Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rats (Animaux de laboratoire) – Développement'
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Hichri, Oubaidallah. "Effet de la progestérone sur la réponse ventilatoire à l'hypoxie chez le rat en développement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29059/29059.pdf.
Full textBelin, David. "Développement et caractérisation d'un modèle d'addiction chez le rat : du comportement aux transcriptomes." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21292.
Full textAlthough the voluntary intake of drugs of abuse is a behavior largely preserved throughout phylogeny, it is currently unclear whether pathological drug use ("addiction") can be observed in species other than humans. Here, we report that behaviors that resemble three of the essential diagnostic criteria for addiction appear over time in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. As in humans, this addiction-like behavior is present only in a small proportion of subjects using cocaine and is highly predictive of relapse after withdrawal. This addiction-like behaviour seems to be associated with a compulsive seeking of the drug but neither with a differential intake of the drug nor with a disinhibited behaviour or a different anxiety level. This addiction-like behaviour is predicted by behavioural factors relative to anxiety and novelty seeking and is associated with transcriptionnal regulations mainly in the prefrontal cortex
Fei, Jia. "Remodelage osseux et vascularisation osseuse dans des modèles d'hypoxie et d'immobilisation chez le rat adulte." Saint-Etienne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STET012T.
Full textRousseau, Jean-Philippe, and Jean-Philippe Rousseau. "Rôle des hormones thyroïdiennes sur le développement neurologique des circuits cardio-respiratoires chez le rongeur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38119.
Full textLes hormones thyroïdiennes sont essentielles au bon développement du système nerveux central. Ce dernier est très vulnérable à toute déficience en hormones thyroïdiennes, spécialement à la période périnatale précoce où il dépend entièrement du transfert de la part de la mère. Toute réduction du taux d’hormones thyroïdiennes chez la mère ou le retrait précoces du foetus par la naissance prématurée peut avoir d’importants effets néfastes sur la formation du cerveau de la progéniture à court et long terme. Malgré l’état actuel des connaissances concernant l’effet de la carence en hormones thyroïdiennes sur le développement et la fonction du système nerveux central, leur influence sur les circuits nerveux qui régulent le système cardio-respiratoire reste méconnue. Nous proposons que les hormones thyroïdiennes au cours de la période périnatale du rat soient nécessaires au bon développement du réseau neuronal responsable du contrôle cardio-respiratoire. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, nous avons reproduit un modèle d’hypothyroïdisme expérimental par l’exposition de la femelle sur l’entièreté de la gestation à l’agent anti-thyroïdien méthimazole (MMI). L’évaluation des effets sur la commande respiratoire centrale, la ventilation, la réponse à l’hypoxie et l’inhibition cardio-respiratoire par stimulation du chémoréflexe laryngé a été divisée sur différentes tranches d’âge (jours postnataux : P1-P4-P15). Le traitement de MMI réduit le rythme respiratoire produit centralement dans les premiers jours de vie. Un effet âge dépendant du traitement est présent sur la ventilation de l’animal entier et sa réponse à l’hypoxie. L’inhibition cardio-respiratoire est augmentée chez les animaux déficients en hormones thyroïdiennes lors de la stimulation du chémoréflexe laryngé. L’activation importante du système GABAergique est au coeur des conséquences observées. Enfin, nous proposons que les cellules de type «microglie» pourraient moduler le développement du réseau neuronal de contrôle respiratoire en réponse aux hormones thyroïdiennes. En culture cellulaire, ses fonctions sont augmentées par l’exposition à l’hormone T3 et l’effet dépend du micro-environnement. Nous concluons que les hormones thyroïdiennes sont nécessaires pour la mise en place du système nerveux de contrôle respiratoire et autonome.
Thyroid hormones are essential for the normal development of the central nervous system. The latter presents a high vulnerability to any thyroid hormones deficiency, especially in the early stages of perinatal development, when the mother is the only source for the foetus. At that time, any maternal hypothyroidism or premature birth can alter thyroid hormones supply and compromise brain functions on short and long term. Despite the current state of knowledge concerning the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on the development and function of the central nervous system, their influence on the nervous circuits that regulate the cardiorespiratory system remains unknown. We propose that thyroid hormones during the perinatal period are necessary for the proper development of the neural network responsible for cardiorespiratory control. To test this hypothesis, we reproduced a model of experimental hypothyroidism by exposing the pregnant dams over the entire gestation to the anti-thyroid agent, methimazole (MMI). Effects of the treatment were evaluated on central respiratory command, ventilation, hypoxic response and cardiorespiratory inhibition by laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation, across multiple age groups (P1-P4-P15). MMI treatment reduces the central respiratory rhythm in the first days of life. An age-dependent effect was noted on whole animal ventilation and hypoxic response. Cardiorespiratory inhibition following laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation is increased in thyroid hormones deficient pups. The enhanced GABAergic system activation is a major player in the consequences observed here. Finally, we proposed that microglia could modulate development of the neuronal respiratory control network in response to thyroid hormones. Using cell culture, we demonstrated that their functions are increased by the exposure to T3 and the effect is mediated by the surrounding microenvironment. We conclude that thyroid hormones are necessary for the proper establishment of the respiratory and autonomic nervous control systems.
Thyroid hormones are essential for the normal development of the central nervous system. The latter presents a high vulnerability to any thyroid hormones deficiency, especially in the early stages of perinatal development, when the mother is the only source for the foetus. At that time, any maternal hypothyroidism or premature birth can alter thyroid hormones supply and compromise brain functions on short and long term. Despite the current state of knowledge concerning the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on the development and function of the central nervous system, their influence on the nervous circuits that regulate the cardiorespiratory system remains unknown. We propose that thyroid hormones during the perinatal period are necessary for the proper development of the neural network responsible for cardiorespiratory control. To test this hypothesis, we reproduced a model of experimental hypothyroidism by exposing the pregnant dams over the entire gestation to the anti-thyroid agent, methimazole (MMI). Effects of the treatment were evaluated on central respiratory command, ventilation, hypoxic response and cardiorespiratory inhibition by laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation, across multiple age groups (P1-P4-P15). MMI treatment reduces the central respiratory rhythm in the first days of life. An age-dependent effect was noted on whole animal ventilation and hypoxic response. Cardiorespiratory inhibition following laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation is increased in thyroid hormones deficient pups. The enhanced GABAergic system activation is a major player in the consequences observed here. Finally, we proposed that microglia could modulate development of the neuronal respiratory control network in response to thyroid hormones. Using cell culture, we demonstrated that their functions are increased by the exposure to T3 and the effect is mediated by the surrounding microenvironment. We conclude that thyroid hormones are necessary for the proper establishment of the respiratory and autonomic nervous control systems.
Roy, Vincent. "Contribution à l'étude de conduites émotionnelles chez le rat : utilisation du handling postnatal et de l'approche éthoexpérimentale du comportement." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES041.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study emotional behaviours in rats. This was done by comparing control rats with rats that have been stimulated during infancy (i. E. Postnatal handling) according to an ethoexperimental approach. The observation of risk assessment and approach / avoidance behaviours allowed the demonstration that postnatal handling effects are specifically related to a decrease in anxiety-like behaviours, independently from a more general effect on activity level. In addition, we demonstrated that postnatal handling does not modify defensive reactions during a cat confrontation, but have some effects after the confrontation. This result confirms the existence of a predator innate recognition and suggests that the control of defensive reactions is initially under the control of cerebral structures that are not affected by postnatal handling. The discussion of our results is based on the different components of emotional reactivity
Moore, Nicholas D. "Effet de différents traitements parentaux sur le développement de l'hypertension arterielle chez le rat spontanément hypertendu." Rouen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ROUE06NR.
Full textKervern, Myriam. "Plasticité des réseaux de neurones respiratoire et hippocampique après une exposition à l'alcool pendant le développement chez le rat." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIED009.
Full textAlcohol ingestion during pregnancy may give rise to Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. To better understand the effects of alcohol during brain growth spurt period on physiology and cognitive function, we studied in rats the effects of pre- and postnatal ethanol exposure on 1) the long-term plasticity of the respiratory neuronal network and 2) hippocampus synaptic plasticity involved in learning and memory processes. After perinatal ethanol exposure, long-term respiratory network facilitation (FLT) was reversed to a long-term respiratory depression in 7d old rats, independent on genetic background of the animals. This reversion was mimicked in vitro by a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, the key actors for FLT, while mRNA levels were modified in respiratory areas. In adolescent offspring, ethanol exposure during brain development lead to a facilitation to induce LTD in CA1 hippocampus field studied in vitro which was due to an increase in the response during low frequency conditioning stimulation. This response and the facilitated DLT were NMDA receptor and NR2B subunit dependant but not NR2A subunit dependant. Protein levels for NR1, NR2A and NR2B were all increased in CA1. The late phase of DLT involved both R-GABAA and B without modification in the number of binding sites for R-GABAA. This work shows that in utero alcohol exposure reverses respiratory network plasticity and facilitates synaptic LTD in the hippocampus. These results suggest that in utero alcohol exposure may lead to long-term maladaptation of respiratory function and that effects of alcoholization last until adolescence and alters LTD, the other cellular mechanism of learning and memory beside hippocampus synaptic LTP
Gouron, Richard. "Reconstruction osseuse par la technique de la membrane induite : développement et caractérisation d'un modèle animal chez le rat." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIED010.
Full textThe Masquelet technique is increasingly used for the reconstruction of long bone defects in tumor, sepsis or trauma surgery. It consists of an interposition in the bone defect, of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacer around which forms a biological membrane called the “induced-membrane”. Then, autologous fragmented corticocancellous grafts are inserted into the membrane, leading, whatever the length of the defect, to bone healing in a cellular and molecular process which is not elucidated. To further understand and characterize the development of the membrane and its biological activities, we realized the Masquelet technique for bone reconstruction in a smaller animal model: the Sprague-Dawley rat. We describe the experimental development and validation of a critical size femoral defect (8mm) reconstruction in a rat model. The induced membrane from our model shows some mineralization spots and an osteoclastic activity around the PMMA spacer with TRAP (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) activity, and CTR (calcitonin receptor) and RANK (Receptor activator of Nuclear factor Kappa B) immunostaining. A single cartilage area into the induced membrane was also displayed in contact with the PMMA. This suggests that this reconstruction process may use the osteoclastic remodeling system. This model represents a key step toward the identification of the cellular processes that are involved in remodeling of the grafts and fast healing of long bone defects using Masquelet technique
Plachez, Céline. "Etude des transporteurs du glutamate au cours du développement "in vitro" des neurones hippocampiques." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20002.
Full textNiane, Lalah Malika. "Neurotransmission par l'acétylcholine et l'adénosine tri-phosphate dans le contrôle périphérique de la respiration chez le rat en développement : rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques et P2X." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29191/29191.pdf.
Full textBerthonneche, Corinne. "Rôle du TNF-alpha dans la dysfonction cardiaque précoce post-infarctus et le développement de l'insuffisance cardiaque chez le rat." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE18007.
Full textPatin, Valentine. "Effets d'un stress prénatal appliqué à des rates gestantes sur leur comportement maternel et sur le développement, l'anxiété et l'apprentissage de leur progéniture." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUES036.
Full textRedjem, Ghalia Mebarka. "Etude comparée des effets de la carence alimentaire en iode sur le métabolisme des hormones thyroïdiennes dans le cerveau et la peau chez le Rat en développement." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20065.
Full textGrégoire, Stéphanie. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes d'évaluation de la douleur chez le rat par l'analyse des comportements spontanés et des perturbations émotionnelles et cognitives." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM06.
Full textResearch in the field of pain management, including chronic pain management, needs innovationbecause available treatments are mostly old and often associated with many side effects. It is now wellrecognized that preclinical studies on pain have many limitations: the relevance of the models, the useof imposed painful stimulations, determination of simple thresholds or delays, taking into account thesensory-discriminative component of pain alone… Indeed, some molecules that are efficient inanimals and that are considered as promising, didn’t have the desired effect in humans. Therefore, thebasis of our research aims to propose new methods to assess chronic pain in animals taking intoaccount its multidimensional aspects. Many studies have shown impaired quality of life in patientssuffering from chronic pain. This alteration is characterized by emotional and cognitive disturbances.These components of pain are not always taken into account in animal when studying analgesictreatments, but could bring new preclinical possibilities and perspectives. Our work consisted instudying the impact of pain on spontaneous behaviours (automated formalin test), emotionalcomponent and cognitive capacities in rodents. This work has been completed by the exploration ofthe role of the amygdala in the mechanisms underlying those behavioural modifications.Improvement of the formalin test was conducted in order to better visualize the specific behaviorsobserved during an acute inflammatory pain. Our adaptation has allowed dissociating the analgesicand sedative effect of a molecule in a same animal, using an automated method which is faster and lesssubjective than the manual method.In the meantime, we assessed the impact of chronic pain on the emotional and cognitive performancesin two models of chronic pain (inflammatory and neuropathic). Animals suffering from chronicinflammatory pain have more important impairments than animal suffering from neuropathic pain,impairments that can be improved with a pharmacological treatment. Mechanistic studies using microinjectionsof morphine in the amygdala have emphasized an important involvement of the basolateralcomplex in these emotional and cognitive components of pain.These new behavioural approaches may help better characterize the overall impact of chronic pain inanimals and complete the battery of tests commonly used in preclinical studies. This could lead to amore realistic transposition of the results obtained from animals to humans, and thus lead to betterpredictability for the clinical efficacy of treatments. Finally, the identification of new targets forinnovative therapies involves the study of mechanisms responsible for these behavioral impairments
Joly, Fanny. "Impacts d’une perturbation de la voie TSC2/mTOR dans l’amygdale dès l’adolescence sur le comportement de peur et la fonctionnalité du cortex préfrontal chez le rat adulte Disruption of Amygdala Tsc2 in Adolescence Leads to Changed Prelimbic Cellular Activity and Generalized Fear Responses at Adulthood in Rats." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL016.
Full textAdolescence is a highly sensitive developmental period characterized by massive structural and functional changes in networks regulating emotional and cognitive behaviors, with maturational processes influenced by environmental and genetical factors. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an exaggerated fear, overgeneralization, and deficits in fear extinction. Nowadays, genetical and/or environmental predisposal factors for PTSD are not fully understood, but we know that an intense stress or a trauma endured during adolescence promotes the appearance of PTSD at adulthood following a novel trauma exposure.In this thesis, we particularly studied two structures that belong to the fear-network, the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, which follow an asynchronous maturation. While the amygdala is functionally mature at a juvenile age, its activity could impact the late maturation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We aimed to study the impact of a disruption of Tsc2/mTOR pathway in the excitatory cells of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in rats at young adolescence (post-natal day 25, PN25) or at the end of adolescence (PN50). When animals had reached adulthood, we assessed emotional behavior through a Pavlovian fear conditioning protocol, and the basal mPFC activity through the measure of expression of immediate early gene c-FOS. We show that only animals altered during young adolescence presented at the adult age typical symptoms of PTSD (fear extinction deficits, overgeneralization of fear), associated with an increase of mPFC basal activity, especially in cortical layers known to be involved in the maintenance of fear memory and expression. Thus, we suggest that a developmental dysfunction of the amygdala early in adolescence could be a predisposal factor to PTSD appearance at adulthood
Li, Wei. "Mechanisms whereby bariatric surgeries affect energy balance in rats." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27448.
Full textBiliopancreatic diversion with vertical sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is the most efficient surgery to treat obesity. The mechanisms whereby BPD/DS affects energy balance are not well clarified. Additionally, BPD/DS includes two components, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and duodenal switch (DS) and the respective role of each component is not known. This present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms whereby BPD/DS regulates energy balance and the contributions of SG and DS to the metabolic benefits of BPD/DS. BPD/DS, SG and DS were performed in two batches of rats: chow- and high-fat (HF) diet- fed male rats. We examined body weight (BW), food intake, body composition, fecal energy, main intestinal-gut hormones secretion, and energy expenditure (EE). Compared to Sham, BPD/DS and DS rats exhibited much less BW, percentage of body fat and digestible energy intake due to high malabsorption. In contrast, SG only induced an initial and transient BW loss. BPD/DS and DS rats showed much higher levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), both in fasting and ad libitum refed status. In the HF diet study, a pair-weighed, sham-operated (Sham-HF PW) group was added to match the BW of BPD/DS animals. We observed decreased EE in rats presenting similar BW (BPD/DS, DS and Sham-HF PW) than Sham HF rats. However, BPD/DS rats still showed higher EE than Sham HF PW rats in fasting state. Surprisingly, BPD/DS and DS reduced the volume, oxidative metabolism and expression of thermogenic genes in interscapular brown adipose tissue compared Sham HF controls. Postprandial elevation of GLP-1 and PYY was found in BPD/DS and DS rats. BPD/DS and DS led to a body-weight-decrease-associated reduction in postprandial EE. Our data suggested that the metabolic benefits of BPD/DS are mainly due to malabsorption and partially related to increased EE. DS is the main factor leading to malasbsorption and the increase in the levels of anorectic incretins GLP-1 and PYY.
Barik, Samir. "Etude fonctionnelle des récepteurs dopaminergiques D3. Comparaison des effets comportementaux de microinjections intracérébrales de ligands dopaminergiques." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN2052.
Full textLeite, de Sousa Pires Silene. "Autorégulation du débit sanguin rénal et variabilité tensionnelle chez le rat éveillé." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T026.
Full textLejeune, Quentin. "Caractérisation des projections dopaminergiques visant le cortex moteur chez le rat." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69674.
Full textKorkian, Yavar. "Caractérisation du potentiel de champ locale dans le cortex préfrontal médian du rat durant le stress et la prise alimentaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27235.
Full textStress has been playing important role in maintaining daily life quality. Exposure to stressful situation may cause vast varieties of neuropsychiatric brain disorders associated with sleep related problems, depression, digestive problems and eating disorders. Treatments of such stress-related disorders are costly all across the world. Nowadays, significant consideration has been raised in order to find the appropriate ways for prevention rather than later spending more budgets on treatments. In this way, animals’ modeling and studying the stress-related disorders is one of the most reliable ways for deeper understanding the stress-related problems. This project aimed to reveal the modulation of local field potentials (LFPs) that carries important information about neuronal activities within very specific domains during sucrose consumption in two conditions encompassing non-stressful control condition and acutely foot shock stressed condition in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the rat’s brain. The mPFC plays an important role in stress response and anxiety via its interaction with hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The results of this project revealed that licks mostly occurred in the first 15-min of access to palatable sucrose solution in either non-stressful control or stressful conditions. Also, acute foot shock stress significantly affects the 1-h intake of sucrose by decreasing the volume of intake. It also revealed the mPFC prominent theta band oscillation during both baseline and sucrose ingestion in non-stressful and stressful conditions. Moreover, the results showed an increase in power of delta and theta oscillation bands on the licking initiation onsets. This project reveals detailed information on the electrophysiological properties of IL cortex of mPFC in response to exposure to stressful condition and intake of palatable sucrose solution. This project also helps to better understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of mPFC neurons in response to the exposure to stressful condition following by sucrose intake. This project also helped to confirm the anorectic effects of stress and also suggested that the neuronal synchronization in the IL cortex may play a role in licking behavior and showed desynchronization in the IL during licking after exposure to stressful conditions.
Bisson, Sarah-Kim, and Sarah-Kim Bisson. "Les inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt dans un modèle animal d'insuffisance rénale chronique avec calcification vasculaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38092.
Full textEn insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC), on observe un déséquilibre minéral qui est associé au développement d’un remodelage osseux anormal et de calcification vasculaire, un processus qui est semblable à la formation osseuse car il implique une trans-différenciation de cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires en cellules ostéoblastiques semblables à celles retrouvées dans l’os. Un lien a été rapporté entre le remodelage osseux ralenti et la calcification vasculaire en IRC mais la cause de ce lien demeure mal comprise. Nous avons étudié l’implication des inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt dans ce lien dans un modèle d’IRC chez le rat avec calcification vasculaire induite par un supplément de calcium, phosphore et vitamine D (Ca/P/vitD). Les animaux IRC+Ca/P/vitD présentaient de la calcification vasculaire, un remodelage osseux ralenti, un défaut de minéralisation et des niveaux sériques et vasculaires d’inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt élevés. La présence dans le vaisseau calcifié d’un inhibiteur de la voie Wnt de source ostéocytaire, la sclérostine, suggère que les cellules ostéoblastiques acquièrent un phénotype ostéocytaire. De plus, les inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt produits par le vaisseau pourraient avoir des conséquences sur l’os, ce qui cadrerait avec la formation ralentie et le défaut de minéralisation observés. Les inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt en circulation pourraient aussi avoir des effets vasculaires puisque les vaisseaux calcifiés présentaient des signes d’inhibition de la voie Wnt/β-caténine, les niveaux d’inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt ne semblant toutefois pas associés à un ralentissement de la calcification. Nos résultats mettent donc en lumière une implication potentielle des inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt dans le lien entre l’os et le vaisseau en IRC.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients suffer from a dysregulation of minerals levels which is associated with abnormal bone remodeling and vascular calcification, a process similar to bone formation in that it implies the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. A link was reported between decreased bone formation and vascular calcification in CKD, but the cause of this link remains unclear. We have studied the involvement of Wnt pathway inhibitors in this process in a rat model of CKD with vascular calcification induced by a calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D supplement (Ca/P/vitD). CKD+Ca/P/vitD rats presented with vascular calcification, decreased bone turnover, defective mineralization and increased levels of circulating and vascular Wnt inhibitors. The expression by the calcified vessel of sclerostin, a Wnt inhibitor typically produced by osteocytes, suggests that vascular osteoblast-like cells could acquire an osteocytic phenotype as osteoblasts do in bone. Moreover, vascular Wnt inhibitors could have consequences on bone and contribute to the decrease in bone formation and the mineralization defect. The high circulating levels of Wnt inhibitors could also have vascular effects, which is supported by the fact that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway appears to be inhibited in the calcified vessels despite the fact that high levels of Wnt inhibitors were not correlated with a decrease in the severity of vascular calcification. Our results therefore suggest an implication of Wnt pathway inhibitors in the bone-vessels link that is frequently observed in CKD.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients suffer from a dysregulation of minerals levels which is associated with abnormal bone remodeling and vascular calcification, a process similar to bone formation in that it implies the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. A link was reported between decreased bone formation and vascular calcification in CKD, but the cause of this link remains unclear. We have studied the involvement of Wnt pathway inhibitors in this process in a rat model of CKD with vascular calcification induced by a calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D supplement (Ca/P/vitD). CKD+Ca/P/vitD rats presented with vascular calcification, decreased bone turnover, defective mineralization and increased levels of circulating and vascular Wnt inhibitors. The expression by the calcified vessel of sclerostin, a Wnt inhibitor typically produced by osteocytes, suggests that vascular osteoblast-like cells could acquire an osteocytic phenotype as osteoblasts do in bone. Moreover, vascular Wnt inhibitors could have consequences on bone and contribute to the decrease in bone formation and the mineralization defect. The high circulating levels of Wnt inhibitors could also have vascular effects, which is supported by the fact that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway appears to be inhibited in the calcified vessels despite the fact that high levels of Wnt inhibitors were not correlated with a decrease in the severity of vascular calcification. Our results therefore suggest an implication of Wnt pathway inhibitors in the bone-vessels link that is frequently observed in CKD.
Beaumont, Catherine. "Dimorphisme sexuel dans la réponse hypertrophique cardiaque à une surcharge hémodynamique chronique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34866.
Full textHeart remodeling during chronic hemodynamic stress is called cardiac hypertrophy (CH). CH frequently precedes heart failure (HF), a disease with a mortality rate of approximately 50% at five years. There are two main types of CH: concentric, which is characterized by thickening of ventricular walls and eccentric, where there is an enlargement of the ventricular cavity and proportional (or not) thickening of ventricular walls. CH can evolve toward a dilated form where enlargement of ventricular cavity is not compensated by a thickening of chamber walls. CH differs between the sexes and is influenced by gonadal hormones. In general, men develop dilated CH evolving more rapidly towards HF. CH in women is more concentric and gradually evolve towards HF. Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) causes a volume overload (VO) in the left ventricle (LV) and precipitates its hypertrophy. We induced an AR in male and female rats, which were gonadectomized or not, in order to study the influence of biological sex and gonadal hormones in CH development during VO. Animals were followed for 26 weeks. Our first hypothesis was that CH would be more compensatory in females than in males. Males would lose cardiac function and develop dilated HC. Our second hypothesis was that steroid hormones could explain a part of CH sexual dimorphism. Echocardiographic and ventricular tissue analysis showed that indexed heart mass of AR females was more important than in males (4.4 mg/g vs. 2.5 mg/g respectively, p<0,05). However, AR males developed more transcriptional changes than AR females, especially in genes implicated in energy metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling and mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Orchiectomy, which suppresses androgen secretion in male rats, decreased heart gain of mass in response to AR, stabilized the transcriptional profile, which became similar to AR females, and tended to increase survival. Ovariectomy, which suppresses estrogen secretion in female rats, also decreases CH in response to AR, without affecting gene expression. This leads us to conclude estrogens would essentially promote hypertrophy in females, whereas androgens would disadvantage males by inducing CH with poor compensatory properties and changes in the transcriptional profile resulting in an altered energy metabolism.
Rami, Abdelhaq. "Hormones thyroi͏̈diennes et développement de la formation hippocampique chez le Rat." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20125.
Full textPitorre, Frank. "Effet de la lésion du thalamus dorso-médian sur l'apprentissage et la mémoire chez le rat." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUEL331.
Full textMonleau, Marjorie. "Biocinétique et toxicologie de l'uranium chez le rat après inhalations aiguës et répérées." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22954.
Full textRigoulot, Marie-Aude. "Apport de la neuroprotection à la compréhension de l'épileptogenèse dans deux modèles d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13163.
Full textLe, Luduec Jean-Benoît. "Recherche et étude de gènes différentiellement exprimés dans des modèles de tolérance à l'allogreffe chez le rat." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=58b08ec1-b12b-4e48-9590-60b74cf8d65c.
Full textUsing genes searching methods, we identified two molecules playing a potential role in the tolerance mechanisms. In a first model, based on the administration of an immunosuppressor, LF15-0195, we identified of Schlafen-3 (Slfn3), which is overexpressed in LT of tolerant animals. We showed that Slfn3 is a non exclusive marker of CD4+CD25+ natural regulatory T cells, but is also a marker of T cell activation. In a second model, based on the induction of tolerance by Donor Specific Transfusion (DST), we identified a gene coding for the Follistatin-Like 1 molecule (FSTL1), which is overexpressed in tolerated allografts. We showed that FSTL1 is expressed by T CD8+ graft infiltrating cells. The FSTL1 overexpression using viral vectors have a prolongation effect on allograft survival, suggesting an immunoregulator role of this molecule
Lemoine, Alexandra. "The influence of environmental hypoxia in the physiological responses of laboratory rats and mice during postnatal life and adulthood." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26665.
Full textDifferent rodent species present divergent abilities to colonize and establish stable colonies at high altitude (HA). Ecological studies show that mice (Mus) can be found at HA (up to 4000m) while rats (Rattus) are absent. The ability of an animal to survive and do physical activities at HA depends upon biological adaptations that can include physiological (phenotypical plasticity) and genetic, or epigenetic modifications. Adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats can live under laboratory conditions at HA for several generations (La Paz, Bolivia – 3600m), but they display signs of physiological maladaptation such as excessive erythrocytosis, right ventricular hypertrophy (a sign of pulmonary hypertension) and altered alveolar structure with enlarged airspace in the lungs. These responses are mainly linked to an excessive sensibility to the oxygen (O2) ambient level during postnatal life. Indeed, raising the HA rats under sea level (SL) O2 pressure during early postnatal life significantly improved the physiological adaptation1,2. Furthermore, in HA wild mice (Mus musculus) living at HA, there is no signs of genetic adaptation to this environment. Accordingly, our general hypothesis is that mice possess specific physiological traits ensuring survival at HA. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted 4 studies to compare physiological responses (including ventilation, metabolic rate, hematology, lung morphology, arterial O2 saturation and heart rate) between FVB mice and SD rats raised at SL (Quebec, Canada) or HA (La Paz, Bolivia – 3600m). Our main results show that compared with rats, HA adult mice display enhanced alveolar surface area associated with increased O2 extraction, and avoid excessive erythrocytosis and right ventricular hypertrophy. At SL, under ambient conditions, mice and rats display similar physiological variables. However, after 6 hours of sustained hypoxia (12% O2), mice have higher minute ventilation and lower metabolic rate than rats. Mice also had an increased expression of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1 – the principal mediator of the cellular responses in hypoxia) in the brainstem after 6 hours of hypoxia (15% O2), while this response was not observed in rats. Hypoxic exposure during postnatal life at SL increased the lung volume and the hypoxic ventilatory response in mice but not rats. However, young HA rats preserve their lung architecture compared with young SL rats exposed to postnatal hypoxia. We conclude that rats living at HA for several generations display physiological strategies to cope with the ambient hypoxia that allow them to survive in laboratory conditions but are not sufficient to establish stables colonies in the wild. Also, our results confirm that mice are predisposed to withstand hypoxic environment.
Doretto, Sandrine. "Rôle des oligodendrocytes pendant le développement post-natal du système nerveux central chez la souris." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13175.
Full textDuring my thesis, I have studied the implications of the oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the postnatal brain development with a particular attention to cerebellar development. For this purpose, I have used a transgenic mouse model, the MBP-TK mice, in which we can specifically ablate dividing OLs by systemic injection of the nucleoside analog FIAU. In the first part of my thesis, I have characterized a general function of OLs in the control of axonal growth and brain wiring, and this function is necessary during the very first post-natal days for the proper development and functionality of Purkinje cells, which are important for cerebellar development by their coordinated interactions with granules cells. In the second part of my work, I have studied the remyelination process in the cerebellum, and I have found that the precursors of OLs involved in this process do not have a ventral origin and their differentiation into myelinating OLs is dependent from neuronal signals. Furthermore, the axonal sprouting induced by OLs ablation enhanced the cerebellar phenotype of MBP-TK mice by a phenomenon of glutamate excitotoxicity, and a treatment with an uncompetitive inhibitor of NMDA receptors can improve significantly the myelin recovery. Together, these data indicate the importance of OLs control of axonal growth, and the absence of this function induces neuronal and glial degeneration which provokes major neurological deficits
Benmaamar, Ramla. "Role of neuropeptide Y and its receptors in the development of epileptogenesis in mice and rats." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13007.
Full textDoras, Camille. "Effets de la modulation du système nerveux sympathique sur le développement de l'athérosclérose expérimentale." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2011/DORAS_Camille_2011.pdf.
Full textAtherosclerosis is a disease of the arterial wall, characterized by focal lipidic thickening of the inner layer. Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system was shown to aggravate, and possibly cause, some cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this work was to test the hypothesis by which sympathetic overactivity could accelerate atherogenesis. Results: 1 / The sympathetic overactivity aggravates the atherogenesis in our experimental models (sympathetic activation induced by desipramine in ApoE KO mice, or constitutive of NET KO mice). 2 / This increase occurs regardless of associated cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This pleads for the hypothesis of a direct influence of sympathetic activity on atherosclerosis. 3 / In adipose tissue, the production of inflammatory factors is increased in situations of sympathetic overactivity, whereas adiponectin is significantly reduced. These phenomena may be a mechanism by which sympathetic overactivity promotes atherogenesis. 4 / The sympathetic inhibition in turn, particularly induced by centrally acting substances, can prevent atherosclerosis, in certain conditions and certain models. Conclusion: This exploratory work introduces a new track in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. It could pave the way for the prospect of therapeutic application in the field of regulation of the autonomic nervous system
Kerfant, Benoît-Gilles. "Rôle des microtubules dans le couplage excitation-contraction de cardiomyocytes sains et hypertrophiés." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20104.
Full textGauthier-Bastien, Alexandra. "Mécanismes de calcification et de rigidité artérielle en insuffisance rénale chronique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24955.
Full textIn chronic kidney disease (CKD), mineral metabolism disorders cause vascular and bone disease. Vascular calcification is associated with vascular remodeling. Our objectives were to describe the role of vascular remodeling in arterial stiffness and calcification and to describe cortical bone abnormalities in CKD. CKD and vascular calcification were induced by 5/6 nephrectomy and calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D supplementation. The decrease in immunofluorescence detection of α-smooth muscle actin and elastin and the increase of osteocalcin and endothelin-1 were associated with increased arterial stiffness and calcification. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in volume, area and thickness of cortical bone of the tibia. Therefore, vascular calcification is associated with vascular remodeling which is responsible, at least in part, for arterial stiffness and is also accompanied by cortical bone loss.
Fréret, Thomas. "Récupération fonctionnelle après ischémie cérébrale focale : évaluation chez le rongeur et le primate non-humain et étude des effets de la déféroxamine chez le rongeur." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN4050.
Full textDespite extensive research efforts, stroke remains the first cause of morbidity in industrialized countries, and the efficacy of treatments is still not satisfactory in clinical trials. Consequently, and to fulfill experts committees recommendations for pre-clinical studies, we first elaborated a protocol adapted to the study of functional recovery after focal transient ischemia in the rat. Our results show that secondary degenerative processes after ischemia, especially those occurring in the thalamus, significantly contribute to sensory and motor dexterity deficits and therefore constitute pertinent targets for therapeutic strategies. We also contributed to the development of a new model of transient focal ischemia in a non-human primate (marmoset), more relevant to clinic, by characterizing the sensorimotor-related impairments. Secondly, we aimed to strengthen the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors after ischemia and evaluate its effect on functional recovery after focal ischemia in the rat. Our results shows that a delayed and chronic administration of deferoxamine, an iron chelator known to simulate a hypoxic stress by stabilizing the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1), decreases brain tissue damage, particularly in the thalamus, and improves sensorimotor recovery after ischemia. Although an antioxidant effect of deferoxamine cannot be excluded, the hypothesis that its beneficial effects could be mediated by an increase in HIF-1 target genes merits further investigations. Nevertheless, our data suggest that delayed administration of deferoxamine could represent an interesting therapeutical approach to treat focal cerebral ischemia
Caetano, Monteiro Miguel Fernando. "Eʹtude des étapes précoces du développement adipocytaire." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4009.
Full textShahare, Manju. "Corrélation entre l'expression de HIF tronc cérébral et la réponse ventilatoire à l'hypoxie chez les rats et les souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26596.
Full textSuccessful adaptation at high altitude is very challenging for sea level natives due to the low level of available oxygen (hypoxia). Rats and mice offer an interesting model to understand the factors that contribute to efficient adaptation to high altitude. Indeed, laboratory rats and mice that have been raised at high altitude for several generations have a different phenotype with mice showing higher ventilation, lower hematocrit/hemoglobin values, and lower pulmonary hypertension. These differences are clearly a failure of adaptation to high altitude in rats, as underlined by data showing high mortality in the colony of high altitude rats. However the underlying mechanisms behind these differences are poorly understood. We sought to address whether these differences are also apparent in mice and rats living at Sea level, and if they are related to different responses of the O2 molecular sensor HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor). To test these hypotheses, we chose to perform the study at sea level i.e. at Quebec City, Canada (98m) to compare the ventilatory and molecular responses in male rats and mice. The animals were exposed to different oxygen gradients 21%O2, 15 % O2 and 12% O2 for 6 hours. Ventilation was measured by whole bodyplethysmography, oxygen consumption (VO2) and CO2 production rate (VCO2) were also measured during the exposure. After the 6 hour’s exposure, the animals were anesthetised, and the brainstem quickly dissected, Brainstem HIF-1α expression was measured by Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Compared to rats, mice had higher minute ventilation, lower VO2, VCO2, and higher ventilatory equivalent to oxygen and carbon dioxide, (Ve/VO2, Ve/VCO2) at 15% and 12% O2. In addition, mice also had higher brainstem HIF-1α expression compared to rats. We conclude that the differences in ventilatory responses to hypoxia at sea level might be due to differences in expression of HIF-1α in the brainstem. This suggests that mice have a genetic pre-disposition that ensure adequate response to hypoxia. This trait helps to explain that mice are able to survive and successfully establish natural colonies at high altitude. Key Words: Hypoxia, high altitude, hypoxic ventilatory response, Brainstem, HIF.
Boudouresque, Françoise Limerat. "Régulation de la fonction corticosurrénalienne chez le Rat au cours du développement." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20021.
Full textLerner-Natoli, Mireille. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes intervenant dans le développement et la permanence de l'embrasement limbique chez le Rat." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20024.
Full textZekhnini, Abderrahman. "Altérations métaboliques, hémodynamiques et fonctionnelles au cours de l'évolution d'une atteinte cérébrale d'origine ischémique chez le rat : étude plus particulière du métabolisme énergétique et des neuromédiateurs." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS022.
Full textGuessab, Ali. "Contribution à l'étude des effets psychophysiologiques (spécifiques) des rayonnements non-ionisants : action des microondes sur les mono-amines biogènes dans le tissu cérébral et du comportement sur le rat blanc." Rennes 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN20026.
Full textA previous work has put forward and influence of microwaves on gonatrophin function in the adult male rat exposure to electromagnetic waves emitted by a radar, from birth to at least 7 days, induced an increase in plasma and pituitary gonatrophins in the adult male rat. We thought that these effects corresponded to a hypothalamic damage. Insofar as brain neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of gonatrophin secretion, we proposed to study the effects of postnatal exposition to microwaves on brain hypothalamo pituitary neurotransmitters and comportment of this animal
Communal, Catherine. "Exploration du système bêta-adrénergique dans différents modèles d'hypertrophie cardiaque chez le rat." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE18002.
Full textLenoir, Magalie. "Caractérisation d'un modèle animal d'addiction : de la compulsion au choix." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21525.
Full textDrug addiction is defined as compulsive drug use - that is, excessive and difficult to control despite negative consequences. A critical problem in current addiction research is to understand the transition between controlled and compulsive drug use. A rat model of the transition to cocaine addiction was recently developed and partially validated. The goal of my thesis was to continue the validation of this model. My specific aims were : 1) to finish the validation of the model with cocaine, 2) to generalize the validation of the model to heroin, 3) to study the potential existence of common mechanisms underlying cocaine and heroin compulsive consumption. Our main results demonstrated that regardless of the tested drug (cocaine or heroin), most individuals with prolonged drug exposure developed most of the behavioral signs of addiction. Surprisingly, however, rats did not show a progressive neglect of alternative rewards after a prolonged access to the drug. In fact, when they had the choice, rats preferred an intense sensation of sweetness (saccharin or sucrose) to an artificial stimulation of drug. The unexpected discovery that intense sweetness surpasses drug reward may lead to : i) a reformulation of current neurobiological theories of addiction ii) a reappraisal of the postulate of a continuity between animals and humans in addiction vulnerability and/or iii) a re-ordering in the hierarchy of potentially addictive stimuli
Delage, Stéphanie. "Implication de l’Acyl-CoA Binding Domain 7 dans le contrôle neuronal de la prise alimentaire et de la dépense énergétique chez le rat." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69714.
Full textWith the worrying increase in obesity cases worldwide over the last decades, the scientific community has increasingly been interested in the various mechanisms involvedin the regulation of energy balance. The energy balance regulation is based on two main components, namely food intake and energy expenditure, insured by various peripheral and neural circuits. The hypothalamus plays a major role in energy balance regulation. It hosts the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, which are found in the arcuate nucleus, and which form, together with the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), the melanocortin system. The melanocortin system when activated reduces foodintake and stimulates energy expenditure. Its role in energy balance regulation is prominentand its activity is modulated by various molecules including the Acyl-CoA Binding Domain 7(ACBD7) protein which can generate two peptide fragments, namely, nonadecaneuropeptide (NDN) and the new endozepine member 18 (NEM18). The involvement of NDN has been shown to reduce food intake and stimulate energy expenditure in mice, effect that can be blocked by a MC4R antagonist. This study constituting the core of this mémoire aimed to (i) confirm the involvement of ACBD7 in the control of energy balance in rats, (ii) study the effects of ACBD7 on conditioned taste aversion and (iii) compare the cerebral expression, the neural action sites and the catabolic effects caused by ACBD7 and DBI. In contrasts with what has been observed in mice, NDN does not influence energy balance in rats. Results obtained suggest the involvement of NEM18 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. We observed an increase infood intake following the intracerebroventricular injection of 0,125 and 0,250 µg of NEM18.Energetic parameters, as oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in kcal, were also modulated by NEM18 in rats.
Nadeau, Louis. "Simulations informatiques dans le contexte de l'homéostasie hydrominérale chez le rat." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28715/28715.pdf.
Full textLukaszewicz, Agnès. "Rôle des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire dans la différenciation des précurseurs : implications pour la corticogénèse cérébrale." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10089.
Full textLétang, Jérôme. "Etude du développement du néocortex par la technique de neurotransplantation : aspects anatomique et fonctionnel." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2305.
Full textDurieux, Anne-Cécile. "Electrotransfert de gène dans le muscles strié squelettique de rat : développement et application à l'étude de la régulation de la masse cellulaire par la myostatine." Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STET003T.
Full textMontcouquiol, Mireille. "Implication des neurotrophines dans le développement postnatal du système vestibulaire chez le rat." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20105.
Full textHad, Laurence. "Tropomyosines et développement du système nerveux." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20051.
Full textCros, Nathalie. "Modifications de l'expression génique dans l'atrophie musculaire fonctionnelle." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20109.
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