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Journal articles on the topic 'Rationalization (Psychology)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Laurin, Kristin. "Inaugurating Rationalization: Three Field Studies Find Increased Rationalization When Anticipated Realities Become Current." Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617738814.

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People will often rationalize the status quo, reconstruing it in an exaggeratedly positive light. They will even rationalize the status quo they anticipate, emphasizing the upsides and minimizing the downsides of sociopolitical realities they expect to take effect. Drawing on recent findings on the psychological triggers of rationalization, I present results from three field studies, one of which was preregistered, testing the hypothesis that an anticipated reality becoming current triggers an observable boost in people’s rationalizations. San Franciscans rationalized a ban on plastic water bottles, Ontarians rationalized a targeted smoking ban, and Americans rationalized the presidency of Donald Trump, more in the days immediately after these realities became current compared with the days immediately before. Additional findings show evidence for a mechanism underlying these behaviors and rule out alternative accounts. These findings carry implications for scholarship on rationalization, for understanding protest behavior, and for policymakers.

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Beauvois, Jean-Leon, Robert-Vincent Joule, and Fabien Brunetti. "Cognitive Rationalization and Act Rationalization in an Escalation of Commitment." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1401_1.

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Beauvois, Jean-Léon. "Rationalization and internalization." Swiss Journal of Psychology 60, no. 4 (December 2001): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.60.4.215.

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After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.

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Tsang, Jo-Ann. "Moral Rationalization and the Integration of Situational Factors and Psychological Processes in Immoral Behavior." Review of General Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2002): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.25.

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Moral rationalization is an individual's ability to reinterpret his or her immoral actions as, in fact, moral. It arises out of a conflict of motivations and a need to see the self as moral. This article presents a model of evil behavior demonstrating how situational factors that obscure moral relevance can interact with moral rationalization and lead to a violation of moral principles. Concepts such as cognitive dissonance and self-affirmation are used to explain the processes underlying moral rationalization, and different possible methods of moral rationalization are described. Also, research on moral rationalization and its prevention is reviewed.

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Dumora, Bernadette, and Roely-Ida Lyda Lannegrand-Willems. "Le processus de rationalisation en psychologie de l’orientation." L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle 28, no. 1 (1999): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/binop.1999.1265.

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This study highlights the relevance, in the field of counseling, of the concept of rationalization developped by Beauvois and Joule. The hypothesis is that young people’s representations of professional studies depend on their school position. The rationalization allows some people to rehabilitate some technical or professional careers that they rejected previously and which become the only accessible ones.

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6

Tuckman, Bruce W. "Relations of Academic Procrastination, Rationalizations, and Performance in a Web Course with Deadlines." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2005): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3c.1015-1021.

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This study compared students' academic procrastination tendency with the (1) frequency and nature of rationalizations used to justify procrastination, (2) self-regulation, and (3) performance in a web-based study strategies course with frequent performance deadlines. 106 college students completed the 16-item Tuckman Procrastination Scale, a measure of tendency to procrastinate, the Frequency of Use Self-survey of Rationalizations for Procrastination, and a 9-item self-regulation scale. Students' subsequent course performance was measured by total points earned. A linear regression with Academic Procrastination as the criterion variable and Rationalization score and Course Points as the predictor variables suggested academic procrastinators support procrastinating by rationalizing, not self-regulating, and thus put themselves at a disadvantage, with respect to evaluation in highly structured courses with frequent enforced deadlines.

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7

Zepf, Siegfried. "About rationalization and intellectualization." International Forum of Psychoanalysis 20, no. 3 (March 24, 2011): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0803706x.2010.550316.

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8

Huang, Xinyuan, Wenjie Fu, Haiying Zhang, Hong Li, Xiaoxia Li, Yong Yang, Fan Wang, et al. "Development and validation of a smoking rationalization scale for male smokers in China." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317720276.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a smoking rationalization scale for Chinese male smokers. A total of 35 focus groups and 19 one-on-one interviews were conducted to collect items of the scale. Exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify the underlying structure of the scale. Results found a 26-item scale within six dimensions (smoking functional beliefs, risk generalization beliefs, social acceptability beliefs, safe smoking beliefs, self-exempting beliefs, and quitting is harmful beliefs). The scale showed acceptable validity and reliability. Results highlight that smoking rationalization is common among Chinese male smokers, and some beliefs of smoking rationalization seem to be peculiar to China.

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Thomas, Kyle J. "Rationalizing Delinquency: Understanding the Person-situation Interaction through Item Response Theory." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427818789752.

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Objectives: I argue that a person-situation complex of delinquent rationalizations can be conceptualized by relating rationalizations to item response theory (IRT), where approval of delinquency is predominately a function of the individual willingness to rationalize ( θ j) and situational difficulty of applying a rationalization ( bi). This framework offers testable predictions and addresses extant criticisms. Method: Adolescents from a public high school ( N = 223) and subjects from the National Youth Survey ( N = 1,436) were asked their degree of approval for delinquency under various circumstances. Graded response models assessed the joint effects of individual and situational characteristics on approval of delinquency. I test whether differences in self-reported offending (SRO) and willingness to offend (WTO) are consistent with predictions derived from IRT models. Results: Approval of delinquency is a joint function of individual and situational characteristics. Some situations are so “easy” to rationalize that most everyone is predicted to approve of delinquency, and others are so “difficult” that only those very high in θ are predicted to express approval. SRO and WTO differences between individuals and situations are consistent with the IRT predictions. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the utility of IRT for understanding delinquent rationalizations. The implications of the findings for theory and person-situation explanations are discussed.

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Hoffman, Curt, and Nancy Hurst. "Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, no. 2 (1990): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.197.

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Hu, Shuaibo, and Kui Yu. "Learning Robust Rationales for Model Explainability: A Guidance-Based Approach." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 16 (March 24, 2024): 18243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i16.29783.

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Selective rationalization can be regarded as a straightforward self-explaining approach for enhancing model explainability in natural language processing tasks. It aims to provide explanations that are more accessible and understandable to non-technical users by first selecting subsets of input texts as rationales and then predicting based on chosen subsets. However, existing methods that follow this select-then-predict framework may suffer from the rationalization degeneration problem, resulting in sub-optimal or unsatisfactory rationales that do not align with human judgments. This problem may further lead to rationalization failure, resulting in meaningless rationales that ultimately undermine people's trust in the rationalization model. To address these challenges, we propose a Guidance-based Rationalization method (G-RAT) that effectively improves robustness against failure situations and the quality of rationales by using a guidance module to regularize selections and distributions. Experimental results on two synthetic settings prove that our method is robust to the rationalization degeneration and failure problems, while the results on two real datasets show its effectiveness in providing rationales in line with human judgments. The source code is available at https://github.com/shuaibo919/g-rat.

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Fointiat, Valérie. "Rationalization in act and problematic behaviour justification." European Journal of Social Psychology 28, no. 3 (May 1998): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199805/06)28:3<471::aid-ejsp876>3.0.co;2-c.

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Schwartz, Steven. "Hallucination, rationalization, and response set." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 1986): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00046987.

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Persulessy, Grace, Mediaty Mediaty, and Grace Theresia Pontoh. "Triangle's Fraud Theory on Academic Fraud Behavior When online Learning." International Journal of Professional Business Review 7, no. 6 (December 20, 2022): e0768. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2022.v7i6.e768.

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Purpose: This study aims to examine the dimensions of the fraud triangle to explain academic cheating behavior during online learning. Theoretical Framework: The theory that examines the causes of fraud is the fraud triangle theory. This theory was first put forward by Edwin Sutherland, who coined the term white-color crime, and Donald Cressey, who was a student of Sutherland's in a doctoral program in the 1940s and author of Other People Money: A Study in the Social Psychology of Embezzlement. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study uses multiple regression analysis with the number of samples of this study are 73 accounting students at the Indonesian Christian University in Maluku who have passed auditing courses and business and professional ethics. Data were collected using a survey method. Findings: The results of this study indicate that partial pressure and opportunity affect academic cheating, while rationalization does not affect academic cheating. This study also shows that simultaneously academic fraud is determined by the dimensions of the fraud triangle, namely pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. Research, Practical & Social Implications: The implication of this research is to provide useful input to institutions, especially the UKIM Faculty of Economics and Business, to make online learning standards. Also, the teaching staff as input in the teaching and learning process pays attention that pressure, opportunity, and rationalization are important to determine student behavior in academic fraud. Originality/Value: The results of this research indicate that rationalization does not influence academic fraud behaviors. Rationalization is self-justification or the wrong reasons for wrong behavior. This is due to the awareness of the perpetrators of academic fraud that the fraud committed is an act that is not commendable, so guilt arises when committing academic fraud. It does not support the fraud triangle theory which states that rationalization encourages fraud.

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Tafani, Eric, and Lionel Souchet. "Commitment to pro- versus counter-attitudinal behavior and the dynamics of social representations." Swiss Journal of Psychology 61, no. 1 (March 2002): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.61.1.34.

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This research uses the counter-attitudinal essay paradigm ( Janis & King, 1954 ) to test the effects of social actions on social representations. Thus, students wrote either a pro- or a counter-attitudinal essay on Higher Education. Three forms of counter-attitudinal essays were manipulated countering respectively a) students’ attitudes towards higher education; b) peripheral beliefs or c) central beliefs associated with this representation object. After writing the essay, students expressed their attitudes towards higher education and evaluated different beliefs associated with it. The structural status of these beliefs was also assessed by a “calling into question” test ( Flament, 1994a ). Results show that behavior challenging either an attitude or peripheral beliefs induces a rationalization process, giving rise to minor modifications of the representational field. These modifications are only on the social evaluative dimension of the social representation. On the other hand, when the behavior challenges central beliefs, the same rationalization process induces a cognitive restructuring of the representational field, i.e., a structural change in the representation. These results and their implications for the experimental study of representational dynamics are discussed with regard to the two-dimensional model of social representations ( Moliner, 1994 ) and rationalization theory ( Beauvois & Joule, 1996 ).

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Nasir, Farheen, and Khadeeja Naim. "The psychology behind Sialkot tragedy." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 8, no. 4 (December 29, 2018): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v8i4.1446.

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Objective: This paper analyzes the Sialkot tragedy which had happened in Sialkot, Pakistan in 2010 in which two innocent brothers were lynched in broad daylight and in front of hundreds of people including policemen, thus committing sin of violence, and cruelty. Method: Archival research was done to explore two important questions; what had led to the killing of those innocent boys and why didn’t anyone do anything to stop it? Result: Detailed analyses of the case revealed the following causal elements with significant role; conceptualization of self and that of the other, semantic framing and stereotypic labeling, psychological distancing, rationalization, obedience to authority, deindividuation, and evil as inaction. Conclusion: It is important to note that these factors need not be antecedently conditional or necessary for the prevalence of malignant behaviors but helps to understand their impact under negative circumstances.Keywords: violence; cruelty; malignant behavior

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17

AdeL, Dr Hiba. "Rationalize destractive impulses in humans." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 212, no. 2 (November 12, 2018): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v212i2.667.

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We talking about the destructiveness. lasso dealt with the philosopher humanitarian and Psychologist Erich from through a Combination of Psychology and Philosophy of humanism and Purpose of this was to overcome the destructiveness through rationalization , either the main goal of all this was to reach the community in favor of humans can live in Peace and Safety of a just society healthy .

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Han, Li, Yan Zhang, and Yong Zheng. "Responses Over Time of Child and Adolescent Survivors to the 2008 Wenchuan, China Earthquake." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 7 (August 1, 2012): 1147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.7.1147.

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The posttraumatic psychological symptoms of 188 child and adolescent survivors were investigated at 2 stages after the 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan, China, using the Mental Health Scale (Wo & Liu, 2003) and the Coping Scale (Xiao & Xu, 1996). Results showed that the survivors' mental health and coping styles were significantly different at each stage. Compared to 1 year after, 2 weeks after the earthquake, participants had more severe psychosomatic symptoms in the following items: compulsive reexperiencing, escaping, sensitive, indifferent, easily angry, suicidal, felt guilty, easily fearful, lack of interest, inefficacy, insomnia, decreased appetite, avoiding problems, fantasy, self-blaming, and rationalization. Boys scored higher than girls in the felt lonely and asking for help items in the second week, while girls scored higher than boys in the sensitive, depressed, self-blaming, and rationalization items 1 year after the earthquake. Results suggest that psychologists and social workers should focus on children and adolescents who have experienced traumatic stress and provide them with appropriate mental health interventions.

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19

Eastman, Wayne. "Ideology as Rationalization and as Self-Righteousness: Psychology and Law as Paths to Critical Business Ethics." Business Ethics Quarterly 23, no. 4 (October 2013): 527–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201323439.

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ABSTRACT:Research on political ideology in law and psychology can be fruitfully applied to the question of whether business ethics is ideological, and, if so, what response is warranted. I suggest that legal and psychological research streams can be drawn upon to create a new genre of critical business ethics that differs from normative and empirical business ethics. In psychology, Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) suggests how the mainstream ideology within an academic field can be criticized as a reflection of a self-righteous, us-them mind-set. In law, Critical Legal Studies (CLS) suggests how a field’s mainstream ideology can be criticized as a rationalization of the status quo. I suggest that the MFT and CLS criticisms of ideology can be joined to develop a critical approach to business ethics that seriously examines science on normatively charged topics, such as liberal-conservative differences and implicit attitudes, and that frames it in terms of alternative narratives.

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Demuynck, Thomas, and Luc Lauwers. "Nash rationalization of collective choice over lotteries." Mathematical Social Sciences 57, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2008.07.002.

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Charles Ward, L., and Paul Rothaus. "The measurement of Denial and rationalization in male alcholics." Journal of Clinical Psychology 47, no. 3 (May 1991): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199105)47:3<465::aid-jclp2270470322>3.0.co;2-j.

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Hart, William, Charlotte Kinrade, and Joshua T. Lambert. "Sadistic pleasure and diminished suffering perceptions: Further evidence that sadism entails rationalization." Personality and Individual Differences 195 (September 2022): 111680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111680.

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Houben, Gerard J., Jos P. M. Diederiks, Ymer Tkant, and Jos V. H. Notermans. "Rationalization in garages in the Netherlands and its effects on occupational health." Work & Stress 4, no. 2 (April 1990): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678379008256979.

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Shepherd, David, and Mark Button. "Organizational Inhibitions to Addressing Occupational Fraud: A Theory of Differential Rationalization." Deviant Behavior 40, no. 8 (April 3, 2018): 971–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1453009.

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Kochan, Jeff. "Animism and natural teleology from Avicenna to Boyle." Science in Context 34, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889722000035.

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ArgumentHistorians have claimed that the two closely related concepts of animism and natural teleology were both decisively rejected in the Scientific Revolution. They tout Robert Boyle as an early modern warden against pre-modern animism. Discussing Avicenna, Aquinas, and Buridan, as well as Renaissance psychology, I instead suggest that teleology went through a slow and uneven process of rationalization. As Neoplatonic theology gained influence over Aristotelian natural philosophy, the meaning of animism likewise grew obscure. Boyle, as some historians have shown, exemplifies this uneven process. There is an unresolved tension between his religious convictions and the implicit animism of his empirical practice.

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SERBENA, Carlos Augusto. "Considerações sobre o inconsciente: mito, símbolo e arquétipo na psicologia analítica." PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES - Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica 16, no. 1 (2010): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18065/rag.2010v16n1.9.

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This article conducts a theoretical discussion between C. G. Jung and other authors to relate and clarify aspects of the concepts of myth, symbol and archetype. On the concept of collective unconscious and archetype of the work of Jung, shows both forms of operation of the psyche: rational and causal to the ego and imaginal and analogic to the unconscious. Thus, the archetypes can be considered as categories of the imagination and are expressed in symbolic form, requiring a comprehensive, qualitative and acting role of mediation between the opposing dynamics through a redundant and repetitive, but improved. This dynamic appears in the ritual, the repetition behavioral level, and in myths, than are a symbolically narrative that mark the beginning of the process of rationalization of symbols. If this process is deepening, becomes the symbol sign and loses its experiential nature and ability to mediate conflicts. The excessive exploitation of rationality in modern thought leads to ignore the sign and thus the person loses the ability to mediate the conflicts experienced in its existence as between himself and the world, feeling their lives empty and meaningless.

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Scheid, Teresa L. "Managed Care and the Rationalization of Mental Health Services." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44, no. 2 (June 2003): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519805.

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Cook, Corey L. "Book Review: The Human Brain as an Evolved Rationalization Machine." Evolutionary Psychology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 147470491201000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000102.

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Spackman, Christy. "Ordering volatile openings: instrumentation and the rationalization of bodily odors." Food, Culture & Society 22, no. 5 (July 23, 2019): 674–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2019.1638135.

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Levy, Moshe. "Toward a Weberian theory of gambling: the rationalization of legal gambling in Israel." International Gambling Studies 10, no. 3 (December 2010): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2010.516761.

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AL-jhayyish, Dr Basim Abdulkare em Hameed. "Ruling on the Rationalization of Consumption in Islamic Jurisprudence." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 5848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020296.

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Monica, Terry Angela, Jepri Jepri, and Ulum Janah. "Self Defense Mechanism as an Overcoming Tool of Anxiety in the Novel Me Before You." Prologue: Journal on Language and Literature 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36277/jurnalprologue.v6i1.51.

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This research focuses on the psychology of a character in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes. There are two objectives in this study; 1). To find out the types of anxiety experienced by the character in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes and; 2). To explain how self-defense mechanism works to overcome anxiety in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes. This study uses Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory regarding anxiety and defense mechanism; the methodology employed is qualitative research in which the researcher tried to present the issues descriptively. The main data sources in this study were taken from the form of dialogs, descriptions, and sentences contained in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes. The results of this study, the researcher concluded that there were three types of anxiety experienced by the character in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes, namely neurotic, moral and realistic anxiety. To overcome this anxiety the character uses four types of defense mechanisms namely displacement, reaction formation, rationalization, and sublimation. The most effective type of self-defense mechanism to overcome the anxieties that arise in character is rationalization because an individual where the reality that is lived is all based on logic and rationality.

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Rothwell, Virginia, and James E. Hawdon. "Science, Individualism, and Attitudes Toward Deviance: The Influence of Modernization and Rationalization." Deviant Behavior 29, no. 3 (March 12, 2008): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639620701587950.

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Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, and Andrew Stickley. "Suicide mortality and agricultural rationalization in post-war Europe." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, no. 6 (March 25, 2006): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0046-2.

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Knoblauch, Vicki. "Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable set rationalization of choice functions." Theory and Decision 89, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11238-020-09755-3.

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Denker, Katherine J., and Debbie Dougherty. "Corporate Colonization of Couples' Work-Life Negotiations: Rationalization, Emotion Management and Silencing Conflict." Journal of Family Communication 13, no. 3 (July 2013): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.796946.

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Muller, Charlotte F., and Rachel F. Boaz. "Health as a Reason or a Rationalization for Being Retired?" Research on Aging 10, no. 1 (March 1988): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027588101002.

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Liu, Sijia. "A Study Based on Contemporary Consumer Behavior of Women of Different Age Groups." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 52, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/52/20230687.

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Consumption behavior refers to the psychological and practical aspects of consumers' demand psychology, purchase motivation, and consumption willingness. Women are the core mainstay of China's consumer army, with a total female population of 688.44 million in 2023, accounting for 48.76% of the total population. This paper analyzes different age groups, explains the characteristics and influencing factors of female consumers' consumption behavior, and combines practical cases to study women's consumption behavior in different age groups. It is found that female consumers pursue image and pay attention to the image of the consumer behavior qualities, and their consumption behavior appears emotional, rationalization, active, and passive characteristics, accelerating the broadening of the consumer market and promoting the transformation of the current economic structure. Female consumers have become the key object of enterprise market competition; they fully understand the consumption psychology and behavioral characteristics of female consumers and formulate appropriate marketing strategies to improve the competitiveness of enterprises to win in the fiercely competitive market.

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MEYER, JOHN W. "Institutional and Organizational Rationalization in the Mental Health System." American Behavioral Scientist 28, no. 5 (May 1985): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000276485028005003.

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Brock, Tom. "Roger Caillois and E-Sports: On the Problems of Treating Play as Work." Games and Culture 12, no. 4 (January 4, 2017): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412016686878.

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In Man, Play and Games, Roger Caillois warns against the “rationalization” of play by working life and argues that the professionalization of competitive games (agôn) will have a negative impact on people and society. In this article, I elaborate on Caillois’ argument by suggesting that the professional context of electronic sports (e-Sports) rationalizes play by turning player psychology toward the pursuit of extrinsic rewards. This is evidenced in the instrumental decision-making that accompanies competitive gameplay as well as the “survival” strategies that e-Sports players deploy to endure its precarious working environment(s). In both cases, play is treated as work and has problematic psychological and sociological implications as a result.

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Akinoğlu, Orhan. "AN ANALYSIS OF 2004 TURKISH SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM IN THE LIGHT OF NEW MILLENIUM TRENDS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 6 (January 1, 2008): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.6.791.

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The aim in this study was to determine and assess the learning areas, skills and values underlined in the 2004 social studies curriculum reform for primary education in Turkey. The study was undertaken in a qualitative manner based on analyses of the 2004 social studies teaching curriculum for 4th–7th grades. Data were collected through document analyses of the 2004 social studies curriculum. Findings indicated that the learning areas, skills and values underlined in the curriculum for primary education reflect mainly global connections, multidimensional thinking, active learning, social rationalization, business mentality, creativity, individualism and democratic consciousness.

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Heilman, Madeline E., and Michelle C. Haynes. "No Credit Where Credit Is Due: Attributional Rationalization of Women's Success in Male-Female Teams." Journal of Applied Psychology 90, no. 5 (2005): 905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.905.

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Wakslak, Cheryl J., John T. Jost, and Patrick Bauer. "Spreading Rationalization: Increased Support for Large-Scale and Small-Scale Social Systems Following System Threat." Social Cognition 29, no. 3 (June 2011): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.288.

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Chalip, Laurence. "Policy Analysis in Sport Management." Journal of Sport Management 9, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.1.1.

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Over the past two decades, policy analysis has developed as a collection of formal methods to enhance policy design and implementation. Interpretive and critical methods for policy analysis have recently been advocated as a way to clarify the parameters of policy problems and thereby improve policy formulation and implementation. The heuristic basis for interpretive and critical policy analysis is consistent with contemporary findings in the psychology of decision making. Formal methods for interpretive and critical policy analysis are elaborated and illustrated via application to the drafting of the U.S. Amateur Sports Act (PL 95-606). It is shown that the methods illumine decision processes that have caused sport development to become subordinate to the administrative rationalization of American Olympic sport governance.

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Arafah, Burhanuddin, Juliastuti Sirajuddin, Magfirah Thayyib, Fahmi Room, Takwa, and Wan Anayati. "Emotional Management of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe's Main Character." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 14, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 1414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1405.30.

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This study aims to describe and reveal the main character's emotional management in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, a Penguin classics novel published in London in 1994. This study employs a descriptive qualitative technique and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach. The research data was derived from the novel's narrations and portrayal of the main character. The study found that the main character's psychology employed a defensive mechanism to regulate all the emotions that arose. The main character in this work uses suppression, rationalization, reaction construction, regression, anger and indifference, and imagination. Repression serves as the main character's protection mechanism in the narrative. The main character demonstrated that he attempted to channel his melancholy into thankfulness and to turn his anxiety into rational thinking.

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Birney, Damian P., David B. Bowman, and Gerry Pallier. "Prior to paradigm integration, the task is to resolve construct definitions of gF and WM." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 2 (April 2006): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06249033.

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Blair's account, like the intelligence field in general, treats many distinct constructs as if they were practically interchangeable – this is not self-evident. Paradigm integration and rationalization of redundant nomenclature are important for the continued development of understanding. The prior task is to demonstrate where synonymity of constructs across paradigms occurs, and where it fails. We present arguments why this is the case.

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Wullenkord, Marlis Charlotte, and Gerhard Reese. "Avoidance, rationalization, and denial: Defensive self-protection in the face of climate change negatively predicts pro-environmental behavior." Journal of Environmental Psychology 77 (October 2021): 101683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101683.

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Burke, Michael, Janet Young, and Teghan Butler. "Learning through/about coping with the stress of teaching outside a specialist area in Exercise and Sport Psychology." Journal of Block and Intensive Learning and Teaching 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15209/jbilt.1300.

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The rationalization and casualization of academic teaching positions in universities has meant that, more and more, teaching staff are being asked to teach outside of their specific field of expertise. This situation may be particularly exaggerated if universities or courses choose to use a small number of units as first block units that include both transition to tertiary education practices and important foundational disciplinary content. Ideally, it is suggested that with good unit design and expert unit conveners overseeing this teaching and supporting these teachers, the use of non-experts should be seamless. But what are the consequences for the non-expert? In this paper, we look specifically at the forms of anxiety that are faced by non-expert teaching staff, the ways that this anxiety is dealt with by both the teachers and the unit convener, and the ways that these experiences of anxiety can be used to engage with students in the class.

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Groves, Mark. "Resisting the globalization, standardization and rationalization of football: my journey to Bilbao." Soccer & Society 12, no. 2 (March 2011): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.548362.

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Mendelson, Jordana. "DESIRE AT THE KIOSK: PUBLICITY AND BARCELONA IN THE 1930S." Catalan Review 18, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2004): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.18.1-2.13.

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Publicity in Barcelona during the 1930s generated some remarkable examples of visual modernity that at the same time function as indicators of a widespread cultural practice motivated by the intersection of applied psychology and photographic experimentation. One of the foremost theoreticians and practitioners of the use of photography in advertising was Pere Català-Pic, who through his involvement with the Generalitat’s Institut Psicotècnic was also a leader in the rationalization and teaching of publicity. This essay examines Català-Pic’s work in the light of his critical writings on the phototechnician and his central role in the transformation of commercial publicity into political propaganda during the Civil War, a process that drew upon the debates of the previous decade and that is illuminated through the study of Català-Pic’s public and private correspondence with Pedro Prat-Gaballí.

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