Relevant bibliographies by topics / Raw files

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Raw files'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Raw files"

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Lawrence, David. "HOSS!" EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125104005.

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The Hall-D Online Skim System (HOSS) was developed to simultaneously solve two issues for the high intensity GlueX experiment. One was to parallelize the writing of raw data files to disk in order to improve bandwidth. The other was to distribute the raw data across multiple compute nodes in order to produce calibration skims of the data online. The highly configurable system employs RDMA, RAM disks, and zeroMQ driven by Python to simultaneously store and process the full high intensity GlueX data stream.
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Ivanova-Brashinskaya, Anna. "The Axe-Files." Maska 31, no. 179 (September 1, 2016): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/maska.31.179-180.80_1.

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The St. Petersburg-based AXE was founded in 1989 and describes itself as “Russian Engineering Theatre”. Their productions are not a ready-made stage performances but rather an interactive building process between actor and pace. Instead of the polished result of their work, AXE shares their raw and unfinished process with the audience. Due to the absence of an adequate vocabulary which would allow the author to describe and analyze their work, we present a lexicon, consisting of professional terms and images, thus enabling a discourse on this 27-year-old theatre phenomenon.
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Silva, Vítor, Daniel de Oliveira, Patrick Valduriez, and Marta Mattoso. "Analyzing related raw data files through dataflows." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 28, no. 8 (August 4, 2015): 2528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpe.3616.

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Zhang, Ning, Yutao Tian, Lei Zhang, Zhuo Yang, Tao Zhang, and Jishou Ruan. "Desktop Software for Patch-Clamp Raw Binary Data Conversion and Preprocessing." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/251215.

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Since raw data recorded by patch-clamp systems are always stored in binary format, electrophysiologists may experience difficulties with patch clamp data preprocessing especially when they want to analyze by custom-designed algorithms. In this study, we present desktop software, called PCDReader, which could be an effective and convenient solution for patch clamp data preprocessing for daily laboratory use. We designed a novel class module, called clsPulseData, to directly read the raw data along with the parameters recorded from HEKA instruments without any other program support. By a graphical user interface, raw binary data files can be converted into several kinds of ASCII text files for further analysis, with several preprocessing options. And the parameters can also be viewed, modified and exported into ASCII files by a user-friendly Explorer style window. The real-time data loading technique and optimized memory management programming makes PCDReader a fast and efficient tool. The compiled software along with the source code of the clsPulseData class module is freely available to academic and nonprofit users.
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Karanović, Lj, and D. Poleti. "A FORTRAN Program for Conversion of PC-APD Data Files into ASCII Files." Powder Diffraction 7, no. 3 (September 1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600018595.

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Recently, Dahan and co-workers (Dahan, 1991) suggested processing the XRD data by spreadsheet computer programs. Treated in this manner the XRD data became very flexible and made comparison with other data sets, as well as graphical presentation, much easier. In this note a simple FORTRAN 77 program for conversion of PC-APD data files into ASCII files suitable for import into spreadsheets is reported.In our laboratory XRD data are collected on a Philips 1710 diffractometer operated by the PC-APD version 2.0 (PC-APD Software, 1989). Each experiment usually generates its files containing collected raw intensity data (.RD file), background data (.BK file) and file with peak positions and their intensities (.DI file). The XRD data can be further processed: after smoothing, data are stored in files with extension .SM (.SM file) and, after Kα2 stripping, into files with extension .A2 (.A2 file). All files are stored in the binary format.
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Guedes, Thaylon, Vítor Silva, José Camata, Marcos V. N. Bedo, Marta Mattoso, and Daniel De Oliveira. "Towards an Empirical Evaluation of Scientific Data Indexing and Querying." Journal of Information and Data Management 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jidm.2018.1638.

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Computational simulations usually produce large amounts of data on a regular time-step basis. Heterogeneous simulation outputs are stored in different file formats and on distinct storage devices. Therefore, the main challenges for accessing simulation data are related to time-to-query, which is the effort spent for setting all data into a common framework, the issuing of a high-level query statement, and obtaining the result set. The simulation data loading into DataBase Management Systems (DBMS) are either unpractical, as they demand a prohibitive time for data preparation, or unfeasible, as data files are still needed in their original form (scientific applications still need to read and write contents to those files). In this article, we discuss the complementary approaches of adaptive querying and raw data file indexing for accessing simulation results stored in multiple sources (e.g., raw data files) without data loading. In particular, we review (i) NoDB PostgresRAW routines for adaptive query processing, and (ii) FastBit methods for raw data file indexing and querying. We examine the behavior of both strategies regarding a real case study of computational fluid dynamics simulation in the domain of sediment deposition. In this experimental evaluation, we measured the elapsed time for index construction and query processing regarding six distinct query categories over 62 time steps, which sums up to different 372 queries on 44,160 files (12.2 GB) produced by the computational simulation. Results show that FastBit is faster than PostgresRAW for query execution in all but low-selectivity query scenarios. In a complementary manner, results also show PostgresRAW outperforms FastBit whenever users are interested in reducing time-to-query rather than the query execution time itself.
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Hanuš, Oto, Libor Janů, Jens Schuster, Josef Kučera, Marcela Vyletělová, and Václava Genčurová. "Exploratory analysis of dynamics of frequency distribution of raw cow milk quality indicators in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 1 (2011): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159010083.

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A consistent link of the raw milk quality (RMQ) to the farmer price is essential. The aim was to analyse the properties of milk quality indicators (MQIs) and propose a new synthetic relative MQI (SQSM) from among various individual MQIs. SQSM could serve for consistent inclusion each quality change into the price. The paper was focused on exploratory analysis (normality (N) testing of files of MQIs). On the basis of the results, the MQIs were divided into two groups without and with necessity of original data transformation (TRN). Log and Box–Cox TRNs were tested in terms of possibilities of the files approach to the normal data frequency distribution (FD). The compositional MQIs deviated less and health and hygienic MQIs more from normal FD in original data (P < 0.05). The TRNs approached the data files to N very markedly in health and hygienic MQIs. The synthesis of various values of MQIs into SQSM was proposed. SQSM values were derived from model file of real data about MQIs and validated for use at farmer milk price modifications by the normality FD test. 33.3% of month SQSM files were normal (P > 0.05), the other were very close to the N with negligible deviations. The useability of the SQSM system for the balancing of raw milk purchase price premiums and penalties was tentatively confirmed.
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Hamilton, Michael, Paul Wessel, Brian Taylor, and Joaquim Luis. "Producing marine geophysical archive files from raw underway data." Computers & Geosciences 133 (December 2019): 104321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2019.104321.

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Doebelin, Nicola, and Reinhard Kleeberg. "Profex: a graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement programBGMN." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 5 (August 29, 2015): 1573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715014685.

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Profexis a graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement programBGMN. Its interface focuses on preservingBGMN's powerful and flexible scripting features by giving direct access toBGMNinput files. Very efficient workflows for single or batch refinements are achieved by managing refinement control files and structure files, by providing dialogues and shortcuts for many operations, by performing operations in the background, and by providing import filters for CIF and XML crystal structure files. Refinement results can be easily exported for further processing. State-of-the-art graphical export of diffraction patterns to pixel and vector graphics formats allows the creation of publication-quality graphs with minimum effort.Profexreads and converts a variety of proprietary raw data formats and is thus largely instrument independent.ProfexandBGMNare available under an open-source license for Windows, Linux and OS X operating systems.
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Porebski, Benjamin T., Bosco K. Ho, and Ashley M. Buckle. "Interactive visualization tools for the structural biologist." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 5 (August 3, 2013): 1518–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889813017858.

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In structural biology, management of a large number of Protein Data Bank (PDB) files and raw X-ray diffraction images often presents a major organizational problem. Existing software packages that manipulate these file types were not designed for these kinds of file-management tasks. This is typically encountered when browsing through a folder of hundreds of X-ray images, with the aim of rapidly inspecting the diffraction quality of a data set. To solve this problem, a useful functionality of the Macintosh operating system (OSX) has been exploited that allows custom visualization plugins to be attached to certain file types. Software plugins have been developed for diffraction images and PDB files, which in many scenarios can save considerable time and effort. The direct visualization of diffraction images and PDB structures in the file browser can be used to identify key files of interest simply by scrolling through a list of files.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Raw files"

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Frank, Wiewandt Edward. "ARCHIVING THE DIGITAL IMAGE: TODAY'S BEST PRACTICES OF FILE PREPARATION." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1131398443.

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Ainul, Azyan Zuliyanti Hanizan. "An investigation into the practicality of using a digital camera's RAW data in print publishing applications /." Link to online version, 2005. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1110.

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Pinheiro, Andr?a Santos. "Produ??o de gr?s porcelanato a partir de mat?rias-primas do Rio Grande do Norte e queima a g?s natural." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15578.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreaSP.pdf: 1820286 bytes, checksum: a1263199151d8fb3f317fa86bacf6014 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19
The State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, possess major deposits of feldspar, clay, kaolin and talc, all raw materials used in the production of porcelainized stoneware tiles. Conversely, state industries manufacture only low added value red ceramics. Porcelainized stoneware tiles is one of the noblest ceramics, depicting low water absorption (typically below of 0,5%), in addition to excellent staining resistance and mechanical strength. The present work aims at investigating the potential of local raw materials for the production of porcelainized stoneware tiles. To that end, these materials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis and thermal differential analysis. Admixtures containing different compositions were prepared and fired at three temperatures, 1150, 1200 and 1250?C for 30 min. After firing, tests samples were characterized by water absorption tests, linear retraction, dilatometric analysis, apparent porosity, apparent specific mass, flexural strength, and microstructural analysis by XRD and SEM. The results revealed that ceramics with porcelainized stoneware tiles characteristics could be produced from raw materials originated in the State of Rio Grande do Norte
O Rio Grande do Norte possui grandes jazidas de pegmatitos, argilas caulin?ticas e caulim, principais mat?rias-primas para a fabrica??o de gr?s porcelanato. No entanto, o RN produz apenas produtos de baixo valor agregado em rela??o ao porcelanato, uma das mais nobres cer?micas de revestimento, devido a sua baixa absor??o d??gua (tipicamente abaixo de 0,5%), al?m de apresentar excelentes caracter?sticas t?cnicas, destacando-se elevada resist?ncia mec?nica, ao risco e ao manchamento. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de validar o potencial de mat?rias-primas do RN (feldspato, argila, caulim e talco beneficiado) para a produ??o de gr?s porcelanato. Para isso, foi feita a caracteriza??o das mat?rias primas por FRX, DRX, AG, ATG e ATD, elaborando-se cinco formula??es que foram queimadas em tr?s temperaturas: 1150, 1200 e 1250?C com 30 minutos de patamar. Ap?s a queima, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a ensaios de absor??o de ?gua, retra??o linear, porosidade aparente, massa espec?fica aparente, resist?ncia ? flex?o, DRX, MEV e an?lise dilatom?trica. Obteve-se para uma das misturas, propriedades compat?veis com as exigidas para um gr?s porcelanato
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Soares, Carlos Eduardo Alves. "Structural characterization and potential of the Adenanthera pavonina L. galactomannan as raw material to production of bioactive edible films." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10939.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
In this thesis work, bioactive edible films were produced by using a galactomannan-starch-nisi blend. The galactomannan from the endosperm of seeds of Adenanthera pavonina was extracted and the fine structure of the gum endospermic was studied by NMR techniques. The reason M / G (= 1.46) was determined and its structure is in agreement with those reported in the literature for galactomannans. Study of IR data supported the NMR data obtained in this work. This galactomannan showed rheological behavior typical of seed gums. Gelatinized corn starch was used to produce blends with the galactomannans. In rheological tests, the force applied to the flow curves to the dispersion of gelatinized corn starch and mixtures of starch-galactomannan did not adequately characterize these polymer systems in solution. The oscillatory tests, in turn, were more sensitive to detect differences between the different systems evaluated allowing for a more appropriate characterization. The construction of the sorption isotherms was an interesting approach to characterize edible films produced from blends of systems of polysaccharides and starch-galactomannan-nisin blend. Significant differences were detected in these films and have to relate the behavior of water to the structural arrangement of various edible films produced. The humidity was as dependent on key parameters measured in films such as temperature and content of glycerol. The hysteresis phenomenon was shown to the edible films of starch galactomannan blend. Finally, the mathematical model of sorption described by the G.A.B. equation is suggested as one that best represents the data obtained in experimental conditions tested here. Thermal stability curves obtained by DSC for galactomannan and edible films which produced without and with the antimicrobial agent nisin, led to associate the data with those obtained by aw,corroborating, in thecase of the film containing nisin, the antimicrobial contributes to an increased hydration of the edible film. The presence of nisin in edible films produced with the starchgalactomannan blend and glycerol reduced the growth of L. monocitogenes, reducing the number of colony-forming units and acting as a barrier to contamination. The study of action of nisin through the test of the inhibition zone and the bioassay enabled characterization of the edible films through the using of good techniques. Finally, more studies should be conducted to determine whether additional changes in the composition or the structure of the films could modify the antimicrobial activity due to inactivation of nisin or altering its release
Neste trabalho de Tese, filmes comestÃveis bioativos foram produzidos a partir da blenda galactomanana-amido-nisina. A galactomanana do endosperma de sementes de Adenanthera pavonina foi extraÃda e sua estrutura fina foi estudada atravÃs de tÃcnicas de RMN. Sua razÃo M/G (=1,46) determinada e sua estrutura estÃo de acordo com o que foi relatado na literatura para galactomananas. Estudo de IR corroboram os dados de RMN obtidos nesse trabalho. Essa galactomanana apresentou comportamento reolÃgico tÃpico de gomas de sementes. Amido de milho gelatinizado foi empregado para produzir blendas com a galactomanana. Nos testes reolÃgicos, o esforÃo aplicado para curvas de escoamento da dispersÃo de amido de milho gelatinizado e das misturas de galactomanana-amido nÃo permitiu caracterizar adequadamente esses sistemas de polÃmeros em soluÃÃo. Os ensaios oscilatÃrios, por sua vez, foram mais sensÃveis para detectar as diferenÃas entre os distintos sistemas avaliados permitindo uma caracterizaÃÃo de maneira mais adequada. A construÃÃo de isotermas de sorÃÃo foi numa abordagem interessante para caracterizar filmes comestÃveis produzidos a partir dos sistemas de blendas de polissacarÃdeos e do complexo galactomanana-amido-nisina. DiferenÃas significativas foram detectadas nesses filmes e permitiram relacionar o comportamento da Ãgua ao arranjo estrutural dos diferentes filmes comestÃveis produzidos. A umidade foi observada como dependente de importantes parÃmetros avaliados nos filmes, tais como a temperatura e o conteÃdo de glicerol. O fenÃmeno da histerese foi evidenciado para os filmes comestÃveis da blenda galactomanana-amido. Finalmente, o modelo matemÃtico de sorÃÃo descrito pela equaÃÃo G.A.B. à sugerido como aquele que melhor representa os dados obtidos nas condiÃÃes experimentais testadas aqui. As curvas de estabilidade tÃrmica obtidas por DSCl para a galactomanana e os filmes comestÃveis, produzidos sem o antimicrobiano e contendo a nisina, permitiram associar os dados de DSC aos obtidos pelas medias de aw, corroborando, no caso do filme contendo nisina, que o antimicrobiano contribui para uma maior hidrataÃÃo do filme comestÃvel. A presenÃa de nisina nos filmes comestÃveis produzidos com a blenda galactomanana-amido e glicerol reduziu o crescimento de L. monocitogenes, diminuindo o nÃmero de unidades formadoras de colÃnias e atuando como barreira para a contaminaÃÃo. O estudo da aÃÃo da nisina atravÃs do teste do halo de inibiÃÃo e do bioensaio permitiu caracterizar os filmes comestÃveis atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas satisfatÃrias. Finalmente, mais estudos devem ser conduzidos a fim de determinar se mudanÃas adicionais na composiÃÃo ou na estrutura dos filmes poderiam modificar a atividade antimicrobiana devido à inativaÃÃo da nisina ou alterando sua liberaÃÃo
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Spring, Ted. "Uncertainty comparison of Digital Elevation Models derived from different image file formats." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17193.

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Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have become increasingly popular recently for surveying and mapping because of their efficiency in acquiring remotely sensed data in a short amount of time and the low cost associated with them. They are used to generate digital elevation models (DEM) derived from aerial photography for various purposes such as the documentation of cultural heritage sites, archaeological surveying or earthwork volume calculations. This thesis investigates the possible effects different file formats may have on the quality of elevation models. In this thesis, an UAS survey was simulated using a digital camera to produce six DEMs based on JPEG, TIFF and RAW format in Agisoft Photoscan by taking two sets of images of a city model, in different light conditions. Furthermore, a reference DEM was produced in Geomagic Studio using data from a Leica Nova MS50 Multistation. The DEMs were then compared in Geomagic Control. The results from the 3D comparison in Geomagic Control show that the standard deviation of all elevation models is 4 mm with the exception of the elevation model derived from raw-edited images taken with lighting, which has a standard deviation of nearly 6 mm. Also, all of the models have an average deviation of 0.4 mm or less. The significant deviations in all DEMs occur in areas where the multistation lacked vision of certain objects of the city model such as walls, or on the edges of the analysed area. Additionally, the georeferencing results from Photoscan show that the DEMs based on normal light condition images have slightly lower georeferencing errors than the DEMs with lighting. It has been concluded that it is difficult to say whether file formats have any noticeably effect on the uncertainty of digital elevation models.
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Skopek, Magdalena Anna. "X-ray structural studies of electroactive films." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8644.

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This thesis describes X-ray studies (XANES, EXAFS and XAS) of the structures of electroactive film modified electrodes and their response to potential. To provide insight into the composition, structure and dynamics of the studied systems EXAFS was combined with other techniques: XPS, electrochemical methods and infrared spectroscopy. The electroactive materials studied were Prussian Blue (PB) and its cobalt and nickel derivatives, iridium oxide and polypyrrole/[P(Mo3O10)4]3- composite films. Selected electroactive materials were diverse, since the study was undertaken with the aim of providing the foundations for future experiments in the area of the dynamic in situ EXAFS research. For cobalt hexacyanoferrate films, cobalt was identified as the active redox site, based on clear evidence of changing bond lengths with potential. This suggests it will be an interesting candidate for future dynamic EXAFS study. The behaviour of PB films was found to be complicated to interpret because both redox sites are Fe-based and there exist additional interstitial iron species. In contrast to cobalt hexacyanoferrate, no significant changes could be observed in the Ni XAS data for the nickel derivative with Fe active redox sites. Polypyrrole/[P(Mo3O10)4]3- composite films showed changes in oxidation state of multiple Mo sites in XPS experiments. Nevertheless, they are not a promising material for a dynamic EXAFS because of the interpretational problems, similar to PB films. Iridium oxide films are another promising candidate. They were successfully characterized in in situ EXAFS configuration and changing bond lengths were observed as the potential (and thus Ir oxidation state) was changed. Additionally the thesis includes nanogravimetric observation of ion exchange characteristics of polypyrrole film p-doping in an ionic liquid. It is shown that polypyrrole film redox switching in the deep eutectic ionic liquid (Ethaline) involves a very different pattern of ion transfers to aqueous media. Ionic liquid in the reduced film provides a reservoir of choline cations whose transfer (in the opposite direction to anion doping) partly satisfies electroneutrality. Overall, the sites of redox activity were identified in a range of multi-site redox systems and structural changes were related to the injected charge. This static study is the first step in identifying systems suitable for X-ray synchrotron-based dynamic studies of electroactive film structure.
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Huang, Pao-Cheng. "Analysis of single-crystal semiconductor thin film structure by x-ray diffraction." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20145.

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Neto, Narcizo Marques de Souza. "Perfis de ordem local e anisotropia magnética em filmes finos: A contribuição de espectroscopias de raios X em incidência rasante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-11092007-153535/.

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Filmes finos magnéticos têm grande apelo em mídias de gravação com alta densidade de dados. As propriedades magnéticas desses filmes, que dependem da estrutura atômica do material, podem ser modificadas ou induzidas pela presença de interfaces internas. Para o entendimento e melhoramento dessas propriedades, torna-se necessário o uso de técnicas capazes de fornecer informações seletivamente em profundidade. Neste trabalho, acoplamos a espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS) à uma geometria de incidência rasante, e assim usamos a variação da penetração dos raios X dentro do material em torno do ângulo crítico de reflexão total para obter informações resolvidas em profundidade sobre a ordem estrutural e magnética local. Desenvolvemos uma metodologia de medidas e de análise desta informação. Esta metodologia foi aplicada em filmes de FePt e CoPt que produzimos pela técnica de deposição catódica. Em filmes de FePt, uma análise quantitativa completa nos permitiu caracterizar a camada de oxidação da superfície. Em filmes de CoPt, observamos que a ordem química, responsável pela anisotropia perpendicular é parcialmente perdida em grandes profundidades além da superfície para filmes de espessura superior a 50 nm. A presença desta camada desordenada, confirmada por espalhamento ressonante de raios X, explica a incomum dependência em espessura das propriedades magnéticas do sistema estudado.
Magnetic thin films have great appeal in recording media with high data density. The magnetic properties of these films, depending on the material atomic structure, may be modified or induced by the presence of intern interfaces. For the understanding and improving of these properties, becomes necessary the use of techniques able to provide in depth selective information. In this work, we put together the X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to a grazing incidence setup, and then we use the variation of X-ray penetration inside the material around the critical angle to get depth resolved information about the structural and magnetic local order. We developed a measurements and analysis methodology of this information. This methodology were applied in FePt and CoPt films which we produced by the magnetron sputtering technique In FePt films, a complete quantitative analysis allowed us characterize a surface oxidized layer. In CoPt films, we observed the chemical order, responsible for the perpendicular anisotropy, is partially lost in high depths away from the surface for films thicker than 50 nm. The presence of this disordered layer, confirmed by resonant magnetic X-ray scattering, explains the unconventional in depth dependence of the studied system magnetic properties.
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Warren, Andrew. "X-ray Scattering Investigations of Metallic Thin Films." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5721.

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Nanometric thin films are used widely throughout various industries and for various applications. Metallic thin films, specifically, are relied upon extensively in the microelectronics industry, among others. For example, alloy thin films are being investigated for CMOS applications, tungsten films find uses as contacts and diffusion barriers, and copper is used often as interconnect material. Appropriate metrology methods must therefore be used to characterize the physical properties of these films. X-ray scattering experiments are well suited for the investigation of nano-scaled systems, and are the focus of this doctoral dissertation. Emphasis is placed on (1) phase identification of polycrystalline thin films, (2) the evaluation of the grain size and microstrain of metallic thin films by line profile analysis, and (3) the study of morphological evolution in solid/solid interfaces. To illustrate the continued relevance of x-ray diffraction for phase identification of simple binary alloy systems, Pt-Ru thin films, spanning the compositional range from pure Pt to pure Ru were investigated. In these experiments, a meta-stable extension of the HCP phase is observed in which the steepest change in the electronic work function coincides with a rapid change in the c/a ratio of the HCP phase. For grain size and microstrain analysis, established line profile methods are discussed in terms of Cu and W thin film analysis. Grain sizes obtained by x-ray diffraction are compared to transmission electron microscopy based analyses. Significant discrepancies between x-ray and electron microscopy are attributed to sub-grain misorientations arising from dislocation core spreading at the film/substrate interface. A novel "residual" full width half max parameter is introduced for examining the contribution of strain to x-ray peak broadening. The residual width is subsequently used to propose an empirical method of line profile analysis for thin films on substrates. X-ray reflectivity was used to study the evolution of interface roughness with annealing for a series of Cu thin films that were encapsulated in both SiO2 and Ta/SiO2. While all samples follow similar growth dynamics, notable differences in the roughness evolution with high temperature ex-situ annealing were observed. The annealing resulted in a smoothing of only one interface for the SiO2 encapsulated films, while neither interface of the Ta/SiO2 encapsulated films evolved significantly. The fact that only the upper Cu/SiO2 interface evolves is attributed to mechanical pinning of the lower interface to the rigid substrate. The lack of evolution of the Cu/Ta/SiO2 interface is consistent with the lower diffusivity expected of Cu in a Cu/Ta interface as compared to that in a Cu/SiO2 interface. The smoothing of the upper Cu/SiO2 interface qualitatively follows that expected for capillarity driven surface diffusion but with notable quantitative deviation.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Materials Science Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Materials Science and Engineering
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Clarke, John. "X-ray scattering from thin films and interfaces." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4499/.

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The non-destructive study and characterisation of thin films and their interfaces, on an atomic scale, is a crucially important area of study in many areas of science and technology. In this thesis both high angle and grazing incidence x-ray scattering techniques have been used to study the effect of depositing thin films on surfaces with a periodic roughness, as well as studying the structure of laterally modulated surfaces themselves. High angle diffraction measurements of the out-of-plane size of Co crystallites and the crystalline texture of the Ag lattice, in a series of CoAg granular fihns, has allowed a consistent growth mechanism for the Co grains to be deduced. In grazing incidence scattering studies of this series of thin, granular films it was observed that the diffuse scatter was offset from the specular condition and the position of this offset was seen to vary, sinusoidally, upon rotation of the sample. This led to the conclusion that the growth techniques employed had caused a regular step-bunching of the Si (111) substrate. As step-bunching of surfaces can affect greatly the properties of thin films deposited on them, the ability to characterise the substrate after growth is extremely important. In spin-valves deposited on rough, tiled, silicon oxide substrates, the presence of strong interference fringes in the off-specular scatter demonstrated that vertically conformal roughness dominated the system and this was seen to result in the degradation of the magnetic sensitivity of the samples. Conversely, an enhancement in the photoluminescence from thin polymer films deposited on laterally modulated substrates led to a series of studies being made on such structures. In order to obtain information on the lateral period of such structures, as well as their roughness and thickness, existing scattering theories have been modified and a semi-kinematical code of the coherent scatter has been developed.
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Books on the topic "Raw files"

1

Mercer, Dede D. The Mercer files: [raw research data, research yr. 1993. [Houston, Tex.] (5429 Navarro, Houston 77056): D.D. Mercer, 1993.

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Canfield, Jon. Raw 101. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.

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Moss, Kevin L. Camera Raw with Photoshop for dummies. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2006.

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Moss, Kevin L. Camera Raw with Photoshop For Dummies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.

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Dissanayake, Wimal. Raj Kapoor's films, harmony of discourses. New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 1988.

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Photoshop CS3 RAW: Transform your RAW images into works of art. Beijing [China]: O'Reilly, 2008.

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Adobe Camera Raw for digital photographers only. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2005.

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Nanda, Ritu. Raj Kapoor, his life and his films. Bombay: R.K. Films & Studios, 1991.

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Andrews, Philip. Complete raw workflow guide: The to get the most from your raw images in Adobe Camera Raw, lightroom, Photoshop and elements. Oxford, UK: Focal Press, 2008.

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Andrews, Philip. Complete raw workflow guide: The to get the most from your raw images in Adobe Camera Raw, lightroom, Photoshop and elements. Oxford, UK: Focal Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Raw files"

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Harder, Jennifer. "Working with Your RAW Video Files (AVI and MOV)." In Graphics and Multimedia for the Web with Adobe Creative Cloud, 641–78. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3823-3_26.

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Harder, Jennifer. "Working with Your RAW Video Files and Converting Them to Audio." In Graphics and Multimedia for the Web with Adobe Creative Cloud, 679–90. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3823-3_27.

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Harder, Jennifer. "Working with Your RAW Video Files and Converting Them to an Image Sequence." In Graphics and Multimedia for the Web with Adobe Creative Cloud, 691–703. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3823-3_28.

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Subbotin, Sergei A. "Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 265–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0265.

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Abstract The goal of phylogenetics is to construct relationships that are true representations of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms or genes. The history inferred from phylogenetic analysis is usually depicted as branching in tree-like diagrams or networks. In nematology, phylogenetic studies have been applied to resolve a wide range of questions dealing with improving classifications and testing evolution processes, such as co-evolution, biogeography and many others. There are several main steps involved in a phylogenetic study: (i) selection of ingroup and outgroup taxa for a study; (ii) selection of one or several gene fragments for a study; (iii) sample collection, obtaining PCR products and sequencing of gene fragments; (iv) visualization, editing raw sequence data and sequence assembling; (v) search for sequence similarity in a public database; (vi) making and editing multiple alignment of sequences; (vii) selecting appropriate DNA model for a dataset; (viii) phylogenetic reconstruction using minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference; (ix) visualization of tree files and preparation of tree for a publication; and (x) sequence submission to a public database. Molecular phylogenetic study requires particularly careful planning because it is usually relatively expensive in terms of the cost in reagents and time.
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Subbotin, Sergei A. "Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 265–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0015.

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Abstract The goal of phylogenetics is to construct relationships that are true representations of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms or genes. The history inferred from phylogenetic analysis is usually depicted as branching in tree-like diagrams or networks. In nematology, phylogenetic studies have been applied to resolve a wide range of questions dealing with improving classifications and testing evolution processes, such as co-evolution, biogeography and many others. There are several main steps involved in a phylogenetic study: (i) selection of ingroup and outgroup taxa for a study; (ii) selection of one or several gene fragments for a study; (iii) sample collection, obtaining PCR products and sequencing of gene fragments; (iv) visualization, editing raw sequence data and sequence assembling; (v) search for sequence similarity in a public database; (vi) making and editing multiple alignment of sequences; (vii) selecting appropriate DNA model for a dataset; (viii) phylogenetic reconstruction using minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference; (ix) visualization of tree files and preparation of tree for a publication; and (x) sequence submission to a public database. Molecular phylogenetic study requires particularly careful planning because it is usually relatively expensive in terms of the cost in reagents and time.
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Bearce, Stephanie. "Rat Bombs." In Top Secret Files, 78–79. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003239222-28.

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Cardoso, Jamie. "Using Resource Files." In V-Ray 5 for 3ds Max, 1–62. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315770802-1.

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Clair, René. "Paris qui dort (The Crazy Ray)." In 100 Silent Films, 162–63. London: British Film Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84457-569-5_67.

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Cohen, Jerome B. "Stresses in Thin Films." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 25–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9996-4_3.

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Gao, Xingyu, and Andrew T. S. Wee. "X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Ultrathin Organic Films." In Functional Polymer Films, 831–53. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527638482.ch27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Raw files"

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Silva, Vitor, Daniel De Oliveira, and Marta Mattoso. "Exploratory Analysis of Raw Data Files through Dataflows." In 2014 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High-Performance Computing Workshops (SBAC-PADW). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbac-padw.2014.32.

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Smatti, Maria Khalid, Yasser Al-Sarraj, Omar Albagha, and Hadi Yassine. "Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases in the Qatari Population." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0092.

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Background: Infectious diseases (IDs) account for 8% of deaths annually in Qatar, and therefore, represent a significant challenge for public health. Interestingly, the spread and severity of viral infections vary considerably between individuals and populations. The most recent example is SARS-CoV-2, which ranges from mild/asymptomatic to a severe respiratory syndrome. It has been previously reported that polymorphisms in genes linked to immunity can influence individuals’ responses to infections as observed in tuberculosis, influenza, and HIV; however, studies exploring causal host genetic variants in IDs are still limited and dramatically skewed with regard to population inclusion. In fact, the genetic susceptibility to IDs in the Qatari population is largely unknown. Aim: To perform a comprehensive genetic screening to investigate the presence and frequency of variants previously associated with various infections in the Qatari population. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was previously performed for 18,000 QBB participants using Illumina HiSeq X Ten1 sequencers. The initial data processing and quality assessment of the raw data has also been performed and variant calling files (VCF) were created. We were granted the access to the VCF files of 6,218 sequenced samples. The genetic variant data was then converted to PLINK file format using PLINK-1.9. Standardized quality-assurance and quality control (QA/QC) methods were followed to generate high quality and confidence on both SNPs and sample levels. The final file used for calculating allele frequency contained 6,047 subjects. Additionally, list of infections-related SNPs that were previously reported in the literature and deposited in GWAS catalog was extracted and used to calculate and compare the allelic frequency in the Qatari genomes compared to other populations. Results: The frequency of infections-related SNPs in the Qatari population was significantly lower for most infections. Most variants (78%) showed negative fold change in the Qatari genomes. Only 22% of all variants were more prevalent in Qatari population compared to others. The most significant differences were observed in genes related to TB and HIV (200-940 and 160-710 fold change, respectively). Conclusion: This study reports a lower susceptibility of the Qatari population to IDs in general. Nonetheless, this might also indicate the presence of unknown Qatari-unique variants and hence, highlights the need for further investigation in future GWAS.
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Ha, Sangho, Hweeyoung Han, Daeil Kwon, Namhun Kim, Hyeonnam Kim, Cheolwoong Hwang, Hyunshik Shin, and Kyujong Park. "Systematic Dimensional Calibration Process for 3D Printed Parts in Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47983.

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The selective laser sintering (SLS) processes, known for enhancing engineering properties and durability of products, are widely used in auto part development processes. The dimensional displacements of the 3D printed parts, however, hinder utilizing the technology directly to enhance their development process. In general, the SLS process causes curved shapes (convex) due to thermal deformation (thermal expansion and thermal contraction) in the powder sintering and cooling processes, which accompanies multi-phase changes of the raw materials (polymer powders). In this research, we aim to present a systematic dimensional calibration process by investigating and analyzing the dimensional deformation patterns of 3D printed samples in SLS platform (using 3D Systems’ sPro60 SD). Firstly, the test samples with complex features are produced to check the reference dimensional deviation of the SLS process. Secondly, the deformation patterns are measured and analyzed as a form of a 2nd order polynomial regression model in the global Cartesian coordinates of the platform. Lastly, the dimensional calibration methods to minimize the process errors are presented by the pre-processing of the original CAD file (.stl) with inverse transformation of the features using the 2nd order polynomial regression model. At the end of the paper, we will propose an algorithm that predicts the deformation and calibrates point-based 3D CAD STL files of samples in order to mitigate the dimensional deformation, along with test samples for illustrative purposes.
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Gurchumelia, L., G. Baliashvili, F. Bejanov, and N. Sarjveldze. "Development of novel composite fire-extinguishing powders on the basis of mineral raw materials." In FOREST FIRES 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva080071.

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Cajka, Tomas, Jiri Hricko, Lucie Rudl Kulhava, Michaela Novakova, Michaela Paucova, and Ondrej Kuda. "MetaboAtlas21: A comprehensive metabolome and lipidome atlas of mouse tissues and biofluids." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mzeg6052.

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Here, we present a specific atlas of mouse metabolome and lipidome (MetaboAtlas21) in the context of systemic energy balance (chow diet) and under chronic nutrient stress (high-fat diet). Male mice were fed a control (chow) diet for 2 months or a high-fat diet for 2 months and 10 months. Urine, plasma, feces, and 18 different tissues were collected from each animal for metabolomics and lipidomics analysis. These matrices cover digestive, excretory, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, muscular, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Also, chow and high-fat diet feeds were analyzed along with quality control human plasma/serum materials (NIST SRM 1950 plasma, Merck S1-100ML serum, Sigma–Aldrich S7023 serum). In total, 408 samples were included in this study. An “all-in-one” extraction protocol LIMeX using methyl tert-butyl ether, methanol, and water was used to isolate metabolite fractions and analyzed using a multiplatform LC-MS-based approach (7 platforms for non-fat tissues and biofluids; 8 platforms for adipose tissues). Raw data files were processed using MS-DIAL 4. Metabolites were annotated using in-house retention time–m/z library and using MS/MS libraries available from commercial and open sources (NIST20, MassBank, MoNA). Lipids were annotated using LipidBlast in MS-DIAL. Ultimately, we annotated over 3,000 unique polar metabolites and complex lipids. To better understand the structure of generated data, we provide a user-friendly data visualization tool (metaboatlas21.metabolomics.fgu.cas.cz) to easily access and analyze the different combinations of tissues and biofluids in response to the metabolic challenge (NIST20, MassBank, MoNA). Lipids were annotated using LipidBlast in MS-DIAL. Ultimately, we annotated over 3,000 unique polar metabolites and complex lipids. To better understand the structure of generated data, we provide a user-friendly data visualization tool (metaboatlas21.metabolomics.fgu.cas.cz) to easily access and analyze the different combinations of tissues and biofluids in response to the metabolic challenge.
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Wang, Zhanshan, Yang Yang, Qiushi Huang, Hangjian Ni, and Zhong Zhang. "High reflectance broadband thin films used in x-ray telescopes." In Advances in Optical Thin Films VI, edited by Michel Lequime, H. Angus Macleod, and Detlev Ristau. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2311850.

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Carton, Patrick, Michel Giraudeau, and Franck Davenel. "New FIDES models for emerging technologies." In 2017 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ram.2017.7889686.

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Zhang, Cong, Yumei Wu, Zhengwei Yu, and Zhiqiang Li. "Research and implementation of file security mechanisms based on file system filter driver." In 2017 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ram.2017.7889772.

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Chen, Yu-Chen, Wen-Kai Chen, Jing-Chi Huang, and Jia-Yang Juang. "Deposition of Highly Transparent and Conductive Films on Tilted Substrates by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet." In ASME 2019 28th Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2019-7423.

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Abstract We study the influence of the substrate tilt angle on the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films deposited by the atmosphere pressure plasma jet (APPJ) method. The nozzle trajectories play a key role in oblique angle deposition. In the process of oblique angle deposition, if the nozzle scanned from the upstream side to the downstream side, the electrical properties such as resistivity, carrier concentration and mobility deteriorate considerably. The optical properties also worsen — specular transmittance goes down and diffuse transmittance increase to a significant amount. This degradation can be attributed to the “pre-deposition” of the GZO adsorbed particles (ad-particles) on the downstream side of the raw glass where the nozzle has not scanned. These GZO ad-particles serve as nuclei on which the incoming vapor particles deposit preferentially. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD confirmed that the film near the downstream is thicker, less smooth, and porous than that near the upstream. The undesirable situation can be mitigated or even completely removed via proper nozzle scanning trajectories — reversing the scanning trajectory of the nozzle. If the nozzle scans from the downstream side to the upstream side, no pre-deposition of the GZO ad-particles to deteriorate the film properties and therefore the obliquely deposited films perform as well as the films deposited without tilt, i.e. flat substrate. This work presents a solution to the challenge of depositing TCO on tilted and curved surfaces.
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Mehta, B. V., and R. Marinescu. "Comparison of Image Generation and Processing Techniques for 3D Reconstruction of the Human Skull." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32592.

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Although in the last few years, the use of the non-invasive medical techniques for diagnosis and treatment has experienced a huge development, mainly due to advancement in technology, for research and education these methods are still elaborate, expensive and not readily accessible. The purpose of our study was to compare the accuracy of an unconventional, non-invasive and relatively inexpensive Microscribe (3D digitizer) with a standard widely used and expensive CT-Scan and/or MRI for 3D reconstruction of a human skull, which will be used for biomechanics studies. Two models of the human skull were developed (reconstructed), one using the 3D coordinates generated by the Microscribe 3D digitizing unit and another one using the CT-Scans (2D cross-sections) obtained from a GE scanner. Using the hand-held digitizer, the Microscribe, X, Y and Z coordinates of a human skull were generated to create the first computer model. The 3D coordinates were brought as splines in to 3D Studio Max, a 3D modeling software, and U-lofted to form a solid NURBS model. The Microscribe captures the physical properties of a three-dimensional object and translates them into a 3D model. This kind of device is used to collect data directly from the surface of the study object. The stylus tip is moved over the contour of the object following its surface until the entire surface is digitized. Usually, points are drawn on the object’s surface in order to facilitate the digitizing process. 3D Studio Max takes this “raw” data and produces complex 3D models using various modeling techniques. For making the first skull model a technique called DRAW SPLINES was used. This method allows the user to begin a new spline or to do multiple splines by adding splines to those already created. I used this command to digitize my model because it is easy to use, quick and it gives the most accurate result. The final model was obtained in three steps: half of the skull was digitized and the first object was obtained, the MicroscribeSpline object (Fig. 1). The splines were transformed in NURBS curves and the second object was called NURBS Curves object. Finally, in the third phase, the NURBS curves were transformed in NURBS surfaces using the NURBS surface command, U-LOFT, and the final model, NURBS surface object, was obtained (Fig. 2). The entire skull was obtained from 2 identical halves of the same skull. The model was created using symmetry method because of the model’s organic complexity. The solid model was then exported to FEA software for analysis. (Fig. 3) The second skull model was created using the 2-D cross-sections obtained from the GE Helical Hi Speed - FX/i scanner (Fig. 4). The same skull used in the first part of the study, for modeling the first virtual model, was scanned following both sagittal and frontal planes. The interslice distance was set as being 3 mm. 48 CT slices for every analyzed plane were obtained. The CT cross-sections were captured as DICOM files using the E-film software and exported as TIFF images. The TIFF images were brought into OPTIMAS (image analysis software), which extracted the X, Y coordinates of each cross section using the POINT MORPHOMETRY option. A visual basic program was developed to convert the extracted coordinates to closed curves under Unigraphics SolidEdge software. To obtain the final model, the external boundaries of each cross section were lofted using LOFT PROTRUSION command. To find the best result, a second approach was developed in parallel using Adobe STREAMLINE and image processing software, which extracts the boundaries of each cross section and exports them as DXF files, compatible with the Solid Edge program. Both models were then subjected to stress analysis using Finite Element Analysis software. The analysis results obtained from the two scanning techniques will be discussed and presented, including the pros and cons of using the more accurate and expensive CT-scans versus the inexpensive hand-held scanner and their effects on finite element models. For this study, different image processing software such as OSIRIS, SCION IMAGE, EFILM, 3D DOCTOR, OPTIMAS and STREAMLINE were investigated in order to find the best interface to capture, reconstruct and model body data. The features, availability, cost and user-friendliness of these software tools will also be presented.
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Reports on the topic "Raw files"

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Li, Chunyan. High-Resolution Air Pressure Measured from Ground StationsHigh-Resolution Air Pressure Measured from Ground Stations. LSU Digital Commons, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31390/oceanography_coastal_wavcis.02.

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McKean, Adam P., Zachary W. Anderson, Donald L. Clark, Diego Fernandez, Christopher R. Anderson, Tiffany A. Rivera, and Taylor K. McCombs. Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Results for the Bountiful Peak, Coalville, James Peak, Mount Pisgah, Paradise, and Payson Lakes 7.5' Quadrangles, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-743.

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This Open-File Report makes available raw analytical data from laboratory analysis of U-Pb ages of zircon grains from samples collected during geologic mapping funded by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (STATEMAP) and the Utah Geological Survey (UGS). The references listed in table 1 provide additional information such as sample location, geologic setting, and interpretation of the samples in the context of the area where they were collected. The data were prepared by the University of Utah Earth Core Facility (Diego Fernandez, Director), under contract to the UGS. These data are highly technical in nature and proper interpretation requires considerable training in the applicable geochronologic techniques.
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Thembeka Ncube, Ayanda, and Antonio Bobet. Use of Recycled Asphalt. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317316.

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The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the blend but decreases permeability. RAP can be used safely, as it does not pose any environmental concerns. The most important disadvantage of RAP is that it displays significant creep. It seems that this is caused by the presence of the asphaltic layer coating the aggregate. Creep increases with pressure and with temperature and decreases with the degree of compaction. Creep can be mitigated by either blending RAP with aggregate or by stabilization with chemical compounds. Fly ash and cement have shown to decrease, albeit not eliminate, the amount of creep. Mechanical stabilizing agents such as geotextiles may also be used.
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Tobin, J. G., K. W. Goodman, and T. R. Cummins. Magnetic x-ray dichroism in ultrathin epitaxial films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/603525.

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Summers, Richard L., and Kipp C. Wright. Computer-Aided Analysis of Flash X-Ray Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada254647.

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Chiarello, R. P., H. Y. You, and T. Roberts. X-ray reflectivity study of gold films during sputter-deposition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/188925.

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Brewer, M. A., H. L. Ju, and K. M. Krishnan. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and x-ray absorption spectroscopy of novel magnetic thin films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/604279.

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Schumann, F. O., R. F. Willis, and K. W. Goodman. Magnetic x-ray linear dichroism of ultrathin Fe-Ni alloy films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/603528.

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Severance, C., T. J. Rosenau, and S. Pramanik. A High-Speed KDL-RAM File System for Parallel Computers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223299.

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Perry, D. L., A. C. Thompson, and R. E. Russo. Characterization of quaternary metal oxide films by synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microprobe. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/603687.

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