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1
Williams, Esther. "RCS promotes musical theatre." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13311314196933.
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Easy listening music in the operating theatre could reduce anxiety for millions of patients undergoing operations using local anaesthetic each year, according to research. This is just one of the surgical news stories that captured the media's imagination last month. Surgeons from the plastic and reconstructive department at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford measured the respiratory rates of emergency patients and asked them to rate their feelings of worry. Half the patients had their operation in a theatre with music playing and half without – the group who were exposed to music reported lower levels of anxiety and had a lower breathing rate.
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Santana, Milana Drumond Ramos, Eli Carlos Martiniano, Larissa Raylane Lucas Monteiro, Vitor E. Valenti, David M. Garner, Isabel Cristina Esposito Sorpreso, and Luiz Carlos de Abreu. "Musical Auditory Stimulation Influences Heart Rate Autonomic Responses to Endodontic Treatment." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4847869.
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We aimed to evaluate the acute effect of musical auditory stimulation on heart rate autonomic regulation during endodontic treatment. The study included 50 subjects from either gender between 18 and 40 years old, diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis or pulp necrosis of the upper front teeth and endodontic treatment indication. HRV was recorded 10 minutes before (T1), during (T2), and immediately (T3 and T4) after endodontic treatment. The volunteers were randomly divided into two equal groups: exposed to music (during T2, T3, and T4) or not. We found no difference regarding salivary cortisol and anxiety score. In the group with musical stimulation heart rate decreased in T3 compared to T1 and mean RR interval increased in T2 and T3 compared to T1. SDNN and TINN indices decreased in T3 compared to T4, the RMSSD and SD1 increased in T4 compared to T1, the SD2 increased compared to T3, and LF (low frequency band) increased in T4 compared to T1 and T3. In the control group, only RMSSD and SD1 increased in T3 compared to T1. Musical auditory stimulation enhanced heart rate autonomic modulation during endodontic treatment.
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Vanderark, Sherman D., and Daniel Ely. "University Biology and Music Majors' Emotional Ratings of Musical Stimuli and Their Physiological Correlates of Heart, Rate, Finger Temperature, and Blood Pressure." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3 (December 1994): 1391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3.1391.
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Physiological responses associated with the ratings of musical stimuli were investigated. For 101 university music and biology students in the experimental group, heart rate, blood pressure, and finger temperature were measured before and after listening to about 10 min. of music (Venus and Jupiter from Holst's The Planets) in an anechoic chamber. They also served as their own controls by sitting in silence for about 10 min. No significant differences were found on the three measures for the two musical stimuli between the musical or control conditions or between the two majors.
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Preti, Antonio, Francesca De Biasi, and Paola Miotto. "Musical Creativity and Suicide." Psychological Reports 89, no. 3 (December 2001): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.89.3.719.
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The different abilities involved in artistic creativity may be mirrored by differences among mental disorders prevalent in each artistic profession, taking poets, painters, and composers as examples. Using suicide rates as a proxy for the prevalence of mental disorders in groups of artists, we investigated the percentage of deaths by suicide in a sample of 4,564 eminent artists who died in the 19th and 20th centuries. Of the sample, 2,259 were primarily involved in activities of a linguistic nature, e.g., poets and writers; 834 were primarily visual artists, such as painters and sculptors; and 1,471 were musicians (composers and instrumentalists). There were 63 suicides in the sample (1.3% of total deaths). Musicians as a group had lower suicide rates than literary and visual artists. Beyond socioeconomic reasons, which might favour interpretations based on effects of health selection, the lower rate of suicides among musicians may reflect some protective effect arising from music.
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Wind, Stefanie A., Pey Shin Ooi, and George Engelhard. "Exploring decision consistency and decision accuracy across rating designs in rater-mediated music performance assessments." Musicae Scientiae 23, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 465–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864918761184.
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Music performance assessments frequently include panels of raters who evaluate the quality of musical performances using rating scales. As a result of practical considerations, it is often not possible to obtain ratings from every rater on every performance (i.e., complete rating designs). When there are differences in rater severity, and not all raters rate all performances, ratings of musical performances and their resulting classification (e.g., pass or fail) depend on the “luck of the rater draw.” In this study, we explored the implications of different types of incomplete rating designs for the classification of musical performances in rater-mediated musical performance assessments. We present a procedure that researchers and practitioners can use to adjust student scores for differences in rater severity when incomplete rating designs are used, and we consider the effects of the adjustment procedure across different types of rating designs. Our results suggested that differences in rater severity have large practical consequences for ratings of musical performances that impact individual students and group of students differently. Furthermore, our findings suggest that it is possible to adjust musical performance ratings for differences in rater severity as long as there are common raters across scoring panels. We consider the implications of our findings as they relate to music assessment research and practice.
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Kumala, Ferry, Diyah Fatmasari, Kurniati Puji Lestari, and Suharyo Hadisaputro. "MUSIC AND AROMATHERAPY: A GOOD COMBINATION FOR REDUCING ANXIETY AND STABILIZING NON-INVASIVE HEMODYNAMIC STATUS IN PATIENTS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT." Belitung Nursing Journal 4, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.354.
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Background: Combining musical and aromatherapy therapy is expected to have a stronger effect in the reduction of anxiety and non-invasive hemodynamic stability.Objective: To examine the effect of the combination of music and aromatherapy on anxiety and non-invasive hemodynamic in patients in the intensive care unit.Methods: This was a quasy experimental study with non-equivalent group. An experimental group was given a combined musical and aromatherapy, while a control group was given music therapy. Thirty samples selected using accidental sampling, with 15 samples randomly assigned in the music group and combination group. HARS scale (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) was used to measure anxiety. Non-invasive hemodynamic status of patients such as blood pressure and heart rate were documented in the observation sheet. Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis.Results: There were significant effects of combination therapy on anxiety (p=0.001), diastole (p=0.004) and heart rate (p=0.031), but no significant effect on systole (p=0.387). While music therapy alone had a significant effect on anxiety (p=0.001), systole (p=0.047), and diastole (p=0.037).Conclusion: The combination therapy (music-aromatherapy) had a greater effect than the music therapy alone in decreasing anxiety, and stabilizing diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. This therapy can be used as an alternative in nursing interventions, and can be used as inputs to develop standard of operational procedure for anxiety and non-invasive hemodynamic stability.
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Milona, Gabriella, Vasilios Pergialiotis, Marianna Theodora, Dimitrios Loutradis, and Georgios Daskalakis. "The Effect of music on maternal anxiety and maternal and fetal heart rate during cardiotocography." Hellenic Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 19, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33574/hjog.2052.
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Introduction: It is well known that music acts as an analgesic. Facilitates muscle relaxation, reduction of physical pain and mental tension. Purpose of this original investigation: study the effect of music on maternal anxiety during cardiotocography as well as its effect on embryonic cardiac function in relation to mother’s heart rate. Method and materials: The survey, conducted in external midwifery medical services of Alexandra’s Hospital, involved 80 pregnant women who met the criteria for participation. They were divided in two groups. The 40 pregnant women were the Musical Group, and the other 40 were the Control Group. In both groups, the STAI scale was used. The control group underwent cardiotocography examination without listening to music. The Musical Group were selected to hear the music track ‘Kung Fu Piano: Cello Ascends’, a cover of the Piano Guys band. The hearing started 5 minutes before the end of the cardiotocography, with headset playing frequencies that are within the frequency spectrum of the music track and special music player, and 10 minutes before the end of the cardiotocography the pulse oximeter Beurer P080 was placed. In this music track we did music and frequency analysis with the following programs: SPAN of Voxeno and Reaper of Cocos, as well as Theory-Harmony of Music, to see if at the time certain changes in the track occur, there are corresponding changes in the heart rate of the mother and the fetus. Results: In our study we observed that music significantly decreased the level of anxiety of women subjected to non-stress test (NST) (Median anxiety score prior to the conduct of the non-stress test 53.38 (49-57) vs 25.20 (23-28) following the completion of the test. Moreover differences among women that heard music were significant compared to those that did not (25.20 (21-28) vs 56 (48-64)) despite the fact that baseline differences among the two groups were comparable (54.45 (59-67) vs 50.80 (53-58). Finally, following performance of music analysis we observed significant variations in the baseline heartbeat of pregnant women as well as in the cardiotocographic analysis of fetuses (number of accelerations, baseline rhythm); those patterns were directly related to musical characteristics of the track that women listened to. Conclusions: Music has a positive effect on pregnancy. It is a non-invasive way of anxiety relief, as well as a simple, non-time-consuming way of improving cardiotocography among low risk cases; thus, potentially diminishing false-positive results which may result in unnecessary deliveries.
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Satriani G, Satriani G., and Abbas Mahmud. "Teknik Relaksasi dengan Alat Musik Tradisional Mandar Menurunkan Skala Nyeri pada Ibu Bersalin Kala I Fase Aktif." Jurnal Kebidanan Malakbi 1, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33490/b.v1i2.208.
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The direct causes of maternal mortality rate are bleeding, eclampsia, abortion, infection, and prolonged labor. Maternal mortality rate can be minimized by safe, clean help, and prevent complications. Labor is a process that begins with uterine contractions causing progressive dilation of the cervix, birth of a baby, and labor of placenta and it is a natural process. This study aims to see the effectiveness of instrumental music relaxation techniques using traditional musical instruments on the labor process of inpartu mothers when phase I was active at Community Health Center in Tampa Padang, Mamuju. This study is an experimental study with a pre-experimental conception and use one group pretest-posttest conception with the population of maternal mothers at Tampa Padang Community Health Centre. The samples are pregnant women who entered the delivery room with inpartu diagnosis of the first stage/phase is active or the opening stage. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling which could be done by 31 people. The data then being analyzed with univariable analysis and bivariable analysis using the Wilcoxon Test with a significance level of 0.05 to see the interface relationship with the decrease in pain scale. The results showed a relationship in reducing pain scale of mothers who were given musical intervention with Mandar traditional musical instruments where p = 0.000. The conclusion of this study shows that by applying instrumental music relaxation techniques with traditional Mandar musical instruments, mothers can adjust to pain during labor so that it can reduce the pain scale in mothers in labor when phase 1 is active.
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Wassermann, Gilbert, and Mark Glickman. "Automated Harmonization of Bass Lines from Bach Chorales: A Hybrid Approach." Computer Music Journal 43, no. 2-3 (June 2020): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00523.
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In this article, a combination of two novel approaches to the harmonization of chorales in the style of J. S. Bach is proposed, implemented, and profiled. The first is the use of the bass line, as opposed to the melody, as the primary input into a chorale-harmonization algorithm. The second is a compromise between methods guided by music knowledge and by machine-learning techniques, designed to mimic the way a music student learns. Specifically, our approach involves learning harmonic structure through a hidden Markov model, and determining individual voice lines by optimizing a Boltzmann pseudolikelihood function incorporating musical constraints through a weighted linear combination of constraint indicators. Although previous generative models have focused only on codifying musical rules or on machine learning without any rule specification, by using a combination of musicologically sound constraints with weights estimated from chorales composed by Bach, we were able to produce musical output in a style that closely resembles Bach's chorale harmonizations. A group of test subjects was able to distinguish which chorales were computer generated only 51.3% of the time, a rate not significantly different from guessing.
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Huang, Ya-li, Yu-qing Lei, Jian-feng Liu, Hua Cao, Xian-rong Yu, and Qiang Chen. "Comparison of the Effectiveness of Music Video Therapy and Music Therapy on Pain after Cardiothoracic Surgery in Preschool Children." Heart Surgery Forum 24, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): E299—E304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3509.
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Objective: To explore the effects of music video therapy on pain among preschool children after cardiothoracic surgery. Methods: Patients in the music video therapy (MVT) group received a 30-min music video intervention, while patients in the music therapy (MT) group received a 30-min musical intervention. Both groups were given their respective therapy three times a day for three days. Patients in the control group did not receive MVT or MV. Measures, including pain scores, vital signs (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation), and other postoperative indicators were recorded and analyzed. Results: The MVT group showed a statistically significant decrease in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and respiratory rate at the first day after surgery and pain scores at the first and second day after surgery compared to the MT group, but no significant difference was identified in oxygen saturation. The postoperative indicators including cumulative capacity of sufentanil use, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and the length of hospital stay in the MVT group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusion: The findings provide further evidence to support the practice of music video therapy as a non-pharmaceutical intervention to reduce postoperative pain, reduce the dosage of analgesics, shorten the length of ICU and hospital stay in preschool children after the cardiothoracic surgery.
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Fuchs, Dominik, Thomas K. Hillecke, and Marco Warth. "Relaxation Effects of Musically Guided Resonance Breathing: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." Music and Medicine 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v10i2.576.
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Recent evidence shows that both music therapy and resonance breathing (breathing at about 0.1 Hz) may be effective in treating stress-related symptoms and promoting relaxation. However, no study has yet explored the potential of integrating the working mechanisms into a combined approach using live played music to guide respiration. Therefore, the objective of the present pilot study was to evaluate the psychophysiological effects of a combined intervention. A total of 60 healthy adults were randomized to either the experimental group or the control group (where participants listened to prerecorded relaxation music). Heart rate and heart rate variability were extracted for the following 5-minute segments: Resting baseline, stress task, intervention, resting post-intervention. Additionally, self-evaluation scores for relaxation and general well-being were assessed with visual analogue scales. Significant time × group interaction effects were found for general well-being (p = .028) and heart rate variability as measured by RMSSD (p < .001), indicative of increased parasympathetic outflow in the experimental group. In conclusion, the combination of music therapy and resonance breathing seems to be a well-received and effective way to induce relaxation and well-being in healthy adults.
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Wulandari, Dwi, Wida Rahayuningtyas, and Ika Wahyu Widyawati. "Pengaruh Model Project Base Learning terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif pada Materi Bermain Alat Musik Sederhana di SMP Negeri 3 Singosari." JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i32021p320-330.
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Abstract: Creative thinking is the ability used to solve a problem with ideas that are owned by an individual. Learning the Art of Music is learning that requires creativity and creative thinking in the learning process, especially in the practice of playing musical instruments. To develop creative thinking skills in playing musical instruments, it is necessary to apply a Project Base Learning Model that can encourage students to express their ideas and creativity in solving problems. This study aims to determine the effect of Project Base Learning Model on students' creative thinking skills in playing simple musical instruments at SMP Negeri 3 Singosari. This research is a Quasi Experiment. The population in this study were all grade VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Singosari with a sample of class VII H and VII I SMPN 3 Singosari who were taken randomly. The hypothesis test results obtained a statistical value t count of -3,775 or 3,775. This value is more than the t table, so the null hypothesis is rejected. The average difference between the experimental and control groups was 0.184 with an average gain score of the experimental group being higher than the control group. These results indicate that the class average score using the project base learning model is higher than the class that does not use the project base learning model.
Keywords: Model Project Base Learning, creative thinking ability
Abstrak: Berpikir kreatif adalah kemampuan yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah dengan ide-ide yang dimiliki oleh seorang individu. Pembelajaran Seni Musik merupakan pembelajaran yang membutuhkan kreativitas dan berpikir kreatif dalam proses pembelajarannya terutama pada praktik bermain alat musik. Untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif dalam bermain alat musik, perlu diterapkan Model Project Base Learning yang dapat mendorong siswa untuk mengekspresikan ide-ide dan kreativitas mereka dalam menyelesaikan masalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Project Base Learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa dalam bermain alat musik sederhana SMP Negeri 3 Singosari. Penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperiment. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Singosari dengan sampel kelas VII H dan VII I SMPN 3 Singosari yang diambil secara acak. Hasil uji hipotesis didapatkan nilai statistik t hitung sebesar -3,775 atau 3,775. Nilai tersebut lebih dari t table, sehingga hipotesis nol ditolak. Perbedaan rata-rata antara kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol sebesar 0,184 dengan rata-rata gain score kelompok eksperimen lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Hasil tersebut menyatakan bahwa nilai rata-rata kelas yang menggunakan model project base learning lebih tinggi daripada kelas yang tidak menggunakan model project base leraning.
Kata kunci: Model Project Base Learning, kemampuan berpikir kreatif
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Kenny, Dianna T., Tim Driscoll, and Bronwen J. Ackermann. "Effects of Aging on Musical Performance in Professional Orchestral Musicians." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2018.1007.
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BACKGROUND: The physical and psychological demands of playing a musical instrument are likely to be affected by age-related decline in function, including physical, cognitive, psychological, and organ-related changes. However, the complex neurophysiological demands of playing a musical instrument may delay many normal aging-related changes. AIM: This study compared professional classical musicians of different ages, using a range of physical and psychological measures, to discover how increasing age might affect work performance and to identify possible risk and protective factors for physical and psychological health as the musicians age. SUBJECTS: 377 professional orchestral musicians from eight Australian orchestras (70% response rate), ages 18 to 68 yrs (mean 42.1). Multiple standardized physical and psychological tools were used to evaluate the impact of age on a range of physical and mental health variables. RESULTS: Age was not statistically associated with frequency or severity of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders, ratings of perceived exertion, QuickDASH scores, use of beta-blockers, workplace satisfaction, and most psychological tests. Differences were observed on SPIN (social anxiety) scores, with lowest scores in the oldest age group (10.66 in 55+ yrs vs 17.83 in 18-30 yrs, p=0.016). Older musicians had higher BMIs and fewer practice sessions per day than younger musicians and also were more likely to consume alcohol on 5+ days/wk (44% vs 9%, p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Advancing age does not appear to exert undue negative impacts on physical and psychological health or performance capacity of professional orchestral musicians. However, dwindling numbers in the older age groups may suggest a "survivor" effect, whereby those who develop significant age-related decrements may cease professional performance at earlier ages. Longitudinal studies on the professional trajectories of professional orchestral musicians are needed to explore this question further.
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Ryan, Charlene, and Eugenia Costa-Giomi. "Attractiveness Bias in the Evaluation of Young Pianists' Performances." Journal of Research in Music Education 52, no. 2 (July 2004): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345436.
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We investigated how the attractiveness bias that influences the judgment of a variety of characteristics and behaviors in infants, children, and adults affects the evaluation of young pianists' performances. The assumption was that both the visual and the audio components of a videotaped musical performance influence the viewers perception of performance quality. We asked children, musicians, and nonmusicians (n = 75) to rate the quality of 10 piano performances from audiotapes (sound only) and from videotapes (sound and image). Additionally, the participants rated the attractiveness of the performers from brief videos of the performers getting ready to play. Results show that evaluations of audiovisual recordings of musical performances are judged more reliably than are audio recordings but also suggest that they may be affected by an attractiveness bias. The bias was found to favor the more attractive pianists among the female performers and among the best players, and the less attractive pianists among the male performers. The decision to use more reliable means of evaluation (videotapes or DVDs) at the expense of favoring a particular group of performers would have to be taken carefully depending on the outcomes of the situation.
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Teachout, David J. "Preservice and Experienced Teachers' Opinions of Skills and Behaviors Important to Successful Music Teaching." Journal of Research in Music Education 45, no. 1 (April 1997): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345464.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of preservice teachers and experienced teachers when asked, “What skills and behaviors are important to successful music teaching in the first three years of experience?” The sample consisted of randomly selected groups of preservice teachers ( n = 35) and experienced teachers ( n = 35). Subjects were given a list of teacher skills/behaviors and asked to rate the level of importance of each item using a 4-point Likert-type scale. For each item, the mean score for both groups was calculated and used to determine rank order. Of the 10 top-ranked items for each group, 7 were common to both groups. On 6 of the 40 items, there existed a difference of 10 or more rankings between the groups. Nine of the 40 items were ranked equally or within one ranking of each other. As an ex post facto measure, each of the items was placed into one of three broad skill categories (personal, musical, or teaching). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine that both groups rated personal skills and teaching skills as significantly more important than musical skills.
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Scherer, Klaus R., Marcel R. Zentner, and Annekathrin Schacht. "Emotional states generated by music: An exploratory study of music experts." Musicae Scientiae 5, no. 1_suppl (September 2001): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10298649020050s106.
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A group of music experts (N = 98) were asked to report (in responding to a questionnaire) on their affective, cognitive, and physiological reactions to a piece of music they recently heard and that struck them as having produced an emotional response. In addition, participants were also asked to rate the relative importance of a list of musical and extramusical features that could have contributed to their reactions. A coding system was developed to organize and quantify the freely reported reactions. With respect to bodily symptoms, the most frequent reactions included semi-physiological variables such as tears and shivers, cardiovascular symptoms, as well as incitement to motor action such as jumping or dancing. With respect to subjective experiences or feelings, reports such as feeling nostalgic, charmed, moved, or aroused were more frequent than reports of “basic” emotions such as sadness, anger, joy, or fear. Musical structure was given the highest rating of the list of potential determinants, but technical, acoustical, and interpretational features also received high ratings. The authors discuss how these results and their conceptual elaboration can provide a guide for more systematic investigation of emotion induction via music.
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Lee, Eunsung, Yerim Shin, Sungmin Jo, and Jinsook Kim. "A Study for Composition and Comparison of the Music Perception Tests for Normal Hearing and Cochlear Implant Users." Audiology and Speech Research 17, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21848/asr.210016.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to compose the test for music perception and analyze the characteristic of cochlear implant users’ music perception.Methods: The test was made up with the pitch, melody, and timbre factors, using three low and high frequencies, six music genres, and four types of musical instruments correspondingly. The tests were conducted to 10 normal-hearing (NH) young adults and 10 young cochlear-implant (CI) users.Results: All the music perception tests showed significant differences between NH and CI group [F(1, 4) = 0.018, p = 0.019]. In the pitch test, CI group showed significantly lower correction rate(51.3%) than NH group (82.7%) did with higher correction rates in low frequencies. In the melody test, CI group showed significantly lower correction rate (29.7%) than NH group (95.8%) did with the highest performance in folk songs (51.7%). In the timbre test, CI group showed significantly reduced performance (22.5%) than NH group (65.8%) did. For both CI and NH groups, the pitched percussion showed the highest scores (45% and 100%) while the woodwind showed the lowest scores (13.3% and 48.3%).Conclusion: Out of three tests, CI group showed better performance in pitch perception than melody and timber perception. CI group showed better performances in low pitch sounds, melodies of familiar genre, and sound of pitched percussion instruments’ timber showing complicated music perception ability. To enhance the music perception ability for CI users by aural rehabilitation, more specified and systematic music perception test material should be developed.
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Poudrier, Ève. "The Influence of Rate and Accentuation on Subjective Rhythmization." Music Perception 38, no. 1 (September 2020): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.38.1.27.
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The parsing of undifferentiated tone sequences into groups of qualitatively distinct elements is one of the earliest rhythmic phenomena to have been investigated experimentally (Bolton, 1894). The present study aimed to replicate and extend these findings through online experimentation using a spontaneous grouping paradigm with forced-choice response (from 1 to 12 tones per group). Two types of isochronous sequences were used: equitone sequences, which varied only with respect to signal rate (200, 550, or 950 ms interonset intervals), and accented sequences, in which accents were added every two or three tones to test the effect of induced grouping (duple vs. triple) and accent type (intensity, duration, or pitch). In equitone sequences, participants’ grouping percepts (N = 4,194) were asymmetrical and tempo-dependent, with “no grouping” and groups of four being most frequently reported. In accented sequences, slower rate, induced triple grouping, and intensity accents correlated with increases in group length. Furthermore, the probability of observing a mixed metric type—that is, grouping percepts divisible by both two and three (6 and 12)—was found to be highest in faster sequences with induced triple grouping. These findings suggest that lower-level triple grouping gives rise to binary grouping percepts at higher metrical levels.
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Wapnick, Joel, Jolan Kovacs Mazza, and Alice-Ann Darrow. "Effects of Performer Attractiveness, Stage Behavior, and Dress on Violin Performance Evaluation." Journal of Research in Music Education 46, no. 4 (December 1998): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345347.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain nonmusical attributes of violinists would affect judges' ratings of their performances. Twelve violinists (6 females and 6 males) were videotaped. They and their performances were rated by 72 graduate students and university music faculty members. Members of the visual group rated violinists by viewing a videotape with the sound turned off They rated them on appropriateness of dress, stage behavior, and physical attractiveness. Members of the audiovisual and audio groups rated musical performance on six test items and did not rate nonmusical attributes. Results from the audiovisual and audio groups revealed significant interactions on half the test items for treatment by dress and treatment by stage behavior: violinists who were high on stage behavior and on dress benefitted significantly from videotape evaluation, but violinists who were low on these attributes were not evaluated differently on audiotape versus videotape. For attractiveness, however, there was no significant interaction: more attractive violinists received higher musical performance ratings than less attractive violinists did under both the audiovisual and audio conditions. In light of earlier research, this suggests that more-attractive performers may progress to a higher level in their acquisition of performance skills than less-attractive performers.
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Gülüm, Ozan, and Murat Karabulut. "Examining the potential of students who take violin education ın Divisions of Music Education, ın recognizing and ımplementing musical dynamics (Ataturk Unıversity sample)Müzik Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarında keman eğitimi alan öğrencilerin müzikal dinamikleri bilme ve uygulama durumlarının incelenmesi (Atatürk Üniversitesi örneği)." Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 3 (December 26, 2016): 5853. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4315.
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The main purpose of this research is to examine the potential of students who take violin education in Divisions of Music Education, in recognizing and implementing musical dynamics; to introduce the interaction between each other, to measure the impacts of building awareness on musical dynamics during the process of implementation, and to find out whether these cases differ or not, according to the types of high school which the students graduated from and their grade levels. Experimental and descriptive methods have been used together in this study. In descriptive part, a scale consisting of written questions have been used in order to measure the students’ potential of recognizing the musical dynamics. In experimental part, the pretest-posttest design with one group have been used and implemented to 3rd grade and 4th grade students who are studying at AUKKFE Department of Fine Arts Education, Division of Music Education. During the implementation, two records have been filed and these records have been processed to the observation form by the domain experts, by using “Five-Unit Likert Scale”. In the light of the obtained results, it has been determined that; in the implementation of musical dynamics, there are no differences in terms of the grade level and type of high school having been graduated from. While the answers given by the students to the written questions show an accuracy, it has been observed that they obtained low marks in the pretest. The success rate has risen in the posttest with making the musical dynamics in the notes more apparent, and without any guidance. In conclusion, it has been found that recognizing the musical dynamics does not help the implementation process; and building simple awarenesses contributes to the playing of musical dynamics. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı; Müzik Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarında keman eğitimi alan öğrencilerin müzikal dinamikleri bilme ve uygulayabilme durumlarını incelemek; incelenen bu iki durumun birbirleri ile etkileşiminin nasıl olduğunu ortaya koymak; uygulama aşamasında müzikal dinamikler üzerinde farkındalık yaratmanın etkilerini ölçmek; mezun oldukları lise türlerine ve sınıf düzeylerine göre bu durumların farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu araştırmada deneysel ve betimsel yöntem bir arada uygulanmıştır. Betimsel kısımda öğrencilerin müzikal dinamikleri bilme durumlarının ölçülmesi için yazılı sorulardan oluşan bir ölçek kullanılmıştır. Deneysel kısımda tek gruplu ön test-son test modeli uygulanarak AÜKKEF Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi Bölümü Müzik Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıf keman öğrencilerine uygulanmıştır. Uygulama aşamasında iki kayıt alınmış bu kayıtlar, ilgili alan uzmanları tarafından “Beşli Likert Ölçeği” kullanılarak gözlem formuna işlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında müzikal dinamikleri uygulamada, sınıf düzeyi ve mezun olunan lise türü değişkenleri açısından bir farklılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin yazılı sorulara verdiği cevaplar büyük oranda bir doğruluk gösterirken, ön testte düşük puanlar aldıkları görülmüştür. Son testte herhangi bir yönlendirmede bulunulmadan notalar üzerindeki müzikal dinamiklerin daha dikkat çekici hale getirilmesi ile başarı grafiği yükselmiştir. Sonuç olarak, müzikal dinamikleri bilmenin bunları uygulamaya yardımcı olmadığı, basit farkındalıklar yaratmanın müzikal dinamiklerin çalınmasına olumlu katkısı olduğu sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır.
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Du, Yan, Penny Roberts, and Qingwen Xu. "The Effects of Tai Chi Practice With Asynchronous Music on Compliance and Fall-Related Risk Factors in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Pilot Study." Journal of Holistic Nursing 35, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010116636972.
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Purpose: This study examined whether practicing Tai Chi (TC) along with music can maximize the effects of TC on compliance and fall-related risk factors (Dynamic Gait Index and fear of falling). Design: A convenient sample was recruited in a community senior center. Eighteen women aged 50 to 84 years (9 White, 9 Black) were block randomly assigned to a TC in silence (TC + S; n = 6) or a TC with music (TC + M; n = 12) class. Method: Thirteen participants (4 in TC + S group, 9 in TC + M group) with completed pre- and posttests were included in the final analysis. Paired t tests were conducted to examine changes within groups over time and analysis of covariance was used to assess group differences. Findings: After 15 weeks of intervention, balance increased in both groups with significantly higher benefits in the TC + M group ( p < .05). Fear of falling scores improved in TC + M group and compliance rate was higher in this group. Conclusions: Practicing TC + M may help increase adherence in White and Black middle-aged and older women, and maximize the effects of TC on fall-related risk factors. Studies with more rigorous study design, including musical considerations, are warranted.
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STEELE, KENNETH M. "Do Rats Show a Mozart Effect?" Music Perception 21, no. 2 (2003): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2003.21.2.251.
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The ““Mozart effect”” is an increase in spatial reasoning scores after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. Both the production and interpretation of the effect are controversial. Many studies have failed to replicate the original effect. Other studies have explained a Mozart effect as being caused by changes in arousal or differences in preferences of the listener. F. H. Rauscher, K. D. Robinson, and J. J. Jens (1998) reported that rats learned to complete a T-maze more quickly if they had been exposed in utero and reared hearing a Mozart piano sonata. They concluded that the result indicated a direct effect of the music on brain development and contradicted competing accounts of arousal or preference. This article is an analysis of the experiment by Rauscher et al. The in utero exposure would have been ineffective because rats are born deaf. A comparison of human and rat audiograms, in the context of the frequencies produced by a piano, suggests that adult rats are deaf to most notes in the sonata. The successful performance of the Mozart group may be explained by the incomplete use of random assignment of subjects to groups and by experimenter effects in the construction of groups. The results of Rauscher et al. (1998) do not provide strong support for the existence of the Mozart effect.
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AWADALLAH, MOHAMMED A., AHAMAD TAJUDIN KHADER, MOHAMMED AZMI AL-BETAR, and ASAJU LA'ARO BOLAJI. "HARMONY SEARCH WITH NOVEL SELECTION METHODS IN MEMORY CONSIDERATION FOR NURSE ROSTERING PROBLEM." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 31, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595914500146.
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The selection methods of population-based metaheuristics provide the driving force to generate good solutions. These selection methods select the individuals with a higher fitness to be members of the population in the next iteration correspond to the natural rule of Darwin's principle survival-of-the-fittest. Harmony search algorithm is a population-based metaheuristic, which mimicking the musical improvisation process where a group of musicians play the pitches of their musical instruments seeking for a pleasing harmony. It improvises the new harmony based on three rules: memory consideration, random consideration, and pitch adjustment. In this paper, we investigate the replacement of the original random selection of memory consideration with a set of selection methods in order to speed-up the convergence. These selection methods include tournament, proportional, and liner rank of Genetic Algorithm, and Global-best of Particle Swarm Optimization. The proposed harmony search with the different memory consideration selection methods evaluated using standard dataset published in the first International Nurse Rostering Competition INRC2010. Nurse rostering problem is a combinatorial optimization problem tackled by assigning a set of nurses with different skills to a set of shifts over predefined scheduling period. Experimentally, the tournament memory consideration selection method achieved the best rate of convergence as well as the best results in comparison with the other memory consideration selection methods.
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S., Suguna, and Deepika K. "The effects of music on pulse rate and blood pressure in healthy young adults." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 12 (November 25, 2017): 5268. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20175438.
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Background: Music is a combination of frequency, beat, density, tone, rhythm, repetition, loudness and lyrics. Cardiovascular autonomic function syncs with the different musical rhythms and modulates the cardiovascular system. When we are exposed to slow beat music the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated decreasing the heart rate and while listening to fast beat music the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and increases the heart rate. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of slow and fast beat music on pulse rate and blood pressure.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 100 healthy adults of age group 18-25yrs. The subject was made to lie down in a couch and pulse rate and blood pressure is measured by LED BP apparatus. After that slow beat music (“The weightless” most relaxing song of 2011) was played through the headphone. Then the pulse rate and blood pressure were recorded immediately after the music. After a period of 5 minutes rest, again pulse rate and blood pressure were measured. Then, fast beat music (“World Wide chopper”) was played and the pulse rate and blood pressure were measured immediately after the fast music.Results: There was significant reduction in pulse rate and blood pressure after listening to slow music whereas there was significant increase in pulse rate and blood pressure after listening to fast music.Conclusions: We concluded that listening to slow beat music lowers the pulse rate and blood pressure, thereby improving the cardiac autonomic regulation.
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Kavak, Servet, Lokman Ayaz, and Mustafa Emre. "Effects of Rosiglitazone with Insulin Combination Therapy on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Left Ventricular Muscles of Diabetic Rats." Experimental Diabetes Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/905683.
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Purpose. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rosiglitazone (RSG) with insulin is able to quench oxidative stress initiated by high glucose through prevention of NAD(P)H oxidase activation.Methods and Materials. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into an untreated control group (C), a diabetic group (D) that was treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mgkg−1), and rosiglitazone group that was treated with RSG twice daily by gavage and insulin once daily by subcutaneous injection (group B). HbA1c and blood glucose levels in the circulation and malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine levels in left ventricular muscle were measured.Result. Treatment of D rats with group B resulted in a time-dependent decrease in blood glucose. We found that the lipid profile and HbA1c levels in group B reached the control group D rat values at the end of the treatment period. There was an increase in 3-nitrotyrosine levels in group D compared to group C. Malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine levels were found to be decreased in group B compared to group D(P<0.05).Conclusion. Our data suggests that the treatment of diabetic rats with group B for 8 weeks may decrease the oxidative/nitrosative stress in left ventricular tissue of rats. Thus, in diabetes-related vascular diseases, group B treatment may be cardioprotective.
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Bendor, Daniel, and Xiaoqin Wang. "Neural Coding of Periodicity in Marmoset Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (April 2010): 1809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00281.2009.
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Pitch, our perception of how high or low a sound is on a musical scale, crucially depends on a sound's periodicity. If an acoustic signal is temporally jittered so that it becomes aperiodic, the pitch will no longer be perceivable even though other acoustical features that normally covary with pitch are unchanged. Previous electrophysiological studies investigating pitch have typically used only periodic acoustic stimuli, and as such these studies cannot distinguish between a neural representation of pitch and an acoustical feature that only correlates with pitch. In this report, we examine in the auditory cortex of awake marmoset monkeys ( Callithrix jacchus) the neural coding of a periodicity's repetition rate, an acoustic feature that covaries with pitch. We first examine if individual neurons show similar repetition rate tuning for different periodic acoustic signals. We next measure how sensitive these neural representations are to the temporal regularity of the acoustic signal. We find that neurons throughout auditory cortex covary their firing rate with the repetition rate of an acoustic signal. However, similar repetition rate tuning across acoustic stimuli and sensitivity to temporal regularity were generally only observed in a small group of neurons found near the anterolateral border of primary auditory cortex, the location of a previously identified putative pitch processing center. These results suggest that although the encoding of repetition rate is a general component of auditory cortical processing, the neural correlate of periodicity is confined to a special class of pitch-selective neurons within the putative pitch processing center of auditory cortex.
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Dingle, Genevieve A., and Carly Fay. "Tuned In: The effectiveness for young adults of a group emotion regulation program using music listening." Psychology of Music 45, no. 4 (October 19, 2016): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616668586.
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This article presents a description and pilot evaluation of Tuned In, a brief group intervention using music listening to teach young people emotional awareness and regulation skills. The program is underpinned by a two-dimensional (valence and arousal) model of emotion and activities to enhance participants’ emotional responses while listening to music. The four-session program was piloted with 51 university students aged 18–25 years (67% female). Approximately a third of the sample was above the normal range for depression, anxiety or stress symptoms. Participants were randomly assigned to Tuned In or a wait-list control. Tuned In involved groups of around eight participants with two psychologist facilitators. Tuned In participants experienced greater improvement in emotional awareness and clarity and total emotion regulation than controls. Weekly ratings pooled for the entire sample (after the wait-listed participants had completed Tuned In) indicated significant improvements over time in emotional awareness, ability to name emotions, and ability to regulate emotions. Ratings of engagement were high and the overall attendance rate was 98%. Tuned In shows promise as a brief emotion regulation intervention for young adults.
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Ozturk, Ayse, Cemal Fırat, Hakan Parlakpınar, Aysun Bay-Karabulut, Hale Kirimlioglu, and Ali Gurlek. "Beneficial Effects of Aminoguanidine on Skin Flap Survival in Diabetic Rats." Experimental Diabetes Research 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/721256.
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Random flaps in DM patients have poor reliability for wound coverage, and flap loss remains a complex challenge. The protective effects of aminoguanidine (AG) administration on the survival of dorsal random flaps and oxidative stress were studied in diabetic rats. Two months after the onset of DM, dorsal McFarlane flaps were raised. Forty rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) AG, (3) DM, and (4) DM + AG groups. Flap viability, determined with the planimetric method, and free-radical measurements were investigated. In addition, HbA1c and blood glucose levels, body weight measurements, and histopathological examinations were evaluated. The mean flap necrotic areas (%) in Groups I to IV were 50.9 ± 13.0, 32.9 ± 12.5, 65.2 ± 11.5, and 43.5 ± 14.7, respectively. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were higher in the DM group than in the nondiabetic group, while the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were reduced as a result of flap injury. In the diabetic and nondiabetic groups, AG administration significantly reduced the MDA and NO levels and significantly increased GSH content and SOD enzyme activity. We concluded that AG plays an important role in preventing random pattern flap necrosis.
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Jafari Anarkooli, Iraj, Mojtaba Sankian, Shahriar Ahmadpour, Abdol-ReZa Varasteh, and Hossein Haghir. "Evaluation of Bcl-2 Family Gene Expression and Caspase-3 Activity in Hippocampus STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats." Experimental Diabetes Research 2008 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/638467.
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We assessed the expression of Bcl-2 family members at both mRNA and protein levels as well as the Caspase-3 activity, in order to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis in hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. We selected twenty-four Wistar rats; half of them were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of a single 60 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin (STZ, IP), while the others received normal saline and served as controls. The expressions of Bcl-2,Bcl-xL, and Bax mRNA and proteins were measured using RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Caspases-3 activity was determined by using the Caspase-3/CPP32 Fluorometric Assay Kit. The result showed that mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 andBcl-xLwere lower in hippocampus of diabetic group than that of the control group, whereas expressions of Bax in hippocampus of diabetic rats were higher than that of controls at both mRNA and protein levels (P<.01). Hyperglycemia was found to raise 6.9-fold hippocampal caspase-3 activity in diabetic group compared with control group (P<.001). Therefore, the induction of diabetes is associated with increased ratios of Bax/Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-xL, and increased caspase-3 activity in hippocampus which shows that apoptosis is favored in hippocampal region.
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Tânia, Lisboa, Aaron Williamon, Massimo Zicari, and Hubert Eiholzer. "Mastery through imitation: A preliminary study." Musicae Scientiae 9, no. 1 (March 2005): 75–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490500900103.
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A paradox exists between the long history of teaching music through imitative strategies and the demand to possess original artistic insight. This article addresses this paradox by investigating the general musical and educational implications of imitative learning strategies. In the first study, five advanced violinists were divided into an Experimental Group (n=3) and a Control Group (n=2). All violinists were asked to prepare and perform the Adagio from J. S. Bach's Sonata for Solo Violin in G minor, discussing with the researchers their views on how they felt this composition should be interpreted. The violinists in the Experimental Group were subsequently asked to study a Target recording of the piece by Jascha Heifetz (the duration of study was unspecified) and to perform a “perceptually indistinguishable copy” of it. This was followed by interviews and a final, non-imitated performance approximately one month later. The results of detailed analyses of timing profiles from the performances and interviews show that the participants were able to imitate expressive features of the Target recording. The results also reveal that the imitation process directly influenced their conceptions of how the piece could be interpreted (as observed in the final performances) but that the extent of this influence was highly individual-specific. In the second study, listeners (n=30) were presented with recordings of all three performances given by the violinists in the Experimental Group and with the Target recording; they were asked to rate the overall quality of each performance and their similarity to the Target on 7-point scales. The results show that the imitation process did produce perceptually salient changes in the violinists' performances but the direction of change in terms of overall quality (positive or negative) was also individual specific. The results from both studies are discussed in relation to their pedagogical implications.
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Sanfilippo, Katie Rose M., Bonnie McConnell, Victoria Cornelius, Buba Darboe, Hajara B. Huma, Malick Gaye, Hassoum Ceesay, et al. "Community psychosocial music intervention (CHIME) to reduce antenatal common mental disorder symptoms in The Gambia: a feasibility trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e040287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040287.
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ObjectivesExamine the feasibility of a Community Health Intervention through Musical Engagement (CHIME) in The Gambia to reduce common mental disorder (CMD) symptoms in pregnant women.DesignFeasibility trial testing a randomised stepped-wedge cluster design.SettingFour local antenatal clinics.ParticipantsWomen who were 14–24 weeks pregnant and spoke Mandinka or Wolof were recruited into the intervention (n=50) or control group (n=74).InterventionMusic-based psychosocial support sessions designed and delivered by all-female fertility societies. Sessions lasted 1 hour and were held weekly for 6 weeks. Delivered to groups of women with no preselection. Sessions were designed to lift mood, build social connection and provide health messaging through participatory music making. The control group received standard antenatal care.OutcomesDemographic, feasibility, acceptability outcomes and the appropriateness of the study design were assessed. Translated measurement tools (Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20); Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)) were used to assess CMD symptoms at baseline, post-intervention and 4-week follow-up.ResultsAll clinics and 82% of women approached consented to take part. A 33% attrition rate across all time points was observed. 72% in the intervention group attended at least three sessions. Audio and video analysis confirmed fidelity of the intervention and a thematic analysis of participant interviews demonstrated acceptability and positive evaluation. Results showed a potential beneficial effect with a reduction of 2.13 points (95% CI (0.89 to 3.38), p<0.01, n=99) on the SRQ-20 and 1.98 points (95% CI (1.06 to 2.90), p<0.01, n=99) on the EPDS at the post-intervention time point for the intervention group compared with standard care.ConclusionResults demonstrate that CHIME is acceptable and feasible in The Gambia. To our knowledge, CHIME is the first example of a music-based psychosocial intervention to be applied to perinatal mental health in a low- and middle-income country context.Trial registration numberPan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201901917619299).
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Dawson, William J. "Upper Extremity Difficulties in the Dedicated Amateur Instrumentalisty." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2001.4025.
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There are more than 62 million amateur instrumental musicians in the United States, many of whom can be described as active, dedicated amateurs. This report details a 15-year experience with 258 such patients with upper extremity problems from the author’s hand surgical practice, and compares some epidemiological and etiological parameters of this group with a cohort of 322 professional instrumentalists. The 258 patients’ ages ranged from 10 to 87 years; 137 (53.1%) were males. More than 75% played string or keyboard instruments. Music was the cause of difficulties in only 14% overall, but this rate rose to 47.2% for overuse-related diagnoses. Inflammatory conditions and muscle–tendon strains were equally represented and constituted 85% of all overuse diagnoses. Trauma caused difficulties in 124 patients (48.1%) and resulted from sports participation in one-third of these; it was significantly more common in males under 40. Falls on the upper limb accounted for another third of the injuries. Fractures and joint dislocations were the most common traumatic diagnoses, most often affecting the digits and distal forearm/wrist. A group of 45 “other” conditions included 18 patients with various nerve compressions (13 with carpal tunnel syndrome), 12 with ganglia in the wrist or fingers, and seven with various inflammatory problems. Only 17 patients presented with arthritic conditions, all resulting from degenerative joint disease; eight had involvement of the thumb carpometacarpal joint. This dedicated amateur group was similar to the professional cohort in many epidemiologic, etiologic, and diagnostic parameters, although the professionals were more likely to present on more than one occasion with upper extremity problems, and more of their problems were related to musical practice or performance.
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Kok, Laura M., Bionka MA Huisstede, Taco J. Douglas, and Rob GHH Nelissen. "Association of Arm Position and Playing Time with Prevalence of Complaints of the Arm, Neck, and/or Shoulder (CANS) in Amateur Musicians: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study Among University Students." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2017.1003.
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OBJECTIVE: In addition to known risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints in the general population, playing a musical instrument is an additional risk factor. In this pilot study, the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in student amateur musicians and their relation with playing posture and playing time were evaluated. METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey among amateur musicians studying at a Dutch university. RESULTS: 162 amateur musicians were included in this pilot study (response rate 17.6%). 46.9% of these amateur musicians played with an elevated arm position. Presence of complaints of the arm, neck and/or shoulder (CANS) was not statistically significantly related to arm position, except for complaints in the left shoulder with an elevated left arm position compared to neutral left arm position (OR 6.7, CI 95% 2.2–20.8) The number of hours playing per week did not significantly contribute to CANS (OR 1.0, CI 95% 0.95–1.17). CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study among student amateur musicians, the occurrence of CANS was not significantly related to arm position, except for musicians playing with an elevated left arm position, which was associated with complaints of the left shoulder (OR 6.7). The number of hours playing per week did not significantly contribute to CANS in this group of musicians.
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Hamilton, Lani M., and Robert A. Duke. "Changes in Perception Accompany the Development of Music Performance Skills." Journal of Research in Music Education 68, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429420920567.
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In two experiments we examined the extent to which musicians identify discrepancies between their intentions and their playing during individual practice. In the first experiment, 60 musicians representing four levels of skill development practiced a familiar piece from their own repertoire for 5 min while being audio recorded. They then listened to their recorded practice and pressed a computer key to mark moments of discrepancy between what they had intended while practicing and what they heard on the recordings. The mean rates of key presses did not differ among the four participant groups, although there were large within-group variances. In the second experiment, 13 high school and 11 expert participants from Experiment 1 returned 2 years later and listened to their original recordings, this time marking moments of discrepancy between what would be their current intentions and what they heard on their 2-year-old recordings. High school participants marked significantly more discrepancies after 2 years than they had in Experiment 1, but the mean rate of key presses among experts did not increase between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. These results support the notion that the precision of performance goals and the acuity of perceptual discrimination are central features of musical expertise.
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Schäfer, Thomas, and Peter Sedlmeier. "Does the Body Move the Soul? The Impact of Arousal on Music Preference." Music Perception 29, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2011.29.1.37.
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people often report changes in emotional arousal when listening to their preferred music. Can this subjective impression be related to objective physiological measures? And if so, does preference induce arousal or could arousal also influence preference? In Study 1, participants listened to 18 pieces of music and rated the strength of preference as well as their experienced emotional arousal for each piece. In addition, physiological arousal was measured via heart rate, skin conductance, and respiration rate. Results showed that subjective reports about emotional arousal were much more closely connected to the strength of music preference than were physiological measures such as heart rate or skin conductance. The two types of arousal (emotional, physiological) were not substantially associated with each other. In Study 2, we manipulated physiological arousal while one group of participants watched their faces in a mirror during music listening. Effects on music preference differed: For a given piece of unknown music, higher induced arousal yielded higher preference ratings. However, this result only held when the music was not too complex. The results indicated that arousal was not solely a consequence of listening to preferred music but might also be a potent determinant of music preference.
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Bretherton, Beatrice, Jim Deuchars, and W. Luke Windsor. "The Effects of Controlled Tempo Manipulations on Cardiovascular Autonomic Function." Music & Science 2 (January 1, 2019): 205920431985828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204319858281.
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Music has been associated with alterations in autonomic function. Tempo, the speed of music, is one of many musical parameters that may drive autonomic modulation. However, direct measures of sympathetic nervous system activity and control groups and/or control stimuli do not feature in prior work. This article therefore reports an investigation into the autonomic effects of increases and decreases in tempo. Fifty-eight healthy participants (age range: 22–80 years) were randomly allocated to either an experimental ( n = 29, tune) or control (rhythm of the same tune) group. All participants underwent five conditions: baseline, stable tempo (tune/rhythm repeatedly played at 120 bpm), tempo increase (tune/rhythm played at 60 bpm, 90 bpm, 120 bpm, 150 bpm, 180 bpm), tempo decrease (tune/rhythm played at 180 bpm, 150 bpm, 120 bpm, 90 bpm, 60 bpm) and recovery. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were continuously recorded. The 60 bpm in the tempo decrease stimulus was associated with increases in measures of parasympathetic activity. The 180 bpm in the tempo increase stimulus was also associated with shifts towards parasympathetic predominance. Responses to the stimuli were predicted by baseline %LF. It is concluded that the individual tempi impacted upon autonomic function, despite the entire stimulus having little effect. The 60 bpm in an increasingly slower stimulus was associated with greater vagal modulations of heart rate than faster tempi. For the first time, this study shows that response direction and magnitude to tempo manipulations were predicted by resting values, suggesting that music responders may be autonomically distinct from non-responders.
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Di Naso, Fábio Cangeri, Rodrigo Noronha de Mello, Sílvia Bona, Alexandre Simões Dias, Marilene Porawski, Alexandre de Barros Falcão Ferraz, Marc François Richter, and Norma Possa Marroni. "Effect ofAgaricus blazeiMurill on the Pulmonary Tissue of Animals with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes." Experimental Diabetes Research 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/543926.
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The present study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress as well as the therapeutic effect ofAgaricus blazeiMuril (A. Blazei) in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. We used 25 Wistar rats, and DM was induced by injecting streptozotocin (70 mg/Kg i.p.).Agaricus blazeiMuril was administered daily starting 40 days after disease onset.A. Blazeiwas tested as an aqueous extract for its phytochemical composition, and its antioxidant activity in vitro was also evaluated. Lipoperoxidation (LPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured in the pulmonary tissue, as well as the presence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), through immunohistochemistry. An anatomopathologic study was also performed. Phytochemical screening ofA. Blazeidetected the presence of alkaloids and saponins. The extract exhibited a significant antioxidant activity in the DPPH-scavenging and the hipoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assays. Pulmonary LPO increased in diabetic animals (0.43±0.09;P<.001) as compared to the control group (0.18±0.02), followed by a reduction in theA. Blazei-treated group (0.33±0.04;P<.05). iNOS was found increased in the lung in diabetic rats and reduced in theA. Blazei-treated group. The pulmonary tissue in diabetic rats showed oxidative alterations related to the streptozotocin treatment. TheA. Blazeitreatment effectively reduced the oxidative stress and contributed to tissue recovery.
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Van Dokkum, Nienke H., Elisabeth M. W. Kooi, Besrat Berhane, Anne-Greet Ravensbergen, Laurien Hakvoort, Artur C. Jaschke, and Arend F. Bos. "Neonatal Music Therapy and Cerebral Oxygenation in Extremely and Very Preterm Infants: a Pilot Study." Music and Medicine 13, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v13i2.813.
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Music therapy is a novel intervention that may minimize neonatal stress. The mechanism of action is still largely unknown. We hypothesized that one mechanism of action regards altered brain oxygenation (either due to altered cerebral perfusion or altered cerebral oxygen consumption). We measured cerebral oxygenation before, during and after music therapy sessions using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). We extracted data on cerebral oxygen saturation (rcSO2) and calculated cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE). In addition, we measured heart rate. We included 20 infants, receiving 44 music therapy sessions. Median gestational age was 27 weeks, the majority were males. We identified two distinct reactions: in one group rcSO2 increased and cFTOE decreased during therapy compared with before therapy, whereas in the other group rcSO2 decreased and cFTOE increased during therapy compared with before therapy. The first may indicate a sedative effect, whereas the second may reflect a hyperalert state. The observed changes in heart rate may contribute to these observations through altered cerebral perfusion. The clinical significance of these two distinct reactions for music processing and (future) neurological functioning in these infants warrants further investigation.
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Tan, Daphne, Frank M. Diaz, and Peter Miksza. "Expressing emotion through vocal performance: Acoustic cues and the effects of a mindfulness induction." Psychology of Music 48, no. 4 (November 25, 2018): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618809873.
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Previous research suggests that musicians modulate a predictable set of acoustic cues to convey distinct emotions. The current study focuses on singers, testing the validity of cues previously reported for a wide range of instruments. The study also asks: What effect might a musician’s mindfulness have on their expressive performance? Two groups of highly skilled vocalists recorded performances of a novel melody with four distinct emotions. Prior to the performance task, an experimental group took part in a guided mindfulness induction, while a control group engaged in a self-selected relaxation activity; state mindfulness was assessed immediately after. Recordings were analyzed for tempo, temporal variation, intensity, mean centroid, vibrato rate, vibrato extent, and attack slope; individual notes with particular scale-degree functions were also compared. Results show that the two groups of participants had similar cue usage, although those in the experimental condition had higher mindfulness scores and attributed improvements in focus and awareness to the induction task. Participants as a whole used cues in the predicted directions, and significant differences were found on all acoustical measures, except vibrato rate, as a function of expressed emotion. Results also indicate that participants modified intonation to distinguish between positive and negative emotions.
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Li, Xin, Li Yuan, Jin Li, Hailing Li, and Suosuo Cheng. "Blockade of Renin Angiotensin System Increased Resistance to STZ-Induced Diabetes in Rats with Long-Term High-Fat Diet." Experimental Diabetes Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/618923.
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This study aimed to investigate whether rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade through telmisartan would increase the resistance to streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes in insulin resistance rats. There were sixty Wistar rats that were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat diet plus STZ injection (HF+S), and high-fat diet plus STZ injection and telmisartan intervention (HF+S+T). Five rats were chosen randomly and respectively from groups NC and HF to undergo a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Another five rats were selected randomly from the four groups, respectively, for intravenous injection insulin releasing test (IVIRT), and the other five rats for pancreas specimens used in islet cell immunohistochemistry staining (stained for insulin, NF-κB, and caspase-3), islet cell apoptosis staining, and reverse transcription PCR (AT1R and IL-1 beta). There was a significant difference of overt diabetes incidence between groups HF+S+T and HF+S (P<0.05). Furthermore, inflammatory markers and islet cell apoptosis were found to be significantly reduced in group HF+S+T compared with group HF+S (allP<0.01orP<0.05). Overall, telmisartan-treated rats were found to have reduced RAS activity, increased resistance to STZ-induced diabetes, reduced inflammatory markers, and improvement of islet cell function and morphology.
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Negara, Candra Kusuma, Akhmad Murjani, Anna Martiana, and Fajar Kurniawan. "Guided Imagery Using Classical Music on The Reduction in Pain Level of Fracture Patients." INDONESIAN NURSING JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND CLINIC (INJEC) 4, no. 1 (September 6, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24990/injec.v4i1.230.
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Introduction: Fracture is the medical term for a broken bone. Fractures are common; the average person has two during a lifetime. One of the Intervention on handling the case of fracture is surgical operation. Method of handling the pain that can be done is the non-pharmacological techniques that provide guided imagery through the use of classical music. The purpose of this study to understand the effect of guided imagery utilizing classical music to decrease the scale of pain on post fracture surgery. Methods: The study was quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test group approach The sampling technique employed was accidental sampling with the total of 22 respondents. The guided therapy image uses classical music with an intensity of 60-80 dB and a volume of 40-50% for +/- 20 minutes. The data collection tool utilized was VAS (Visual Analog Scale) observation sheets. The data analysis utilized was Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test. Results: The result of statistical analysis of Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test obtained p value = 0.000 with significance level <0.05, it was found that there was an effect of giving classical music therapy to a decrease in the pain scale of post-fracture patients. Musical intervention was associated with a significant decrease in heart rate, improvement in oxygen saturation, and reduction in the perception of paint. Conclusions: There was an influence upon the use of guided imagery utilizing classical music towards the decreasing scale of pain on post fracture surgery.
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Di Naso, Fábio Cangeri, Alexandre Simões Dias, Marilene Porawski, and Norma Anair Possa Marroni. "Exogenous Superoxide Dismutase: Action on Liver Oxidative Stress in Animals with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes." Experimental Diabetes Research 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/754132.
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Aim. To investigate the effects of exogenous antioxidant copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) on oxidative stress in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods. Twenty eight male Wistar rats divided in four groups were used: control (CO), controls treated with SOD (CO + SOD), diabetics (DM), and diabetics treated with SOD (DM + SOD). SOD (orgotein, 13 mg/Kg body weight was administered. DM was induced by a single streptozotocin injection (i.p., 70 mg/kg), and 60 days later, we evaluated liver oxidative stress.Results. Liver lipoperoxidation was increased in the DM group and significantly decreased in the DM + SOD group. Nitrite and nitrate measures were reduced in the DM and increased in the DM + SOD group, while iNOS expression in the DM group was 32% greater than in the CO and 53% greater in the DM + SOD group than in the DM group (P<.01). P65 expression was 37% higher in the DM (P<.05), and there was no significant difference between the DM and DM + SOD groups.Conclusion. SOD treatment reduced liver oxidative stress in diabetic animals, even though it did not change NFκB. SOD also increased NO, probably by the increased dismutation of the superoxide radical. The iNOS expression increase, which became even more evident after SOD administration.
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Sánchez, O. A., T. F. Walseth, L. M. Snow, R. C. Serfass, and L. V. Thompson. "Skeletal Muscle Sorbitol Levels in Diabetic Rats with and without Insulin Therapy and Endurance Exercise Training." Experimental Diabetes Research 2009 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/737686.
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Sorbitol accumulation is postulated to play a role in skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of insulin and of endurance exercise on skeletal muscle sorbitol levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were assigned to one of five experimental groups (control sedentary, control exercise, diabetic sedentary, diabetic exercise, diabetic sedentary no-insulin). Diabetic rats received daily subcutaneous insulin. The exercise-trained rats ran on a treadmill (1 hour, 5X/wk, for 12 weeks). Skeletal muscle sorbitol levels were the highest in the diabetic sedentary no-insulin group. Diabetic sedentary rats receiving insulin had similar sorbitol levels to control sedentary rats. Endurance exercise did not significantly affect sorbitol levels. These results indicate that insulin treatment lowers sorbitol in skeletal muscle; therefore sorbitol accumulation is probably not related to muscle dysfunction in insulin-treated diabetic individuals. Endurance exercise did not influence intramuscular sorbitol values as strongly as insulin.
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Gudmundsdottir, Helga R. "Revisiting singing proficiency in three-year-olds." Psychology of Music 48, no. 2 (September 19, 2018): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618798031.
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The present study employed a protocol specially developed for testing toddlers’ singing competence. The protocol was designed to increase responsivity of toddlers during testing. The singing ranges and singing accuracy of three-year-old children were measured using the protocol ( N = 39). A large proportion of the three-year-olds participated in at least one item (89.7%), which is a high rate of participation for this age group, validating the appropriateness of the protocol applied. The most successful test item was the Self-selected song as it elicited the highest response rate of all items (87%). Furthermore, the Self-selected song resulted in more accurate renditions in terms of preservation of melodic contour (85%) and intervals (24%) than another item consisting of a familiar standard song phrase. In ascending pitch glides, 73% of the toddlers lifted their voice above C5 and the highest produced pitch was C6 (two octaves above middle C). Pitch matching accuracy was highly pitch dependent, with middle C as the most accurately matched pitch (53%) and C above middle C the least accurately matched pitch (11%). The findings support previous research that describes three-year-olds as capable singers while contradicting more widely accepted views of three-year-olds having poorly developed singing skills.
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Osborne, Margaret S., Dianna T. Kenny, and John Cooksey. "Impact of a Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment Program on Music Performance Anxiety in Secondary School Music Students: A Pilot Study." Musicae Scientiae 11, no. 2_suppl (July 2007): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10298649070110s204.
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This study assessed the effectiveness of a combined individual and group cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) program to reduce music performance anxiety (MPA) in adolescent musicians. Twenty-three adolescents with high MPA from a selective high school were randomly assigned to either a seven-session intervention program or a behaviour-exposure-only control group. The intervention consisted of psychoeducation, goal setting, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training and behavioural exposure in the form of two solo performances with audience. Outcome measures included self-reports of MPA, trait and state anxiety, diagnostic interview for social phobia, heart rate, frontalis EMG, and performance quality. Significant improvements in self-reported MPA were observed at posttest for adherent students only ( i.e., students who were actively engaged in the program and who adopted program techniques). Adherent students also had higher MPA at commencement. Non-adherent and behaviour-exposure-only students both showed reductions in MPA over the study period but not to the same degree as adherent students. There appeared to be no effect of CBT on performance quality.
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Madsen, Katia, and Jane W. Cassidy. "The Effect of Focus of Attention and Teaching Experience on Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness and Student Learning." Journal of Research in Music Education 53, no. 3 (October 2005): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002242940505300304.
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The purpose of this study was to examine preservice and experienced teachers' ratings and comments on teacher effectiveness and student learning after observing videotaped music classes. Comparisons were made among experience levels of observers and between focus of attention of observation. Subjects for the study included college junior and senior music education majors who either had no practicum teaching experience ( n= 26) or who had practicum teaching experiences but had not student-taught ( n= 26). A third group included subjects with full-time music teaching experience ( n= 26). Subjects watched two videotapes, one of an elementary music lesson with the camera focused on the teacher and one with the camera focused on the students. Subjects were asked to rate the effectiveness of teaching and student learning of both videotapes and provide a written rationale for assigning the ratings. Ratings were analyzed statistically and indicated a significant difference among groups ( p < .001), with experienced teachers rating teachers and students lower than undergraduate subjects. Comments were categorized as relating to teacher behavior, student behavior, or other. Analyses indicated that all groups made more comments about the teacher regardless of whether they watched the teacher tape or watched the student tape. Experienced teachers were more critical in their evaluations and made more judgment statements than the undergraduate subjects did. Total ratings of the teacher were significantly higher than those of the students. No differences were found due to focus of attention of observation.April 1, 2005May 25, 2005
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Trappe, Hans-Joachim, and Irini Maria Brecker. "Effects of Different Styles of Music on Human Cardiovascular Response: A Prospective Controlled Trial." Music and Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v8i1.448.
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Background The potential effects of classical music (CL) and heavy metal (HM) in comparison to silence (S [“controls CO]) or noise (N) on cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR]) and cortisol levels (C) has not been studied before. Objective To analyse the effect of different music styles (intervention group) on BP, HR and C compared to S (control group). Methods 120 volunteers aged 25-75 years were studied. 60 volunteers were consecutively assigned in the intervention group (n=60). Sixty volunteers were matched according to age, sex, height and weight (control group). Interventional music styles were CL (Bach, Suite No. 3, BWV 1068); HM (Disturbed, Indestructible) or various daily sounds =“noise” [N]). Sound exposure of CL, HM, or N was 21 minutes. Results In the intervention group systolic, diastolic BP (mm Hg) and HR (beats per min) decreased mostly when CL was played compared to HM, N or CO (p<0.001). Conclusions Music will influence cardiovascular parameters. Classical music (“Bach”) leads to decreased values of BP and HR. In HM, N or S we could not observe similar findings. SpanishEl efecto potencial de la música clásica (CL) y el Heavy Metal (HM) en comparación con silencio (S) o ruído (N) en parámetros cardiovasculares (presión sanguínea - BP, frecuencia cardiaca- HR, y niveles de cortisol- C) no había sido estuduado hasta el presente. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de diferentes estilos musicales (Grupo de tratamiento) en BP, HR y C, comparado con S (grupo control). Método: 120 voluntarios entre 25 y 75 años fueron estudiados. 60 voluntarios fueron asignados consecutivamente al grupo de intervencion (n:60). 60 voluntarios fueron asignados al grupo control, de acuerdo a género, peso y talla. Los estilos musicales utilizados en la intervención fueron los siguientes: Bach, Suite No. 3, BWV 1068 (CL),Disturbed, Indestructible (HM), sonidos cotidianos =“ruido” [N]). El tiempo de exposicion a CL, HM, or N fue de 21 minutos. Resultados: En el grupo de intervencion se encontró una disminución en sistólica y diatólica BP (mm Hg) y HR (latidos por minuto) durante CL, comparado con HM, N o CO (p<0.001). Conclusion: La música influyer parámetros cardiovsaculares. Música clásica (Bach), parece disminuir BP y HR. No encontramos resultados similares en HM, N o S. FrenchEffets de différents style de musique sur l’activité cardiovasculaire chez l’homme : étude prospective contôléeHans-Joachim Trappe1, Irini Maria Breker21 Departement de Cardiologie et Angiologie, Université de Bochum, Herne, Allemagnangiology. Résumé : les effets potentiels de la musique classique (MC) et heavy métal (HM) en comparaison au silence (S [“contrôles CO]) et du bruit (B) sur les paramètres cardiovasculaires (pression artérielle [PA], fréquence cardiaque [FC] et niveau de cortisol (C) n’ont pas été étudiés auparavant. Objectif : analyser les effets des différents types de musique(groupe d’intervention) sur PA, FC et C comparés à S (groupe contrôle).Méthode : 120 volontaires âgées de 25-75 ans ont participé à l’étude. 60 volontaires ont été successivement assignés au groupe d’intervention (n=60) d’après l’âge, le sexe, la taille et le poids (groupe contrôle. Les styles de musique ont été CL (Bach, Suite N° 3, BWV 1068); HM (Disturbed Indesctructible) ou des sons variés du quotidiens = “bruit” [N]). L’exposition au sonde CL, HM ou N a été de 21 mn. Resultats : dans le groupe d’intervention, la PA systolique et diastolique (mm Hg) et la FC (battement par minute) ont diminué surtout quand la CM était jouée en comparaison avec HM, B ou CO (p<0.001). Conclusions : La musique influence les paramètres cardiovaculaires. La musique classique (“Bach”) conduit à une diminution des valeurs de PA et FC. Dans HM, N ou S nous ne pouvons pas observer de résultats similaires. Trial registration 3898-11 University of Bochum, Germany Funding German Heart Foundation, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00009835) Mots clés : musique classique, musique métal, pression artérielle, fréquence cardiaque, cortisol GermanDie Wirkung verschiedener musikalischer Stile auf cardiovasculäre Reaktionen beim Menschen: eine prospektive kontrollierte StudieAbstract: Hintergrund: Die potentialen Effekte von klassischer Musik (CL) und Heavy Metal (HM) im Vergleich zu Stille (S [Kontrollen CO]) oder Alltagsgeräuschen =“noise“ (N) auf cardiovaskuläre Parameter (Blutdruck [BP], Herzschlag [HR] und Cortisol [C]) wurde bisher noch nicht untersucht. Ziel: Analysierung der Effekte von verschiedenen musikalischen Stilen (Interventionsgruppe) auf BP, HR und C auf S (Kontrollgruppe). Methode: 120 Teilnehmer (25-75 J.) wurden untersucht, davon 60 Teilnehmer konsekutiv für die Interventionsgruppe ausgewählt (60). Diese 60 Teilnehmer wurden über Alter, Geschlecht, Größe und Gewicht gematcht. Die genutzten Musikstile waren CL (Bach, Suite Nr 3, BWV 1068); HM (Disturbed, Indestructible) und verschiedene Geräusche aus dem täglichen Leben (=“noise“) (N). Die Zeit für die Klangdarbietung von CL, HM oder N war 21 Minuten. Ergebnisse: In der Interventionsgruppe verringerte sich meistens der systolische und der diastolische BP (mmHG) und der HR (Schläge pro Minute) bei CL im Vergleich zu HM, N oder den CO (p<0.001). Ergebnisse: Musik beeinflusst die cardiovasculären Parameter. Klassische Musik (Bach) führt zu sinkenden Werten von BP und HR, bei N oder S konnten wir keine vergleichbaren Ergebnisse feststellen. Keywords: Klassische Musik, Heavy Metal, Blutdruck, Herzschlag, CortisolJapanese要旨 背景：クラシック音楽（ＣＬ）とヘヴィメタル音楽（ＨＭ）、静寂（Ｓまたはコントロール群としてのＣＯ）と騒音（Ｎ）の比較が、人間の循環器（血圧[ＢＰ]、脈拍[ＨＲ]）そしてコルチゾール値（Ｃ）に及ぼす効果に関する研究はまだなされていない。目的：異なる音楽スタイル（介入集団）が、コントロール群と比べて、血圧、脈拍、コルチゾール値にもたらす効果を分析する。方法：２５歳から７５歳までの１２０名の被験者を対象に行われた。６０名は介入集団へ、残りの６０名は年齢、性別、身長、体重などを考慮した上で、コントロール群に分けられた。介入に使われた音楽スタイルは、クラシック音楽CL (Bach, Suite No. 3, BWV 1068)、ヘヴィメタル音楽HM (Disturbed, Indestructible)、日常の生活音N（騒音noise）であった。これらの音・音楽刺激は、２１分間であった。結果：介入グループでは、心臓収縮期、拡張期において、ヘヴィメタル音楽や騒音を聴いたときより、クラシック音楽を聴いた時の方が、血圧(mm Hg)、脈拍(beats per min)、コルチゾール値が下がる(p<0.001)ことがわかった。音・音楽刺激の前後における値は下記の通りであった。 結果：音楽は循環器の値に影響することが分った。クラシック音楽（バッハ）は血圧と脈拍を降下させた。ヘヴィメタル音楽、騒音、静寂については、共通の結果を見出すことができなかった。キーワード: クラシック音楽、ヘヴィメタル音楽、血圧、脈拍、コルチゾール値Chinese背景摘要 過去未曾有研究針對古典音樂(CL)及重金屬音樂(HM)對比安靜(S[控制組CO])或噪音(N)對於心血管參數 (血壓[BP]、心跳[HR])及皮質醇水平(C) 的潛在影響。 目的 分析不同音樂類型(實驗組)與安靜(控制組)相較之下對血壓(BP)、心跳(HR)及皮質醇水平(C)的影響。方法 對120位年齡介於25-75歲的自願參與者進行研究。60位自願參與者連續分配到研究組(n=60)。60位自願參與者則被配對年齡、性別、身高、體重分配到控制組。實驗介入的音樂風格為古典音樂組CL(巴哈，第三號組曲，BWV 1068)；重金屬音樂組HM(騷動樂團的永不毀滅)或多樣化的日常聲音=噪音(N)，志願者分別被暴露在CL、HM和N聲音環境中21分鐘。結果 比較實驗組中測得的收縮壓與舒張壓(mm Hg)及心跳速率(每分鐘幾下)。相較於重金屬音樂組、噪音組及控制組，當古典音樂播放時所測得的數值大多會下降(p<0.001)。下列為實驗組暴露於聲音前後及控制組的結果： 結論 音樂會影響心血管參數，我們發現聆聽古典音樂(巴哈)有效降低血壓及心跳的同時，在重金屬音樂組、噪音組及控制組都未觀察到類似的結果。試驗註冊 3898-11德國波鴻大學。資金 德國心臟基金會，法蘭克福，德國。試驗註冊 德國臨床試驗註冊（DRKS00009835）
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Bilger, Hans T., Emily Vertosick, Andrew Vickers, Konrad Kaczmarek, and Richard O. Prum. "Higher-Order Musical Temporal Structure in Bird Song." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (March 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629456.
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Bird songs often display musical acoustic features such as tonal pitch selection, rhythmicity, and melodic contouring. We investigated higher-order musical temporal structure in bird song using an experimental method called “music scrambling” with human subjects. Recorded songs from a phylogenetically diverse group of 20 avian taxa were split into constituent elements (“notes” or “syllables”) and recombined in original and random order. Human subjects were asked to evaluate which version sounded more “musical” on a per-species basis. Species identity and stimulus treatment were concealed from subjects, and stimulus presentation order was randomized within and between taxa. Two recordings of human music were included as a control for attentiveness. Participants varied in their assessments of individual species musicality, but overall they were significantly more likely to rate bird songs with original temporal sequence as more musical than those with randomized temporal sequence. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the origins of avian musicality, including honest signaling, perceptual bias, and arbitrary aesthetic coevolution.
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Gerlich, R. Nicholas, Leigh Browning, and Lori Westermann. "Ive Got The Music In Me: A Study Of Peak Musical Memory Age And The Implications For Future Advertising." Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v7i2.90.
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Neuropsychologists have demonstrated the effect music has on the human brain, and that a peak “musical memory age” occurs around 14, when normal bodily maturation is in progress. A group of 114 college students between the ages of 19 and 25 was exposed to short clips of the top 20 songs from each of the 11 years during their youth; participants were asked to rate their liking of each song sample on a 0-10 scale. Data analysis showed that the peak musical memory age of these students was not as precise as prior research had shown, and that overall there was difference in degree of musical affinity between age groups in the sample. This deviation from prior findings may have resulted from changes in how music is available today. Whereas specifically targeted music was once standard procedure in past TV advertising, these findings produce new implications for future TV advertising.
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Melo, Geórgia Alcântara Alencar, Andrea Bezerra Rodrigues, Mariana Alves Firmeza, Alex Sandro de Moura Grangeiro, Patrícia Peres de Oliveira, and Joselany Áfio Caetano. "Musical intervention on anxiety and vital parameters of chronic renal patients: a randomized clinical trial." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 26 (March 8, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2123.2978.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the therapeutic effect of music on anxiety and vital parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease when compared to patients receiving conventional care in hemodialysis clinics. Method: randomized clinical trial conducted in three renal replacement therapy clinics. Sixty people with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis were randomly allocated to an experimental group and a control group, 30 persons per group). State anxiety was evaluated in both groups by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. A t-test was used to verify the effect of the experimental manipulation on the variables. Results: we found a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the degree of anxiety experienced during hemodialysis sessions. The experimental group presented a statistically significant reduction of anxiety scores (p = 0.03), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.002), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.002), heart rate (p < 0.01) and respiratory rate (p < 0.006) after listening to music. Conclusion: music represents a potential resource for nursing intervention to reduce state anxiety during hemodialysis sessions. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: RBR-64b7x7.