. "The syndication of private equity investments in South Africa." South African Journal of Business Management 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v35i4.667.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the syndication behaviour of South African private equity and venture capital firms. Three possible rationales for syndication are tested: risk reduction through portfolio diversification (finance rationale), accessing the skills of other firms (resource-based rationale) and improved access to future investment opportunities (deal flow rationale). The finance-based rationale and deal flow rationales are found to be more important than the resource-based rationale. A number of firms additionally list Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) as an additional important reason for syndication. The reasons for syndication behaviour did not vary when small and large firms were considered separately. While firms taking part in start-up investments were more likely to syndicate, their reasons for doing so were not different from those who invest later in the investment life-cycle.While there is currently a low level of syndication of private equity investments in South Africa compared to Europe and the US, most SA firms regard syndication as beneficial and are more likely to syndicate in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

McDonnell, Tyler, Matthew Lease, Mucahid Kutlu, and Tamer Elsayed. "Why Is That Relevant? Collecting Annotator Rationales for Relevance Judgments." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 4 (September 21, 2016): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v4i1.13287.

Full text

Abstract:

When collecting subjective human ratings of items, it can be difficult to measure and enforce data quality due to task subjectivity and lack of insight into how judges’ arrive at each rating decision. To address this, we propose requiring judges to provide a specific type of rationale underlying each rating decision. We evaluate this approach in the domain of Information Retrieval, where human judges rate the relevance of Webpages to search queries. Cost-benefit analysis over 10,000 judgments collected on Mechanical Turk suggests a win-win: experienced crowd workers provide rationales with almost no increase in task completion time while providing a multitude of further benefits, including more reliable judgments and greater transparency for evaluating both human raters and their judgments. Further benefits include reduced need for expert gold, the opportunity for dual-supervision from ratings and rationales, and added value from the rationales themselves.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Lee, Jintae. "Design Rationale Management Research." Knowledge Engineering Review 7, no. 4 (December 1992): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900006470.

Full text

Abstract:

Many benefits potentially stem from a structured representation and use of “design rationales”, i.e. the deliberations underlying a software design process. Explicitly-represented rationales help us understand the design better so that we can produce a better design, maintain the resulting artifact better, and exploit the cumulated knowledge when we need to redesign it. Explicit representation of the rationales also provide a basis for reviewing or justifying the decisions that have been made, for communicating with other members of the design team more easily, and for defining computer services that support various design activities, such as keeping track of dependencies or managing multiple viewpoints. Technologies, that have recently become available, such as multi-media and distributed databases, provide the necessary ingredients for pursuing these potential benefits seriously. As a result, in the past few year we have seen growing interest in design rationale management.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Weible, Christopher M., Tanya Heikkila, and Jonathan Pierce. "Understanding rationales for collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts." Journal of Public Policy 38, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x16000301.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractWhy people collaborate to achieve their political objectives is one enduring question in public policy. Although studies have explored this question in low-intensity policy conflicts, a few have examined collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts. This study asks two questions: What are the rationales motivating policy actors to collaborate with each other in high-intensity policy conflicts? What policy actor attributes are associated with these rationales? This study uses questionnaire data collected in 2013 and 2014 of policy actors from New York, Colorado and Texas who are actively involved with hydraulic fracturing policy debates. The results show that professional competence is the most important rationale for collaborating, whereas shared beliefs are moderately important, and financial resources are not important. Policy actor attributes that are associated with different rationales include organisational affiliation and extreme policy positions. This article concludes with a discussion on advancing theoretical explanations of collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Taljaard, Monica, Cory E. Goldstein, Bruno Giraudeau, Stuart G. Nicholls, Kelly Carroll, Spencer Phillips Hey, Jamie C. Brehaut, et al. "Cluster over individual randomization: are study design choices appropriately justified? Review of a random sample of trials." Clinical Trials 17, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774519896799.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Novel rationales for randomizing clusters rather than individuals appear to be emerging from the push for more pragmatic trials, for example, to facilitate trial recruitment, reduce the costs of research, and improve external validity. Such rationales may be driven by a mistaken perception that choosing cluster randomization lessens the need for informed consent. We reviewed a random sample of published cluster randomized trials involving only individual-level health care interventions to determine (a) the prevalence of reporting a rationale for the choice of cluster randomization; (b) the types of explicit, or if absent, apparent rationales for the use of cluster randomization; (c) the prevalence of reporting patient informed consent for study interventions; and (d) the types of justifications provided for waivers of consent. We considered cluster randomized trials for evaluating exclusively the individual-level health care interventions to focus on clinical trials where individual randomization is only theoretically possible and where there is a general expectation of informed consent. Methods: A random sample of 40 cluster randomized trials were identified by implementing a validated electronic search filter in two electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE and Embase), with two reviewers independently extracting information from each trial. Inclusion criteria were the following: primary report of a cluster randomized trial, evaluating exclusively an individual-level health care intervention, published between 2007 and 2016, and conducted in Canada, the United States, European Union, Australia, or low- and middle-income country settings. Results: Twenty-five trials (62.5%, 95% confidence interval = 47.5%–77.5%) reported an explicit rationale for the use of cluster randomization. The most commonly reported rationales were those with logistical or administrative convenience (15 trials, 60%) and those that need to avoid contamination (13 trials, 52%); five trials (20%) were cited rationales related to the push for more pragmatic trials. Twenty-one trials (52.5%, 95% confidence interval = 37%–68%) reported written informed consent for the intervention, two (5%) reported verbal consent, and eight (20%) reported waivers of consent, while in nine trials (22.5%) consent was unclear or not mentioned. Reported justifications for waivers of consent included that study interventions were already used in clinical practice, patients were not randomized individually, and the need to facilitate the pragmatic nature of the trial. Only one trial reported an explicit and appropriate justification for waiver of consent based on minimum criteria in international research ethics guidelines, namely, infeasibility and minimal risk. Conclusion: Rationales for adopting cluster over individual randomization and for adopting consent waivers are emerging, related to the need to facilitate pragmatic trials. Greater attention to clear reporting of study design rationales, informed consent procedures, as well as justification for waivers is needed to ensure that such trials meet appropriate ethical standards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

De Martino, Mario. "Promotion of Political Values through International Programs of Academic Mobility." RUDN Journal of Political Science 22, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2020-22-2-312-319.

Full text

Abstract:

Nation-states and international organizations widely use educational programs to foster students’ mobility abroad. The majority of scientific literature agrees in considering exchange programs as soft power instruments used by countries to promote their values in geopolitically and economically crucial regions. However, a more in-depth analysis of the reasons motivating nation-states to adopt such initiatives is needed to understand their political goals better. The current study consists of analysing the main formulations proposed by scholars, who delved into the topic of international academic mobility as a tool to promote values. The rationales of nation-states and international organizations to develop such programs of academic mobility can be very diverse (geopolitical, economic, and civic). The author described the main principles of each rationale (or logic), providing examples of existing educational programs adopted by countries or international organizations and how political values are promoted according to each logic. The boundaries between the four rationales described in the paper are not distinct and rigid. An educational program can respond at the same time to different logics, and the nation-states decide how to allocate resources to achieve specific results ascribable to a particular rationale. Although different rationales push nation-states and international organizations in promoting international programs of academic mobility, in all cases, such programs are instruments to promote political values.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Zhang, Jianjun. "From Market Despotism to Managerial Hegemony: The Rise of Indigenous Chinese Management." Management and Organization Review 11, no. 2 (June 2015): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2015.24.

Full text

Abstract:

Through examining executive rationale on why firms exist, Redding and Witt's (2015) paper serves as a window through which we can view varieties of capitalism and management models in several societies. However, though rationales are the socially constructed, historical patterns of material practices, they are after all ideational factors. The economic action and organizational practices, as Redding and Witt acknowledge, are often the result of the interplay of the material and ideational forces in society. Meanwhile, as the studied five economies are all relatively mature economies, executive rationales are rather stable, which is not the case for China. This commentary thus examines the evolution of Chinese management along with the shift of political economic parameters.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Anheier, Helmut K., and Diana Leat. "Philanthropic Foundations: What Rationales?" Social Research: An International Quarterly 80, no. 2 (June 2013): 449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sor.2013.0006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Corey, Stephen J. "Rationales for Music Education." Music Educators Journal 81, no. 2 (September 1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3398805.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Peerenboom, R. P. "Reasons, Rationales, and Relativisms." Philosophy Today 34, no. 1 (1990): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday199034126.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Brown, Jennifer Gerarda, and Ian Ayres. "Economic Rationales for Mediation." Virginia Law Review 80, no. 2 (March 1994): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073526.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Martin, Brian. "Critique of violent rationales." Pacifica Review: Peace, Security & Global Change 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781159708412832.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Healey, Patsy, Michael Purdue, and Frank Ennis. "Rationales for Planning Gain." Policy Studies 13, no. 2 (June 1992): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01442879208423613.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Vega, Irene I. "Conservative Rationales, Racial Boundaries." American Behavioral Scientist 58, no. 13 (June 2, 2014): 1764–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764214537269.

Full text

Abstract:

The 2006 immigration marches have become emblematic of Latinos’ united position on immigration. However, solidarity and collective action is only one group formation outcome of sociopolitical exclusion. By ignoring those Latinos who disrupt the tenet of ethnic solidarity against immigration restriction, research has failed to specify the mechanisms that lead some Latinos to depart from their own on a racially bifurcated debate. Drawing on interviews, I document the boundary-making strategies that Mexican-origin Latinos who are “anti-illegal immigration” deploy to formulate us and them groupings vis-à-vis immigrants. I show that respondents are politically conservative, highly nationalistic, and express a sense of nostalgia for “the past” in broad terms. They differentiate “us” from “them” in terms of national membership, distinguishing those who are deserving of the material and symbolic resources of the nation-state from those who are outsiders. Because they share racial/ethnic markers with immigrants, they engage in boundary-making strategies to split the Latino/Hispanic panethnic category from the Mexican national-origin category, thereby differentiating us (Americans) from them (foreigners). They deploy multicultural discourse that establishes the compatibility of national loyalties and ethnic affinities to reconcile their background with their political position.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

McLeod, Bruce. "Rationales for therapeutic apheresis." Hematology 10, sup1 (September 2005): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10245330512331390438.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Loui, R. P., and Jeff Norman. "Rationales and argument moves." Artificial Intelligence and Law 3, no. 3 (1995): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00872529.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Rich, John Martin. "Rationales of Educational Reform." Urban Education 26, no. 2 (July 1991): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085991026002001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Abulof, Uriel. "Revisiting Iran’s nuclear rationales." International Politics 51, no. 3 (April 11, 2014): 404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Radermacher, J. "Rationales Vorgehen bei Nierenarterienstenose." Der Nephrologe 9, no. 5 (July 10, 2014): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0873-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Girndt, M. "Rationales Tumorscreening beim Dialysepatienten." Der Nephrologe 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11560-015-0030-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Li, Mei, Qixia Jiang, and Shuli Su. "International Undergraduate Student Recruitment at China’s “Double First-Class” Universities." Journal of International Students 12, S1 (February 6, 2022): 8–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12is1.4605.

Full text

Abstract:

Focusing on the “Double First-class” universities in China, we analyze the recruitment policies of international undergraduate students at the institutional level. Findings indicate that “double First-class” universities have a certain autonomy in determining the recruitment scale and academic thresholds, demonstrating an unevenly set and loosely regulated policy decision making in China with an absence of a national academic standard and coordinative system. We categorize institutional policies at “double First-Class” universities into four kinds: Active-rigorous Player, Active Player, Rigorous Player and Inactive Player. As Active-rigorous Players, the most prestigious universities set admission requirements as strict as that of some research universities in North America. In general, academic rationale and economic rationale are not as important as political and social-cultural rationales in the recruitment policy. China’s HEIs need to maintain a subtle balance among academic, political, economic and social-cultural rationales, with more emphasis put on the quality control of international student recruitment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Rationales'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles