Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rationalization (Psychology)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Rationalization (Psychology)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rationalization (Psychology)"

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Laurin, Kristin. "Inaugurating Rationalization: Three Field Studies Find Increased Rationalization When Anticipated Realities Become Current." Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617738814.

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People will often rationalize the status quo, reconstruing it in an exaggeratedly positive light. They will even rationalize the status quo they anticipate, emphasizing the upsides and minimizing the downsides of sociopolitical realities they expect to take effect. Drawing on recent findings on the psychological triggers of rationalization, I present results from three field studies, one of which was preregistered, testing the hypothesis that an anticipated reality becoming current triggers an observable boost in people’s rationalizations. San Franciscans rationalized a ban on plastic water bottles, Ontarians rationalized a targeted smoking ban, and Americans rationalized the presidency of Donald Trump, more in the days immediately after these realities became current compared with the days immediately before. Additional findings show evidence for a mechanism underlying these behaviors and rule out alternative accounts. These findings carry implications for scholarship on rationalization, for understanding protest behavior, and for policymakers.
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Beauvois, Jean-Leon, Robert-Vincent Joule, and Fabien Brunetti. "Cognitive Rationalization and Act Rationalization in an Escalation of Commitment." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1401_1.

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Beauvois, Jean-Léon. "Rationalization and internalization." Swiss Journal of Psychology 60, no. 4 (December 2001): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.60.4.215.

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After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.
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Tsang, Jo-Ann. "Moral Rationalization and the Integration of Situational Factors and Psychological Processes in Immoral Behavior." Review of General Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2002): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.25.

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Moral rationalization is an individual's ability to reinterpret his or her immoral actions as, in fact, moral. It arises out of a conflict of motivations and a need to see the self as moral. This article presents a model of evil behavior demonstrating how situational factors that obscure moral relevance can interact with moral rationalization and lead to a violation of moral principles. Concepts such as cognitive dissonance and self-affirmation are used to explain the processes underlying moral rationalization, and different possible methods of moral rationalization are described. Also, research on moral rationalization and its prevention is reviewed.
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Dumora, Bernadette, and Roely-Ida Lyda Lannegrand-Willems. "Le processus de rationalisation en psychologie de l’orientation." L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle 28, no. 1 (1999): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/binop.1999.1265.

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This study highlights the relevance, in the field of counseling, of the concept of rationalization developped by Beauvois and Joule. The hypothesis is that young people’s representations of professional studies depend on their school position. The rationalization allows some people to rehabilitate some technical or professional careers that they rejected previously and which become the only accessible ones.
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Tuckman, Bruce W. "Relations of Academic Procrastination, Rationalizations, and Performance in a Web Course with Deadlines." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2005): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3c.1015-1021.

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This study compared students' academic procrastination tendency with the (1) frequency and nature of rationalizations used to justify procrastination, (2) self-regulation, and (3) performance in a web-based study strategies course with frequent performance deadlines. 106 college students completed the 16-item Tuckman Procrastination Scale, a measure of tendency to procrastinate, the Frequency of Use Self-survey of Rationalizations for Procrastination, and a 9-item self-regulation scale. Students' subsequent course performance was measured by total points earned. A linear regression with Academic Procrastination as the criterion variable and Rationalization score and Course Points as the predictor variables suggested academic procrastinators support procrastinating by rationalizing, not self-regulating, and thus put themselves at a disadvantage, with respect to evaluation in highly structured courses with frequent enforced deadlines.
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Zepf, Siegfried. "About rationalization and intellectualization." International Forum of Psychoanalysis 20, no. 3 (March 24, 2011): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0803706x.2010.550316.

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Huang, Xinyuan, Wenjie Fu, Haiying Zhang, Hong Li, Xiaoxia Li, Yong Yang, Fan Wang, et al. "Development and validation of a smoking rationalization scale for male smokers in China." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317720276.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a smoking rationalization scale for Chinese male smokers. A total of 35 focus groups and 19 one-on-one interviews were conducted to collect items of the scale. Exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify the underlying structure of the scale. Results found a 26-item scale within six dimensions (smoking functional beliefs, risk generalization beliefs, social acceptability beliefs, safe smoking beliefs, self-exempting beliefs, and quitting is harmful beliefs). The scale showed acceptable validity and reliability. Results highlight that smoking rationalization is common among Chinese male smokers, and some beliefs of smoking rationalization seem to be peculiar to China.
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Thomas, Kyle J. "Rationalizing Delinquency: Understanding the Person-situation Interaction through Item Response Theory." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427818789752.

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Objectives: I argue that a person-situation complex of delinquent rationalizations can be conceptualized by relating rationalizations to item response theory (IRT), where approval of delinquency is predominately a function of the individual willingness to rationalize ( θ j) and situational difficulty of applying a rationalization ( bi). This framework offers testable predictions and addresses extant criticisms. Method: Adolescents from a public high school ( N = 223) and subjects from the National Youth Survey ( N = 1,436) were asked their degree of approval for delinquency under various circumstances. Graded response models assessed the joint effects of individual and situational characteristics on approval of delinquency. I test whether differences in self-reported offending (SRO) and willingness to offend (WTO) are consistent with predictions derived from IRT models. Results: Approval of delinquency is a joint function of individual and situational characteristics. Some situations are so “easy” to rationalize that most everyone is predicted to approve of delinquency, and others are so “difficult” that only those very high in θ are predicted to express approval. SRO and WTO differences between individuals and situations are consistent with the IRT predictions. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the utility of IRT for understanding delinquent rationalizations. The implications of the findings for theory and person-situation explanations are discussed.
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Hoffman, Curt, and Nancy Hurst. "Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, no. 2 (1990): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.197.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rationalization (Psychology)"

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Tunestad, Hans. "The Therapeutization of Work : The Psychological Toolbox as Rationalization Device during the Third Industrial Revolution in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Socialantropologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-102050.

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The organization of work in the Western welfare states has made use of psychological know-how since the early twentieth century, for instance by making the practices of ‘psychotechnics’ and ‘human relations’ a part of the production apparatus. The last decades, however, have seen the development of a new economy based on information and communication technologies and with a related shift in organizational ideals from large hierarchical structures to networks of self-governing units – a change sometimes labelled the third industrial revolution. This development has meant new possibilities for the deployment of psychological knowledge in organizational management. The present study takes as its geographical starting point the greater Stockholm area in Sweden. Through a variant of multi-sited fieldwork it investigates the distribution of psychological know-how in and through different institutions – such as school, work life, health care – by which the average ‘worker-citizen’ is supposed to acquire a ‘psychological toolbox’, thus becoming a kind of amateur psychologist or therapist, ready and able to take responsibility for his or her own productivity, well-being and health. The study depicts this ideal of psychological self-regulation: its discourse and practices, and how it emerged as a part of the technological and organizational developments of the third industrial revolution.
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Hill, S. Kristian. "Gender differences in the strategic the [sic] use of self- reported handicaps." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941720.

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The hypothesis that self-handicapping is used differentially by men and women was examined in a naturalistic setting. It was expected that the importance of an exam would be a better predictor of self-handicapping for men, whereas stress was predicted to be a better indicator of self-handicapping for women. College students were assessed the class period prior to a mid-term exam. Participants completed a packet of questionnaires that assessed level of stress, self-handicapping tendencies, anticipated handicaps, perceived importance of the exam, the consequences of their performance (i.e. success or failure), and expected performance. The results did not support the hypotheses. However, there is some evidence that the process of self-handicapping is different for men and women. Discussion focuses on explanations for the lack of hypothesized gender interactions, the self-protective utility of self-handicapping and construct validity of the Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS).
Department of Psychological Science
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Ratner, Julie. "Academic dishonesty and moral development : theory revisited /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1996. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11977802.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1996.
Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Dawn Person. Dissertation Committee: Lee Knefelkamp. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-240).
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Kim, Younguk. "L'Inconsolable scrutateur : quatre moments de la consolation chez Jean-Jacques Rousseau : la Lettre à Voltaire, la Nouvelle Héloïse, les Confessions et les Rêveries." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC145/document.

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Il s’agit de renouveler la lecture des quatre textes de Rousseau dans la perspective de la consolation, et de déterminer les enjeux historiques, philosophiques et littéraires de l’exigence de consolation chez l’auteur.La Lettre à Voltaire essaie, par une interprétation originale de l’optimisme, la réconciliation de sa philosophie critique et de sa foi, d’une part, et d’autre part, de l’idéal antique et de l’idéal chrétien de la consolation. Mais il s’avère que cette synthèse est insuffisante, et ce fait trahit la position difficile de Rousseau sur la consolation traditionnelle.La Nouvelle Héloïse découvre l’implication du dysfonctionnement de la consolation chez le sujet moderne. Notre tentative de lire le roman épistolaire du point de vue de la consolation vaine du héros éclaire un moment existentialiste de la subjectivité dans sa résistance à la consolation.Le sujet qui définit son existence par la difficulté d’être consolé cherche une nouvelle rationalisation de son état. En ce sens, une lecture comparative du livre I des Confessions avec le livre IV de l’Emile montre la tentative de consoler une conscience malheureuse par une reconstitution génétique du moi sans se référer à un modèle extérieur.Au bout de ces tâtonnements exigeants mais révélateurs, les Rêveries ne se donnent pour la consolation ultime de Rousseau qu’en radicalisant les éléments consolateurs précédents et qu’en exprimant cette radicalisation par une radicalisation double de la solitude. En sondant l’abîme de la subjectivité moderne dans son état-limite, Rousseau s’interroge sur une condition essentielle du sujet moderne qu’est l’inconsolable
The objective is to reinterpret four of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's texts through the facet of consolation; and to determine historical, philosophical and literary implications of the search for consolation in his writings.Letter to Voltaire details Rousseau’s efforts to reconcile not only the conflict between his critical thought and his faith through the interpretation of the optimism, but also the dichotomous nature of ancient and Christian ideals of consolation. But the synthesis turns out to be insufficient, revealing his difficult position on traditional consolation.In New Héloïse, Rousseau discovers the prevalence of consolatory dysfunction in the modern subject. Our attempt to read the epistolary novel from the perspective of vain consolation for the hero underscores the hero's resistance to consolation and, thereby, illuminates the existentialist essence of subjectivity.The subject, whose being is defined by his inconsolability, looks for a new rationalization of his state. In this sense, our comparative reading of the first book of Confessions with book IV of Emile shows an attempt to console the misery of his consciousness through the reconstitution of self without referring to any external model.After these demanding but revealing searches for comfort, the last consolation of Reveries radicalizes the preceding elements of consolation through a double-stylistic radicalization of solitude. Marking the abyss of modern subjectivity in its limited situation, Rousseau examines the intrinsic condition of the inconsolable modern subject
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Lee, Wonkyong Beth. "Rationalization and Regret among Smokers in Thailand and Malaysia." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2640.

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The current study examines two psychological experiences—rationalization and regret—among smokers from Thailand and Malaysia and the behavioural impact of rationalization and regret—intentions to quit. More specifically, the goals of the study were not only to examine differences between the two countries in rationalization, regret, and intentions to quit, but also to explain country differences by using the psychological constructs of social norms and the cultural psychological construct of collectivism (via mediation and moderation analyses). The data were from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Southeast Asia Survey, a cohort survey of representative samples of adult smokers in Thailand (N = 2,000) and Malaysia (N = 2,006). The ITC Southeast Asia Survey was conducted January-March 2005. Participants were asked to complete a 40-minute in-person survey. Thai smokers were more likely to have intentions to quit smoking than Malaysian smokers and this country difference in quit intentions were, in part, explained by differences between the two countries in rationalization and regret, and that those variables, in turn, were significant predictors of quit intentions. Next, the psychological constructs of social norms and the cultural psychology construct of collectivism were used to explain the country differences in rationalization and regret. Thai smokers were more traditional and family oriented (high in vertical collectivism) and thus, they are more sensitive about their social norm and familial rejections about smoking. This, in part, contributed the fact that Thai smokers, compared to Malaysian smokers, were less likely to rationalize and more likely to regret smoking. Finally, the predictive models of rationalization and regret for Thailand and Malaysia were mirror images. The current study points to the importance of understanding smokers’ rationalization and regret. Rationalization and regret are negatively related and have an important implication for future behaviour. Different social norms against smoking, which are shaped by different regulatory environments and cultural values, contribute to the country differences in rationalization and regret. This study has demonstrated the benefits/value of psychological constructs in understanding smoking in a cultural context.
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Laurin, Kristin. "Perceptions of Inevitability and the Motivated Rationalization of Social Inequality." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3846.

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It is suggested that people’s perceptions that they are inevitably tied to the social systems within which they operate motivate them to justify these systems. Evidence is obtained across four experimental studies using a variety of different methods. All studies test the basic proposition that increasing inevitability – that is, making a system seem either more difficult to escape or more unlikely to change – increases motivated rationalization. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate this basic phenomenon, using a known measure of system justification. Studies 3 and 4, in addition to conceptually replicating this phenomenon via different paradigms, provide support for a motivational (as opposed to purely cognitive-inferential) account, and mediational and moderational evidence for my proposed mechanism, respectively. The implications of these results – for the refinement of system justification theory – are discussed.
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Weiss, Brent. "From the discovery to rationalization of others' lies: How perceivers process and judge deception." 2006. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3206196.

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The present project tested a theoretical framework for the deception judgment process. The framework argues that the deception judgment process begins when a perceiver first becomes suspicious of deception. This engages the perceiver to attempt to verify the speaker's claims. If the claims are deemed untrue, in an effort to classify the statement as a lie, the perceiver then examines the speaker's motives. If deemed a lie, the perceiver decides what to do about the deception, often taking into consideration the speaker's motives for lying. Three studies tested this framework. The first study examined the information perceivers used to distinguish lies from non-lies; the second study examined how the various forms of information were utilized and weighed in the deception judgment process; and finally, the third study examined the information processing strategies perceivers used to process deception. Overall, it was found that perceivers used several forms of information (e.g., logical inconsistencies, facts, and motives) when considering and judging deception. However, only facts were used to draw a conclusion regarding a statement's deceptiveness. In terms of processing strategies, support was found for an information-processing ordering effect consistent with the proposed model. Implications and future research are discussed.
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Thedi, Daniel Skumbuzo. "The social and psychological impact of rationalization and redeployment of educators : a KwaZulu-Natal case study." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1556.

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The study investigated the effects of rationalisation and re-deployment amongst a statistically sound sample of educators in the Province of KwaZulu Natal. It examined primarily the social and psychological effects of such phenomena in the lives and careers of educators, in a province that has gone through political , historical and ideological turbulence, violence and intimidation that had direct and indirect negative effects on educational patterns and processes. The literature review examined the various dynamics associated with these key phenomena in the educational system, including the legal frameworks and policies that shape the educational landscape, such the South African Schools Act. It needs to be said that such social and educational phenomena both shape and are shaped by the social and public policies of the democratic government that was elected from 1994 until today. These phenomena are an integral part of a series of processes that have been shaped by the various educational authorities in the new democratic dispensation, such as the various audits, new plans and strategies as well aspects of quality assurance and the like. These are inextricably linked with the dynamics unfolding in the educational terrain, especially in relation to rationalisation and re-deployment. These are situations that can be faced by all teachers, throughout the country, and it has been hoped that the internationally accepted scientific selection of the sample will permit the researcher to make inferences to similar or other populations. The study basically used two sets of data collection instruments, a structured questionnaire, and a Likert-scale type questionnaire .The questionnaires were administered to the groups of educators who were selected scientifically from the official lists of the KwaZulu Natal Department of Education. One hundred questionnaires were utilised, distributed collected and analyzed. The sample consisted of 45 males and 55 females. Amongst the sample there were educators who were both rationalised and re-deployed. The findings could be summarised as follows: • The majority of teachers felt strongly that rationalization and redeployment led to stress. • Stress created social and psychological problems for the educator, his/her immediate environment. • Redeployment and rationalisation had serious negative consequences on learners. • Most teachers reported that they were not coping with the stress associated with rationalization and redeployment as they created serious psychological and social problems. • There was no gender difference in the teachers' abilities to cope with stress associated with rationalization and redeployment. Most teachers expressed a negative attitude towards the policy of rationalization and redeployment. They felt it was a policy that created serious problems within the education system both at macro and micro level.
Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2004.
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Workman-Davies, Bradley Wayne. "Aristotelian rationality of animals : phantasia as a commonality of human and animal cognitive processes." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3703.

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This dissertation investigates Aristotle’s theory of phantasia as a cognitive ability, in terms of which mental content is available to the mind of rational beings. The focus is on Catherine Osborne’s extension of phantasia to nonhuman animals in order to allow for and explain non-human animal behaviour in terms of a rational paradigm, which de-emphasises, and does not rely on, linguistic ability. This paradigm for understanding animal behaviour as rational supports, and is supported by, modern theories of cognitive ethology, and argues for the ability of animals to share in conceptual thought. The recognition of rationality in animals by means of this paradigm bears ethical consequences for the treatment of animals.
Classics and Modern European Languages
M.A. (Classical Studies)
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Riezky, Günther Helmut Dieter. "Kopf und Schädel : Methoden des Wahnsinns in Canettis roman "Die Blendung"." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17618.

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Text in German
Many treatises and disquisitions concerning "Die Blendung" concentrate on the main character, Peter Kien, as well as on other protagonists. In contrast, this dissertation deals with Pfaff, the primitive force and his influence on Peter Kien, the "Brain", the masterspirit. Common traits of these di verse characters are highlighted and it is explained why Pfaff, the brute, manages to exult over Kien, the intellectual. Their interactions and their interdependence are dealt with and it is shown that insanity which is prevalent in both protagonists prepares the way to Kien's doom whereas it leads to Pfaff's survival.
Das Interesse zahlreicher Untersuchungen Uber "Die Blendung" konzentriert sich auf die Hauptperson, Peter Kien, sowie auf andere Protagonisten. Im Gegensatz dazu beschaftigt sich diese Arbei t mi t dem Hausmeister Pfaff, dem "Schadel", und mit dem EinfluB, den er auf Peter Kien, den "Kopf", den Geistesmenschen hat. Es wird versucht, Gemeinsamkeiten, die diese beiden so gegensatzlichen Charaktere aufweisen, aufzuzeigen und darzulegen, warum der Gewaltmensch Pfaff Uber den wirklichkeitsfremden Wissenschaftler Kien zu triumphieren vermag. Der EinfluB, den sie aufeinander nehmen, und die Abhangigkeit voneinander werden aufgezeigt, und es wird aufge fUhrt, wie der Wahnsinn, dem sie be ide verf all en, zu Kiens Untergang filhrt, wahrend Pfaffs Uberleben durch seinen Wahnsinn gesichert wird
Linguistics and Modern Languages
M. A. (German)
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Books on the topic "Rationalization (Psychology)"

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Miguelez, Roberto. Rationalisation et moralité. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2011.

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Little, Jean. Rationalizations to live by. New York: Workman Pub., 2000.

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Meyer, Uwe. Offenheit: Ein Essay über Rationalität, Sprache, Natur und den menschlichen Geist. Münster: Mentis, 2014.

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Beeler, Karern. The dog ate my dentures: Top excuses for a "call in" to work. [North Carolina, S.C: CreateSpace], 2012.

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Heffernan, Margaret. Willful blindness. New York: Walker Pub. Co., 2011.

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Little, Jean. Rationalizations to live by. New York: Workman Pub., 2000.

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Social Policy and Development Centre (Pakistan). Rationalisation of octroi rates. Karachi: Social Policy and Development Centre, 1994.

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B, Spears Tomye, ed. Rationalizations for women who do too much while running with the wolves. Holbrook, Mass: Bob Adams, 1994.

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Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization of society 6. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of Sage Publications, 2010.

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Gerd, Gigerenzer, Selten Reinhard, and Dahlem Workshop on Bounded Rationality (1999 : Berlin, Germany), eds. Bounded rationality: The adaptive toolbox. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rationalization (Psychology)"

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Kety, Seymour S. "From rationalization to reason." In The restoration of dialogue: Readings in the philosophy of clinical psychology., 183–93. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10112-020.

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Flory, Wendy Stallard. "The Psychology of Antisemitism: Conscience-Proof Rationalization and the Deferring of Moral Choice." In Antisemitism in the Contemporary World, 238–50. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429035845-23.

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Engstrom, Holly R., Adam Alic, and Kristin Laurin. "Justification and Rationalization." In Social Psychology and Justice, 46–74. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003002291-3.

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"THE RATIONALIZATION OF COLOR." In New Essays on the Psychology of Art, 205–13. University of California Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520907843-018.

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"THE RATIONALIZATION OF COLOR." In New Essays on the Psychology of Art, 214–28. University of California Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520907843-019.

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"THE RATIONALIZATION OF COLOR." In New Essays on the Psychology of Art, 205–13. University of California Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.2711642.20.

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Freedman, Jonathan. "From Spellbound To Vertigo, Alfred Hitchcock And Therapeutic Culture In America." In Hitchcoch’s America, 77–98. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195119053.003.0005.

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Abstract Now that depth psychology, with the help of films, soapopera, and Horney, has delved into the deepest recesses, people’s last possibility of experiencing themselves has been cut off by organized culture. Ready-made enlightenment turns not only spontaneous reflection but also analytical insights-whose power equals the energy and suffering that it cost to gain them-into mass-produced articles, and the painful secrets of individual history, which the orthodox method is already inclined to reduce to formulae, into commonplace conventions. Dispelling rationalizations becomes itself rationalization. Instead of working to gain self-awareness, the initiates become adept at subsuming all instinctual conflicts under such concepts as inferiority-complex, mother-fixation, extroversion, and introversion, to which they are in reality inaccessible. Terror before the abyss of the self is removed by the consciousness of being concerned with nothing so very different from arthritis or sinus trouble.
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Doostdar, Alireza. "Becoming Witness." In The Iranian Metaphysicals. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163772.003.0019.

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This chapter examines the reasoning of a participant in Cosmic Mysticism as she grappled with her doubts, focusing on the pathways that arise when scientific rationalization appears to be futile. Lili Bayati, a twenty-four-year-old master's student in child psychology, had been attending Cosmic Mysticism classes along with her mother. She was initially skeptical of exorcism, but eventually became a witness to its positive impact. According to Lili, metatherapy cured her wrist without requiring her belief, nor even depending on her awareness that treatment was under way. The chapter first describes Lili's experiences with metatherapy, defensive radiation, and exorcism before discussing the ways that Cosmic Mysticism brought her tranquillity after anguish and furnished accounts of cosmology and theodicy that she found more logical than the ideas she had learned in religious textbooks in school.
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Haveman, Heather A. "The Evolution of Research on Organizations." In The Power of Organizations, 51–79. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691241807.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the evolution of the study of organizations, which has deep roots in sociology. Three of its founding fathers—Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim—developed theoretical frameworks to understand the transition to modernity. For Marx, who emphasized class struggle, workplaces were arenas for the alienation, exploitation, and domination of workers, but also places where workers could forge a revolutionary class consciousness. For Weber, the rationalization of human activities that was the hallmark of modernity found its ideal-typical embodiment in rational-legal bureaucratic organization. For Durkheim, increasing specialization in the context of differentiated organizations necessitated forms of solidarity characterized by interdependence. Their ideas continue to exert broad influence on the study of organizations today. Later theorists from sociology, management, political science, economics, engineering, and psychology focused less on placing organizations within sweeping narratives of history and attended more closely to meso- and micro-level processes that occur within and between organizations.
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10

Oberle, Eric. "Adorno and the Frankfurt School." In The Oxford Handbook of Adorno. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190932527.013.44.

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Abstract Surveying the history of “Frankfurt school” critical theory in relation to the life and work of Theodor W. Adorno, this chapter focuses on Adorno’s theory of social non-identity and argues for the insights that this Hegelianism granted for theories of empirical science and problems of scientific method. Paying special attention to the intellectual exchanges between Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas surrounding the 1961 positivism dispute, it argues that the recent “ethical turn” in critical theory illuminates why Adorno believed that a negative Hegelianism rooted in interdisciplinary empirical analysis must stand at the center of Frankfurt critical theory. These arguments about interdisciplinary research’s ability to diagnose social irrationality were central to forming and sustaining the institute throughout its history, important to the critique of science in western Germany, and definitional to the post–World War II concept of the public sphere. They remain relevant to discussions of disciplinary knowledge and public rationality today. Considering Adorno’s idea of the non-identical in relation to his critiques of Erich Fromm’s ego-psychology and of Talcott Parsons’ theory of social action helps clarify what was at stake in the positivism dispute and what is at stake in critical theory’s present interests in ethics and its relation to theories of rationalization and social conflict.
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