Journal articles: 'Rats – Digestive organs – Histochemistry'

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Pekkarinen, M. "Scanning electron microscopy, whole-mount histology, and histochemistry of two anodontine glochidia (Bivalvia: Unionidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1964–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-223.

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Intramarsupial glochidia of Anodonta anatina (L.) and Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmässler) were studied in southern Finland. Material staining positively with periodic acid – Schiff's reagent (PAS), neutral lipid reserves, and acid phosphatase activity have different distributions in the mantle of the two species. Moreover, the mucous covering of the mantle of the two glochidia behaves differently on critical-point drying. The presence of microvilli with alkaline phosphatase activity on the mantle surface and acid phosphatase activity in the mantle cells in both glochidia suggest that the mantle plays a role in nutrient uptake and digestion and possibly also in electrolyte uptake. The primordia of the stomach, digestive diverticula, and intestine, at least in A. anatina glochidia, contain neutral lipids and exhibit acid phosphatase activity: In A. anatina glochidia, a microvillous layer with alkaline phosphatase activity continues from the ventral walls of the lateral pits to the suspected kidney diverticula. In both glochidia, there may be three pairs of rudimentary ganglia, which do not stain with methylene blue. The eight ciliated sense organs of the glochidia are methylene blue- and PAS-positive and they exhibit succinate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity. In each mantle lobe, the enveloping cell of the dorsal ciliary organ is interconnected with those of the ventral triad via a cellular fold or "tract," and the ciliated central cells of the organs send axons towards each other.

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Tsibulevskii, A. Yu, M. D. Polivoda, and A. P. �ttinger. "Pharmacological correction of postvagotomy hypoxia of the digestive organs by dibunol in rats." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 111, no. 6 (June 1991): 834–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00840197.

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Ikegami, Sachie, Fumie Tsuchihashi, Hironobu Harada, Noboru Tsuchihashi, Eiichi Nishide, and Satoshi Innami. "Effect of Viscous Indigestible Polysaccharides on Pancreatic-Biliary Secretion and Digestive Organs in Rats." Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.4.353.

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Delp, M. D., R. O. Manning, J. V. Bruckner, and R. B. Armstrong. "Distribution of cardiac output during diurnal changes of activity in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 261, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): H1487—H1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.5.h1487.

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Rat locomotor and feeding behavior varies on a diurnal basis; at night the animals actively forage and eat, whereas during the day they are more inactive and somnolent. At night, cardiac output is higher, presumably for enhanced perfusion of the active muscles to support increased metabolism and for enhanced perfusion of the digestive organs to support increased digestion and nutrient absorption. Conversely, it is hypothesized that during the daytime, blood flow to these two tissues is relatively low. The purpose of this study was to test these hypotheses by measuring cardiac output and the distribution of cardiac output in rats at various times in the diurnal cycle (8:00 A.M., 4:00 P.M., and 8:00 P.M.). The radiolabeled microsphere technique was used to measure cardiac output and distribution of blood flow to the tissues. Distribution of the total cardiac output was accounted for by complete dissection, weighing, and counting of organs and carcass. Cardiac output at 8:00 P.M. (136 +/- 9 ml/min) was elevated 13% (P less than 0.05) over that at 4:00 P.M. The proportion of the cardiac output distributed to the skeletal muscles (4:00 P.M.: 25%; 8:00 P.M.: 27%) and to the digestive tract (4:00 P.M.: 14%; 8:00 P.M.: 14%) did not change between the two time periods. Thus total muscle blood flow increased (P less than 0.05) from 31 +/- 2 at 4:00 P.M. to 36 +/- 4 ml/min at 8:00 P.M.; the only digestive organ to show a significant increase in blood flow from 4:00 P.M. to 8:00 P.M. was the stomach (133 +/- 17 to 166 +/- 19 ml/min, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Putri, Hemasayu Nirmala, Budiarto Budiarto, Arimbi Arimbi, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Kusnoto Kusnoto, and Soeharsono Soeharsono. "Heminthiasis in a Wild Rats (Rattus sp.) in Surabaya." Journal of Parasite Science 3, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v3i2.16521.

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The research was done to investigated and find out whether in the rat’s (Rattus sp.) body in Surabaya contained zoonotic helminth.This research used 31 rats taken from North Surabaya, South Surabaya, East Surabaya, West Surabaya and Central Surabaya, regardless of gender and age. 1 sample from Mulyosari, 3 samples from Bratang, 7 samples from Pegirian, and 20 samples came from Keputran. The result of 31 samples of rat’s digestive organs examine using a surgical method showed positive resulth of the presence of Hymenolepis diminutain the intestine and 5 positive samples were Capillaria hepatica, and then 25 positive samples were Taenia taeniaformis obtained from rat liver organs. From exploration using a microscope, 27 samples showed positive result in the presence of Capillaria hepatica’s eggs. Helminth found in this research are Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia taeniaformis. and Capillaria hepatica which are zoonotic.

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Egorova, V. V., A. A. Nikitina, and N. M. Timofeeva. "Functioning of Enzyme Systems of Digestive and Non-Digestive Organs in Adult Rats Depends on Quality of Nutrition in Early Ontogenesis." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 41, no. 6 (November 2005): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10893-006-0005-2.

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Vovkun, Tetyana V., Petro I. Yanchuk, Lydia Y. Shtanova, and Anatoliy S. Shalamay. "Tissue Blood Flow in the Digestive Organs of Rats with Acute Pancreatitis after Corvitin Administration." International Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology 8, no. 1 (2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjphyspathophys.v8.i1.30.

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Vovkun, T. V., P. I. Yanchuk, L. Y. Shtanova, and A. S. Shalamaу. "TISSUE BLOOD FLOW IN THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF RATS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS AFTER CORVITIN ADMINISTRATION." Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal 61, no. 6 (October 30, 2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fz61.06.053.

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Puccio, F., and T. Lehy. "Bombesin ingestion stimulates epithelial digestive cell proliferation in suckling rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 256, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): G328—G334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.2.g328.

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The characterization of a bombesin-like peptide in the breast milk of some mammals might suggest that this peptide may influence, in part, the postnatal development of the digestive tract. To test this hypothesis, our experiments investigated whether oral administration of bombesin affects epithelial progenitor cell proliferation in digestive organs of suckling and weaned rats. Four series of pups were given bombesin diluted in milk (20 micrograms/kg, 3 times daily) or milk alone, for 5 days during either the first, second, third, or fourth week of life. Pups were killed after [3H]thymidine pulse labeling. DNA labeling and mitotic indices were estimated in the oxyntic, antral, colonic mucosae, and exocrine pancreas. In all tissues examined, oral bombesin significantly increased over control values the two cell proliferative parameters studied during the suckling period (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.001). In bombesin-treated rats, maximal stimulation of these parameters occurred in the second week of life. This effect of oral bombesin on the cell kinetics disappeared in all tissues after weaning. This study confirms the growth-promoting effect of bombesin observed on the digestive system of the neonatal rat after subcutaneous administration of the peptide and shows that bombesin, when given orally to suckling rats, is sufficiently resistant to proteolysis to enable it to exert a stimulatory effect on digestive cell proliferation. However, our findings as such do not prove that milk bombesin-like peptide has a physiological influence on the developing gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.

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Vinokur, Vladimir, Leonid Grinberg, Eduard Berenshtein, Menachem Gross, Jackob Moskovitz, Abraham Z. Reznick, Mordechai Chevion, and Ron Eliashar. "Methionine-centered redox cycle in organs of the aero-digestive tract of young and old rats." Biogerontology 10, no. 1 (June 26, 2008): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10522-008-9152-8.

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Ilnytska, Kh M., L. O. Datsyuk, and O. Ya Sklyarov. "THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN E ON NITROSO-OXIDATIVE PROCESSES IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CYCLOOXYGENASE BLOCKAGE ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE LOW INTENSITY X-RAY IRRADIATION." Medical and Clinical Chemistry, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681x.2018.v0.i3.9550.

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Introduction. The simultaneous effect of several ulcerogenic factors, different due to their mechanism of action on the mucous membranes of the digestive organs needs deep elucidation. The studies were focused on the combined effect of the low intensity X-ray irradiation and cyclooxygenase blockage. It is important to evaluate the antioxidant effect of vitamin E under the conditions of simultaneous effect of different pro-inflammatory factors, acting on the nitroso-oxidative processes. The aim of the study – to investigate the effect of vitamin E on nitroso-oxidative processes in the mucous membranes of the digestive organs under the action of the low intensity X-ray irradiation and COX blockage. Research Methods. In the homogenates of the mucous membranes of stomach, small and large intestine in rats (n=64) the activity of NO-synthase, arginase, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, TBA-active products,nitrite-anioncontent and sum of nitrites and nitrates were determined. Results and Discussion. It was established that the effect of vitamin E on the background of the low intensity X-ray irradiation resulted in the decrease of iNOSactivity level (р<0.05) and nitrite-anion content (р<0.05) and increase of catalase and MPO activity in the mucous membranes of the digestive organs compared to indices obtained under the conditions of X-ray irradiation. Blockage of COX activity by indometacin on the background of the introduction of vitamin E and simultaneous effect of the low intensity X-ray irradiation revealed the peculiarities of antioxidant action of vitamin E in the mucous membranes of the digestive organs. Conclusions.Under the conditions of COX blockage on the background of the low intensity X-ray irradiation the level of lipid peroxidation processes increased, iNOSand сNOS activity decreased compared to indices under the independent effect of irradiation, whereas compared to data under the effect of indometacin lipid peroxidation processes and iNOS activity decreased. Vitamin E exerts antioxidant effect under the conditions of ulcerative action of indometacin on the background of the X-ray irradiation.

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Hryn, Volodymyr H., Yuriy P. Kostylenko, Valentyna P. Bilash, and Yana A. Tarasenko. "FEATURES OF ANGIOARCHITECTURE OF THE ALBINO RATS STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 3 (2019): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201903101.

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Introduction: The stomach and small intestine are important organs of the digestive system and, to date, they are the subject of research by morphologists, endocrinologists, immunologists, gastroenterologists, and other researchers. The aim: The paper is aimed at the study and systematization of the features of angioarchitecture of the albino rats stomach and small intestine. Materials and methods: The study based on the injection of the blood vasculature of abdominal organs of 20 albino male rats with 5% gelatin solution, colored with filtered black ink, was performed. The specimens were subject to photographing from different aspect angles in their original state, and then, after dehydration in alcohols with the transition to pure acetone, they were embedded in the epoxy. Photographing of the obtained specimens was made by a digital camera, as well as a binocular magnifier MBS-9, equipped with a digital photoattachment Sigeta DCM-900 9.0MP. Results and conclusions: The results of injecting of blood vasculature of albino rats’ gastrointestinal tract with ink mass clearly demonstrate the specific difference in the intraorganic angioarchitecture of its different regions, which depends entirely on their functional purpose in the digestive process. In the stomach, the highest concentration of blood microvessels is in its glandular part, which is explained by the increased nutrient needs of the secretory process of the gastric glands, while the mucous membrane of its fundus (pre-stomach) contains a scattered network of exchange microvessels that only promote the process of regeneration of the stratified squamous (partially keratinized) covering epithelium. In the small intestine, the typical principle of the organization of the microvasculature of its mucous membrane is somewhat modified in the duodenum, which is associated with the presence of mucous (Brunner’s) glands in it, as well as in those sites (starting from the duodenum) where the group lymph nodes (Peyer’s patches) are localized.

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Yoshie, Yumiko, Takeshi Suzuki, Takaaki Shirai, and Toshiyuki Hirano. "Effect of Sodium Alginate on Fat Contents and Digestive Organs of Rats Fed with Fat-free Diet." Fisheries science 61, no. 4 (1995): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.61.668.

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Camargos, E. R., C. R. Machado, A. L. Teixeira, A. P. Dutra, Concei, E. Chiari, C. M. Garcia, and D. J. Franco. "Infection with different Trypanosoma cruzi populations in rats: myocarditis, cardiac sympathetic denervation, and involvement of digestive organs." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.604.

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Timofeeva, N. M., A. A. Nikitina, V. V. Egorova, and L. A. Gordova. "Relationship between Protein Deficiency in the Ration of Rats during Early Ontogeny and Function of Enzyme Systems of Digestive and Non-Digestive Organs in Adult Life." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 138, no. 1 (July 2004): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:bebm.0000046924.75052.f3.

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Timofeeva, N. M., A. A. Nikitina, V. V. Egorova, and L. A. Gordova. "Relationship between protein deficiency in the ration of rats during early ontogeny and function of enzyme systems of digestive and non-digestive organs in adult life." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 138, no. 7 (July 2004): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694460.

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YAMANAKA, Natsumi, Noriko OGAWA, and Takashi SAKATA. "Influences of Sodium Alginate Extracted from "Mekabu"(Sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida) on Digestive Organs and Cecal Contents in Rats." Food Science and Technology International, Tokyo 2, no. 2 (1996): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fsti9596t9798.2.108.

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Ajibola, A., and K. H. Erlwanger. "Functional food promotes digestive functions and healthy growth of animals nurtured in confinement." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i1.444.

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In the study, the growth pattern, morphometric and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of growing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats fed crude honey (CH)-supplemented diets as measures of nutrient utilization, digestive functions and healthy growth were investigated. Thirty-five suckling (7-day old male and female) rats were fed CH either as low (10mLkg-1 BW) or high (20mLkg-1 BW) dose daily via stomach tube for 14 days, while the control group was gavaged with distilled water. Rats were kept with their dams to nurse freely between gavages. On weaning, CH was mixed with commercial rat feed as low (20%) or high, 50% (volume/weight, v/w), while 20% (v/w) tap water was added to the control diet. The feed intake of honey-fed male rats and control (infant: 6 – 10g; adult:31 – 38g) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than their high dose-diet mates (infant: 5 – 8g; adult: 31 – 38g). All the rats were killed at 13 weeks old for gross and microscopic measurements of the abdominal viscera. Grossly, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in the relative lengths (%BW) and weight: length ratio (g cm-1 ) of the small and large intestines in both sexes. Crude honey increased the absolute and relative weights of the caecum (1.73 ± 0.05g; 0.38 ± 0.02%BW) and pancreas (2.52 ± 0.11g; 0.55 ± 0.03%BW), with significant influence (p<0.05) in the male rats. In addition, dietary inclusion of CH at low dose enhanced intestinal villi growth in height (84.0 ± 4.0µm) and width (25.2 ± 1.5µm). Dietary supplementation with crude honey also enhanced body weight gain of male rats (495.52 ± 8.98g) and females (242.52 ± 6.87g), improved abdominal organs' functional size: liver (10.92 ± 0.32g; 2.72 ± 0.13%BW); spleen (1.25 ± 0.06g; 0.27 ± 0.02%BW), devoid of pathological changes, as shown by liver histomorphology (1.2 ± 0.3) and normal hepatocellular architecture thereby conferring nutritional and health benefits on animals nurtured in confinement.

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Sarasquete, Carmen, Juan B. Ortiz-Delgado, J. Antonio Martos-Sitcha, Verónica De las Heras, Manuel Yúfera, and Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez. "Ontogeny and functional histochemistry of the digestive and visual systems and other organs during the larval development of the thick-lipped grey mullet, Chelon labrosus." Scientia Marina 78, no. 4 (November 28, 2014): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04091.27b.

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Johren, O., and J. M. Saavedra. "Expression of AT1A and AT1B angiotensin II receptor messenger RNA in forebrain of 2-wk-old rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 271, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): E104—E112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.1.e104.

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The gene expression of angiotensin II receptor subtypes AT1A and AT1B was localized in the forebrain of 2-wk-old rats by in situ hybridization histochemistry and compared with [125I]Sar1-angiotensin II binding patterns. AT1A receptor mRNA was expressed in circumventricular organs, in hypothalamic nuclei like the paraventricular nucleus, in the lateral olfactory tract, in the basolateral amygdaloid and anterior olfactory nuclei, and in the piriform cortex. No AT1B receptor mRNA was detected in these areas. AT1A and AT1B receptor mRNA was detected in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and choroid plexus. No forebrain area studied expressed AT1B receptor mRNA exclusively. Most often, a good match for receptor mRNA and binding was found. In some areas, apparent mismatches suggested receptor formation elsewhere (median eminence) or receptor presence in local neuronal circuits (hippocampus, cingulate, and piriform cortex). Our results support the hypothesis that AT1A receptors are involved in the classical central functions of angiotensin II. Both AT1A and AT1B receptors may play roles in cortical and limbic system function, particularly early in development.

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Garrait, G., J. F. Jarrige, S. Blanquet, E. Beyssac, and M. Alric. "Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Expressing a Model Cytochrome P450 in the Rat Digestive Environment: Viability and Bioconversion Activity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 11 (April 6, 2007): 3566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02091-06.

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ABSTRACT An innovative “biodrug” concept, based on the oral administration of living recombinant microorganisms, has recently emerged for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. An engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing plant P450 73A1 (cinnamate-4-hydroxylase [CA4H] activity) was used, and its survival and ability to convert trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) into p-coumaric acid (COU) were investigated in vivo. In rats, the recombinant yeast was resistant to gastric and small intestinal secretions but was more sensitive to the conditions found in the large intestine. After oral administration of yeast and CIN, the CA4H activity was shown in vivo, with COU being found throughout the rat's digestive tract and in its urine. The bioconversion reaction occurred very fast, with most of the COU being produced within the first 5 min. The gastrointestinal sac technique demonstrated that the recombinant yeast was able to convert CIN into COU (conversion rate ranging from 2 to 5%) in all the organs of the rat's digestive tract: stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. These results promise new opportunities for the development of drug delivery systems based on engineered yeasts catalyzing a bioconversion reaction directly in the digestive tract.

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Mykhalevych Marta, Paltov Yevgen, and Kryvko Yurii. "МІКРОСТРУКТУРНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПІДНИЖНЬОЩЕЛЕПНОЇ СЛИННОЇ ЗАЛОЗИ ЩУРА В НОРМІ." World Science 2, no. 3(55) (March 31, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31032020/6975.

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Macroanatomy, topography of the submandibular salivary glands in rats, the size and mechanisms of functioning, are determined by the characteristics of the structure of the skull and cervical area, and the horizontal position of the animal body and features of the functional purpose of the glands. Salivary glands ensure the consistency of homeostasis not only in the oral cavity, but also in the upper gastrointestinal tract, performing the primary enzymatic processing of food, helping the passage of food to the esophagus. Apparently, there are no other organs that perform as many functions (secretory, secretory, excretory, secretory) and have such a significant impact on the condition of the organism, oral cavity and digestive system as a whole.This publication demonstrates microstructures characteristics of submandibular salivary gland of rats.

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MIURA, YOSHINORI, KOICHIRO SERA, and AKIRA SUWABE. "EXAMINATIOIN OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEMI-SOLID NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS WITH DIFFERENT GELLING AGENTS ON THE ABSORPTION OF THE TRACE ELEMENTS FROM DIGESTIVE ORGANS." International Journal of PIXE 22, no. 01n02 (January 2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083512400189.

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The present study examined the index of absorption of trace element ( Fe , Cu , and Zn ) in different semi-solid nourishment medicines. Various mineral compositions were administered to 7-week-old male rats and semi-solid nourishment medicine from three companies, each using a different gelling agent, were orally administered for two weeks (5 per group). Five rats that were that were fed the standard diet were used as a control group. The rats' excrement excreted after the administration the nutritional supplement was gathered, and the density of trace elements was measured by the PIXE method. The trace element value of each semi-solid nourishment medicine and the standard diet were measured before the experiment, and the intake of trace elements was calculated based on these values. The amount of gut absorption was subtracted from the amount excreted. The groups were compared by the index of absorption.

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Kuznietsova, Halyna M., Valentyna K. Luzhenetska, Iryna P. Kotlyar, and Volodymyr K. Rybalchenko. "Effects of 5-Amyno-4-(1,3-benzothyazol-2-yn)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-one Intake on Digestive System in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/376576.

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Introduction. Pyrrol derivate 5-amyno-4-(1,3-benzothyazol-2-yn)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-one (D1) has shown antiproliferative activitiesin vitro, so investigation of the impact of D1 intake on gut organs in rats that experienced colon cancer seems to be necessary.Materials and Methods. D1 at the dose of 2.3 mg/kg was administered per os daily for 27 (from the 1st day of experiment) or 7 (from the 21st week of experiment) weeks to rats that experienced 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer for 20 weeks. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) was chosen as reference drug and was administered intraperitoneally weekly for 7 weeks (from the 21st week of experiment) at the dose of 45 mg/kg.Results. Antitumor activity of D1 comparable with the 5FU one against DMH-induced colon cancer in rats was observed (decrease of tumor number and tumor total area up to 46%). D1 attenuated the inflammation of colon, gastric and jejunal mucosa, and the liver, caused by DMH, unlike 5FU, aggravating the latter. In addition, D1 partially normalized mucosa morphometric parameters suggesting its functional restore.Conclusions. D1 possesses, comparable with 5-fluorouracil antitumor efficacy, less damaging effects on the tissues beyond cancerous areas and contributes to partial morphological and functional gut organs recovery.

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Huang, G. Steve, and Meng-Yen Hong. "Genomic Expression for Rat Model of Damp Obstruction in Chinese Medicine: Application of Microarray Technology." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 33, no. 03 (January 2005): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x05003065.

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Damp obstruction refers to the stagnation of vital energy (qi) caused by dampness resulting in dysfunction of body and limbs movement, as well as impairment of spleen and stomach digestive function. Damp obstruction is the dampness-induced imbalance of five elements; thus it serves as an ideal model for genomic study using cDNA microarray. We have performed microarray analyses to major organs of damp-obstructed rats. Cluster analysis for the expression profiles of major organs indicated that spleen, stomach, and kidney respond to dampness differently from heart, liver, lung, and brain. Gene expression profile specific to each element or group of elements was also identified. Our results are consistent with the philosophy of Chinese medicine that the five elements, metal (lung), wood (liver), water (kidney), fire (heart), and earth (spleen and stomach) coordinate by subjugation or restriction to maintain a healthy, physiological state. This is the first time that a powerful genomic tool was applied to probe the ancient theory of Chinese medicine.

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Suzuki, Takeshi, Kiyonori Nakai, Yumiko Yoshie, Takaaki Shirai, and Toshiyuki Hirano. "Effect of Sodium Alginates Rich in Guluronic and Mannuronic Acids on Cholesterol Levels and Digestive Organs of High-cholesterol-fed Rats." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 59, no. 3 (1993): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.59.545.

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Ulfa, Maria, Elly Nurus Sakinah, Yohanes Sudarmanto, and Jauhar Firdaus. "Efek Pati Resisten Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) terhadap Indeks HOMA-IR dan HOMA-B Tikus Model Diabetes." Pustaka Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v7i1.17586.

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Insulin resistance is a condition in which target organs fail to respond normally to insulin. Cassava contains 9,69 percent starch that resist to digestive enzyme in intestine and has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and enhance β cell function. The aim of this study was to analyze the difference effect of native cassava starch and cassava resistant starch consumption on insulin resistance and β cell function indexes. This study was quasy experimental research with post-test only control group design using 16 male wistar strain rats divided into four groups: K1 (normal rats with standard diet), K2 (diabetic rats with standard diet), P1 (diabetic rats with native cassava starch diet) and P2 (diabetic rats with cassava resistant starch diet). The rats were fed with high fat diet and injected with low-dose streptozotocin to mimic the patogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The rats were then fed with assigned diet for 28 days. The data collection was obtained from laboratory examination of fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin to determine HOMA-IR and HOMA-B indexes. Post Hoc analysis showed no difference in both indexes between native cassava starch and cassava resistant starch fed groups (p>0,05).

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Porcher, Christophe, Valérie Sinniger, Aurélie Juhem, Patrick Mouchet, and Bruno Bonaz. "Neuronal activity and CRF receptor gene transcription in the brains of rats with colitis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 4 (October 2004): G803—G814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2004.

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We aimed to characterize neuronal and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways at the acute phase of a model of colitis in rats. Male rats received an intracolonic injection of either vehicle (controls) or trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and were killed 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, or 24 h later. Coronal frozen sections of the brain were cut and mRNAs encoding the rat c- fos, CRF1 receptor, and CRF2α,β receptors were assayed by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Localization of these transcripts within CRF-immunoreactive (CRF-ir) neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was also determined. Intracolonic TNBS induced c- fos mRNA expression in brain nuclei involved in the autonomic, behavioral, and neuroendocrine response to a stimulus (PVN, amygdala, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract) and in circumventricular organs (lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, area postrema). CRF pathways, particularly in the PVN, were activated in this model as represented by a robust signal of c- fos and CRF1 receptor transcripts in the PVN and numerous CRF-ir neurons expressed c- fos or CRF1 receptor transcripts in the PVN of TNBS-treated animals. No expression of CRF2 receptor transcripts was observed in the PVN, either in basal conditions or after TNBS. These neuroanatomical data argue for an involvement of CRF pathways, through CRF1 receptor, within the PVN in TNBS-induced colitis.

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Inoue, H., M. Kagoshima, and K. Kaibara. "Effects of Anion Exchange Resin as Phosphate Binder on Serum Phosphate and Ipth Levels in Normal Rats." International Journal of Artificial Organs 23, no. 4 (April 2000): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880002300406.

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In order to investigate the characteristics of anion exchange resins that may safely and effectively bind dietary phosphate in digestive tract, phosphate binding experiments were carried out in vitro and in vivo with normal rats by comparing anion exchange resins, PAA-B (which has the same chemical structure as Sevelamer® HCl) and Dowe 1x8, with CaCO3. In in vitro phosphate binding experiments, PAA-B bound 32.3% less phosphate than CaCO3 at pH 7. In the rat dietary phosphorus excretion experiments, PAA-B, Dowex 1x8, and CaCO3 increased fecal phosphorus excretion by 62.7, 32.3, and 84.0%, respectively. Famotidine significantly reduced the phosphate binding of CaCO3. When phosphate solution was orally adiministered, PAA-B depressed serum phosphorus augmentations immediately after administration and thereafter effectively depressed serum iPTH. This suggests that anion exchange resins with most primary and secondary amino type anion exchange groups, have bright prospects in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia. (Int J Artif Organs 2000; 23: 243–9)

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Sugiyama, Kaoru, Kimikazu Iwami, and Fumio Ibuki. "Postprandial Changes in the Function of Digestive Organs in Rats Meal-fed Twice a Day with 40% Casein-based and Protein-free Diets." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 57, no. 2 (January 1993): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.185.

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Okabe, M., K. Nakayama, M. Kurasaki, F. Yamasaki, K. Aoyagi, O. Yamanoshita, S. Sato, T. Okui, T. Ohyama, and N. Kasai. "Direct visualization of copper-metallothionein in LEC rat kidneys: application of autofluorescence signal of copper-thiolate cluster." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 8 (August 1996): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.8.8756759.

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We report on the histochemistry of copper-metallothionein (Cu-MT) in the kidneys of Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats. We used the visualization principle of histochemistry based on the autofluorescence emission from the fluorophore of Cu(+)-thiolate clusters in proteins. Intense autofluorescence signals were observed with a ring at the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Orange fluorescence signals were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of proximal straight tubular (PST) cells of segment 3 (S3) at the outer stripe of the outer medulla, and yellow-orange signals were detected in lysosome-like organelles in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells of segments 1 and 2 (S1 and S2) adjacent to the glomeruli in the cortex. These fluorescent materials were identified as Cu-MT because both signals were quenched by withdrawing Cu+ or by blocking cysteine residues, the distributions of cysteine residues and immunoreactive MT showed identical patterns to the localization of the fluorescence signals, and the fluorescent proteins containing Cu were eluted at the same Kd value of purified Cu-MT by gel filtration chromatography. However, a high level of MT mRNA was detected only in the outer stripe of the outer medulla where the orange fluorescence signals were detected, but not in the cortex. This difference in localization between the protein and the mRNA suggested that synthesis of renal MT occurs do novo in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. The yellow-orange fluorescent Cu-MT located in the lysosomal organelles at S1 and S2 of the PCT cells in the cortex could be Cu-MT of nonrenal origin, i.e., Cu-MT transported from other organs.

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Belyaeva, Natalia N., Valery N. Rakitskii, Natalia I. Nikolaeva, Marina V. Vostrikova, and Tatiana E. Veshchemova. "Quantitative structural and functional assessment of various systems of the body of laboratory animals in hygienic studies." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 12 (January 25, 2021): 1438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-12-1438-1445.

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Introduction. The literature analysis of structural and functional indices clearly shows no scientifically based set of quantitative indices. It fails to allow statistical data processing and makes it challenging to assess various levels of impact objectively. The goal was to analyze the literature to select structural and functional criteria-significant indicators and develop their quantitative and point assessment. Material and methods. Based on the literature review, the authors identified indices on the analysis of the histological picture. We developed quantitative morphometric, stereometric, and point scores for various systems of the body including the heart and vascular state in the organs under investigation, small and large intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, adrenal and thyroid, glands, lungs and bronchi, kidney, testis, spleen, thymus. There were used microscopes with the ability to transmit images to a computer screen display. Authors analyzed 6-month oral exposure of the pesticide carbamate class in doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 20 mg/kg. Results. Based on the literature review, significant structural and functional criteria indices were selected. Authors developed a quantitative assessment for them. For each body, a table is proposed to allow digital input data about indices and their statistical processing. When analyzing the effects of the pesticide on rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg, target organs were identified: the liver, which develops both damage responses and compensatory alterations, and the stomach, which is a violation of the structure of the organ. Moreover, a trend towards changes in the indices in the lungs and colon was also noted. The pesticide doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg for these indices of the studied organs were invalid. Conclusion. Quantitative structural and functional indices for the cardiovascular, digestive, pulmonary, excretory, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems of rats were developed to assess toxic effects.

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Mukudai, Shigeyuki, Ken Ichi Matsuda, Takeshi Nishio, Yoichiro Sugiyama, Hideki Bando, Ryuichi Hirota, Hirofumi Sakaguchi, Yasuo Hisa, and Mitsuhiro Kawata. "Differential Responses to Steroid Hormones in Fibroblasts From the Vocal Fold, Trachea, and Esophagus." Endocrinology 156, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 1000–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1605.

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Abstract There is accumulating evidence that fibroblasts are target cells for steroids such as sex hormones and corticoids. The characteristics of fibroblasts vary among tissues and organs. Our aim in this study is to examine differences in responses to steroid hormones among fibroblasts from different cervicothoracic regions. We compared the actions of steroid hormones on cultured fibroblasts from the vocal folds, which are considered to be the primary target of steroid hormones, and the trachea and esophagus in adult male rats. Expression of steroid hormone receptors (androgen receptor, estrogen receptor α, and glucocorticoid receptor) was identified by immunofluorescence histochemistry. Androgen receptor was much more frequently expressed in fibroblasts from the vocal fold than in those from the trachea and esophagus. Cell proliferation analysis showed that administration of testosterone, estradiol, or corticosterone suppressed growth of all 3 types of fibroblasts. However, mRNA expression for extracellular matrix–associated genes, including procollagen I and III and elastin, and hyaluronic acid synthase I was elevated only by addition of testosterone to fibroblasts from the vocal fold. These results indicate that each steroid hormone exerts region-specific effects on cervicothoracic fibroblasts with different properties through binding to specific receptors.

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Nedopytanska, N. M., E. A. Bagley, O. V. Reshavska, V. S. Lisovska, and L. V. Tkachenko. "Modifying effect of triadimefon on the development of preneoplastic lesions and tumours in rat multi-organ carcinogenesis." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 84, no. 4 (March 1, 2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2018-84-4-5-18.

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Throughout life, the human body is exposed to multiple environmental carcinogens that may stimulate carcinogenesis in different organs. Critical place among these carcinogens belongs to nitroso compounds. Triadimefon belongs to the chemical class of triazoles that are widely used as fungicides in pesticides and medicinal products. Objective is to investigate the effect of triadimefon on the development of preneoplastic lesions of the tissues and tumours in carcinogenesis induced in different organs by nitroso compounds. Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed in male Wistar Han rats in which nitroso compounds - N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-methylnitrosourea, N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl) amine induced multi-organ carcinogenesis according to the N.Ito. protocol. Triadimefon at the doses: 16.0 and 80.0 mg/kg body weight that corresponded to the no-observed-effect and observed effect level by carcinogenic effect were administered intragastrically on a daily basis for 20 weeks. Clinical studies were conducted throughout the experiment. The general condition of animals, their body weight and body weight gain were assessed. After necropsy, gross examination, including aberrant multiple crypts of the colonic mucosa, and histological examinations were conducted. Nodules positive for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were determined by histochemistry in the hepatic tissue. Results. No clinical signs of toxic action of triadimefon in rat body induced by nitroso compounds to carcinogenesis were established. No specific organotrophic action of triadimefon was found by changes in the internal organ weight, except for liver. High dose resulted in the increase of liver weight, as well as in the number and size of γ-GTP positive nodules suggesting an increase in the pool of transformed hepatocytes. Histological examination of internal organs allowed detecting proliferative processes that are criterial markers of carcinogenicity of chemical substances upon their study in multi-organ model. The tendency to the increase in the rate of dose-dependent thyroid adenoma has been established. Increase in the rate of epithelium hyperplasia of oesophagus and forestomach, prostatic gland, as well as the total rate of benign tumours in different organs of animals on the tumour-inducing dose of triadimefon was found. The rate of malignancies in these animals do not differ from the control. Conclusion. The tumour-inducing dose of triadimefon shows weak promotor effect on the development of preneoplastic lesions of tissues of the thyroid gland, liver, oesophagus and forestomach, prostatic gland, as well as on the development of benign tumours in rats induced by carcinogenic nitroso compounds. No-observed-effect level of triadimefon by oncogenic effect established in chronic experiments ensures its safety upon exposure in the body of rats initiated by carcinogenic nitroso compounds. Regulations developed on this parameters ensure oncological safety of its use in human.

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Berkley, K. J., A. Robbins, and Y. Sato. "Functional differences between afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves innervating female reproductive organs in the rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.2.533.

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1. The uterus, cervix, and vaginal canal are innervated by afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. Four studies compared the innervation territory and sensitivity to peripheral stimuli of the two sets of fibers in adult virgin rats. 2. Innervation territory was studied anatomically by injecting different fluorescent dyes into different parts of the reproductive, lower urinary, and lower digestive tracts and examining retrogradely labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia. It was also studied electrophysiologically in anesthetized rats by summing potentials evoked in branches of the two nerves by electrical stimulation of different parts of the reproductive tract. 3. In both studies sensory innervation of the reproductive tract shifted from the pelvic to the hypogastric nerve (i.e., shifted entry into the spinal cord from the L6-S1 to the T13-L3 dorsal root ganglia, respectively) as the dye or stimulating electrode shifted from the vaginal entrance to the uterine horns, with fibers from both nerves densely innervating the cervix region (i.e., entering the spinal cord through both sets of ganglia). The anatomic results suggested that the regions innervated by fibers in one nerve might also be innervated by a small component of normally quiescent fibers in the other nerve. 4. Response sensitivity was studied electrophysiologically by simultaneously recording multiunit activity in branches of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves in two ways. First, in intact, anesthetized rats, activity was recorded during mechanical stimulation of the reproductive tract (distension of the vagina and uterus, probing the cervix). Second, in an in vitro organ preparation of the uterus and vagina, activity was recorded during chemical stimulation through the uterine artery with bradykinin, serotonin, NaCN, CO2, and KCl. 5. Pelvic nerve fibers were markedly more sensitive than hypogastric nerve fibers to uterine and cervical mechanostimulation. Similarly, pelvic nerve fibers were more likely to respond or responded more vigorously than hypogastric nerve fibers to all chemical stimuli (except KCl). 6. These results provide strong evidence that afferent fibers in the pelvic and hypogastric nerves of nulliparous adult rats subserve different functions in reproduction and sensation. Pelvic nerve fibers seem closely tied to sensory and behavioral processes associated with mating and conception, whereas hypogastric fibers seem closely tied to pregnancy and nociception, with fibers in both nerves serving functions during parturition.

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Tsai, M., L. S. Shih, G. F. Newlands, T. Takeishi, K. E. Langley, K. M. Zsebo, H. R. Miller, E. N. Geissler, and S. J. Galli. "The rat c-kit ligand, stem cell factor, induces the development of connective tissue-type and mucosal mast cells in vivo. Analysis by anatomical distribution, histochemistry, and protease phenotype." Journal of Experimental Medicine 174, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.1.125.

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Mast cell development is a complex process that results in the appearance of phenotypically distinct populations of mast cells in different anatomical sites. Mice homozygous for mutations at the W or S1 locus exhibit several phenotypic abnormalities, including a virtual absence of mast cells in all organs and tissues. Recent work indicates that W encodes the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor, whereas S1 encodes a c-kit ligand that we have designated stem cell factor (SCF). Recombinant or purified natural forms of the c-kit ligand induce proliferation of certain mast cell populations in vitro, and injection of recombinant SCF permits mast cells to develop in mast cell-deficient WCB6F1-S1/S1d mice. However, the effects of SCF on mast cell proliferation, maturation, and phenotype in normal mice in vivo were not investigated. We now report that local administration of SCF in vivo promotes the development of connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC) in the skin of mice and that systemic administration of SCF induces the development of both CTMC and mucosal mast cells (MMC) in rats. Rats treated with SCF also develop significantly increased tissue levels of specific rat mast cell proteases (RMCP) characteristic of either CTMC (RMCP I) or MMC (RMCP II). These findings demonstrate that SCF can induce the expansion of both CTMC and MMC populations in vivo and show that SCF can regulate at least one cellular lineage that expresses c-kit, the mast cell, through complex effects on proliferation and maturation.

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Ahmed, Hassan, Fatma Ali, Ahmed E. Ahmed, Ahmed I. Ahmed, and Eid Abdelhameed. "Excitatory and inhibitory influence of exogenous neurotransmitters on reproduction in female rats." Journal of Experimental and Applied Animal Sciences 2, no. 3 (August 26, 2018): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20454/jeaas.2018.1469.

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Neurotransmitters are mediators inside the nervous system responsible for transmitting neural-neural or neural-organs signals. Several neural studies have tried to unveil the role of such mediators whose action extended outside the nervous system such as immune, digestive, circulatory and reproductive systems. The present study aimed to investigate the role of the excitatory-glutamate and inhibitory-GABA transmitters in female rats reproduction including their effects on gonadotropins; luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the sex steroids; estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) during the estrous cycle as well. Furthermore, the responsive changes on the ovarian tissue were also studied. Synthetic glutamate and GABA were injected intraperitoneally (ip) in those animals throughout four successive estrous cycles. Interestingly, the ip injections of glutamate increased the levels of LH, E2 and P4 but decreased those of FSH significantly. However, the ip injections of GABA significantly decreased the levels of LH in the 4th cycles and FSH throughout treatment period while it increased the levels of E2 and P4. All changes occurred in those reproductive hormones caused by glutamate has been recovered after cessation of glutamate and GABA injection except FSH, including; the 5th, 6th and 7th cycles. Regarding to histopathological examination, ovaries of treated rats showed deleterious changes. The glutamate-treated rats ovaries showed atrophy of the primary follicles with degenerative changes in those secondary and tertiary follicles with obvious degeneration in the granulosa cell layer with vacuolated cytoplasm. On the other hand, those received GABA showed degeneration of the oocytes with congestion of blood vessels supplying the corpora lutea (CL) associated with endothelial changes. The histopathological changes in CL have been improved after glutamate cessation while not changed after GABA cessation.

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heki, Shoichi, and Hisatake Kondo. "An Immunocytochemical Study on the Occurrence of Liver Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein in the Digestive Organs of Rats: Specific Localization in the D Cells and Brush Cells." Cells Tissues Organs 138, no. 1 (1990): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146915.

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Tessier, Romain, Lara Ribeiro-Parenti, Ouafa Bruneau, Nadezda Khodorova, Jean-Baptiste Cavin, André Bado, Dalila Azzout-Marniche, Juliane Calvez, Maude Le Gall, and Claire Gaudichon. "Effect of different bariatric surgeries on dietary protein bioavailability in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 5 (November 1, 2019): G592—G601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00142.2019.

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Bariatric surgery may induce protein malabsorption, although data are scarce. This study aims at evaluating dietary protein bioavailability after different bariatric surgeries in rats. Diet-induced obese Wistar rats were operated for vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The control group was composed of pair-fed, sham-operated rats (Sham). Two weeks after surgery, rats were fed a 15N protein meal. Protein bioavailability was assessed by determination of 15N recovery in the gastrointestinal tract and organs 6 h after the meal. Fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) was assessed using a flooding dose of 13C valine. Weight loss was the highest in RYGB rats and the lowest in Sham rats. Surprisingly, RYGB (95.6 ± 0.7%) improved protein digestibility ( P = 0.045) compared with Sham (93.5 ± 0.5%) and VSG (93.8 ± 0.6%). In contrast, 15N retained in the liver ( P = 0.001) and plasma protein ( P = 0.037) was lower than in Sham, with a similar trend in muscle ( P = 0.052). FSR was little altered by bariatric surgery, except for a decrease in the kidney of RYGB ( P = 0.02). The 15N distribution along the small intestinal tissue suggests that dietary nitrogen was considerably retained in the remodeled mucosa of RYGB compared with Sham. This study revealed that in contrast to VSG, RYGB slightly improved protein digestibility but altered peripheral protein bioavailability. This effect may be ascribed to a higher uptake of dietary amino acids by the remodeled intestine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a sensitive 15N meal test, we found that gastric bypass slightly improved protein digestibility compared with sleeve gastrectomy or control but, in contrast, lowered protein retention in the liver and muscles. This paradox can be due to a higher uptake of dietary nitrogen by the intestinal mucosa that was hypertrophied. This study provides new insight on the digestive and metabolic fate of dietary protein in different models of bariatric surgery in rats.

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Lieshchova, M. A., N. M. Tishkina, A. A. Bohomaz, P. M. Gavrilin, and V. V. Brygadyrenko. "Combined effect of glyphosphate, saccharin and sodium benzoate on rats." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021888.

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Herbicides and food additives are included in many food products for humans. Non-used products or products beyond their expiry date are deposited in places of utilizatioin of solid municipal wastes, where they can take effects on the organisms of mouse-like rodents. Among the herbicides, glyphosphate takes first place in the world for volume of production, and is the most intensely used in agricultural farming. The discussion about negative impact on the organisms of mammals, especially against the background of using various substances and environmental factors, continues. In this study, we determined the combined effect of glyphosphate and food additives on the organism of laboratory animals, which manifested in changes in body weight, condition and indices of mass of the internal organs and blood parameters. Four groups of laboratory male rats were formed, which over 42 days received: unlimited access to clean water; 1% aqueous solution of glyphosate; 1% solution of glyphosphate and 1% solution sodium benzoate; 1% solution of glyphosphate with 1% solution of saccharin. Glyphosphate and glyphosphate with sodium benzoate and saccharin significantly reduced the daily increases in body weight of animals compared to the control group. The studied substances have notable suppressive effect on the immune system and haematopoiesis in general, which is manifested in reduce of relative mass of the thymus and spleen against the background of increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. The inhibition of haematopoiesis is indicated by decrease in the amount of erythrocytes, neurophils and hemoglobin of blood of animals from the experimental groups. The impact on the digestive system of glyphosphate and food additives is indicated by occurance of the effect of “irritation” of mucous membranes, and, as a result, disorders in absorption followed by the disorder in metabolic processes. A dysbalance occurs in enzymic systems of the organism, which is manifested in distrophic processes, especially in the liver parenchyma, indicated by the activity of blood enzymes (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase), total number and ratio of proteins of blood plasma. We determined the impact of glyphosphate and its mixes with benzoate and saccharin on the pancreas, which manifests in severe pancreatitis with steep increase in the level of glucose of blood. The results of the study allow us to state that mixture of glyphosphate and food additives can cause toxic effect in animals and humans, which often contact with herbicides.

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Fomenko, Iryna, Tetyana Bondarchuk, Vitaliy Emelyanenko, Natalia Denysenko, Sklyarov Pavlo, Iryna Ilkiv, Roman Lesyk, and Alexander Sklyarov. "Changes of nitric oxide system and lipid peroxidation parameters in the digestive system of rats under conditions of acute stress, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0040.

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Abstract The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with being physiologically stressed often occurs in in the course of different pathologies. This situation may result in the alteration of digestive system functioning. The effect of stress brings about changes in the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), arginase, cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipid peroxidation, whereas the use of NSAIDs interrupts the multiple functions of the cell via the inhibition of prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis. Taking into account that NOS and COX-systems are connected in their regulation, the aim of the study was to determine the role played by NOS and lipid peroxidation under conditions of the combined action of NSAIDs and stress. In our study, male rats were used. The NSAIDs (naproxen - a non-selective COX inhibitor, celecoxib - a selective COX-2 blocker, and the compound 2A5DHT (which is the active substance of dual COX, and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor, darbufelone) were all administered at a dose 10 mg/kg, prior to water restraint stress (WRS). WRS brought about an increase of inducible NOS (iNOS) activity in the intestinal mucosal and muscular membranes, as well as in the pancreas. Because of this, constitutive NOS izoform (cNOS) and arginase activities decreased. Moreover, the MDA concentration increased, indicating the development of oxidative stress. In our work, pretreatment with naproxen, as in the WRS model, engendered a decrease in iNOS activity. What is more, administration of Celecoxib did not change iNOS activity, as compared to WRS alone, and it showed a tendency to reduce lipid peroxidation. In addition, 2A5DHT prior WRS brought about a decrease of iNOS activity, with the subsequent rise of cNOS activity. Of note, MDA concentration decreased in all studied organs, indicating the reduction of lipid peroxidation under the action of the darbufelone active substance.

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Priyadarshini Kar, Padmaja, Bandana Rath, Y. Roja Ramani, and C. S. Maharana. "Amelioration of Cyclophosphamide Induced Immunosupression by the Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Gymnema Sylvestre Leaves in Albino Rats." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1635.

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Cyclophosphamide (CP), the most commonly used anti-neoplastic agent causes immunosuppression and toxic effects on various organs that are the limiting factors of cancer treatment. It can be hypothesized that addition of new immunopotentiating agents with detoxification properties would have beneficial role in cancer therapy. Many researchers have proved that, if certain plant products are combined with cancer chemotherapeutic agents, reduce toxicities and improve tumour response. In Ayurveda, Gymnema sylvestre is commonly used for diabetes, obesity and asthma. Also it possesses anti-inflammatory, astringent and digestive properties. Reports on the immunostimulatory activity of Gymnema sylvestre leaves are available from some in vitro and in vivo experiments. With this background the present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential beneficial role of hydro-alcoholic extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves (GSE) on cyclophosphamide induced immunnosupression in rats. In this experiment, five groups (n=6 in each) of wistar albino rats were randomly divided to receive drugs and vehicle orally for 21 days. Gr I and II received vehicle. Gr III, IV and V were administered with Levamisole 50 mg/kg, GSE 25mg/kg and GSE 50 mg/kg respectively. Except Gr I rats, all rats were injected intraperitoneally with Cyclophosphamide (100mg/kg) on day 9th and 16th of drug treatment. The effects on various organ weights, rise in Haemagglutination titre to Sheep RBC Antigen, delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response to Sheep RBC, percentage of neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibre and phagocytic index from carbon clearance test were evaluated. Humoral and cellular immunity were measured from HA titre and DTH response respectively. It has been observed that, GSE 50 mg/kg significantly increased the antibody titre, percentage neutrophil adhesion and phagocytic index in CP induced immunosuppressed rats. It also restored the CP induced changes in organ weights and the DTH response at 24 and 48 hours of antigen challenge. But these effects were not comparable to that of Levamisole. Our study shows that Gymnema sylvestre reduced the CP induced immunotoxicities and therefore, it could be a safe supplement to cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.

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Miller, Camille, Yafei Cai, Tadd Patton, Sarai Hacker Graves, Honglin Li, and Maria Eugenia Sabbatini. "RCAD/BiP pathway is necessary for the proper synthesis of digestive enzymes and secretory function of the exocrine pancreas." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 312, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): G314—G326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00176.2016.

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Alcoholism causes an imbalance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in pancreatic acini. In those cells, the ER is involved in the synthesis and folding of pancreatic enzymes. Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1) is part of a novel ubiquitin-like modification system involved in maintaining ER homeostasis. Among the components of the Ufm1 system, Regulator of C53 and DDRGK1 (RCAD) has recently been identified as a Ufm1-specific E3 ligase that promotes ufmylation of DDRGK1, an RCAD-interacting protein. We determined the importance of RCAD in the proper synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes using mice with genetically deleted RCAD. The pancreas of RCAD-deficient mice was of normal size and histology. Using quantitative PCR and Western blotting, we found that amylase was upregulated in pancreas organs from RCAD-knockout (KO) mice. Constitutive amylase secretion was much higher in isolated pancreatic acini from RCAD KO mice, whereas CCK-stimulated amylase secretion was disturbed. RCAD deficiency caused a downregulation in expression of ER chaperone BiP, which affected ER homeostasis and activated both apoptosis and trypsin. We also found that both RCAD and DDRGK1 transcript levels were upregulated in pancreatic acini from alcohol-preferring rats. Elevated expression of RCAD and DDRGK1 was associated with increased ER stress and UPR activation. Because of the lack of BiP expression, caspase 3 and trypsin activation we enhanced in RCAD-deficient pancreatic acini upon treatment with ethanol and CCK. In conclusion, the RCAD/BiP pathway is required for proper synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes. In alcoholism, increased levels of components of the Ufm1 system could prevent the deleterious effects of alcohol in the pancreas by regulating BiP levels. NEW & NOTEWORTHY RCAD/BiP pathway is required for the proper synthesis and secretion of amylase from pancreatic acini, as well as for the maintenance of the ER homeostasis. In alcoholism, the exocrine pancreas could increase the levels of components of the Ufm1 system to protect itself from alcohol's deleterious effects by regulating the expression of ER chaperone BiP.

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Atallah, Nathalie, Claire Gaudichon, Audrey Boulier, Alain Baniel, Dalila Azzout-Marniche, Nadezda Khodorova, and Juliane Calvez. "The Effects of Age and Adiposity on Casein Digestibility and Tissue Protein Synthesis in Rats." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab055_006.

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Abstract Objectives Age and adiposity can impact the digestibility of dietary proteins and the metabolic response to their ingestion. The objective was to evaluate the effects of age and adiposity on casein digestibility and protein synthesis in tissues and organs. Methods Wistar rats of 1 month (n = 15) and 10 months (n = 15) at their arrival were fed ad libitum with a standard diet or High Fat diet to obtain rats of normal and high adiposity levels. Four groups were constituted (n = 7/8): 2 months/normal adiposity, 2 months/high adiposity, 11 months/normal adiposity and 11 months/high adiposity. At the end of the dietary intervention, they were fed the standard diet for 1 week before the test meal. The rats consumed a 4g meal containing 15N-labeled casein (Prodiet® 85B). Six hours after meal ingestion, the rats were euthanized. Intravenous injection of a massive dose of 13C-valine prior to euthanasia was used to determine protein synthesis rate in liver, kidneys, skin and muscle. Body composition was evaluated and digestive contents were collected to measure casein digestibility. Results No weight difference between rats of the same age was observed. However, a significant difference in adiposity was noted, with a surge in body fat of 3% in young rats and 7% in older rats. Digestibility increased with a higher adiposity level (P = 0.04). In young rats, it was 94.1 ± 1.1% in lean rats and 95.2 ± 1.7% in fat rats. In older rats, it was 94.5 ± 2.2% and 95.8 ± 0.7%, in lean and fat rats respectively. Significant effects of age (P < 0.01) and adiposity (P < 0.01) were observed in the muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR), with age decreasing it and adiposity increasing it. In young rats, FSR was 10.1 ± 2.1%/day and 12.0 ± 3.0%/day in lean and fat rats, respectively, these values being 6.2 ± 1.5%/day and 10.6 ± 2.0%/day in older rats. In the skin, younger rats exhibited a higher FSR (P < 0.01) as it was 11.1 ± 2.6%/day and 12.6 ± 3.7%/day in lean and fat rats respectively, and 8.3 ± 2.3%/day and 8.2 ± 2.7%/day in older rats. No differences were found for the liver and kidneys. Conclusions Protein synthesis in muscle decreased with age while adiposity increased it. This is consistent with an improvement in ribosomal activity at an intermediate state of obesity. The surge in casein digestibility with higher adiposity, although moderate, could have contributed to the improvement in muscle anabolism response. Funding Sources Ingredia.

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Lin Chang, Chia, Jaesook Roh, Jae-Il Park, Cynthia Klein, Nicole Cushman, Rainer V. Haberberger, and Sheau Yu Teddy Hsu. "Intermedin Functions as a Pituitary Paracrine Factor Regulating Prolactin Release." Molecular Endocrinology 19, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2824–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2004-0191.

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Calcitonin, α- and β-calcitonin gene-related peptides, amylin, and adrenomedullin belong to a unique group of peptide hormones important for homeostasis maintenance. We recently identified intermedin (IMD) as a novel member of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family expressed in the pituitary, digestive tract, and other organs of vertebrates. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of pituitaries from rats at different stages of development showed that IMD is expressed in the intermediate lobe and select adrenocorticotrophs in the anterior lobe, suggesting that IMD could function as a paracrine factor regulating anterior pituitary hormone secretion. In support of a paracrine role for IMD in the pituitary, quantitative and in situ hybridization analyses showed the expression of IMD receptor transcripts including the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying proteins in the pituitary. Treatment with IMD leads to a dose-dependent increase of prolactin release in cultured rat pituitary cells. In contrast, IMD treatment has negligible effects on the release of GH, FSH, or ACTH. Likewise, in vivo treatment with IMD leads to an elevation of plasma prolactin levels in conscious rats. Based on these functional characteristics, we hypothesized that IMD could represent one of the intermediate lobe-derived prolactin-releasing factors important for prolactin regulation during reproduction. In support of this hypothesis, studies of IMD expression in lactating and ovariectomized rats showed that pituitary IMD transcripts in lactating animals increased to more than 2-fold over nonlactating controls whereas ovariectomy leads to a 90% reduction of IMD expression in the pituitary. Of importance, subsequent treatment with 17β-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol increased pituitary IMD expression in ovariectomized rats. In addition, analysis of the proximate region of the IMD gene promoter showed that the IMD gene promoter contains consensus estrogen response element sequences, and estrogen treatments up-regulate the promoter reporter activity in transfected pituitary cells. Collectively, the present study indicates that IMD represents a novel estrogen-dependent intermediate lobe-derived prolactin-releasing factor and could play important roles in the regulation of prolactin release during reproduction in females.

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Ostry, V., J. Toman, Y. Grosse, and F. Malir. "Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2243.

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In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicological significance. CPA is also frequently detected in peanuts and maize; the presence of CPA and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts contaminated with A. flavus suggests that synergism may occur. CPA is toxic to several animal species, such as rats, pigs, guinea pigs, poultry and dogs. After ingesting CPA-contaminated feeds, test animals display severe gastrointestinal upsets and neurological disorders. Organs affected include the liver, kidney, heart, and digestive tract, which show degenerative changes and necrosis. Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Data from toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA in broiler chickens demonstrate that both aflatoxins and CPA alone and the aflatoxin-CPA combination can adversely affect broiler health. The effects of aflatoxins and CPA combination were additive in most cases.

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Daragó, Adam, Andrzej Sapota, and Marek Jakubowski. "Cadmium and its inorganic compounds - expressed as Cd - inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 35, no. 4(102) (December 30, 2019): 5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6376.

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Cadmium (Cd) is a white metal with a bluish tint. It forms a number of compounds occurring in them on the degree of oxidation 2+. Cadmium compounds are water-soluble to varying degrees. The highest risk groups include employees involved in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, alloys, cadmium pigments as well as employees of non-ferrous metal smelters and cutting welders of metals covered with a cadmium anti-corrosion layer. According to the Central Register of Data on Exposure to Substances , Preparations, Factors or Technological Processes on Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Action, 4276 workers in Poland were exposed to cadmium and its compounds. Cadmium is absorbed into the body through inhalation and digestive systems. In humans, the absorption is 2–50% and 4–6%, respectively. Elimination of cadmium from the body is a slow process. The estimated half-life of cadmium is from 5 to 30 years. Results of studies conducted in subjects exposed to cadmium in the work environment showed that the threshold concentration of cadmium in urine, at which increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins in urine was found, is 5–10 µg/g creatinine. In 1993, IARC identified cadmium and its compounds as a human carcinogen (group 1). The results of experimental studies in rats provided evidence of cadmium carcinogenicity as a result of inhalation exposure. Cadmium is recognized by SCOEL as a category C carcinogen, i.e. as a genotoxic carcinogen for which a threshold of action (concentration) can be determined, also called a practical threshold. The critical organs for the toxic effects of cadmium and its inorganic compounds in humans, depending on the route of exposure, are kidneys, lungs and possibly bones. The critical effect of cadmium on kidneys is increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins in urine, while the critical effect on lungs is the carcinogenic effect. Inhalation studies in rats exposed to cadmium at concentrations of 30 µgCd/m3, 13.4 µgCd/m3 and 10 µgCd/m3 for 18 months were used as the basis to propose TLV-TWA. The concentration of 10 µg Cd/m3 was taken as the NOAEL value. After applying the formula and taking into account the uncertainty factors with a total value of 10, the concentration of 0.001 mg/m3 (1 µgCd/m3) was determined as the TLV-TWA value for the inhaled fraction. Biological monitoring is the best indicator of cadmium exposure. The excretion of cadmium in urine enables the assessment of cumulative cadmium in the body and takes into account all sources of cadmium exposure, including contaminated food and smoking, while the blood cadmium concentration is a measure of current exposure. Previous BEI values in blood and urine were 5 μgCd/l and 5 μgCd/g creatinine, respectively. After discussion at the 91st meeting of the Interministerial Committee for TLVs and PELs, these values were maintained as mandatory. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

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Szymańska, Jadwiga, Barbara Frydrych, Paweł Struciński, Wiesław Szymczak, Agnieszka Hernik, and Elżbieta Bruchajzer. "Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 36, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7815.

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Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are compounds with similar structure, physicochemical and toxicological properties. They are not used commercially, they are formed as by-products during certain industrial processes, combustion, failures, etc. LD50 values (0.002-300 mg / kg) depend on the species of animal tested and the chemical structure of the compound. On chronic toxicity, the information available mainly relates to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Potential routes of human exposure are: the digestive system, lungs and skin. These compounds are accumulated mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. Their polar metabolites may undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid and glutathione. The main routes of excretion are bile and feces. In mammals, PCDD / F are also eliminated in breast milk. The results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests of PCDD (mainly 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and PCDF and their effects on fertility and reproduction are inconsistent. Among PCDD and PCDF, the compound that most strongly affects fertility, reproduction and fetal development is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Epidemiological studies are the basis for assessing the carcinogenic potential of dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and furans in humans. Cohorts include those professionally exposed to chlorophenols, phenoxyacetic herbicides and a mixture of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. PCDD / F have a common mechanism of toxic action associated with the Ah receptor. PCDD / F are considered to be inducers of several enzymes (e.g. CYP1A) and modulators of hormones and growth factors. CYP1A1 activity is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Adenocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as bile ducts have been found in rats and mice after 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Tumor changes have also been observed in other organs. NTP studies also showed carcinogenic effects 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. According to IARC, sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect on humans exists only for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (CAS: 1746-01-6) and 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF (CAS: 57117-31-4). Other PCDD / F cannot be classified as carcinogenic to humans. The basis for determining the MAC value for the mixture of PCDD and PCDF was the results of the assessment of the risk of developing additional liver cancer in people exposed in the work environment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 2017. This risk was estimated at 1 · 10-4 for 40 years of exposure to the compound at a concentration of 18 pg / m3. In the case of combined exposure, the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in the tested samples, as well as their maximum acceptable levels are expressed in the form of the so-called toxicity equivalent (TEQ). For the PCDD and PCDF mixture, we propose the value of 18 pg WHO2006-TEQ / m3. The result expressed as pg WHO-TEQ / m3 is not a de facto concentration, but a determination of the toxicity of the mixture of dioxin and furan congeners contained in the sample in relation to TCDD. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

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Inoue, Kouji, Noriyuki Kuroda, and Tetsuji Sato. "Elastic fiber system evaluated in the digestive organ of rats." Microscopy, October 15, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz030.

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Abstract According to our previous reports, the intraperiodontal elastic fiber system comprises oxytalan fibers, whereas all types of elastic system fibers are present in the gingiva. Much remains to be elucidated regarding the topographic development of the elastic fiber system that constitutes the walls of the digestive organs. This study aimed to examine the topographic development of the elastic fiber system in the periodontal tissue, oral cavity and digestive tract of rats at light- and electron microscopic levels. At embryonic day 20, in situ hybridization revealed the mRNA expression of tropoelastin in the putative gingival lamina propria but not in the dental follicle. At the postnatal stage, the masticatory mucous membrane of the gingiva and hard palate comprised three different types of elastic system fibers (oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibers). Conversely, the elastic fiber system comprised elaunin and elastic fibers in other oral mucosae and the lining mucosae of digestive tract organs (the esophagus, stomach and small intestine). The findings of our study suggest that the elastic fiber system is mainly related to tissue resistance in the periodontal ligament and tissue elasticity in the oral mucosae without masticatory mucosae and the overlying mucosa of digestive tracts and both functions in the gingiva and hard palate, respectively. The appearance of elaunin fibers in the periodontium of rats aged 14 weeks suggests the expression of tropoelastin induced by mechanical stressors such as mastication. The intraperiodontal difference in the distribution of elaunin fibers suggests heterogeneity among fibroblasts constituting the periodontium.

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Ilnytska, Kh М., L. O. Datsyuk, V. Р. Novikov, О. М. Fihurka, and O. Ya Sklyarov. "The influence of 1.4-naphtoquinone derivative and stress on the background of low intensity x-ray irradiation on nitroseoxidative processes in mucous membranes of digestive organs in rats." Medical and Clinical Chemistry 17, no. 4 (January 27, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681x.2015.v17.i4.5673.

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The influence of stress and 1.4‑naphtoquinone derivative on the background of low intensity X‑ray irradiation on lipid peroxidation processes and NO‑synthase system in mucous membranes of stomach, small and large intestine in rats was investigated. It was established that the effect of stress on the background of X‑ray irradiation (total dose 20 sGy) caused increase of TBA-active compounds level, activity of myeloperoxidase and iNOS in mucous membranes of digestive organs compared to relevant indices under the effect of X‑ray irradiation. Peculiarities of<br />antioxidant effect of 1.4‑naphtoquinone derivative on the background of X-ray irradiation in investigated organs are<br />shown.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rats – Digestive organs – Histochemistry'

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