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1
Nwankwo, Victor, Anayo Uraku, Ademola Famurewa, and Oluchi Uraku. "Assessment of Nephrotoxicity and Histopathological Lesions of Albino Rats Exposure to DD-Force and Baygon Insecticides." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 4, no. 4 (October 27, 2018): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2017.031.
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Although studies suggest adverse effects of pesticides, human exposure to insecticides in homes is increasing and reports on their health effects are limited. The study investigated nephrotoxic effects of organo phosphate and carbamate insecticides, DD-Force and Baygon, in albino rats. Forty-five albino rats divided into groups were exposed to DD-Force (dichlorvos) or Baygon (propoxur) indoor insecticidein wooden boxes in separate exposure duration of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours/day for 14 consecutive days. Serum and kidney tissue obtained after sacrifice were used to determine markers of renal damage and histopathological analysis, respectively. Exposure of rats to the insecticides showed duration-dependent significant increases (p<0.05) in serum levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine compared to control. However, rats exposed to DD-Force insecticide induced significantly higher levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine compared to Baygon (p<0.05). Histopathological lesions were observed in rats exposed to the insecticides, particularly in the exposure duration of 3 or 4 hours/day. These findings suggest that acute exposure to DD-Force and Baygonis nephrotoxic and may induce renal damage in rats.
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Firmansyah, Efrin, Dadang ., and Ruli Anwar. "AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) A GRAY (ASTERACEAE) TERHADAP ULAT DAUN KUBIS PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.217185-193.
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Insecticidal activity of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae) against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most destructive pests on cruciferous plants. Generally farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest. Intensive and excessive use of insecticides can cause some undesirable effects such as resistance, resurgence, and contamination of insecticide on environment. One effort to solve the problems caused by synthetic insecticides use is by utilization of botanical materials that are potential to be used as botanical insecticides, one of them is Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). The purpose of this research was to study the insecticidal activity of T. diversifolia as a botanical insecticide against P. xylostella. The leaf residual and topical application methods were used to assess the mortality effect of the extracts. Insect mortality rate was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 and LC95 values. The results showed that the flower extract had better activity on insect mortality than the leaf extract both in leaf residual and topical application treatments.
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Moustafa, Omayma K., and Z. M. El Attal. "Enhancement of the efficiency of some insecticides against thrips and cotton leafworm by mineral oils." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055714.
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SUMMARYField experiments were carried out to study the effect of a highly purified paraffinic oil on the efficiency of some insecticidal sprays used for the control of thrips and cotton leafworm. The results show that the oil used separately at the rate of 7·51/ha significantly reduced the population of thrips, but oil-insecticide combinations were superior to oil or insecticides applied alone. The mineral oil increased the efficiency of candidate insecticides against both thrips and cotton leafworm two-fold or more.
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Khan, Tiyyabah, Ahmad Ali Shahid, and Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan. "Could biorational insecticides be used in the management of aflatoxigenicAspergillus parasiticusand its insect vectors in stored wheat?" PeerJ 4 (February 22, 2016): e1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1665.
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Insect pests in stored wheat cause significant losses and play an important role in the dispersal of viable fungal spores of various species including aflatoxin producingAspergillus parasiticus. The problem of insecticide resistance in stored insects and environmental hazards associated with fumigants and conventional grain protectants underscore the need to explore reduced risk insecticides to control stored insects with the ultimate effect on aflatoxin production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential of four biorational insecticides: spinosad, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and indoxacarb, on wheat grains artificially infested withRhyzopertha dominica/Sitophilus oryzaeand/orA. parasiticusspores, and the subsequent effect on aflatoxin production. Spinosad and thiamethoxam were the most effective insecticides againstR. dominicacompared toS. oryzaefollowed by imidacloprid. Spinosad applied at 0.25–1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm concentrations resulted in complete mortality ofR. dominica. However, indoxacarb was more toxic againstS. oryzaecompared toR. dominica. Wheat grains inoculated withR. dominica/S. oryzae+spores elicited higher aflatoxin levels than wheat grains inoculated with or without insecticide+spores. In all the treatment combinations containing insects, aflatoxin production was dependent on insects’ survival rate. In addition, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid had also a significant direct effect on reducing aflatoxin production. Aflatoxin levels were lower in the treatment combinations with any concentration of thiamethoxam/imidacloprid+spores as compared to wheat grains inoculated with spores only. Correlation analyses revealed highly significant and positive association between moisture contents/insect survival rate and production of aflatoxin levels, and insect survival rate and moisture contents of the wheat grains. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide baseline data on the use of biorational insecticides againstR. dominicaandS. oryzaeand subsequent effect on aflatoxin production.
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Hurej, Michal, and James D. Dutcher. "Indirect Effect of Insecticides Used in Pecan Orchards to Larvae of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.450.
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Eight insecticides at two concentrations (low and high) were tested for toxicity to first, second, and third instars of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister). Lindane (0.65 and 1.3 g actual insecticide AI/l), endosulfan (0.375 and 0.75 g AI/l), carbaryl (1.2 and 2.4 g AI/l), azinphos-methyl (1.0 and 2.0 g AI/l, malathion (0.9 and 1.8 g AI/l), methomyl (0.225 and 0.45 g AI/l), phosmet (0.375 and 0.75 g AI/l), and esfenvalerate (0.0.15 and 0.03 g AI/l) treated cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) were fed to the lacewing larvae in the laboratory. Among tested insecticides, azinphos-methyl was the most toxic insecticide to larvae at the low and high rates and was classified as moderately harmful. Lindane and carbaryl were slightly harmful; endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, phosmet, and esfenvalerate were harmless. In most cases the first instar larvae were the most susceptible to the insecticides tested. Both rates caused similar mortality of C. rufilabris larvae after 48 h of feeding with the exception of azinphos-methyl and methomyl which caused higher mortality at the high rate.
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Fangupo, Sateki, Rashmi Kant, Manuel K. Palomar, and Michael J. Furlong. "Impact of Insecticides on Trichogramma Chilonis Parasitism and in the Oviposition Pattern of Large Cabbage Moth Eggs." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 20, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ahr-2017-0009.
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AbstractThis study determined the effects of key insecticides onTrichogramma chilonisparasitism in field trials. It showed that the number of large cabbage moth (LCM) eggs in Chinese cabbage was significantly reduced after application of AttackTM(p: 0.001) and EntrustTM (p: 0.00) but not after spraying with OrtheneTM (p: 0.09) and DipelTM (p: 0.485). Negative effects of insecticides were observed on the parasitism rate ofT. chilonisand LCM egg masses, which were more likely to be only partially parasitised after an insecticide application. AttackTMand EntrustTM adversely affectedT. chilonisparasitism rates of LCM eggs. However, the effect of OrtheneTM and DipelTMdid not significantly differ from each other and could be safer to the parasitoid since both reducedT. chilonisparasitism the least. The distribution of LCM eggs in the cabbage leaves was also affected by the insecticides; before insecticide application the majority of egg masses were concentrated in the upper surface of the foliage but after insecticide sprays most of the egg masses were found in the lower surface of the foliage. This study suggests that OrtheneTM and DipelTMhave no effect on the parasitism but DipelTM was found safer to the parasitoid and it could be considered for inclusion in IPM programmes that depend onT. chilonisparasitism of LCM.
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Wade, Andrea, Chia-Hua Lin, Colin Kurkul, Erzsébet Ravasz Regan, and Reed M. Johnson. "Combined Toxicity of Insecticides and Fungicides Applied to California Almond Orchards to Honey Bee Larvae and Adults." Insects 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10010020.
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Beekeepers providing pollination services for California almond orchards have reported observing dead or malformed brood during and immediately after almond bloom—effects that they attribute to pesticide exposure. The objective of this study was to test commonly used insecticides and fungicides during almond bloom on honey bee larval development in a laboratory bioassay. In vitro rearing of worker honey bee larvae was performed to test the effect of three insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, diflubenzuron, and methoxyfenozide) and three fungicides (propiconazole, iprodione, and a mixture of boscalid-pyraclostrobin), applied alone or in insecticide-fungicide combinations, on larval development. Young worker larvae were fed diets contaminated with active ingredients at concentration ratios simulating a tank-mix at the maximum label rate. Overall, larvae receiving insecticide and insecticide-fungicide combinations were less likely to survive to adulthood when compared to the control or fungicide-only treatments. The insecticide chlorantraniliprole increased larval mortality when combined with the fungicides propiconazole or iprodione, but not alone; the chlorantraniliprole-propiconazole combination was also found to be highly toxic to adult workers treated topically. Diflubenzuron generally increased larval mortality, but no synergistic effect was observed when combined with fungicides. Neither methoxyfenozide nor any methoxyfenozide-fungicide combination increased mortality. Exposure to insecticides applied during almond bloom has the potential to harm honey bees and this effect may, in certain instances, be more damaging when insecticides are applied in combination with fungicides.
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McPherson, R. M., D. J. Boethel, J. E. Funderburk, and A. T. Wier. "The Effect of Alternative Southern Green Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Insecticide Controls on Soybean Pest Management, Quality and Yield." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.2.216.
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Seven alternative insecticides to methyl parathion were assessed for stink bug control and yield and quality losses in soybean field trials in Georgia, Louisiana and Florida during 1988 and 1989. Several pyrethroid insecticides including lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, tralomethrin and cypermethrin controlled the southern green soybean stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). These insecticides had greater residual control than methyl parathion, the standard for stink bug control, and acephate, another labeled soybean insecticide. The residual control of the pyrethroids also prevented the buildup of green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster). Permethrin, another pyrethroid insecticide, did not provide adequate stink bug control at the rate tested. Yields and 100-seed weights in the alternative insecticide plots were equal to or exceeded those in the standard treatments. Soybean quality (lower percentage of stink bug damaged kernels) was higher in plots treated with pyrethroids. Several alternative insecticides for controlling stink bugs are available to replace methyl parathion in soybean, should this product become unavailable to producers due to its patent expiration or denial of re-registration.
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Kheirallah, Nessrin, Hussein K. Hussein, Horeya Abd El Gawad, and Basma Youssef. "Ameliorative effect of vitamin C on cypermethrin-induced hepatotoxicity and renal malfunction of adult male rats." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY 14 (April 29, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jab.v14i.9007.
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Cypermethrin is a widely used insecticide belongs to type II pyrethroids. It is highly used in developing countries to control many species of insects as it plays an important role in pest control. Vitamin C is an important intracellular antioxidant against insecticides. The aim of the present study is to analyze the toxic effects of cypermethrin (CYP) and the positive effect of vitamin C (VC) with graded doses (0 CYP, 200 VC, 12 CYP and 12 CYP+200 VC mg/kg body weight of male rats/day) for 30 days on liver and kidney functions. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, glycogen and glucose levels and also serum lipid profile were studied. Also, this study aimed to evaluate the possible protective role of vitamin C against cypermethrin toxicity
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Sh. Mansor, M., and Nayef Mohamed Hashem. "Laboratory and Field Evaluation of some Bio and Chemical Insecticides Against Nymphs and Adults of Ceroplasts Rusci L. (Coccidae: Hemiptera)." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.25373.
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The present work including laboratory and field experimental test to evaluate the efficiency of different insecticides (systemic and biocides). Laboratory works including different concentrations for Mitrixin, Levo, Evisect, Polo and Actara for Ceroplasts rusci L. insect in leaf. Mortality percentage reading after two days. Field works were including the best concentration of insecticides achieved the highest mortality percentage for nymphs and adults of Ceroplasts rusci in the tree. The Mortality percentage reading after one, two, seven, fourteen days.Laboratory results showed that the efficiency of insecticides significantly variant is depending to concentration and type of insecticides. The corrected Mortality percentage was increased by increasing the concentration and type of insecticides. The Mortality percentage (59.23, 53.94, 52.25) insect/leaf increase for insecticides (Mitrixin, Levo, Evisect) respectively. In a field study, the effect of insecticide toxicity for nymphs and adults of C. rusci L. (Coccidae: Hemiptera) was tested. The Results showed that the insecticides Mitrixin distinction in the after two weeks treatment and levo insecticide in after a day treatment and after two weeks treatment while the lethal rate is (64.32, 63.49, 58.73) insect/leaf in (Matrixin, Levo, Evisect), respectively.
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Zhang, Quanguo, Zexian Liu, Francesco Petracchini, Chaoyang Lu, Yameng Li, Zhiping Zhang, Valerio Paolini, and Huan Zhang. "Preparation of Slow-Release Insecticides from Biogas Slurry: Effectiveness of Ion Exchange Resin in the Adsorption and Release of Ammonia Nitrogen." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081461.
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The insecticidal ingredient in a biogas solution being fully utilized by cation exchange resin to produce slow-release insecticide is of great social value. In this work, the feasibility of ammonia nitrogen in a biogas slurry loaded on resin as a slow-release insecticide was evaluated by studying the effect of adsorption and the slow release of ammonia nitrogen by resin. The effects of the ammonia nitrogen concentration, resin dosage, adsorption time and pH value on the ammonia nitrogen adsorption by the resin were studied. The results showed that the ion exchange resin had a good adsorption effect on the ammonia nitrogen. With the increase of the resin dosage, time and ammonia nitrogen concentration, the adsorption capacity increased at first and then stabilized. The ammonia nitrogen adsorption capacity reached its maximum value (1.13 mg) when the pH value was 7. The adsorption process can be fitted well by the Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation and quasi-second-order kinetic model. Additionally, the release rate of the ammonia nitrogen increased with the increasing sodium chloride concentration. The adsorption capacity of ammonia nitrogen by the D113 (resin type) resin decreased by 15.8% compared with the ammonium chloride solution. The report shows that the ion exchange resin has a good adsorption effect on ammonia nitrogen, which is of guiding significance for expanding the raw materials for slow-release insecticides, improving the utilization rate of biogas slurry and cleaner production of slow-release insecticides from biogas slurry. Additionally, all variables showed statistical differences (p < 0.05).
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Li, Yuan-mei, Zhen-peng Kai, Juan Huang, and Stephen S. Tobe. "Lepidopteran HMG-CoA reductase is a potential selective target for pest control." PeerJ 5 (January 19, 2017): e2881. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2881.
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As a consequence of the negative impacts on the environment of some insecticides, discovery of eco-friendly insecticides and target has received global attention in recent years. Sequence alignment and structural comparison of the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) revealed differences between lepidopteran pests and other organisms, which suggested insect HMGR could be a selective insecticide target candidate. Inhibition of JH biosynthesis in vitro confirmed that HMGR inhibitors showed a potent lethal effect on the lepidopteran pest Manduca sexta, whereas there was little effect on JH biosynthesis in Apis mellifera and Diploptera punctata. The pest control application of these inhibitors demonstrated that they can be insecticide candidates with potent ovicidal activity, larvicidal activity and insect growth regulatory effects. The present study has validated that Lepidopteran HMGR can be a potent selective insecticide target, and the HMGR inhibitors (especially type II statins) could be selective insecticide candidates and lead compounds. Furthermore, we demonstrated that sequence alignment, homology modeling and structural comparison may be useful for determining potential enzymes or receptors which can be eco-friendly pesticide targets.
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ALMEIDA, WALDIANE ARAÚJO DE, IGOR HONORATO LEDUÍNO DA SILVA, ANA CLÁUDIA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS, AURÉLIO PAES BARROS JÚNIOR, and ADALBERTO HIPÓLITO DE SOUSA. "POTENTIATION OF COPAÍBA OIL-RESIN WITH SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL OF FALL ARMYWORM." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 4 (December 2017): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n427rc.
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ABSTRACT The control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been carried out mainly with pyrethroids and organophosphates insecticides. The continuous and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides, for decades, has led to the selection of resistant populations and has caused concerns for human health and the environment. An alternative is the use of botanical insecticides, including through the mixtures with synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of copaiba oil-resin mixtures (COR) with deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, methomyl, triazophos and chlorpyrifos for S. frugiperda. Bioassays were performed in the laboratory using newly hatched caterpillars on a contaminated surface (filter paper). Initially, concentration-mortality curves were established for each insecticide and COR. Based on the results, experiments were conducted to verify the effect of the COR mixtures with synthetic insecticides in the proportions of 1:1 (LC25 + LC25) on larvae of S. frugiperda. Additionally, COR concentration-response curves were established by adding 1/8 of the recommended rate of each insecticide. Notably, the use of this concentration for all insecticides was previously determined in bioassays, and no significant toxicity was found for S. frugiperda caterpillars. It was found that the toxicity of COR increased substantially by adding synthetic insecticides, especially with lower mixtures with beta-cypermethrin, methomyl and triazophos.
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Ganjisaffar, Fatemeh, Sharon Andreason, and Thomas Perring. "Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects of Insecticides on the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Insects 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10010031.
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The pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a pest of many plants, and a new problem on dates in California. The effects of seven insecticides and water on different life stages of this mealybug were studied to identify the best material for control. Water did not have any significant effect on mealybugs, but the insecticide treatments significantly affected all life stages tested. The egg hatch rate ranged from 28.5% to 17.2% for spirotetramat, bifenthrin, flupyradifurone, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin treatments, and was lower for sulfoxaflor (2.8%) and acetamiprid (0.1%). Despite high survival of neonate crawlers in the non-treated control and water treatments, 53.1% and 34.6% survived in the spirotetramat and buprofezin treatments, respectively; survival was zero in the other treatments. Spirotetramat and buprofezin caused very low mortality of nymphs in the first day post-treatment, but mortality significantly increased over time and reached 42.8% and 50.6% by day 6, respectively. The other treatments were highly toxic to the nymphs (79.4–99.4% on day 6). Insecticides also had a significant effect on the feeding ability of nymphs. By day 6 after treatment, 73.9% to 100% of nymphs treated with different insecticides stopped feeding although they were still alive. Insecticides showed no effect on the mortality of adult females, but the percentages of ovipositing females were significantly reduced (51.1% to 10.6%) in all insecticide treatments, except buprofezin, which was not statistically different from water and the non-treated control. In the process of our studies, we identified abnormalities in the appearance of eggs from females treated with various insecticides, and these aberrant eggs are described.
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Staatz, Christina G., and Michael J. Hosko. "Effect of pyrethroid insecticides on EEG activity in conscious, immobilized rats." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 24, no. 2 (October 1985): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(85)90133-6.
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Cloyd, Raymond A., and Joshua D. Gillespie. "Effect of Sugar-based Compounds in Enhancing the Efficacy of Insecticides against the Western Flower Thrips." HortTechnology 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.2.177.
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It has been proposed by greenhouse producers that adding sugar to a stomach poison insecticide enhances the efficacy of the insecticide in controlling western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). As such, a series of laboratory, including no-choice and multiple-choice assays, and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if adding sugar-based compounds to insecticides enhances efficacy against western flower thrips. The sugar-based compounds evaluated were Mountain Dew, Diet Mountain Dew, white sugar, and brown sugar at two rates [initial (0.18 mL/100 mL and 0.12 g/100 mL) and high (0.36 mL/100 mL and 0.24 g/100 mL)]. A water control was also included in all the assays. In the laboratory experiments, western flower thrips adults and nymphs were not attracted to any of the sugar-based compounds with <60 s (out of 300 s total) spent in any of the treatments, and ≤29 s (out of 300 s total) spent in the treatments when the sugar-based compounds were mixed with three insecticides (tau-fluvalinate, pyridalyl, and spinosad). In the greenhouse experiments, the addition of the high rate of Mountain Dew (0.36 mL/100 mL) and brown sugar (0.24 g/100 mL) did not enhance the efficacy (based on percent mortality) of the insecticides against western flower thrips. There was no significant difference between the individual insecticide treatments and the mixtures with either Mountain Dew or brown sugar. This study is the first to quantitatively demonstrate that western flower thrips adults and nymphs are not attracted to sugar-based compounds and that it is not warranted to add these types of materials to spray solutions targeted for control of western flower thrips.
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Arfan, Arfan, Lisa Indriani Bangkele, and Hasmari Noer. "PENGARUH FREKUENSI DAN APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA ABAMECTIN TERHADAP KELIMPAHAN POPULASI DAN PERSENTASE SERANGAN LALAT PENGOROK DAUN LIRIOMYZA SPP (DIPTERA: AGROMYSIDAE)." Jurnal Agrotech 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31970/agrotech.v8i2.24.
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Effect of Frequency and Application of Abamectin Insecticides on Population Abundance and Attack Level of Leafminer Liriomyza, spp. (Diptera: Agromysidae) is one of the main pests on the Lembah Palu red onion, where this pest is relatively new in the Palu Valley. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of frequency and application of insecticides on population abundance, and the attack rate of L. chinensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on the Lembah Palu red onion plant under applied and unapplied insecticide. The treatment of abamectin insecticide was applied once a week with a concentration of 1 ml of formulation per liter of water, beginning at the age of 2 MST and ending at 7 MST. The results showed that there were 2 species of Liriomyza, spp associated with Palu valley red onion i.e. Liriomyza chinensis and Liriomyza sativae. This research found that the application of Abamectin insecticides significantly affected population development and the percentage of Liriomyza, spp. on the lembah Palu red onion.
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Diédhiou, Cheikh Atab. "Evaluation of the Bio-Insecticidal Effect of Ricinus communis (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) on the Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8749.
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Since chemical insecticides favor the emergence of resistance and have disastrous consequences for the environment, we became interested in an alternative control method against Spodoptera frugiperda, more respectful for the environment. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of the bio-insecticidal effects of plants extracts and oil of castor against the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The laboratory bioassays consisted of evaluating the toxicity of the castor plants extracts and oil by contact and ingestion on fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda using a leaf dipping method. It emerges from this study that the mortality of the larvae treated with the bio-insecticide and the control solution varies significantly and that the mortality rate was 100% for dose 1; 85% for dose 2 and 70% for dose 3. The mortality rate for the control solution is 10%. These results testify to the good larvicidal activity of the organic insecticide based on oil, leaves and unripe seeds of castor bean on the fall armyworm.
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Gourley, Stephen A., Rongsong Liu, and Jianhong Wu. "Slowing the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: a mathematical model." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2132 (January 19, 2011): 2127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0413.
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A big problem in malaria control is the rapidity with which mosquitoes can develop resistance to insecticides. The possibility of creating evolution-proof insecticides is therefore of considerable interest. Biologists have suggested that effective malaria control, with only weak selection for insecticide resistance, could be achieved if insecticides target only old mosquitoes that have already laid most of their eggs. The strategy aims to exploit the fact that most malarial mosquitoes do not live long enough to transmit the disease. We derive, analyse and compare two mathematical models, one for an insecticide that kills on exposure, and the other for an insecticide that targets only older mosquitoes. Both models predict that insecticide-resistant mosquitoes will become dominant over time but, very importantly, this occurs on a very much slower time scale when the insecticide only affects older mosquitoes. We present analytical results on linear and global stability of the non-trivial equilibrium in which only the resistant mosquito strain is present, together with a theorem comparing the rates of convergence for the two models. Numerical simulations show that the effect of targeting only old mosquitoes on the evolution of resistance is dramatic.
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Sparks, Tanner C., David G. Riley, Alvin M. Simmons, and Liangzhen Guo. "Comparison of Toxicological Bioassays for Whiteflies." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110789.
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Two Bemisia tabaci populations from Georgia and Florida, USA, were tested for their response to insecticides across different toxicological bioassay methods. Five insecticides in four Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups (imidacloprid (4A), dinotefuran (4A), flupyradifurone (4D), pyriproxyfen (7C) and cyantraniliprole (28)), were evaluated against a water check. The routes of application to the plant used were either leaf drench or (systemic) root drench. The four different whitefly bioassay methodologies tested were two published IRAC methods, a clip cage method, and a new tube method. A split–split experimental design was used to assess any interactions between application route, bioassay method and insecticide treatment. Application route had no significant effect on efficacy. However, bioassay method affected overall whitefly mortality, with the dish method having reduced mortality compared to other methods, except for the clip cage method. High rates of cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran and flupyradifurone insecticides resulted in the highest incidence of adult whitefly mortality. Significant interactions relative to percent adult mortality were found between the insecticide and bioassay method for both populations assayed. The clip cage method was more sensitive in terms of dose mortality response followed by the cup and tube methods. The dish method was the least responsive to insecticide dose. Other interactions are discussed.
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Rethwisch, Michael D. "EFFECT OF INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES ON ONION SEED AND BROCCOLI SEED PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWEST ARIZONA." HortScience 29, no. 12 (December 1994): 1409a—1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.12.1409a.
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In 1991 and 1992, insecticide trials were conducted on onion and broccoli grown for seed, respectively, near Yuma, Ariz., to evaluate the effects of insects and insecticide treatments on seed production. Four insecticides (Agri-Mek, Ammo, Capture, Lorsban) were evaluated on onions where both western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) were present. Visual differences between treatment resultant from onion thrips damage were evident within 10 days after treatments were applied at flower opening. Lorsban, Ammo, and Capture treatments provided control of onion thrips based on condition of seed heads. Ammo and Capture were the only treatments that increased seed yield, as the Lorsban treatment was thought to repel bees needed for pollination. Pyrethroid treatments yielded 40% more seed than the nontreated check, which yielded more than Lorsban and Agri-Mek treatments. Four insecticide treatments (Thiodan, CGA-215944, and two rates of RH7988) were evaluated on broccoli seed where green peach aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] was present. All treatments reduced aphid numbers compared to the nontreated check, with RH7988 providing most control. Seed yields (g/plant) were reduced in all insecticide-treated plots compared with the nontreated plots, although percentage of seed sized larger than 4.5/64” was apparently correlated with increased aphid control. Seed yield per plant was higher from the lower rate of RH7988 than the higher rate. Plants treated with RH7988 had almost 0.5 g/plant more seed sized 5.5/64” than other treatments.
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Fuseini, Godwin, Raul Ncogo Nguema, Wonder P. Phiri, Olivier Tresor Donfack, Carlos Cortes, Michael E. Von Fricken, Jacob I. Meyers, et al. "Increased Biting Rate of Insecticide-Resistant Culex Mosquitoes and Community Adherence to IRS for Malaria Control in Urban Malabo, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz025.
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Abstract Sustaining high levels of indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage (≥85%) for community protection against malaria remains a challenge for IRS campaigns. We examined biting rates and insecticide resistance in Culex species and Anopheles gambiae s.l., and their potential effect on community adherence to IRS. The average IRS coverage in urban Malabo between 2015 and 2017 remained at 80%. Culex biting rate increased 6.0-fold (P < 0.001) between 2014 and 2017, reaching 8.08 bites per person per night, whereas that of An. gambiae s.l. remained steady at around 0.68. Although An. gambiae s.l. was susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates insecticides, Culex spp. were phenotypically resistant to all four main classes of WHO-recommended IRS insecticides. Similarly, the residual activity of the organophosphate insecticide used since 2017, ACTELLIC 300CS, was 8 mo for An. gambiae s.l., but was almost absent against Culex for 2 mo post-spray. A survey conducted in 2018 within urban Malabo indicated that 77.0% of respondents related IRS as means of protection against mosquito bites, but only 3.2% knew that only Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria. Therefore, the increasing biting rates of culicines in urban Malabo, and their resistance to all IRS insecticides, is raising concern that a growing number of people may refuse to participate in IRS as result of its perceived failure in controlling mosquitoes. Although this is not yet the case on Bioko Island, communication strategies need refining to sensitize communities about the effectiveness of IRS in controlling malaria vectors in the midst of insecticide resistance in nonmalaria vector mosquitoes.
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Dadang, Dadang, Nur Isnaeni, and Kanju Ohsawa. "KETAHANAN DAN PENGARUH FITOTOKSIK CAMPURAN EKSTRAK PIPER RETROFRACTUM DAN ANNONA SQUAMOSA PADA PENGUJIAN SEMI LAPANGAN." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 7, no. 2 (September 13, 2007): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2791-99.
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Persistence and Phytotoxic Effect of Extract Mixtures of Piper retrofractum (Piperaceae) and Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) in Semi Field Test. Novel strategy in vegetable pest control program is necessary to be conducted to reduce high rate of synthetic insecticide use. Botanical insecticides offer one of alternatives. Prior to be applied in the field, it has to be evaluated the extract persistence and phytotoxic effect to crops. So, the objective of this research was to study the persistence and phytotoxic effect of extract mixtures of Piper retrofractum (Piperaceae) and Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) in semi field test. Extract mixtures were sprayed on broccoli plants, then at 0,1,2,3,5,7, and 10 days after exposure under sunlight, leaves of broccoli were served to Crocidolomia pavonana (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to evaluate the insecticidal activity. The mortality activity of extract mixtures at 0.1% were still high until 10 days exposure. Moreover, no phytotoxic effect was occurred on broccoli plants treated with extract mixtures as high as at 0.1% of extract mixture concentration.
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Osman, M. A. M., and M. F. Mahmoud. "Effect of bio-rational insecticides on some biological aspects of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Plant Protection Science 44, No. 4 (January 10, 2009): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2362-pps.
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The bio-rational insecticides Dipel 2x, BioFly, Agrin, BioGuard, Spinosad, Neemix, Mectin and Match were tested for their effect on 1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> instar larvae and egg masses (24, 48 and 72 h old) of the Egyptian cotton leafworm <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> under laboratory conditions. The doses used were the recommended dose, half of the recommended dose and quarter of the recommended dose. All insecticides caused higher mortality in the 1st than in the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th<sup> larval stage, although Match, Mectin and Spinosad at all tested concentrations showed excellent efficacy against the 3<sup>rd</sup> larval stage of <i>S. littoralis</i>. Also, Match resulted in 100% mortality of 5<sup>th</sup> instar larvae at all tested concentrations. Moreover, these insecticides also strongly affected some biological parameters of treated 3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> instar larvae of <i>S. littoralis</i>. Egg masses of different ages (24, 48 and 72 h old) where dipped into the recommended dose of each insecticide and the mortality rates determined; eggs of different ages were affected similarly, with mortality rates of 83.4, 85.0 and 71.7%, respectively, after treatment with Spinosad compared to the control. In general, eggs 48 and 72 h old were less sensitive than 24 h old ones. A latent effect of the insecticides on egg hatchability of <i>S. littoralis</i> was observed only in Match and Neemix, with the average being 55.0% and 51.6%, respectively. Our results suggest that Match, Mectin and Spinosad are potentially potent compounds for control of <i>S. littoralis</i>.
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Ranjbar, Akram, Sara zebarjadi, Maryam Kazemi Naeini, and Ali Reza Soltanian. "A Mixed Effect Emax Model Applied for Determination of Malathion Optimal Dose." Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 5, no. 1 (May 13, 2017): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ajmb.2017.08.
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Background: Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide and is the most appropriate one used widely in the world. Organophosphate insecticides cause a specific biochemical defect in the body. A major cause of this wastage is inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of the pesticide malathion which inhibited 50% of ChE enzyme. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 18 male rats weighing 180-250 g. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. The Ellman method was used to measure the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity. Doses 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of pesticide malathion was tested on rats to determine the dose of the pesticide malathion with 50% inhibition of the ChE enzyme, at 24, 48, and 72 hours. According to these data, Emax model was fitted, then the median effective doses of the pesticide malathion were estimated at different time intervals, separately. Results: Based on the reduction Emax model, the optimal dose 29.14 mg/kg was determined at 72 time point. Conclusion: Using the mixed effect Emax model instead of the multiple comparison methods, such analysis of variance was suggested to determine the optimal dose of organophosphates such as malathion, which provide more accurate results.
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Коvalenko, T. K. "EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS AGAINST PESTS ON POTATOES IN PRIMORSKY TERRITORY." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-4-2.
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The work presents the results of comparative field tests on effectiveness of insecticides and bioinsecticides and their tank mixtures for potatoes against the potato ladybird and the Colorado beetle in the South of the Far East. Effectiveness of preplanting and vegetation treatment of potatoes with preparations was observed. The study, conducted in 2012–2014 on the plants of the recognized Yantar potatoes variety, showed high biological efficiency of preparations from the neonicotinoid class of Prestige and Cruiser in the rates of 1.0 l/t and 0.2 l/t by pre-planting treatment of potato tubers. The Prestige and Cruiser provided long-term protective effect against the Colorado potato beetle and the potato ladybird, which eliminated the need for treatment in the growing season of the crop. The use of these insecticides caused productivity increase of potatoes by 7.5 and 8.4 t/ha. For vegetation treatment the preparation Decis Extra showed the highest and the most long-lasting effect. On the 28th day after the treatment, its effectiveness accounted for 84.4–90.3%. Protective effect of bio-insecticide Phytoverm lasted for 14 days. Double treatment of potatoes with this bio-insecticide restrained the number of pests below the threshold number until the end of the growing season. During the research it was found that the joint use of Phytoverm with 3 times lower rates of the insecticides Decis Extra and Konfidor provided a significant reduction in the number of the potato ladybird and the Colorado potato beetle and the preservation of 39.3-41.6% of potato productivity.
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Pataky, J. K., P. M. Michener, N. D. Freeman, J. M. Whalen, J. A. Hawk, T. Weldekidan, and R. H. Teyker. "Rates of Seed Treatment Insecticides and Control of Stewart's Wilt in Sweet Corn." Plant Disease 89, no. 3 (March 2005): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0262.
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Neonicotinoid insecticides applied as seed treatments reduce the incidence of Stewart's wilt. The objectives of this study were to examine the efficacy of different rates of seed treatment insecticides to control Stewart's wilt on susceptible sweet corn hybrids and to compare the economic value of Stewart's wilt control in sweet corn grown for processing and fresh market. Clothianidin (Poncho), imidacloprid (Gaucho), and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) applied to seed at rates ranging from 0.125 to 1.25 mg a.i. per kernel were evaluated in 11 field trials in Illinois and Delaware from 2000 to 2003. Incidence of Stewart's wilt was significantly lower when seed was treated with insecticides than when plants were grown from nontreated seed in all but one trial. The level of control usually was between 50 and 90%. Small but statistically significant differences in incidence of systemically infected plants occurred among rates of insecticides in all trials except those in 2001. Usually, incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt was lower when higher rates of insecticides were applied; however, increasing the rate of insecticides from 0.125 mg a.i. to 1.25 mg a.i. per kernel had a relatively small effect on the level of Stewart's wilt control compared with the difference between treated and nontreated sweet corn seed. Based on a regression analysis, the lowest rates of the insecticides provided 64 to 72% control. The level of control increased about 1.85% with each additional 0.1 mg a.i. of insecticide per kernel from 0.125 mg a.i. to 1.25 mg a.i. Clothianidin provided an 8 or 9% higher level of control than thiamethoxam or imidacloprid at the same rate. Recommendations for application of seed treatment insecticides to processing and fresh market sweet corn differed somewhat due to substantial differences in the value of the crops. Based on estimated costs of $6 to $12 per 0.4 ha for the seed treatments, the economic break even point (i.e., cost of control = value from control) occurred in the range of 3 to 6% Stewart's wilt incidence for processing sweet corn valued at $325 per 0.4 ha and at about 1% Stewart's wilt incidence for fresh market sweet corn valued at $1,625 per 0.4 ha. Relatively small differences in levels of control conferred by commercially available rates of clothianidin (0.25 mg a.i. per kernel) and thiamethoxam (0.125 mg a.i. per kernel) were of little consequence in processing sweet corn but had considerable economic value in fresh market sweet corn.
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Grande, Marcela Laiz Mora, Érica Caroline Braz, Adeney De Freitas Bueno, Débora Mello da Silva, Ana Paula De Queiroz, and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Effect of increasing rate of insecticides on its selectivity for Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p933.
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The present study evaluated the effect of different rates of chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad, and chlorfenapyr on their selectivity for the pupae and adults of Trichogramma pretiosum. The negative effect of majority of the insecticides tested on most of the parasitoids was directly proportional to the rate of the insecticide applied. Chlorantraniliprole at a rate of 10 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as harmless (class 1) to both pupae and adults of the parasitoid. The effect of chlorantraniliprole at a rate of 20 to 50 g a.i. ha-1 varied from harmless (class 1) to slightly harmful (class 2) to the adults of T. pretiosum. Chlorantraniliprole 10 + lambda-cyhalothrin at 5 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as harmless (class 1) to the pupae and moderately harmful (class 3) to the adults of T. pretiosum. On the contrary, the highest rate of chlorantraniliprole 50 + lambda-cyhalothrin tested (i.e., 25 g a.i. ha-1) was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to the pupae and harmful (class 4) to the adults of the parasitoid. Similarly, increasing the application rate of spinosad and chlorfenapyr also exhibited an increase in toxicity. Spinosad at a rate of 24 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) and harmless (class 1) to the pupae and adults of T. pretiosum, respectively. Spinosad at 96 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as both moderately harmful (class 3) and harmful (class 4) to the pupae of the parasitoid. Chlorfenapyr at a rate of 192 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as both slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3) to the pupae of T. pretiosum, whereas chlorfenapyr at 336 g a.i. ha-1 was categorized as slightly harmful (class 3) and harmful (class 4) to the pupae. These results indicate that an increase in the rate of insecticide affected T. pretiosum negatively. Therefore, higher insecticide rates should only be adopted when strictly necessary to control the target pest, because they might compromise the biological pest control process in the field.
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FARAG, R. S., M. A. EL-LEITHY, A. E. BASYONY, and Z. Y. DAW. "Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a Medium Containing Plant Hormones, Herbicides or Insecticides." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 1044–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.12.1044.
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The effect of some widely used plant hormones (indol-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid), herbicides (gramoxone, stomp and treflan) and insecticides (malathion, actellic and guthion) on Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production in a synthetic medium was studied. Addition of indol acetic acid to the medium increased aflatoxin production more than gibberellic acid. Treflan at 5, 10 and 20 ppm levels caused a highly significant stimulatory effect on A. parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. In contrast, stomp at 10 and 20 ppm produced the reverse effect. Guthion, an insecticide, caused a marked decrease in fungal growth and aflatoxin production. The inhibitory effect of insecticides under study on both fungal growth and aflatoxin production in effectiveness followed the sequence: guthion>actellic>malathion. At the recommended application rate (10 ppm), with the exception of indol acetic acid and treflan, all compounds suppressed mold growth and aflatoxin production.
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Carnevale, Pierre, and Sylvie Manguin. "Review of Issues on Residual Malaria Transmission." Journal of Infectious Diseases 223, Supplement_2 (April 27, 2021): S61—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab084.
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Abstract Residual malaria transmission is the actual maintained inoculation of Plasmodium, in spite of a well-designed and implemented vector control programs, and is of great concern for malaria elimination. Residual malaria transmission occurs under several possible circumstances, among which the presence of exophilic vector species, such as Anopheles dirus, or indoor- and outdoor-biting vectors, such as Anopheles nili, or specific behavior, such as feeding on humans indoors, then resting or leaving the house the same night (such as Anopheles moucheti) or also changes in behavior induced by insecticides applied inside houses, such as the well-known deterrent effect of permethrin-treated nets or the irritant effect of DDT. The use of insecticides may change the composition of local Anopheles populations, such as A. arabiensis taking up the place of A. gambiae in Senegal, A. aquasalis replacing A. darlingi in Guyana, or A. harrisoni superseding A. minimus in Vietnam. The change in behavior, such as biting activity earlier than usually reported—for example, Anopheles funestus after a large-scale distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets—or insecticide resistance, in particular the current spread of pyrethroid resistance, could hamper the efficacy of classic pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets and maintained transmission. These issues must be well documented in every situation to elaborate, implement, monitor, and evaluate tailored vector control programs, keeping in mind that they must be conceived as integrated programs with several well and appropriately coordinated approaches, combining entomological but also parasitological, clinical, and social methods and analyses. A successful integrated vector control program must then be designed to reduce transmission and incidence rates of malaria morbidity and overall mortality.
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Krechniak, Jerzy, and Krystyna Wrześniowska. "Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on hepatic microsomal enzymes in rats." Environmental Research 55, no. 2 (August 1991): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(05)80169-0.
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Seaton, KA, and DC Joyce. "Effect of postharvest dipping in insecticides on the vase life of Geraldton waxflower." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 3 (1996): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960373.
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In postharvest dipping treatment of Geraldton waxflower (Chamelaucium uncinatum), 13 insecticides tested at recommended application rates caused no visual injury, but some reduced vase life. Flowers of cv. Purple Pride were more sensitive to insecticides than leaves. There was no loss of vase life of flowers following dipping in chlorpyrifos, dimethoate or permethrin. Following dipping in deltamethrin, carbaryl, dichlorvos, cypermethrin, endosulfan or fenvalerate there was 31-49% loss of vase life. No loss of vase life was observed for cv. Alba, after dipping in carbaryl, fenvalerate or dimethoate. Insecticide dips containing wetting agent and a fungicide (e.g. a combination of deltamenthrin, Aqua and benomyl) was a suitable dip for Geraldton waxflower. Wetting agents varied in their effect on vase life. Aqua shortened vase life less than Agral, and D-CTrate less than D-C-Tron. Stems rapidly lost weight when held out of water following dipping, and vase life was reduced when ambient temperatures were above 30�C or drying times exceeded 60 min. It was concluded that flowers should be kept cool and well hydrated following dipping treatment.
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Melnychuk, F. S., S. A. Alekseeva, O. V. Hordiienko, I. M. Ostryk, and A. V. Antonyuk. "South American tomato moth (Tuta absoluta) and tomato protection measures in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202101-267.
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Cultivation of nightshade family crops (Solanaceae) requires sufficient amount of moisture and heat. In Ukraine, the most available conditions for that are in the southern regions: Kherson, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Zaporizhia and AR of Crimea, where the average yield of tomatoes is about 30 t/ha, and planting area is about 470 thousand hectares. Tomatoes are the main host plants for the South American tomato moth. Leaves, fruits and vegetative buds damaged by these pests, become a kind of «gateway» for the infection of plants by fungal pathogens. Feeding of phytophagous on the fruits of tomato leads to their falling off. Yield losses can reach 100%. This pest has high adaptability to climatic and natural conditions, capable for reproductive activities throughout the year. Among the factors contributing to the spread of these pests at the intercontinental level, the most important is the uncontrolled trading of infected fruits with plant particles, and the local spread from one field to another due to the ability of adult moths to fly. The searching of scientifically grounded methods of control of South American tomato moth, in particular, the study of the effectiveness of modern insecticides by means of spraying and drip application along with applying irrigation against this pest in the Steppe of Ukraine is very actual.
During the phytosanitary evaluation of experimental plots of tomatoes before treatment with insecticides, a high number of larvae of South American tomato moth was found, which in the check plots averaged 3,1-7,0 number/plant before the first application of insecticides, and 9,1-20,6 number/plant before the second one. Insecticide Exirel, SE (cyantraniliprole 100 g/l) with the consumption rates of 1,0 l/ha and 1,5 l/ha when providing double spraying in a small-plot experiment on open ground tomatoes provided the effectiveness against tomato moth caterpillars at 91,1% and 99,5% on the 3rd day after application, and the duration of its toxic effect exceeded 14 days. In the conditions of protected soil when applying the insecticides along with drip irrigation the insecticide Verimark CS (cyantraniliprole, 200 g/l) with the rates of 0,5 and 0,75 l/ha provided the effectiveness against tomato moth caterpillars in 3 days after application on the average by 92,4-100,0%, and the duration of its toxic effects was more than two weeks. Applying insecticides along with drip irrigation due to their local application provided high efficiency of insecticides against phytophagous larvae, having a rather long duration of toxic effect, compared with spraying.
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Hemingway, J., N. Hawkes, L. Prapanthadara, K. G. I. Jayawardenal, and H. Ranson. "The role of gene splicing, gene amplification and regulation in mosquito insecticide resistance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1376 (October 29, 1998): 1695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0320.
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The primary routes of insecticide resistance in all insects are alterations in the insecticide target sites or changes in the rate at which the insecticide is detoxified. Three enzyme systems, glutathione S–transferases, esterases and monooxygenases, are involved in the detoxification of the four major insecticide classes. These enzymes act by rapidly metabolizing the insecticide to non–toxic products, or by rapidly binding and very slowly turning over the insecticide (sequestration). In Culex mosquitoes, the most common organophosphate insecticide resistance mechanism is caused by co–amplification of two esterases. The amplified esterases are differentially regulated, with three times more Estβ2 1 being produced than Estα2 1 . Cis –acting regulatory sequences associated with these esterases are under investigation. All the amplified esterases in different Culex species act through sequestration. The rates at which they bind with insecticides are more rapid than those for their non–amplified counterparts in the insecticide–susceptible insects. In contrast, esterase–based organophosphate resistance in Anopheles is invariably based on changes in substrate specificities and increased turnover rates of a small subset of insecticides. The up–regulation of both glutathione S–transferases and monooxygenases in resistant mosquitoes is due to the effect of a single major gene in each case. The products of these major genes up–regulate a broad range of enzymes. The diversity of glutathione S–transferases produced by Anopheles mosquitoes is increased by the splicing of different 5' ends of genes, with a single 3' end, within one class of this enzyme family. The trans –acting regulatory factors responsible for the up–regulation of both the monooxygenase and glutathione S–transferases still need to be identified, but the recent development of molecular tools for positional cloning in Anopheles gambiae now makes this possible.
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Nagaraju, Raju, Apurva Kumar R. Joshi, Sowmya Giriyapura Vamadeva, and Rajini Padmanabhan Sharda. "Plasma paraoxonase1 activity in rats treated with monocrotophos: a study of the effect of duration of exposure." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 12, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2019-0015.
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Abstract We have earlier demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to elicit insulin resistance in rats after chronic exposure. Given the understanding of role of paraoxonase1 (PON1) in OPI toxicity and diabetes pathology, this study was envisaged to understand the effect of duration of exposure to MCP on plasma PON1 activity in rats. Rats were administered MCP per os at 1/20 and 1/10th LD50 as daily doses for 180 days. Interim blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 d for analysis of plasma parameters. Exposure to MCP for 45 resulted in persistent trend of hyperinsulinemia, while significant increase in fasting glucose levels was observed after 180 days. MCP caused suppression of plasma cholinesterase activity though the study period, albeit extent of inhibition was more severe during the early phase of the study. Exposure to MCP for 180 d resulted in hypertriglyceridemia and marginal decrease in HDL-C levels. MCP failed to modulate PON1 activity in plasma during the early phase of the study (up to 45 d). However, prolonged exposure resulted in significant increase in the plasma PON1 activity. This suggests that manifestation of insulin resistance in rats subjected to chronic exposure to MCP is associated with increase in PON1 activity. Our work provides rationale for studying whether the increase in PON1 activity observed in the present study serves to counter the deleterious effect of long term exposure to organophosphorus insecticides on metabolic homeostasis.
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Batts, R. B., and A. W. MacRae. "SANDEA–SOIL INSECTICIDE INTERACTION STUDIES IN NORTH CAROLINA POTATOES." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 505B—505. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.505b.
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Trials were conducted at Plymouth, NC in 2004 and 2005 to determine the effect of halosulfuron on the yield and grade of white-skinned and red-skinned Irish potatoes when used in combination with different infurrow insecticides. Factors for the factorial design used included potato variety, halosulfuron timing, halosulfuron rate, and insecticide. In-furrow insecticides included imidacloprid. aldicarb, and phorate at 30.3, 293, and 233 g ai/1000 m of row, respectively. Halosulfuron was applied at 26.3 or 52.6 g ai/ha preemergence (PRE), postemergence, over the top (POST), or postdirected (P-DIR) to the potatoes. Preemergence applications of halosulfuron were made after last hilling of the bed, POST applications were made at early flowering, and P-DIR sprays were applied at late flowering. Crop injury was evaluated visually at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Potatoes were dug and graded at maturity. Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with means separated using Fisher's protected LSD (p = 0.05). No interaction between insecticides and halosulfuron were observed. However, some yield differences were seen due to halosulfuron alone. Minimal (<10%) injury was seen with PRE and P-DIR applications. Substantial injury was only seen at 2 WAT, and only from POST treatments. At this timing, halosulfuron applied at the low rate injured potato 14-19% across the insecticides, while the high rate caused significantly higher injury (23% to 24%). Injury from the POST timing did affect yield. Higher levels of smaller potatoes (USDA Grade #1) were found in the POST treatments, when pooled over years, varieties and rates. This indicates that tuber development may have been delayed due to foliar injury. This is supported by the lower levels of USDA Grade #3 potatoes from POST applications compared to other timings. When pooled across years, varieties, and rates, the lowest total yields were with the POST timing.
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Nassar, Atef. "Comparative endocrine disrupting effects of abamectin and indoxacarb insecticides." International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 4, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v4i1.6125.
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Abamectin and indoxacarb are relatively new insecticides with different mode of action and are applied to control a wide range of plant pests. However, their side effects to mammals are not fully studied. Accordingly, current study aimed to compare the adverse effects of both insecticides against the endocrine biomarkers: triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, and testosterone. These parameters were measured after orally-injecting rats with 1/20 LD50 doses of each of abamectin and indoxacarb for 60 days. Results showed that indoxacarb had pronounced reduction in the contents of T3 and FSH hormones compared to control and abamectin. Also, indoxacarb increased testosterone level compared to abamectin. T4 level was reduced by abamectin treatment compared to indoxacarb. Progesterone content was significantly increased after the abamectin treatment, while it was decreased after the indoxacarb treatment. However, the tested insecticides belong to avermectins and oxadiazine chemical groups that have different mode of action. They showed some similarity in their effect on T3, T4, and FSH, except for the progesterone hormone that showed a contradicting response. These two insecticides were marked as safe but current study highlight the need for caution during their application in the integrated pest management program.
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Feltrin-Campos, Elidiane, Rudiney Rigenberg, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, Daniele Fabiana Glaeser, and Harley Nonato de Oliveira. "Selectivity of Insecticides Against Adult Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Cassava." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n1p546.
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In this study, the effects of various chemical and biological insecticides on adults of the parasitoid species Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) were examined in cassava. The chemical insecticides zeta-cypermethrin, lufenuron + profenofós, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and teflubenzuron and the biological agents Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculovirus erinnyis were evaluated. For each treatment group, the effects were evaluated using T. pretiosum mortality rates, longevity of females, the number of eggs parasitized by the F0 generation, and number of emergent F1 parasitoids. The insecticides were classified using the International Organization for Biological Control categories. The tested insecticides had little effect on longevity and survival of adults, but all affected parasitism (F0) and were moderately harmful to the parasitoid. In relation to the emergent (F1) generation, the pesticides were either harmless or slightly harmful, except for zeta-cypermethrin which was classified as harmful with a 100% reduction in parasitoid emergence. The results indicate that the tested insecticides were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum in the laboratory; future studies will examine the effects of the insecticides under semi-field and field conditions to confirm their toxicity.
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Melnichuk, F. S., S. A. Alekseeva, and O. V. Hordiienko. "PROTECTION OF POTATO CROPS AGAIST PESTS." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201901-166.
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The Colorado potato beetles and aphids are especially harmful pests for potato crops in the conditions of Kyiv region. So, on the 10th day after mass rebirth of the Colorado potato beetle larvae, potato plants on untreated by insecticide plots were completely destroyed by this phytophagus. Preplanting insecticide treatment of potato tubers provided high effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle prior to the mass rebirth and development of larvae and reduced their density of population and harmfulness. The highest efficacy (93.2-95.2%) against these pests was noted in variants with Prestige, 290 FS, Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS and Celest Top 312.5 FS.
Common scab, dry rot and Rhizoctonia solani were prevailed among the diseases of potato tubers. The greatest effectiveness against the common scab was provided by Prestige, 290 FS. Thus, the infestation of potato tubers by common scab in the variant with application of the Prestige, 290 FS was almost twice lower compared to control. Preparation Celest Top 312.5 FS provided a reduction of dry rot in almost 3 times, and Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS leads to reduction of infestation by Rhizoctonia solani in 4 times, respectively. The treatment of tubers is a reliable protection of potato plants against damage by the Colorado potato beetles and lesion diseases, that made it possible to obtain tuber yields at a level of 24.4-27.4 t per ha.
However, preplanting treatment of planting material with insecticides is not always able to provide the protection of potato seedlings against damage by Colorado beetles. The mass reproduction of these pests occurs after planting of tubers and emerging of stalks at high air temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to provide additionally spraying of plants. Typically, the insecticides used in recommended rates have a long period of protective action, which eliminates the need for further treatments on vegetative plants. The anti-resistant effect of this treatment is associated with the use of the neonicotinoids class insecticides (eg, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin), that have different mechanism of action compared to pyrethroids. Under such conditions, it is important to search, investigate and introduce modern, effective insecticides into agricultural production. For this purpose the research on the preparations from separate classes of chemical compounds with various toxic properties was conducted.
The most effective against the larvae of Colorado potato beetles were insecticides Confidor, 20% SC, Calypso, 48% SC and Engeo 24.7% SC when spraying potato plantings. Duration of their protection was prolonged for two weeks after the application of insecticides. The maximum technical efficiency was reached as 99.5% (Confidor, 20% SC), 99.2% (Calypso, 48% SC) and 99.3% (Engeo 24.7% SC) on the third day after application. Other insecticides such as Mospilan, 20% SP and Actara, 24% WG (96.2-97.0%) provided somewhat lower the mortality rate of these phytophages.
The highest and prolonged effect against aphids was obtained by spraying potato plantings with the preparations Engeo 24.7% SC and Confidor, 20% SC, the efficiency of which reached 98.2% and 93.1%, that decreased the number of aphids in almost 60 times, compared with the control. Spraying potato plantings with insecticides according to the recommended rates of application allows obtaining the yield of tubers at the level of 25,6-28,2 t per ha.
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Lukaszewicz-Hussain, Anna. "Involvement of oxidative stress in liver injury after subchronic intoxication with low doses of chlorpyrifos — study on rats." Open Medicine 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-012-0100-2.
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AbstractOrganophosphate compounds are nowadays the most frequently used pesticides. For these insecticides, the primary target is acetylcholinesterase and for this reason the main clinical effect of acute intoxication with organophosphate insecticides involves an irreversible inhibition of the activity of this enzyme. However, in the chronic or subchronic exposition oxidative stress has been reported as the main mechanism of its toxicity. The present study investigated the effect of three low doses (0.2, 2, 5 mg/kg bw) of chlorpyrifos for 14 or 28 days on serum liver enzymes and on oxidative stress parameters in the liver of rats. Chlorpyrifos treatment resulted in aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase increase after 14 days (higher doses) and 28 days (all doses) treatment together with changes of antioxidative enzymes activities and reduced glutathione and malonyldialdehyde level in the liver. The enhancement of lipid peroxidation is temporary, reaching a peak after 14 days and decreasing after 28 days of treatment. Based on the experimental findings of this study the temporary liver injury caused by oxidative stress has been shown. The disturbances in the liver antioxidative status and increased liver membrane permeability may appear in case of doses near to the accepted human daily intake.
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Kenney, Jaimie R., Marie-Eve Grandmont, and Kerry E. Mauck. "Priming Melon Defenses with Acibenzolar-S-methyl Attenuates Infections by Phylogenetically Distinct Viruses and Diminishes Vector Preferences for Infected Hosts." Viruses 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030257.
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Plant virus management is mostly achieved through control of insect vectors using insecticides. However, insecticides are only marginally effective for preventing virus transmission. Furthermore, it is well established that symptoms of virus infections often encourage vector visitation to infected hosts, which exacerbates secondary spread. Plant defense elicitors, phytohormone analogs that prime the plant immune system against attack, may be a viable approach for virus control that complements insecticide use by disrupting pathologies that attract vectors. To explore this, we tested the effect of a commercial plant elicitor, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), on infection rates, virus titers, and symptom development in melon plants inoculated with one of two virus species, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV). We also conducted behavioral assays to assess the effect of ASM treatment and virus inoculation on vector behavior. For both pathogens, ASM treatment reduced symptom severity and delayed disease progression. For CYSDV, this resulted in the attenuation of symptoms that encourage vector visitation and virion uptake. We did observe slight trade-offs in growth vs. defense following ASM treatment, but these effects did not translate into reduced yields or plant performance in the field. Our results suggest that immunity priming may be a valuable tool for improving management of insect-transmitted plant viruses.
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H. Mossa, Abdel-Tawab, and Moustafa A. Abbassy. "Adverse Haematological and Biochemical Effects of Certain Formulated Insecticides in Male Rats." Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2012.160.168.
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Hassan, Ashraf, Shehata EL-Sewedy, Yohsuke Minatogawa, and Ryo Kido. "Effects of some insecticides on several enzymes of tryptophan metabolism in rats." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 25, no. 3 (June 1990): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601239009372693.
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Barati, Reihaneh, Gholamreza Golmohammadi, Hamid Ghajarie, Mehdi Zarabi, and Raziyeh Mansouri. "The effects of some botanical insecticides and pymetrozine on life table parameters of silver leaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 28, no. 1 (2013): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1301047b.
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The objective of this research was to assess the effects of extracts of two medicinal plant species: Allium sativum (Linn) and Calotropis procera (Aiton), and a formulation containing azadirachtin on life table parameters of silver leaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), grown on greenhouse tomato plants. The effects were compared to that of pymetrozine, a synthetic insecticide. Bioassays were carried out in a greenhouse under controlled conditions of 27 ? 2?C, R.H. of 55 ? 5% and 16:8 h (L:D) photo period. All treatments significantly affected the survivorship and fertility of SLW female adults, reducing the net reproduction rate, mean generation time and intrinsic rate of increase of this insect. The net reproductive rate [R0] values for the populations treated with garlic extract, milkweed extract, pymetrozine, azadirachtin, control for extracts (ethanol + distilled water) and control for pesticides (distilled water) were 23.58, 19.32, 10.78, 8.23, 49.66, 57.55; the intrinsic rate of increases [rm] were 0.134, 0.139, 0.110, 0.090, 0.177, 0.178; the mean generation times [T] were 23.49, 21.23, 21.66, 23.50, 22.06, 22.69; the doubling times [DT] were 5.14, 4.95, 6.27, 7.56, 3.91, 3.87, and the finite rates of increase [?] were 1.144, 1.149, 1.116, 1.094, 1.193, 1.195, respectively. Azadirachtin had the highest effect on the life table parameters of SLW. Our findings indicated that, although herbal extracts were not effective as much as the chemical insecticides, they can be effective in pest control. Therefore, they are suitable choices for replacing chemical insecticides and for alternative use with azadirachtin in SLW IPM program.
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GERMIDA, J. J., E. E. ONOFRIECHUK, and A. B. EWEN. "EFFECT OF Nosema locustae Canning (Microsporida) AND THREE CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-059.
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Nosema locustae Canning is a potential biological control agent for grasshoppers but some aspects of its environmental impact have not been investigated. This study assessed the impact of N. locustae and the chemical insecticides carbofuran, deltamethrin and dimethoate on microbial activity and nutrient cycling in soil. In a laboratory study, the insecticides were applied to a Haverhill loam at recommended field application rates and 10 times the field rates. There was no adverse effect from N. locustae or the chemical insecticides on any of the measured parameters. Analysis of field soils 6 wk after application of a mixture of N. locustae and dimethoate indicated this treatment had no adverse impact on microbial activity. Key words: Nosema locustae, carbofuran, deltamethrin, dimethoate, microbial activity
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Fabichaki Paz, Matheus, Yasmin Regina Diel, Patrícia Paula Bellon, and Jonas Felipe Recalcatti. "Efficiency of insecticides on nymphs and adults of Dichelops melacanthus(Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 17, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2021.v17.n2.a426.
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Thegreen-belly stink bug, Dichelops melacanthus, stands out as one of the main pests of the corn crop, mainly for its potential damage at the beginning of crop development, due to the sap suction at the base of seedlings, causing tillering and trimming symptoms, decreasing productivity and product quality. Aiming at the control of thestink bug, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of insecticides, as well as the lethal time(LT50) of these products on D. melacanthus. To perform the tests, it was used third instar nymphs and adults of D. melacanthusaged up to 72 hours, which were individualized in Petri dishes. For the application of the insecticide, corn leaves were collected and placed in plastic trays. With the aid of a pressurized spray, the insecticides Acefathe + Aluminum silicate (5 g/L), Thiamethoxam + Lambda-Cyhalothrin (1 mL/L), Imidacloprid + Bifenthrin (1.75 mL/L), Bifenthrin + Zeta-Cypermethrin (0.75 mL/L) and Azadiractin (10 mL/L) were applied. In the control, only distilled water was applied. Subsequently, the pulverized leaf pieces were individualized in the Petri dishes, where the third instar and adult bedbugs were already allocated. After application, each treatment was evaluated at 15, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 5, 24 and 48 hours, accounting for insect mortality. Tocorrect mortality, the values were transformed using the Scheneider-Orelli formula. The relationship between the periods of action of the insecticides on the mortality rate of insects was verified by nonlinear regression analysis, using the mathematical model of dose-response. All chemical insecticides evaluated were effective in controlling third instar nymphs; however, when applied to adults, Thiamethoxam + Lambda -Cyhalothrin and Acefathe + Aluminum silicate had reductions in bedbug mortality. Azadiractin showed low efficiency in controlling nymphs and adults of D. melacanthus. Insecticides showed better LT50 in nymphs when compared to adults. The insecticides Imidacloprid + Bifenthrin, Thiamethoxam + Lambda -Cyhalothrin and Bifenthrin + Zeta-Cypermethrin obtained the best LT50 responses for nymphs and adults of the green-belly stink bug. All chemical insecticides evaluated can be used in the integrated management of D. melacanthus.
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Steppig, Nicholas R., Jason K. Norsworthy, Robert C. Scott, and Gus M. Lorenz. "Insecticide Seed Treatments as Safeners to Drift Rates of Herbicides in Soybean and Grain Sorghum." Weed Technology 32, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.102.
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AbstractPrevious research has shown that some insecticide seed treatments provide safening effects in rice following exposure to low rates of the herbicides glyphosate and imazethapyr. However, no research has been conducted to determine whether a similar effect may be seen in soybean or grain sorghum, two important rotational crops across the Midsouth. To evaluate the potential safening effects of insecticide seed treatments in these two crops, field trials were conducted in Marianna, AR, in 2015 and 2016, and near Colt, AR, in 2016. In soybean, glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D, dicamba, halosulfuron, mesotrione, tembotrione, and propanil were applied at low rates to simulate drift events, in combination with the insecticide seed treatments thiamethoxam and clothianidin at labeled rates. In grain sorghum, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and quizalofop were applied at low rates in combination with the insecticide seed treatments thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid at labeled rates. Injury reduction was seen at 1 site-year for glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D, dicamba, mesotrione, and tembotrione, and at 2 of 3 site-years for halosulfuron. At 1 site-year, the safening in halosulfuron resulted in increases in both crop height and yield. In grain sorghum, reducing injury via seed treatments was generally more successful. All three herbicides applied in sorghum displayed instances of injury reduction when seed treatments were used at 1 or more site-years, including reducing injury upward of 40% in the case of quizalofop+clothianidin at Marianna in 2016. For 2 site-years, injury reduction through the use of insecticides resulted in increases in crop height and grain yield in grain sorghum compared with no insecticide use. Although the degree of safening seen varied depending on site-year in both crops, growers who use insecticide seed treatments on an annual basis may expect to see a safening effect from drift events of most herbicides evaluated in both soybean and grain sorghum.
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Beatty, Kelly L., and Mary L. Sohn. "Effect of three insecticides on growth rates of soil fungi." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36, no. 1 (December 1986): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623548.
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Giray, Belma, and Filiz Hincal. "Fenvalerate induced hepatic oxidative stress in selenium- and/or iodine-deficient rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 10 (January 14, 2011): 1575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110393762.
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Considering the potential adverse effects of selenium and iodine deficiencies, and frequency of intensive but improper use of insecticides, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of a pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate, on the oxidant/antioxidant status of liver using a rat model of iodine and/or selenium deficiency. The study was conducted on eight groups of 3-week old Wistar rats. Iodine and/or selenium deficiency was introduced by feeding the animals with a diet containing <0.005 mg selenium/kg and/or supplying with 1% sodium perchlorate containing drinking water for a period of 7 weeks. Fenvalerate exposure (100 mg/kg/d, i.p., for the last 7 days) in normal rats increased hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione content, but did not change the activities of catalase or any of the superoxide dismutase forms; in iodine-deficient animals caused only the elevation of lipid peroxidation; in selenium-deficient animals and in combined iodine/selenium deficiency decreased glutathione peroxidase, increased catalase activities and lipid peroxidation, and decreased all the forms of superoxide dismutase activity only in combined deficiency. These results suggested that fenvalerate is an oxidant stress inducer in rat liver, and its potential effects on pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance may also be important for human populations, particularly with iodine and/or selenium deficiencies.
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Costa, Estevam M., Bruno M. Nunes, Matheus V. A. Ventura, Roberto K. Mortate, Muriel S. Vilarinho, Rafael M. da Silva, Jaíza F. R. Chagas, et al. "Physiological Effects of Insecticides and Fungicide, Applied in the Treatment of Seeds, on the Germination and Vigor of Soybean Seeds." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p318.
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The initial protection of plants through the use of insecticides and fungicides has been shown to be efficient for a good management of pests and diseases, however the molecules used in seed treatment have demonstrated a physiological effect on germination and initial vegetative development. The present work had as objective the evaluation of the physiological effect caused by two insecticides and a fungicide on the germination and vigor of the seeds. A randomized block design with six treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were: T1-water; T2-Rocks® insecticide; T3-Insecticide Cruiser 350 FS®; T4-Maxim XL® fungicide; T5-Rocks® + Maxim XL® and T5-Cruiser 350 FS® + Maxim XL®. The application of the treatments was performed according to the manufacturers’ recommendations and the percentage of germination of the seeds was evaluated, on paper and sand roll substrates, the rate of emergence, the total length of seedlings, the electrical conductivity of the imbibition and aging solution accelerated, with a later pattern of germination. The data were submitted to Analysis of Variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences for all variables except paper germination. The treatments that received the application of the Maxim XL fungicide demonstrated superiority, both in the evaluation of germination in sand substrate, and in the vigor evaluations of seeds and seedlings, while the treatments that received application of Rocks insecticide were inferior to the other.