Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rationalism (Architecture)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rationalism (Architecture)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rationalism (Architecture)"

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O'Rourke, Kathryn E. "Guardians of Their Own Health." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.1.60.

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José Villagrán García's Tuberculosis Sanatorium at Huipulco (1929–36), outside of Mexico City, was one of Mexico's first important modern buildings. Commissioned by the federal government and designed to cure and transform the Mexican working class, the project reflected its architect's pioneering integration of architectural rationalism, Julien Guadet's theories, and the reform ambitions of the Mexican government. At Huipulco, Villagrán also referenced established sanatorium design as a means of visually associating Mexican architecture and medicine with admired European practices in both fields. In Guardians of Their Own Health: Tuberculosis, Rationalism, and Reform in Modern Mexico, Kathryn E. O'Rourke argues that understood in the context of Mexican social policy and compared to buildings by Guadet's famous student Auguste Perret, the Huipulco Sanatorium reveals the reach of French rationalism and the complex genesis of modern architecture in Mexico. Its story helps to historicize and particularize the International Style within histories of modern architecture and open further the question of how modern architecture was understood by architects working beyond European centers.
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Dwi Prasetyo, Priambudi, and Ashadi Ashadi. "KAJIAN KONSEP ARSITEKTUR RASIONALISME PADA BANGUNAN UNIVERSITAS BAUHAUS DI JERMAN." PURWARUPA Jurnal Arsitektur 7, no. 1 (March 10, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/purwarupa.7.1.51-56.

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ABSTRAK. Seni dan ilmu Arsitektur merupakan bidang yang dituntut mampu mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Pada zaman modern saat ini, area hidup manusia telah menjadi hal yang berharga bagi sebagian masyarakat, terutama masyarakat perkotaan yang pastinya menjadi tempat berkumpul ragam lapisan masyarakat. Kenyataan ini tentunya juga mempengaruhi sebuah bangunan Pendidikan, yang menjadi perhatian adalah efisien ruang di dalamnya agar terciptanya ruang yang nyaman untuk aktifitas yang vital seperti Pendidikan. Dari fenomena tersebut dirasa memiliki keterkaitan dengan gaya atau konsep rasionalisme, salah satu konsep turunan dari gaya arsitektur modern. Arsitektur rasionalisme yang berfokus terhadap fungsi sebuah ruang tentunya menuntut efisiensi dengan meminimalkan ornament ataupun hiasan serta sebagai penggantinya dalam mendukung kesan estetiknya, konsep rasionalisme menghadirkannya lewat organiknya bentuk-bentuk yang dituntut oleh ruang atau secara sederhana sering disebut bentuk ruang mengikuti fungsi. Penelitian kali ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui serta memahami bagaimana konsep rasionalisme dalam arsitektur salah satunya dengan mengetahui prinsip-prinsip yang membentuknya. Kemudian mengetahui bagaimana penerapan konsep arsitektur rasionalisme dapat diterapkan dengan baik pada elemen arsitektur itu sendiri. Beberapa temuan dari penelitian ini meliputi pemahaman mengenai prinsip pada bangunan berkonsep arsitektur rasionalisme seperti yang paling umum ialah bentuknya yang cenderung monoton dari perpaduan bentuk geometeri sederahana. Selain itu juga menemukan contoh tentang elemen arsitektur yang mampu berperan dalam penerapan konsep rasionalisme. Kata Kunci: Arsitektur, Rasionalisme, Pendidikan, Modern ABSTRACT. Art and science of Architecture is a field that is required to be able to keep up with the times. In modern times, the area of human life has become a valuable thing for some people, especially urban people, which is certainly a gathering place for various levels of society. This fact certainly also affects an Education building, the concern is the efficient space in it in order to create a comfortable space for vital activities such as education. From this phenomenon, it is felt that it has a connection with the style or concept of rationalism, one of the concepts derived from the modern architectural style. The architecture of rationalism that focuses on the function of a space certainly demands efficiency by minimizing ornamentation or decoration and as a substitute in supporting its aesthetic impression, the concept of rationalism presents it through the organic forms demanded by space or simply often called the form of space following function. This research aims to find out and understand how the concept of rationalism in architecture is one of them by knowing the principles that shape it. Then find out how the application of the architectural concept of rationalism can be well applied to the elements of architecture itself. Some of the findings of this study include an understanding of the principles in buildings with the concept of rationalism architecture, as the most common is that the form tends to be monotonous from the combination of geometery forms. In addition, it also finds examples of architectural elements that are able to play a role in the application of the concept of rationalism. Keywords: Architecture, Rationalism, Education, Modern
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Dal Falco, Federica. "Italian Rationalist Design: Modernity between Tradition and Innovation." Arts 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8010027.

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This article is devoted to the Italian modern project of the 1930s, which involved architecture and design. The main theme is the influence that the autarchic economic policy of the Fascist regime had in the choice of materials and technologies, and, above all, the manner in which this choice led to innovative practices and figurative research. Through significant examples, the essay provides some insight into the style of Italian rationalism, whose contradictory aspects—conditioned by the regime’s policy—shaped urban planning, architecture, and design in the 1930s. I show that the Italian rationalist culture is a field of investigation that is of considerable scientific interest because it represents the idea of an integral project comprised of all the elements associated to a building, including those that are still used today. In particular, I present a case study centered on the Physics Institute of Rome’s Sapienza University (1933–1935) designed by the architect Giuseppe Pagano Pogatschnig, analyzing its materials, technologies, and architectural features, as well as its furnishings. Along these lines, the objective of this investigation is the transmission of a specific knowledge, looking at objects as essential parts of the aesthetics of Rationalism in order to protect and enhance the cultural heritage of modernity.
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Stevanović, Vladimir. "Racionalizam u arhitekturi: nekoliko modela instrumentalizacije / Rationalism in Architecture: Several Models of Instrumentalization." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 6 (October 15, 2014): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i6.80.

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Rationalism in architecture is a European concept which, from Enlightment to postmodern era, advocates values of order, clarity and logic, represented through primary geometrism, functionalism, profitability and absence of ornament. The text connects and analyzes (1) formal-stilistic manifestations of rationalism in architecture: French neoclassicism; Soviet constructivism, German new objectivity, Italian rationalism; postmodern Italian neorationalism in the context of (2) dominant paradigms which directs them: divine nature; technological-utilitarian; autonomus-selfreferent, and (3) social, economic, ideological and cultural activities around which they are organized, such as: French bourgeois revolution; proleterian-communist, socialdemocratic and faschist ideas beteween two World wars; critical procession of populist values in mass consumer society and global capitalist economy at the threshold of postmodern era.
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Maulsby, Lucy M. "Material Legacies: Italian modernism and the postwar history of case del fascio." Modern Italy 24, no. 02 (May 2019): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2019.10.

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In recent decades, architectural historians, preservationists, and the general public have shown a growing interest in Fascist-era buildings. Many of the most high-profile examples are those associated with the monumental excesses of the regime. However, new attention has also been focused on more modest buildings that are significant examples of interwar Italian modernism or Rationalism, including former party headquarters (case del fascio). Taking as primary examples works by Giuseppe Terragni, the architect most often associated with Rationalism, as well by Luigi Carlo Danieri and Luigi Vietti, whose interwar contributions to Italian modernism have been less often the focus of scholarly attention, this article traces the postwar histories of case del fascio with the aim of better understanding the ways in which architecture and politics intersect and some of the consequences of this for the contemporary Italian architectural landscape.
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Peckham, Andrew. "The Dichotomies of Rationalism in 20th-Century Italian Architecture." Architectural Design 77, no. 5 (2007): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.509.

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Moravánszky, Ákos. "Concrete Constructs: The Limits of Rationalism in Swiss Architecture." Architectural Design 77, no. 5 (2007): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.512.

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Kreizer, I. "MAGINARY OR EXPRESSIVE: XXI CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN THE WORKS OF EXCELLENT MASTERS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 168 (March 25, 2022): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-1-168-40-44.

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The article deals with the theme of the interaction of "expressiveness" and "pictoriality" in the work of the masters of architecture of the XXI century. Architects' methods of work with such concepts as "imagery" and "expressiveness" became the cornerstone in understanding the concept of "modern" in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The architecture of the twentieth century in the leading countries of Europe, the USA, then the USSR, trying to keep pace with scientific discoveries and technical capabilities, created a number of rationalist avant-garde trends, which later merged into modernism (international style), gradually abandoning decor and imagery in buildings. The architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries urged to look for means of forming a new architecture without decor and ornaments. The architecture of rationalism, and then modernism, abandoned figurativeness in an effort to express the content of modernity. This approach has led to both practical and theoretical problems. Architecture as an art form began to “speak” with the user in a different language, instead of historically proven decorative and pictorial techniques, its language became an expression of abstract forms and dynamic solutions. Looking at the works of outstanding contemporary masters, the question arises what means and techniques they use in the process of creating architectural objects and whether there is a place for decor in their work. Whether decor in the architecture of the 21st century has lost its function as an informative and visual means, whether it has become an expressive component of the architectural form is a question that will be considered in the article using the examples of famous world-class architects, and the works of Ukrainian architects will also be involved. The article also discusses modern methods of work of architects with the form.
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Slepukhin, Victor V. "Soviet Architecture of the 1930-1950s." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-1-37-52.

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The article is devoted to the Stalinist Empire style, a unique phenomenon in the architecture of the Soviet period. The author defines its place among such architectural styles and movements as Art Nouveau, Rationalism and Constructivism, as well as among foreign architectural movements of the middle of the 20th century. In aesthetic essence, the Stalinist Empire style was closely associated with Imperial Classicism. It was called upon to perform the functions of glorifying the power of the new young state. Stylistically, it inherited the Baroque, Napoleonic Empire style, late Classicism, Art Deco and Neo-Gothic; the details of these styles contributed to achieving a sense of luxury, pomposity and grandeur. The inner meaning of the new architectural theory and socialist realism, in general, was the comprehensibility of architecture to the masses: completeness, orderliness, monumentality. The architecture of the Stalinist Empire style, which to a certain extent contradicted the rather difficult situation of the country both in the pre-war and post-war periods, was called upon to convey the idea of ​​striving for a bright future, embodied the architectural future that awaited people of the Soviet country.
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Peckham, Andrew, Charles Rattray, and Torsten Schmiedeknecht. "On the Threshold of Rationalism." Architectural Design 77, no. 5 (2007): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.508.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rationalism (Architecture)"

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Kong, Tae-Woong. "In search of rationalism : architecture of Hendrik Petrus Berlage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419291.

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Setiawan, Arief B. "Modernity in architecture in relation to context." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33871.

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The thesis questions the ways in which architecture might embody the notion of modernity in different cultures and regions yet achieve appropriateness relative to place. In the early twentieth century in the industrialized world, the issue of modernity in architecture was identified with the notions of abstraction and rationalization that colored the development of the modern movement. The second generation of the modern movement queried the roles of human experiences and urban and architectural contexts in architectural design. With the spread of the modern movement to the rest of the world, the issue of context in architecture grew stronger. Following this line of thought, this dissertation examines the tension between modernist abstractionism and urban and architectural contexts in place in which the presence and the role of local knowledge and traditions in architecture remained influential. It investigates modernity in architecture through a specific Asian reading and through an analysis of the work of Geoffrey Bawa of Sri Lanka. Selected works of Geoffrey Bawa are chosen because the significance of his oeuvre is often contested by interpreters who see it as reflecting various contemporary approaches, including regionalism and vernacularism. Thus, in an effort to refute such simplistic explanations of his work, this thesis examines selected works of Bawa, analyzing their spatial organization, formal arrangement, materials, techniques, and building details. In particular, it attempts to highlight the ways in which Bawa articulated the notions of experience and memory in his architecture. These analyses are then placed within the framework of the social and cultural situations that his architecture confronted in Sri Lanka. It is within this framework that we might determine the ways in which modernity and locality were embodied in Bawa's work. Interpretations of his work take into account the understanding of modernity as a cultural practice and an attitude. Modernity as an attitude relates to a specific modernist subject who is able to use reason for judgment in addressing context. In this dissertation, a reading on the work of Walter Benjamin on modernity, the pasts, and traditions frames this understanding of this modernist subjectivity. In architecture, modernity as an attitude means that is not a style but a way of thinking and formulating design intent. This inquiry is then used as a framework within which this dissertation will interpret the relationship between modernity and local identity. The conclusions of the dissertation contribute to an understanding of the achievement of modernity in architecture in tight relationship to context. On a more focused level, it also hopes to contribute to an appreciation of the extant works of Geoffrey Bawa, which the author of this dissertation deems exemplary of what modern architecture might achieve in Asia.
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Popescu, Florentina C. "Four Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Thinkers on the Truthfulness of Architecture." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342103775.

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Bressani, Martin. "Rationalism and the organic analogy in fin-de-siècle Paris : Auguste Perret and the building at 25b rue Franklin." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71370.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 283-301).
The thesis studies the apartment block at 25b rue Franklin in Paris designed in 1903 by the architect Auguste Perret. It documents the building's history and discusses its design in the context of late-nineteenth-century theoretical debate on housing and architecture. The first part of the study examines the context. It includes an analysis of the ·various constraints that Perret faced at rue Franklin in an attempt to establish clearly the extent of their influence on the design of the building. ~ext a typological survey of the apartment block in nineteenth-century Paris brings out those aspects of the building type considered problematical by the architects of the period. The second part of the study discusses the theoretical issue of rationalism. It first distinguishes the different brands of rationalist theories in France at the end of the nineteenth century. An examination of the 25b shows the mark left by the writings of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc on Perret's rationalist conceptions of architecture. It also illustrates the link established between industry and rationalism at rue Franklin. The third section of the thesis addresses the organic theory of architecture in its relation to the 25b rue Franklin. Contrary to the conventional view, the discussion demonstrates that the design of 25b rue Franklin entailed aims which went beyond a strict response to legal or site constraints or the faithful expression of structure. Perret at rue Franklin attempted to root his architecture in society, nature, and history. This "organicism" was again largely indebted to the insights of Viollet-le-Duc. It also reflected Perret's firm conviction that reinforced concrete itself was an "organic" material which summarized and surpassed all previous materials. With such notions in mind, Perret endeavored to achieve a synthesis of what were considered the two great architectural traditions of the Western world: Gothic and Greek.
by Martin Bressani.
M.S.
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HAMILTON, CRAIG A. "PURPOSE, PLACE, EXPERIENCE: INTEGRATING THE RATIONAL AND POETIC IN THE DESIGN OF A NAPA VALLEY WINERY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148328840.

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Marbehant, Sylvain. "Concevoir le contexte de l'architecture: réalité habitée et réalité projetée dans trois doctrines du 20e siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209176.

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Cette thèse de doctorat développe un questionnement de nature épistémologique à propos du domaine architectural et des connaissances qui lui sont associées. La théorie architecturale se distingue par la grande diversité de ses formes, par la multiplicité des acteurs qui la mobilisent et surtout par la grande complexité de l'objet qu'elle vise :l'œuvre architecturale. Pour pouvoir aborder de manière lucide ces différents filtres, nous proposons d'en décoder les origines pour une notion théorique particulière: le contexte de l'œuvre architecturale.

Le contexte d'une œuvre rassemble l'ensemble des conditions matérielles, sociocognitives et culturelles qui contribuent à sa signification. Cependant l'interprétation d'un contexte est souvent faite de manière équivoque tant les sources du sens sont multiples et variées pour l'architecture.

Un examen rapide de l'évolution de la culture architecturale dans le courant du 20e siècle permet de situer la grande popularité de la question du contexte dans la seconde moitié de ce siècle. L'importance du contexte y apparaissait comme une force effective pour endiguer la crise du sens que connaissait l'architecture. Une sensibilité commune émergea au sein de trois courants architecturaux – appelés dans cette étude la Team 10, les Italiens et les Américains. Tous fondaient leurs interprétations sur l'idée que les conditions matérielles et historiques d'une situation donnée participent à la signification que prend l'œuvre architecturale chez ses habitants. Ils en déduisirent une série de notions originales qui constituent l'objet de cette étude.

Au moment du repli théorique amorcé au moment du postmodernisme, ces interprétations furent formalisées au sein de trois doctrines :le structuralisme, le rationalisme et le contextualisme. Dans ce cadre doctrinal, à chaque situation donnée pouvaient correspondre plusieurs contextes élaborés a priori et conditionnant sans détour l'œuvre architecturale qui y prenait place. Ainsi, alors que la signification d'un contexte est liée à sa spécificité, ces interprétations formalisées encourageaient la reproduction de stratégies d'interventions architecturales abstraites de toute contingence.

La critique du postmodernisme expliqua ces pratiques caricaturales par l'oubli du rôle actif des auteurs architectes dans le travail d'interprétation du contexte d'une œuvre. Un contexte ne doit pas être interprété seulement en tant que réalité habitée – trouvant son sens chez les habitants de l'œuvre – mais aussi en tant que réalité projetée. – trouvant son sens dans la conception de l'œuvre.

La première hypothèse de cette recherche avance qu'au sein des trois courants à l'origine des doctrines du structuralisme, du rationalisme et du contextualisme s'exprimait consciemment cette différence entre réalité habitée et réalité projetée. Si les formalisations doctrinales écartèrent l'importance de l'engagement créatif des architectes dans l'interprétation d'un contexte n'avait pas été oubliée chez les principaux auteurs de ces trois courants. La seconde hypothèse de cette recherche avance que l'interprétation d'un contexte en tant que réalité projetée est nécessaire pour renouveler le sens de l'œuvre qui y est associée. Par l'engagement de l'auteur architecte, peut naître une relation spécifique entre l'œuvre architecturale et son contexte, spécificité garante de la signification.

Ces deux hypothèses s'appuient sur deux développements. D'abord un double inventaire des principales notions relatives à la compréhension du contexte de l'œuvre architecturale en tant que réalité habitée et en tant que réalité projetée. Ces inventaires sont illustrés par quelques projets exemplaires traduisant l'impact de ces interprétations sur l'architecture construite. Ensuite par une réflexion théorique plus générale développant la relation possible entre la connaissance architecturale et l'œuvre au sein d'une réalité projetée. A la suite de ce second développement de nature épistémologique, nous avançons que par la nature intermédiaire que prennent les connaissances dans le cadre d'une réalité projetée, il s'instaure une relation de réciprocité – et non pas d'autorité - entre le théorique et le pratique.


Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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VIALE, GIULIA. "Una moderna città per le masse di sciatori. Sestriere 1929-1975." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2971990.

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Mickala, Cyrille. "Habiter : sciences, phénoménologie et herméneutique à partir de Gaston Bachelard et Maurice Merleau-Ponty." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30030.

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Est-il encore possible de vivre et d’habiter l’espace aménagé et construit en particulier, quant à considérer le déluge technoscientifique et industriel qui détermine et influence le domaine de l’architecture moderne ? Le rationalisme et le fonctionnalisme d’une certaine tendance de l’architecture moderne en intégrant les progrès technoscientifiques et industriels dans le monde de la maison, semble condamner l’expérience d’habiter à une crise irréversible. L’activité architecturale se voulant conforme aux progrès scientifiques et techno-industriels, elle impose à l’expérience pratique de la maison et préscientifique des lieux de vie, des normes de vie découlant de la seule raison. C’est en général une architecture et un urbanisme modernes abstraits et fonctionnalistes qui se développent en suivant la voie de l’objectivité rationnelle ouverte par Galilée et Descartes, ils maîtrisent, administrent et esthétisent le tout du monde ainsi que toutes les expériences humaines à l’espace en les dépouillant des considérations poétiques, mythologiques et affectives. Ainsi, la construction des institutions humaines d’habitation devient dans l’identification de la crise d’habiter, un « processus technologique prosaïque dérivant directement de la raison mathématique, d’un diagramme fonctionnel, ou d’une règle de combinaisons formelles » au désavantage de l’expérience concrète d’habiter. Mais si l’architecture n’a pas affaire qu’à elle-même, si elle n’est pas une pratique qui trouve sa fin en elle-même puisqu’elle s’ouvre vers l’autre, comment peut-on philosophiquement toujours espérer habiter authentiquement, originairement et poétiquement le monde et l’espace de la maison en particulier ? La philosophie, par l’approche phénoménologique et herméneutique à partir de Gaston Bachelard et Merleau-Ponty, présente pour l'expérience moderne d'habiter, des voies significatives originales qui permettent de répondre à la crise qu’elle connait. En renouvelant autrement que par la seule connaissance rationnelle les relations de l'homme à l'espace, elle se présente comme une voie remarquable de ré-compréhension, de relecture et de ré-enchantement de l’expérience originaire d’habiter le monde, la ville et l’espace de la maison
Is it still possible to inhabitate and live the laid out and constructed space in particular, as for considering the techno and industrial flood that determines and influences the field of modern architecture? Rationalism and functionalism of a given trend of modern architecture by incorporating techno and industrial progress in the world of home, seems to condemn the experience of living in an irreversible crisis. The architectural activity wanting to meet scientific and techno-industrial progress, it requires practical experience in home and prescientific places of life, of living standards arising from the only reason. It is a general an architecture and a modern, abstract and functionalist urbanism that develop along the path of rational objectivity initiated by Galileo and Descartes, they control , manage and aestheticize the whole world and all human experience to space by stripping poetic , mythological and emotional considerations. Thus, the construction of human institutions housing becomes in identifying the crisis of living a «prosaic and technological process deriving directly from the mathematical reason, a functional diagram, or a rule of formal suits «in drawback of the concrete experience of living. But if the architecture does not matter to itself, if it is not a practice that is an end in itself because it opens to another, how can we still philosophically hope to authentically, originally and poetically live the world and the space of the house in particular? Philosophy, by phenomenological and hermeneutic approach inheritated from Gaston Bachelard and Merleau-Ponty presents to the modern experience of living, original significant ways that respond to the crisis it faces. Renewing differently more than the only purely rational knowledge the relations of man to the space, it presents itself as a remarkable way of re- understanding, rereading and re-enchantment of the original experience of inhabitating the world , the city and the space of the house
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TRAUSI, PIER PASQUALE. "Patrimoni e paesaggi identitari del primo Novecento, tra modernità e tradizione. Recupero di un passato recente, tra Tecnica e Architettura." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi della Basilicata, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11563/148989.

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The Modern Movement represents one of the most beautiful pages of the cultural and architectural history of Europe and Italy. The ferments of vanguards brought to the birth of new industries through the development of technical equipment and technological systems, above all in the building field. In this context new stilemas and architectural characters took shape, defined as “New Modern Architecture”. Europe attended the birth of the International Style, a movement aimed at researching a new architectural response to the social-economical changes. In Italy, at the same time, the “Italian Rationalism” started, which, still fought between a traditionalist style and avanguardist one, looked towards the new ferments over the Alps. The development of the building techniques and the use more and more widespread of the reinforced concrete consented to define qualitative and typological characters of the new architectures (like the cantilever roofs, the big lights in the buildings, the monumentality of the portals, the regularity of the openings in the fronts, the glazed walls), which consented to free the prospecta from the rigid froms of the stereometric building. At the same time, the industrial development and, above all, the one of the building materials, has been giving a great support to such a process of innovation in the sector. The policies of autarchy of the time boosted the use and the development of local materials, contributing to the definition of an Italian style. The activity of conservation and safeguard of the architectural Modern heritage are carried out through the preliminary recognition of the architectural works having a distinctly artistic character and of strong elegance for the contemporary architectural culture to subdue to particular forms of attention and preservation. The individuation of such works, from a normative point of view, occurs through the statement of important artistic and architectural nature with the attachment of constraints because of “particularly important works because of their relation to the political, military, literature and culture in general history, that is as witness of the identity and the history of the public, collective or religious institutions” (according to the art. 10 part 3 letter d) of the Code of the cultural heritage and the landscape, D. Lgs. 42/04). Today, after almost a century of history, these architectures can be considered this way as historic identitary heritage to protect and preserve, even not enough recognized as “cultural heritage”. So, we can’t leave aside a careful research and a consequent document production for the protection and valorization of the buildings and the urban complexes of the Modern Movement, symbols of a process of technological and industrial innovation. The research project, thus, has the purpose to provide a mean aimed at the historic, architectural and costructive knowledge of these buildings, with the specific purpose of drawing up “guide-lines” for the recover and critical preservation of such a heritage.
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Lannuzel, Thibault. "Génération Formes Utiles, étude d’un groupe de designers en France : 1945-1973." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040127.

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Le sujet se concentre sur un cycle majeur de l’Histoire de l’art et du design français d’après-guerre, pourtant largement méconnu. Durant cette période de croissance plus communément appelée Trente Glorieuses, une lignée de onze jeunes designers français s’impose ainsi dans le paysage de la création de modèles de série. Cette génération s’attachera à promouvoir le design dès la sortie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, se basant sur la doctrine du fonctionnalisme social défendue plus tôt par Francis Jourdain, père du mobilier de série français et membre de l’UAM, puis par ses disciples René Gabriel et Marcel Gascoin. Leur formation commune au sein des meilleures écoles ou des bureaux d’études de leurs aînés, la similitude des parcours professionnels et l’existence d’affinités personnelles nous permettent ici d’avancer l’hypothèse d’un phénomène générationnel encore jamais identifié en tant que tel. Ensemble et séparément, ces designers s’attachent donc à défendre le rationalisme à la française et une production dépouillée de tout artifice, mais plus largement l’alliance du créateur et de l’industriel pour des formes justes et l’affirmation du beau dans l’utile. En outre, avec eux apparaît le statut de designer qui doit concevoir mobilier et aménagements d’intérieur de qualité, fonctionnel et accessible à tous. Cette génération fondatrice, pourtant reléguée au second plan de l’histoire du design, mérite à ce titre d’être inscrite dans la genèse d’une profession et d’une discipline dont nous tirons encore aujourd’hui les enseignements
The topic is focused on a main period of the history of art and French post-war design but which is though largely unknown. During this period of growth also called « Trente Glorieuses », a line of eleven young French designers impose their self in the landscape of the model’s creation. This generation tries hard to promote the design from the end of the Second World War by basing on the social functionalism’s doctrine which is defended before by Francis Jourdain, father of the French serial furniture and member of the UAM, and then by his disciples René Gabriel and Marcel Gascoin. Their communal training in the best schools or in the design offices of their eldests, the similarity of their careers and the existence of personal affinities may allow us to claim the possibility of a generational phenomenon never identified in itself yet. Together or separately, this designers desire to defend the French rationalism and a production without any artifice, but above all the collaboration of the creator and the manufacturer for relevant forms and the proclamation of the beauty in the utility. Moreover, it is with them that appears the designer status who has to conceive furniture and interior organisations of quality and which is functional and reachable for everyone. This pioneer generation, relegated at the middle ground of the design history, deserves to have their place in the genesis of a profession and a discipline from which we still learn lessons
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Books on the topic "Rationalism (Architecture)"

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Hugh, Pearman, and Lewis Penny, eds. GM+AD: Curious rationalism. Glasgow: Carnyx Group, 2006.

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Breitman, Marc. Rationalisme, tradition: Jacques Marmey, Tunisie, 1943-1949 = Rationalism, tradition : Jacques Marmey, Tunisia, 1943-1949. Liège: P. Mardaga, 1986.

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Cornuéjols, Michel. Créativité et rationalisme en architecture. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.

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M, Guillermo Pérez. Mexican architectures. [México, D.F.]: Coedi Mex, 2000.

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Travi, Elisa Mariani. Cesare Cattaneo: Fede razionalista. Torino: Testo & immagine, 2004.

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Evelia, Peralta, and Moya Peralta Rómulo, eds. Christian Wiese Arquitectos: El racionalismo contemporáneo = the contemporary rationalism. Quito, Ecuador: Trama, 2005.

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Pierre-Alain, Croset, and San Pietro in Atrio (Church : Como, Italy), eds. Cesare Cattaneo, 1912-1943: Pensiero e segno nell'architettura. 2nd ed. Cernobbio: Archivio Cattaneo, 2013.

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Alejandro, Ayllón Ortiz José, ed. Vladimir Kaspé: Arquitectura racionalista = rationalist architecture. Ciudad de México: Universidad Iberoamericana, 2011.

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Korbi, Marson. Grand dessein du rationalisme: 18 architecture projects from the student collectives of Roberto Gargiani's Superstudio at the EPFL École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 2020-2021. Edited by École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne. Département d'architecture. Brussels: Accattone asbl/vzw, 2021.

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Terragni, Giuseppe. Terragni e il razionalismo lariano: Guida alle opere = works guide. [S. l.]: Comitato nazionale per le celebrazioni del primo centenario della nascita di Giuseppe Terragni, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rationalism (Architecture)"

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Borowa, Klara, Rafał Lewanczyk, Klaudia Stpiczyńska, Patryk Stradomski, and Andrzej Zalewski. "What Rationales Drive Architectural Decisions? An Empirical Inquiry." In Software Architecture, 303–18. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42592-9_21.

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Yuan, Cheng. "Rationality as Architecture and/or Music-Playing." In Practical Intellect and Substantial Deliberation, 173–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8651-9_6.

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Plataniotis, Georgios, Sybren de Kinderen, and Henderik A. Proper. "Capturing Design Rationales in Enterprise Architecture: A Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 133–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45501-2_10.

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Kowalski, Robert, and Fariba Sadri. "Towards a unified agent architecture that combines rationality with reactivity." In Logic in Databases, 135–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0031739.

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Cavedon, Lawrence, and Anand Rao. "Bringing about rationality: Incorporating plans into a BDI agent architecture." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 601–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61532-6_51.

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Pallasmaa, Juhani. "Corpo, mente e immaginazione: l’essenza mentale dell’architettura." In La mente in architettura, 57–77. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-286-7.05.

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In our culture, dominated by shallow rationality and reliance on the empirical, measur-able and demonstrable, the embodied, experiential and mental dimensions of design are supressed. Yet, there is an interest in the possibilities of neuroscience to reveal the roles of space, form, materiality, memory and imagery in our sensory experiences and mind. Neuroscience supports the mental objectives in design, which are in danger of being eliminated in the crudely rationalized, quantified and functionalized processes of de-sign. The task of architecture extends beyond its utilitarian purposes to the existential and mental sphere. Articulating lived existential space, architecture constitutes our sys-tem of externalized order, hierarchy, memory and meaning. Neuroscience will reveal how the external and internal, material and mental, utilitarian and poetic dimensions constitute an integrated existential experience. The interest in the mental dimensions of architecture will confirm the significance of intuition, empathy and imagination.
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Huang, Guangqi, Li Huang, Xiuxiu Chen, and Lily Sun. "Rationality of Service Composition of Workflow Net in a Service Oriented Architecture." In Service Science and Knowledge Innovation, 155–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55355-4_16.

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Akiyama, Nobumasa. "AI Nuclear Winter or AI That Saves Humanity? AI and Nuclear Deterrence." In Robotics, AI, and Humanity, 161–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_13.

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AbstractNuclear deterrence is an integral aspect of the current security architecture and the question has arisen whether adoption of AI will enhance the stability of this architecture or weaken it. The stakes are very high. Stable deterrence depends on a complex web of risk perceptions. All sorts of distortions and errors are possible, especially in moments of crisis. AI might contribute toward reinforcing the rationality of decision-making under these conditions (easily affected by the emotional disturbances and fallacious inferences to which human beings are prone), thereby preventing an accidental launch or unintended escalation. Conversely, judgments about what does or does not suit the “national interest” are not well suited to AI (at least in its current state of development). A purely logical reasoning process based on the wrong values could have disastrous consequences, which would clearly be the case if an AI-based machine were allowed to make the launch decision (this virtually all experts would emphatically exclude), but grave problems could similarly arise if a human actor relied too heavily on AI input.
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Barbieri, Ester, Elisa Franzoni, Alessandro Lambertini, Cesare Pizzigatti, Francesca Trevisiol, and Gabriele Bitelli. "3D Data Management and Thermographic Studies as a Knowledge Base for the Conservation of a Rationalist Architecture." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17594-7_1.

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Macruz, Andrea, Ernesto Bueno, Gustavo G. Palma, Jaime Vega, Ricardo A. Palmieri, and Tan Chen Wu. "Measuring Human Perception of Biophilically-Driven Design with Facial Micro-expressions Analysis and EEG Biosensor." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 231–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_22.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the role technology and neuroscience play in aiding the design process and making meaningful connections between people and nature. Using two workshops as a vehicle, the team introduced advanced technologies and Quantified Self practices that allowed people to use neural data and pattern recognition as feedback for the design process. The objective is to find clues to natural elements of human perception that can inform the design to meet goals for well-being. A pattern network of geometric shapes that achieve a higher level of monitored meditation levels and point toward a positive emotional valence is proposed. By referencing biological forms found in nature, the workshops utilized an algorithmic process that explored how nature can influence architecture. To measure the impact, the team used FaceOSC for capture and an Artificial Neural Network for micro-expression recognition, and a MindWave sensor manufactured by NeuroSky, which documented the human response further. The methodology allowed us to establish a boundary logic, ranking geometric shapes that suggested positive emotions and a higher level of monitored meditation levels. The results pointed us to a deeper level of understanding relative to geometric shapes in design. They indicate a new way to predict how well-being factors can clarify and rationalize a more intuitive design process inspired by nature.
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Conference papers on the topic "Rationalism (Architecture)"

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Bardzinska-Bonenberg, Teresa. "Ring-and-circle, symbolical and practical meaning of the form in town planning and architecture." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8043.

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In the research analysis of historical urban and architectural developments was confronted with the newest concepts in town planning and architecture. The search was set against the background of political and social situation as well as changing technical possibilities. Applied methodology was focused on finding links between forms created by people and crucial events characterizing analyzed periods. The methods involved included studies of literature, historical registers in museums and research in situ. Oval or circular urban systems and structures were shaped by several factors: safety, community demand, worship, expression of emotions and experience of decision makers and builders. At times when the defence of people and their possessions was a frequent necessity it was a ring of walls or circular rampart or tower on a plan of a circle that were used. Logics of this solution can be easily proved by simple equations. When mathematics imbued with magic or religion, and became a tool of shaping architecture, use of a ring was symbolic, and often used in sacred urban layouts and architecture. Circle, as the most perfect of figures was appreciated by the people of power of all periods up to now. First theoretical urban plans developed either from circular focal building or implemented circle or ring in shaping the whole layout. In the era of rationalism theorists of that time saw the opportunity to organize functional zones in concentric way. Recent decades unveiled new phenomena: circular projects in urban and architectural scale.
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Ivanova-Ilicheva, Anna Mikhailovna, Alexander Mikhailovich Buchka, and Grigory Efimovich Shapiro. "“Structural Rationalism” as a Trend in Architecture of the Second Half of the XIX — Early XX Centuries: In the Context of the Cities in the South of Russia." In The 2nd International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200923.005.

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Guido, Luca. "Bruno Zevi on Le Corbusier: another way to an “organic architecture”." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.760.

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Abstract: Bruno Zevi was an enthusiastic promoter of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture and theories. However, the critical enquiry and propaganda of the Italian architect and historian about so-called “organic architecture” reveals a major cultural debt to Le Corbusier. In 1945, Zevi published “Verso un’architettura organica” [Towards an organic architecture], the first version of his history of architecture. The title is clearly a polemical reference to Le Corbusier’s book “Vers une architecture” (1923). In 1977, together with other architects, Zevi promoted the Machu Picchu Charter, a document to “update” the Athens Charter (1933). The places held significance: Athens was the birthplace of western civilization and architectural rationalism. Machu Picchu symbolised the contribution of an alternative way of viewing the world. Are those merely examples of Zevi’s provocations? The relationship between Zevi and Le Corbusier is problematic and ambivalent. Zevi adopts the educational and communicative methods of Le Corbusier and his critical writing style, but his interpretation of the French-Swiss architect also demonstrates an attempt to delineate a new concept of “organic architecture”, related to his researches on a historiographic redefinition of the Modern Movement. Resumen: Bruno Zevi fue un entusiasta promotor de la arquitectura y las teorías de Frank Lloyd Wright. Sin embargo, la investigación crítica y la propaganda del arquitecto italiano e historiador sobre la llamada "arquitectura orgánica" revela una importante deuda cultural para Le Corbusier. En 1945, Zevi publicó "Verso un'architettura organica" [Hacia una arquitectura orgánica], la primera versión de su historia de la arquitectura. El título es claramente una referencia polémica al libro de Le Corbusier "Vers une architecture" (1923). En 1977, junto a otros arquitectos, Zevi promovió la Carta Machu Picchu, un documento para "actualizar" la Carta de Atenas (1933). Los lugares celebradas importancia: Atenas fue la cuna de la civilización occidental y el racionalismo arquitectónico. Machu Picchu simbolizaba la contribución de una forma alternativa de ver el mundo. Son esos meros ejemplos de las provocaciones de Zevi? La relación entre Zevi y Le Corbusier es problemática y bivalente. Zevi adopta los métodos educativos y comunicativos de Le Corbusier y su estilo crítico escrito, pero su interpretación del arquitecto franco-suizo también demuestra un intento de delinear un nuevo concepto de "arquitectura orgánica", en relación con sus investigaciones en una redefinición historiográfico de la Movimiento Moderno. Keywords: Bruno Zevi; Le Corbusier’s legacy; modern language invariants; five points; organic architecture. Palabras clave: Bruno Zevi; El legado de Le Corbusier; invariantes de lenguas modernas; cinco puntos; arquitectura orgánica. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.760
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Celmer, Matthew. "Assembly & Sequence." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.118.

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Assembly & Sequence was a ARC 500 Selected Topics seminar taught during the Spring of 2019 at the Syracuse University School of Architecture. This course is a hybrid integrating architectural design, process, theory, and representation. The course was an experiment in the methodology of disintegrated design. We embraced the idea of a building as a collection of autonomous parts and examined their integration as a whole. The course was structured around a series of exercises progressing in scale. The course consisted of three primary design exercises, each building upon the last culminating in a team architectural project. After each exercise students were required to ‘pass’ there work on to other students and were not allowed to use what they produced from the previous exercise. The course was initiated by an interest in early Dada and Surrealist ideas. Dadaism was born and created in response to the atrocities of World War I. The Dadaists believed the war was a result of the celebrated and unchecked embrace of progress and rationalism. In response, their art was to be antirational, embraced chance and happenstance. In other words, there work needed no reason or understanding. Rationale and reason has become a dominant approach to architectural design education, where students are asked to produce proofs, arguments and construct complex rationalizations of their work. This course aimed to follow the Dadaist approach by creating a pedagogy that would release students from all logical and critical defense of their work.
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Holden, Susan, and Kirsty Volz. "Women and Design Leadership: A New Era of Architects in the Public Sector." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5024piu1x.

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The gradual per-capita decline in the size of the public service in Australia since the orthodoxy of economic rationalism became entrenched in the 1990s has impacted on the design of the built environment most obviously in the shift away from the in-house design and delivery of public works by government-employed architects. Yet with rising interest in design-led cities, a new generation of architects in state and local government are taking leadership roles in design governance, where public sector actors exert influence predominantly through informal means such as through design advisory, review and advocacy processes. These roles represent an important point at which architects can participate in the complex multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder delivery of projects and positively influence the quality of built environment design outcomes, for the public good. Yet this form of architectural work tends to be invisible and not well understood by the profession. Women at present have high visibility in such design leadership roles in Australia, with all State and Territory Government Architect positions and many City Architect positions currently held by women. This paper investigates women’s experience in public sector design leadership roles to better understand this work and how career paths involving the public sector have changed since earlier eras of government public works departments. Drawing on interviews, the paper explores aspects of women’s career experience including the specific skills and expertise utilised in design advisory roles, and the extent to which this form of work is recognised within the profession. Contemporary career narratives are analysed in relation to an historical survey of women architects in the public service and changing ideas about professional expertise. The paper focuses on exploring two themes: the ways in which public sector work is incorporated into portfolio careers in architecture, and the expertise involved in design leadership.
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Lopes Dias, Tiago. "La mirada de Pedro Vieira de Almeida a Le Corbusier: una visión desde Portugal en la segunda mitad del siglo XX." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.732.

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Resumen: Pedro Vieira de Almeida (Lisboa, 1933 – Matosinhos, 2011) es uno de los más importantes críticos y teóricos de la arquitectura en la segunda mitad del siglo XX en Portugal. En 1963, presenta en la Escuela de Bellas Artes de Oporto una tesis titulada “Ensayo sobre el espacio de la arquitectura”, influida por el pensamiento de Bruno Zevi. Hasta la Revolución de los Claveles (1974), va a compaginar su práctica profesional como arquitecto con una intensa actividad crítica ejercida sobre todo en periódicos y revistas culturales. Desde sus primeros trabajos se evidencia una notable capacidad de utilizar conceptos críticos innovadores en el análisis de obras de arquitectura, lo que será fundamental en sus estudios historicos desarrollados a lo largo de su vida, dados a conocer en publicaciones y exposiciones retrospectivas sobre arquitectos clave. Este ensayo propone una reflexión sobre el legado de Le Corbusier poniendo el aciento en algunos artículos de Vieira de Almeida escritos entre 1965 y 1970, así como en la investigación que ha llevado a cabo en los últimos años de su vida. Esta lectura diacrónica pone de relieve el papel central del maestro franco-suizo en la lectura crítica de Vieira de Almeida del racionalismo, a través de las nociones por él manejadas: “estructura crítica como condición base de la creación”, las vertientes poético-simbólica y mítica de la arquitectura o el concepto de carácter más instrumental de la “espesura”. Abstract: Pedro Vieira de Almeida (Lisbon, 1933 – Matosinhos, 2011) is one of the most prominent critics and theorists of architecture in the second half of the 20th century in Portugal. In 1963, he presented at the Oporto School of Fine Arts a thesis entitled “Essay on architectural space”, clearly influenced by the thoughts of Bruno Zevi. Until the Carnation Revolution (1974), he will combine his professional practice as an architect with an intense critical activity, developed mainly in newspapers and cultural magazines. Since his early work, a remarkable ability to use innovative concepts in the critical analysis of buildings have been put forth, with major consequences in his historiographical studies, developed throughout his life through publications or retrospective exhibitions on key architects. The following paper proposes a reflection on the legacy of Le Corbusier based on Vieira de Almeida’s theoretical work, linking some texts written between 1965 and 1970 with his research carried out in his last years of life. This diachronic study highlights the central role of Le Corbusier in Vieira de Almeida’s critical approach to rationalism, by means of notions as: “criticism as a basic condition of creation”, poetic-symbolic and mythical aspects of architecture, or the more instrumental concept of “thickness”. Palabras clave: Crítica; Teoría; Pedagogía; Poética; Espesura; Ronchamp. Keywords: Critique; Theory; Pedagogy; Poetics; Thickness; Ronchamp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.732
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Bernardi, P., R. Cerioni, E. Coïsson, and E. Michelini. "Vulnerability Assessment of Italian Rationalist Architecture: Two Case Studies." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.317.

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Pretorius, Carianne. "Beyond Reason: Uniting Intuition and Rationality in Software Architecture Decision Making." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsa-c.2019.00056.

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Bello, Paul, Selmer Bringsjord, and Yingrui Yang. "Cognitive architectures, rationality, and next-generation AI: a prolegomenon." In Defense and Security, edited by Dawn A. Trevisani and Alex F. Sisti. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.542775.

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"Synthesizing Design and Informing Science Rationales for Driving a Decentralized Generative Knowledge Management Agenda." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4230.

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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline, Volume 22.] Aim/Purpose: In a world of rapidly expanding complexity and exponentially increasing data availability, IT-based knowledge management tools will be needed to manage and curate available information. This paper looks at a particular tool architecture that has been previously proposed: The Personal Knowledge Management System (PKMS). The specific focus is on how the proposed architecture conforms to design science principles that relate to how it is likely to evolve. Background: We first introduce some recent informing science and design science research frameworks, then examine how the PKMS architecture would conform to these. Methodology: The approach taken is conceptual analysis. Contribution: The analysis provides a clearer understanding of how the proposed PKMS would serve the diverse-client ambiguous-target (DCAT) informing scenario and how it could be expected to evolve. Findings: We demonstrate how the PKMS informing architecture can be characterized as a “social machine” that appears to conform to a number of principles that would facilitate its long-term evolution. Future Research: The example provided by the paper could serve as a model future research seeking to integrate design science and informing science in the study of IT artefacts.
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Reports on the topic "Rationalism (Architecture)"

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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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