Academic literature on the topic 'Raw material prices'
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Journal articles on the topic "Raw material prices"
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Fetisov, G. "Price Movement and Anti-inflation Policy under Conditions of “Dutch Disease”." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2008): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-3-20-36.
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The article analyzes the mechanism of price change under conditions of "Dutch disease" using the model of centrally planned open economy - net exporter of raw materials. Characteristics of this mechanism are investigated when growth of raw material resources as well as external trade prices increases take place. If the three principles of monetary policy are fulfilled, then, firstly, growth of raw material resource causes increase in price and wage levels in case of zero output of tradable product, and, secondly, the growth of raw material prices leads to increase in price and wage levels in case of any output of tradable product. However, the inflation is caused not by "Dutch disease" itself, but by the rigidity of prices, wages and exchange. It is possible to reduce the inflation by lowering taxes on wages or subsidizing them from rental budget income. А non-monetary anti-inflation package for Russia is recommended.
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Sklyar, Alexander. "Mathematical model of the supply-demand system for raw materials." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 1 (January 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2021.1.27680.
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The subject of this research is the processes of price formation for raw materials depending on the demand for end consumer products. The article reviews a mathematical model that is based on the principle of maximum utility. The proposed model is founded on the stage-by-stage determination of the production output and consumption of end products, as well as corresponding prices depending on the prices of used raw materials and semi-finished products. The prices for intermediate products and raw materials are formed depending on the need for end products output with their optimization by demand. The article provides the basic mathematical ration with regards to using principle of maximum utility applicable to the demand-supply model and its implementation in multi-stage production. The acquired results indicate weak dependence of production output and prices for end products on the cost of raw material in terms of advanced refining. With limited production capacity of raw materials, the dynamics of prices is well predicted. The results of modeling, compared to the available statistical data, indicate the adequacy of the proposed model to the unfolding economic processes. It is determined that the accuracy of price prediction for raw products with a significant volume of its subsequent processing is limited.
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Honoré, Houngbedji Sèwanoudé. "Threshold Effect of Raw Material Prices on Economic Growth of African Countries." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 12, no. 02 (2021): 2150009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993321500095.
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We study the nonlinear effects of raw material prices measured by that of cotton product on the economic growth of a sample of African countries for the period of 1991–2019. Using the procedure for determining endogenous thresholds (Hansen, 1999) [Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93, 345–368], the study revealed that raw material prices positively affect economic growth when the prices reach a threshold above 96.1. These results indicate that to be effective, any economic policy measure aimed at accelerating the economic growth of these commodity-dependent countries must take into account the level of raw material price indices, the quality of governance, and the level of financial development.
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Arnold, Jan, Stefan Minner, and Björn Eidam. "Raw material procurement with fluctuating prices." International Journal of Production Economics 121, no. 2 (2009): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2007.02.038.
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Didžiokas, Rimantas, Jolanta Janutėnienė, Marius Gintalas, and A. Tadzijevas. "Influence of the Secondary Raw Materials on the Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Films." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.613.
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Recycling and usage of secondary raw materials in production is one of the most topical issues. Usage of secondary raw materials is one of the most topical issues in both economic and ecological (environmental) sense. Such a layered film on the market has lower price because secondary raw material prices is significant lower compared with the original material, the PET granules. Currently producing a layered film the middle layer composes up to 50 % of recycled material. In today's market in order to maintain a high level of competitiveness usage of 50 % of recycled materials is inadequate, therefore to use more recycled material amount and in such way to reduce product cost further researches are necessary.
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Wang, Chuanxu, Yanbing Li, and Zhengcai Wang. "Supply chain network optimization with consideration of raw material and final product substitutions driven by price and carbon emissions." Kybernetes 47, no. 8 (2018): 1585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2017-0386.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a bi-objective mixed integer non-linear programing model to optimize the supply chain networks consisting of raw material providers, final product manufacturers and distribution centers. Raw material substitution caused by varying raw material supply amounts, prices and carbon emissions and final product substitution due to different product prices and carbon emissions are considered. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model aims to achieve total profit maximization and total carbon emission minimization. The objective function of carbon emissions is converted into a maximization problem by changing minimum to maximum. The composite objective function is the weighted sum of the bias value of each objective function. The model is then solved using software Lingo12. Findings Numerical analysis results show that an increase in the number of alternate raw materials for original raw material helps improve supply chain network performance, and variation in that number causes detectable but not significant changes in downstream final product substitution results. Originality/value The major differences between this work and existing research are as follows: first, although previous research considered carbon emissions in supply chain network optimization, it has not considered the substitution effects of products or raw materials. This paper considers the substitution of both raw material and productions. Second, the item substitution considered by previous research is derived from inventory shortage or price difference of original items. However, the substitution considered in the present paper is a response to differences in purchase price, production cost and carbon emissions for items.
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Pratiwi, Trisa Mushandry, Hardiani Hardiani, and Adi Bhakti. "Analisis faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi pada industri rumah tangga (studi kasus : industri kerupuk udang di Desa Lambur Luar Kecamatan Muara Sabak Timur Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur)." e-Jurnal Ekonomi Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan 9, no. 1 (2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jels.v9i1.11945.
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The purpose of this study is (1) To analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of Producers in the Shrimp Crackers Home Industry in the Village of Lambur Luar Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, (2) To analyze the effect of capital, labor, prices and raw materials on production in the Home Industry Shrimp Crackers in Lambur Luar Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. The results showed that all independent variables (capital, labor, prices and raw materials) affected the production of the shrimp cracker industry in Lambur Luar Village. Judging from the test results obtained by the coefficient of determination ( ) of 0.963460. This is aimed at capital, labor, prices and raw materials able to influence production by 96.34 percent and the remaining 3.66 percent for other variables not included in this study. Whereas if tested partially, capital, labor, price and raw material variables have a positive and significant effect on production in the shrimp cracker industry in Lambur Luar Village.
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Yang, Jian, and Yusen Xia. "Acquisition Management Under Fluctuating Raw Material Prices." Production and Operations Management 18, no. 2 (2009): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2009.01010.x.
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Matthies, Klaus. "Raw Material Prices at New Record Highs." Intereconomics 41, no. 3 (2006): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-006-0186-3.
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Rintala, Annastiina, Jouni Havukainen, and Mariam Abdulkareem. "Estimating the Cost-Competitiveness of Recycling-Based Geopolymer Concretes." Recycling 6, no. 3 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030046.
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The cement industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest, in both academia and business, in low-carbon concretes in which Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is partially or fully replaced with industrial side streams. However, the realization of the environmental benefits of such materials depends on how competitive they are in the construction market, where low costs are a major competitive factor. This is not straightforward, as many types of concretes exist. Raw material prices vary, and costs can be influenced by governmental regulations via carbon pricing. This study presents a case study estimating the cost prices of four different geopolymer concretes with different material compositions and carbon footprints, considering the raw material price variability and the potential impact of carbon emissions regulation (carbon price). The case study demonstrates how material mix cost comparisons can be made openly and systematically. The results imply that carbon pricing, at the rates currently applied, does not significantly change the cost price difference between traditional and geopolymer concretes. Instead, cost-competitiveness of low carbon concretes depends heavily on the material mix type and the availability of critical side streams.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Raw material prices"
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Thießen, Friedrich, and Thomas Maurer. "Mongolia’s Future and Declining Raw Material Prices." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-183446.
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Mongolia is a country whose Gross Domestic Income relies heavily on raw material prices. The recent downturn in important commodity prices like copper or coal affect national income, taxes and the social welfare system. Mongolia should try to diversify its industries further to become less dependent on commodity business cycles. Mongolia should also try to lower the rate of corruption, which in many countries is highly correlated with mining businesses. Modern high tech companies and business technologies are corruption averse. Relationships based on corruption are short-lived and instable. This is what those companies do not like. A country like Mongolia that strives towards high wealth and less dependence on commodities should try to get rid of corruption.
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Van, Wyngaard Josef de Villiers. "Effect of palm kernel expeller supplementation on production performance of Jersey cows grazing kikuyu/ryegrass pasture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41070.
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Ruminant feed supplements are price sensitive and are effected by the continuous fluctuation of other raw material feed prices. Therefore, improving the efficiency of production and reducing cost of supplement concentrates for dairy cows are becoming increasingly important both for the smallholder and commercial dairy farmer. This can be overcome by replacing expensive energy and protein feeds with cheaper by-products. During periods of high maize prices, replacing maize with lower cost high fibre by-products becomes an economically viable option. Palm kernel expeller (PKE) fits the profile of a low cost, high fibre by-product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of PKE in dairy concentrates for Jersey cows on milk production, milk composition, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) change, rumen parameters and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture degradability of dry matter (DMd) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFd) as well as NDFd rate (NDF kd).
The study was conducted at the Outeniqua Research Farm situated near George in the Western Cape and cows grazed high quality kikuyu/ryegrass pasture during spring. Forty eight multiparous high producing Jersey cows were blocked according to 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), days in milk (DIM) and lactation number and randomly allocated to three treatments (control, low PKE, and high PKE). The PKE inclusion level in the control, low PKE, and high PKE treatment concentrates was 0, 20, and 40%, respectively. The PKE replaced part of the maize and protein sources in the concentrate. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk composition was determined in two week intervals over a 60 d period, after a 21 d adaptation period. Additionally, eight lactating rumen-fistulated cows were randomly allocated to the control and high PKE treatment in a two period crossover design. Ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture DMd, NDFd and NDF kd were measured. Cows received 6 kg (as is) concentrate per day divided over two milking periods and strip grazed kikuyu/ryegrass pasture as one group.
Milk yield and milk fat content did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments and were 21.3, 21.3 and 20.7 kg/cow/d and 4.63, 4.65, and 4.66% for cows receiving the control, low PKE and high PKE treatments, respectively. Milk protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), BW and BCS did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Total VFA’s, average ruminal pH, ruminal NH3-N, and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture DMd and NDFd as well as NDF kd did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. The acetic to propionic acid ratio was, however, higher (P < 0.05) for cows supplemented with the high PKE treatment.
It can be concluded that partial replacement of maize with 20 or 40% PKE in a lactating dairy cow concentrate did not affect milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content, somatic cell count (SCC), BW, or BCS. Rumen fermentation was unaffected and a healthy rumen environment was sustained. The replacement of higher cost maize and soybean oilcake by a lower cost PKE decreased feed cost. It is however not recommended to include PKE at 40% in the concentrate due to the increased time spent by cows in the milking parlour and the low palatability of PKE, which could lead to the tendency of increased concentrate refusals. It can be extrapolated from the data obtained from this study that milk production will be sustained when PKE is fed to cows on pasture at 2.4 kg/cow/day.<br>Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>unrestricted
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Thießen, Friedrich, and Thomas Maurer. "Die Zukunft der Mongolei im Zeichen sinkender Rohstoffpreise." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-183439.
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Mongolia is a country whose Gross Domestic Income relies heavily on raw material prices. The recent downturn in important commodity prices like copper or coal affect national income, taxes and the social welfare system. Mongolia should try to diversify its industries further to become less dependent on commodity business cycles. Mongolia should also try to lower the rate of corruption, which in many countries is highly correlated with mining businesses. Modern high tech companies and business technologies are corruption averse. Relationships based on corruption are short-lived and instable. This is what those companies do not like. A country like Mongolia that strives towards high wealth and less dependence on commodities should try to get rid of corruption.
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Porsö, Charlotta. "The effect of new raw materials on pellet prices." Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, SLU, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-130660.
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As demand for renewable energy is increasing rapidly, the market for biomass pellets is expected to continue to grow in the near future. Most of the new raw materials that are discussed for pellet production have one thing in common; the production costs will increase compared to using traditional raw materials such as sawdust and planer shavings. The aim of this thesis is to investigate to what degree increased use of new raw materials for pellet production will affect the general pellet prices in Sweden and to survey what plans Swedish pellet producers have concerning new raw materials. To investigate the raw material situation of the Swedish pellet producers an industry survey was performed. Literature studies were also made on previous research in the subject field. Calculations of the production costs for pellets were done for the raw materials sawdust, wet sawmill chips and energy wood respectively. New raw materials are already used by the large-scale pellet producers in Sweden. It is mainly the large-scale producers that have started to use new raw materials such as energy wood, wet sawmill chips and dry chips. Around 65% of the respondents of the survey were planning for new raw materials. Most commonly planned for was energy wood. Most of the pellet producers in the survey were planning for raw materials that give high quality pellets. The minimum price for pellets is in the long run set by the production costs. The raw material costs are the most important part of the production costs and according to results from the survey they also affect the pellet prices most. For pellets made of sawdust the raw material costs were typically 2/3 of the total production costs in 2009. In calculations of production costs, wet sawmill chips resulted in a decreased cost by 4% compared to sawdust, mainly because of less expensive raw material. Energy wood also resulted in decreased production costs by 4% compared to sawdust, assuming that the thermal energy needed for drying could be entirely produced with the bark from the debarking process. Both energy wood and wet sawmill chips could hence decrease the production costs and thereby the price for pellets. Even though there is a much greater maximum pellet production potential for wet sawmill chips than for sawdust the amounts of available raw material will, among other factors, depend on the development in the pulp industry.
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Rogetzer, Patricia, Lena Silbermayr, and Werner Jammernegg. "Sustainable sourcing of strategic raw materials by integrating recycled materials." Springer Nature, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10696-017-9288-4.
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In this paper we investigate a manufacturer's sustainable sourcing strategy
that includes recycled materials. To produce a short life-cycle electronic good,
strategic raw materials can be bought from virgin material suppliers in advance of
the season and via emergency shipments, as well as from a recycler. Hence, we take
into account virgin and recycled materials from different sources simultaneously.
Recycling makes it possible to integrate raw materials out of steadily increasing
waste streams back into production processes. Considering stochastic prices for
recycled materials, stochastic supply quantities from the recycler and stochastic
demand as well as their potential dependencies, we develop a single-period
inventory model to derive the order quantities for virgin and recycled raw materials
to determine the related costs and to evaluate the effectiveness of the sourcing
strategy. We provide managerial insights into the benefits of such a green sourcing
approach with recycling and compare this strategy to standard sourcing without
recycling. We conduct a full factorial design and a detailed numerical sensitivity
analysis on the key input parameters to evaluate the cost savings potential. Furthermore,
we consider the effects of correlations between the stochastic parameters.
Green sourcing is especially beneficial in terms of cost savings for high demand
variability, high prices of virgin raw material and low expected recycling prices as
well as for increasing standard deviation of the recycling price. Besides these
advantages it also contributes to environmental sustainability as, compared to
sourcing without recycling, it reduces the total quantity ordered and, hence, emissions
are reduced.
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Curtolo, Murilo Zaine. "Caracterização tecnológica de matérias-primas cerâmicas proveniente da Formação Tatuí na região de Ipeúna (SP) /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182437.
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Orientador: Guillermo Rafael Beltran Navarro<br>Resumo: Conhecido por ser um dos polos cerâmicos de maior destaque da América Latina, o Polo Cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes (PCSG), tem o diferencial de seus produtos associado aos argilitos e siltito provenientes da Formação Corumbataí (Neopermiano da Bacia do Paraná) aflorantes por toda a região dos municípios de Cordeirópolis, Ipeúna, Limeira, Piracicaba, Rio Claro e Santa Gertrudes (SP). Devido à sua importância no mercado nacional e internacional, o PCSG tem sido objeto constante de estudos que visam aprimorar sua produção e buscar novas fontes de matérias-primas. O presente trabalho busca caracterizar os litotipos da Formação Tatuí (Neopermiano) quanto à sua composição química, mineralogia e aspectos tecnológicos, com o intuito de verificar se esses materiais podem ser aplicados como fonte alternativa de matéria-prima para o PCSG. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento geológico de duas colunas estratigráficas da Formação Tatuí na região do município de Ipeúna, cujos litotipos foram avaliados por meio de análises químicas, petrográficas e difratométricas, além de ensaios cerâmicos, os quais abrangeram testes de queima a 950º C, 1050º C e 1150º C, testes de carga de ruptura instantânea, resistência a flexura e absorção de água, além de analises de granulometria de moagem por difração de raios - X. As análises mostraram que os litotipos apresentam, de maneira geral, granulometria fina e são constituídos principalmente por quartzo, feldspato potássico, plagioclásio (albita) e filossi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Known for being one of the most important ceramic centers in Latin America, the Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Pole (PCSG) has the differential of its products associated with the high quality red clays of the Corumbataí Formation (Neopermian) found throughout the city areas of Cordeirópolis, Ipeúna, Limeira, Piracicaba, Rio Claro and Santa Gertrudes (SP). Due to its importance in the national and international market, the PCSG has been the object of constant studies that aim to to improve its production and to look for new sources of raw materials. The present work aims to characterize the Tatuí Formation (Neopermian) lithotypes in their geochemistry, mineralogy and technological aspects, in order to verify if these materials can be used as an alternative source of raw materials for the PCSG. In order to achieve this goal, a geological survey of two stratigraphic profiles of the Tatuí Formation was carried out in the region of Ipeúna, with their lithotypes submitted to chemical, petrographic and diffractometric analyzes, as well as ceramic tests. These tests included burning at 950 º C, 1050 ° C and 1150 ° C, instantaneous burst load, flexural strength, water absorption and particle size analysis by X - ray diffraction. The analysis showed that the lithotypes have, in general, fine granulometry and are constituted mainly by quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase (albite) and phyllosilicates, with secondary concentrations of zeolite and iron oxides and hydroxides. These results, co... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Becerra, Rosario. "Circulación y transformación de materias primas: el caso del Paijanense en el valle de Chicama (11.000-7000 a.p.)." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113521.
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Circulation and Transformation of Raw Materials: The Case of the Paijanense in the Chicama Valley (11.000-7000 BP)The paper presents a study of the more relevant raw materials that were used during the Paijanense in order to manufacture their bifacial and unifacial implements in the Chicama valley. The location of the principal sources of raw materials in relationship to the settlements is discussed, as well as their extraction, circulation and transformation according to the quality of the various types of rock.<br>El presente trabajo es un estudio de las principales materias primas utilizadas durante el Paijanense para la elaboración de los implementos bifaciales y unifaciales en el valle de Chicama. Se discute la localización de las principales fuentes de materias primas en relación al asentamiento, así como la extracción, circulación y transformación de las mismas en función a la calidad de los diversos tipos de minerales.
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Rey, Solé María Mar. "Determinación arqueopetrológica y territorial de los materiales silíceos entre el sur de Tarragona y el norte de Castellón." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401434.
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El presente trabajo ha querido deducir, a través del estudio de las industrias líticas recuperadas en dos yacimientos finipaleolíticos, los sistemas de aprovisionamiento, estrategias y explotación del territorio interpretando de esta manera el comportamiento humano de ciertos grupos de cazadores-recolectores durante la transición Pleistoceno- Holoceno.
El abrigo de l'Hort de la Boquera (Margalef de Montsant, Priorat, Tarragona) adscrito al Epipaleolítico y el abrigo de la Roureda (Vilafranca, Els Ports, Castelló) adscrito al Epimagdaleninse han sido los dos yacimientos caso de estudio.
La metodología empleada ha consistido en la aplicación conjunta del trabajo de laboratorio y del trabajo de campo. A través del conjunto de analíticas, tanto mineralógicas como geoquímicas, compuestas por los análisis de macroscopía y microscopía óptica, así como otros métodos complementarios como la Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, la Espectroscopía micro-Raman, la Difracción de Rayos X y el Análisis por Espectrometría de Masas con fuente de Plasma de Acoplamiento Inductivo y Ablación Láser, han podido ser discriminadas variedades de sílex diferentes para los dos conjuntos de utillaje lítico.
El trabajo de campo realizado para los respectivos abrigos ha dado lugar al conocimiento de muchos puntos de afloramiento de material silíceo susceptible de haber sido explotado en tiempos prehistóricos y ha conferido un conocimiento muy valioso para la posterior comparación de materias primas líticas silíceas.
Por un lado, para el abrigo de l'Hort de la Boquera se han discriminado hasta tres tipos y cuatro variedades distintas de sílex, de los cuales el mayoritario se corresponde con un tipo de origen continental por reemplazamiento de evaporitas, mientras que los otros dos restantes se corresponden con un origen por reemplazamiento de calizas lacustres.
Los grupos humanos de l'Hort de la Boquera establecieron una serie de afloramientos, de una misma formación bastante cercana al abrigo -el Complejo Ulldemolins- como la base recurrente para el aprovisionamiento de materias primas silíceas.
Para las otras dos variedades de sílex de origen por reemplazamiento de calizas lacustres se han propuesto dos sistemas de aprovisionamiento distintos, el primero, por
captación directa en afloramientos secundarios y el segundo, por captación indirecta o intercambio con otras comunidades que pudieron estar asentadas en zonas más septentrionales.
Por otro lado, para el abrigo de La Roureda, se han discriminado un total de cuatro tipos y cinco variedades de sílex, los mayoritarios se corresponden con un origen por reemplazamiento de sedimentos lacustres y los minoritarios se corresponden con un origen por reemplazamiento de sedimentos marinos y por un origen desconocido hasta el momento respectivamente.
Los grupos humanos de La Roureda establecieron unas pautas distintas de explotación y captación de materias primas silíceas, seguramente condicionados por las características de su entorno y la desigual oferta de recursos minerales emplazados. Se observa un radio de movilidad más extenso y direccional (este-oeste) en busca de afloramientos primarios sin descartar la posible captación en afloramientos secundarios. Otra hipótesis no excluyente es el supuesto contacto eventual con otras comunidades de la zona occidental, más rica en materia prima silícea.
Además y en la medida de lo posible, se ha establecido una relación entre tipo de útil y variedad de sílex observando algún tipo de intencionalidad en la manufactura de ciertas variedades recuperadas en el abrigo de La Roureda.
Observamos de esta manera como los grupos humanos de cazadores-recolectores estaban ciertamente “condicionados” a las características que sus entornos ofrecían y por lo tanto las estrategias de aprovisionamiento y comportamiento se ajustaban al conocimiento territorial que adquirieron gracias a la experiencia. Podemos afirmar categóricamente un gran conocimiento del conjunto de afloramientos que estaban a su alcance y por consiguiente, los recursos minerales que podían explotar en su beneficio para poder vivir su día a día.<br>This research has sought to deduce, through the study of lithic industries recovered in two late Palaeolitic sites, the provisioning systems, strategies and exploitation of the territory by certain groups of hunter-gatherers during the Pleistocene - Holocene transition thus interpreting their human behavior.
L'Hort de la Boquera rockshelter (Margalef de Montsant, Priorat, Tarragona) ascribed to Epipalaeolithic and La Roureda rockshelter (Vilafranca, Els Ports, Castelló) ascribed to Epimagdalenian have been both case study.
The methodology used consisted in the combined application of laboratory and fieldwork. Through the whole archaeopetrological analytics, both mineralogical and geochemical, consisting of classical analysis of optical macroscopy and petrographic microscopy, as well as other complementary methods such Scanning Electronic Microscopy, micro-Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction and geochemical analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, it has been able to discriminate the different flint varieties for the two sets of lithic tools.
The geological surveys and fieldwork done for both rockshelters has led the identification of many potential siliceous outcrops that could have been exploited in prehistoric times conferring a valuable knowledge for subsequent comparison of siliceous lithic raw materials.
The human groups from the rockshelters established different patterns of exploitation and uptake of siliceous raw materials, probably conditioned by the characteristics of their environment and the unequal offer of emplaced mineral resources. Another not excluding hypothesis is the assumption of the possible contact with other communities somewhat richer in siliceous raw materials.
Thus we can see how human groups of hunter-gatherers were certainly conditioned by the characteristics offered by their environments and therefore, the sourcing strategies and behaviours were in line with territorial knowledge acquired through experience. We can say categorically that they knew the set of primary and secondary outcrops available and therefore the mineral resources that could be exploited to their benefit to their daily lives.
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BRITO, Igor Pinheiro de. "Caracterização de novos depósitos de argilas do estado da Paraíba visando seu uso como matérias primas cerâmicas." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/994.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-31<br>Capes<br>Nos últimos anos, novos depósitos de argilas foram descobertos no Estado da
Paraíba, a caracterização destes depósitos é de fundamental importância para
estabelecer o melhor uso industrial dos mesmos. Neste contexto, o presente
trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar argilas provenientes de jazidas do município
de Cubati-PB, visando estabelecer seus usos adequados como matérias-primas
cerâmicas. Para tanto, as matérias-primas foram submetidas às seguintes técnicas
de caracterizações: física, química, mineralógica e térmica. Posteriormente, foram
preparados corpos de prova por prensagem uniaxial a 19 MPa, estes foram secos
em estufa a 110°C, e submetidos a queima nas temperaturas de 750°C, 850°C,
950°C e 1150°C. Em seguida determinadas as propriedades físico-mecânicas:
retração linear de queima (RLq), absorção de água (AA), densidade aparente (DAp),
porosidade aparente (PA) e módulo de ruptura à flexão (MRF). As argilas A, B e C
são adequadas para uso em cerâmica branca e a argila D para cerâmica vermelha.
E todas as argilas contém composição mineralógica adequada para uso em
cerâmica vermelha.<br>In recent years, new clays deposits have been discovered in the state of Paraiba, the
characterization of these deposits is of fundamental importance to establish the best
industrial usage. In this context, the aim of this study was characterized clays in the
municipality of Cubati-PB, to establish their appropriate uses as ceramic raw
materials. Therefore, the raw materials were subjected to the following
characterization techniques: physical, chemical, mineralogical and thermal. Later,
specimens were prepared by uniaxial pressing at 19 MPa, before dry at 110°C, and
submitted to firing at temperatures of 750°C, 850°C, 950°C and 1150°C. It were
determined the physical and mechanical properties: linear firing shrinkage (LFS),
water absorption (WA), apparent density (DAp), apparent porosity (PA) and flexural
modulus of rupture (MRF). The clays A, B and C are suitable for use in white ceramic
and D to red ceramic. And all the clays contain adequate mineralogical composition
for use in red ceramic.
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Pinho, Lorena de Andrade. "Barreiras à diversificação de matérias-primas usadas na produção de biodiesel no Brasi." Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19622.
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Pinho, Lorena de Andrade.pdf: 3719389 bytes, checksum: ad03064515bbd347563bb38609647464 (MD5)<br>O biodiesel foi introduzido na matriz energética brasileira em 2005, por meio do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel (PNPB), tendo como principais objetivos a implantação de um programa ambientalmente sustentável, promovendo inclusão social, com garantia de preços competitivos, qualidade e suprimento, bem como a produção de biodiesel a partir de diferentes fontes oleaginosas e em regiões diversas. Após dez anos, o mercado de biodiesel esta consolidado, todavia, muitas das diretrizes do PNPB não foram alcançadas, principalmente em relação à utilização de diferentes oleaginosas, tendo em vista que o óleo de soja representa mais de 70% da matéria-prima usada na produção de biodiesel. O objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar as principais barreiras que impediram uma maior diversificação de matérias-primas de origem vegetal na produção do biodiesel no Brasil de 2005 a 2014. Para atender a esse propósito foram realizadas pesquisas com três grupos distintos. A primeira fonte pesquisada foram as usinas de biodiesel autorizadas para comercialização pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), com a qual contamos com uma amostra de 33,9%. A segunda fonte foram os grupos de pesquisa cadastrados no Diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa no Brasil, disponível na base de dados no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), os quais estudam o biodiesel, representando uma amostra de 32,1%. O terceiro grupo foi composto por 15 agentes especializados no tema e que atuam em áreas distintas, tendo sido realizadas com estes entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para os dois primeiros grupos, foram aplicados questionários. As conclusões alcançadas pelo estudo apontam que a pouca diversificação de matérias-primas de origem vegetal usadas para a produção do biodiesel pode ser em virtude de barreiras técnicas, econômicas e institucionais. Tais barreiras vão desde um sistema ineficiente de produção, pouca disponibilidade de tecnologia no campo, altos custos de produção e problemas com a logística até políticas públicas e regulação não efetivas. Esses fatores contribuem mutuamente para a imposição de barreiras. Em paralelo, o mercado da soja encontra-se em uma conjuntura altamente favorável, contudo, esse ambiente não foi criado para atender ao mercado de biodiesel e, sim, para o mercado de grão e de farelo. Outras espécies promissoras, como o pinhão manso e a macaúba, ainda carecem de anos de estudos para estabelecer um ciclo produtivo satisfatório e dependem de aspectos legais para se tornarem plantas agrícolas. Não obstante, para que tenhamos outras opções de oleaginosas, que ocorra uma inclusão social e que aumente a participação de outras regiões do país, é preciso diversificar. Para isso,é preciso que as barreiras sejam suplantadas, tornando-se imprescindível que as demais oleaginosas possuam preços competitivos, menores custos de implantação de lavoura e de produção, relativo grau de mecanização, produção em escala, boa logística, dentre outros fatore<br>Biodiesel was introduced in the Brazilian energy matrix in 2005, through the National Program for the Production and use of Biodiesel (NPPB), having as main objectives the establishment of a sustainable program, promoting social inclusion, with guarantee of competitive prices, quality and supply, as well as the production of biodiesel from different oilseed sources and several regions. After ten years, the biodiesel market is consolidated; however, many of the guidelines of the NPPB were not reached, especially in relation to the use of different nuts, in view of the soybean oil representing more than 70% of the raw material used in the production of biodiesel. The general objective of this thesis was to identify the main factors that prevented a greater diversification of raw materials of vegetable origin in biodiesel production in Brazil from 2005 to 2014. To meet this purpose researches with three distinct groups were conducted. The first source searched were the biodiesel plants authorized for marketing by the National Petroleum Agency. Natural gas and biofuels (NPA), with which we have a sample of 33.9%. The second source was the research groups registered in the Directory of Research Groups in Brazil, available on a database on the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), which are studying biodiesel, representing a sample of 32.1%. The third group was composed of 15 agents specialized in the theme and which act in different areas, having been performed with them semi-structured interviews. For the first two groups, questionnaires were applied. The conclusions reached by the study point out that the little diversification of raw materials of vegetable origin used for biodiesel production can be due to technical, economic and institutional barriers. Such barriers range from an inefficient system of production, low availability of technology in the field, high production costs and problems with the logistics to effective public policies. These factors contribute each other to impose barriers. In parallel, the soybean market is in a highly favorable climate; however, that environment was not created to meet the biodiesel market but, to the market of grain and bran. Other promising species, such as Jatropha and macaúba, still require years of study to establish a satisfactory productive cycle and depend on legal aspects to become agricultural plants. Nevertheless, in order to have other oilseed options, It is a must that social inclusion occur and that the participation of other regions of the country be increased, we need to diversify. For that, it is needed that barriers be overcome; it becomes essential that the other oilseeds have competitive prices, lower costs of deployment of farming and of production, relative degree of mechanization, production scale, good logistics, among other factors.
Books on the topic "Raw material prices"
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The HWWA raw material price index: Description and application in forecasting and econometric modelling = HWWA raaka-aineiden hintaindeksi. Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, 1987.
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Friedman, Catherine. Commodity prices. 2nd ed. Edited by Wasserman Paul. Gale Research Inc., 1991.
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Rynarzewski, Tomasz. Międzynarodowa stabilizacja cen surowców a dochody eksportowe krajów rozwijających się. Akademia Ekonomiczna w Poznaniu, 1992.
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Rachowska, Sabina. Wpływ substytucji surowców i materiałów na poziom cen detalicznych i strukturę asortymentową produkcji: Na przykładzie wybranych grup towarów przemysłowych. Instytut Finansów, 1991.
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Rohstoffpreise und internationale Transmission: Eine theoretische und empirische Untersuchung. P. Lang, 1995.
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Maennig, Wolfgang. Die Effekte der Preisstabilisierung auf internationalen Rohstoffmärkten auf Erlöshöhe und -stabilität. Duncker & Humblot, 1985.
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Die Reaktion der Wirtschaftsstruktur einer Volkswirtschaft auf Preisänderungen importierter Vorprodukte. Hartung-Gorre, 1985.
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Chŏng, Chʻung-gŭn. 90-yŏn kukche wŏnjajae kagyŏk chŏnmang e ttarŭn kungnae sanŏp chepʻum kagyŏk e ŭi pʻagŭp hyokwa punsŏk. Sanŏp Yŏnʼguwŏn, 1990.
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Timm, Hans Joachim. Der HWWA-Index der Rohstoffpreise: Methodik, wirtschafts- und entwicklungspolitische Bedeutung. Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Universität Bremen, 1987.
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Pindyck, Robert S. The excess co-movement of commodity prices. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Raw material prices"
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Festel, Gunter, Martin Bellof, Martin Würmseher, Christian Rammer, and Eckhard Boles. "Calculation of Raw Material Prices and Conversion Costs for Biofuels." In Lecture Notes in Energy. Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6482-1_5.
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Tembata, Kaori. "Natural Disaster Shocks and Raw Material Prices in the Steel Industry." In Growth Mechanisms and Sustainability. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2486-5_5.
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Wohlgenant, Michael K. "Derived Demand, Marketing Margins, and Relationship Between Output and Raw Material Prices." In Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73144-1_7.
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Mandolini, Marco, Federico Campi, Claudio Favi, Paolo Cicconi, Michele Germani, and Roberto Raffaeli. "Parametric Cost Modelling for Investment Casting." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_61.
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AbstractThis paper presents a parametric cost model for estimating the raw material cost of components realized employing the investment casting process. The model is built using sensitivity analysis and regression methods on data generated by an analytic cost model previously developed and validated by the same authors. This is the first attempt of developing a parametric cost model for investment casting based on activity-based costing. The proposed cost model accounts component volume, material density and material price. The error in estimating the raw material cost for components whose volume is within the common range of investment casting is around 11%.
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Ichiyanagi, Kouhei, Kawai Nobuaki, Shunsuke Nozawa, et al. "Single-Shot Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering Measurements of Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials Under Shock Wave Loading." In PRICM. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792148.ch432.
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Jiang, YongMing, and HangSheng Tan. "Static Hedging for the Prices of Raw Materials to Hedge Based on Poisson Jump-Diffusion Model." In Advances in Computer Science, Intelligent System and Environment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23777-5_80.
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Yu, Li-ping, Li-jun Li, and Xiao-yuan Huang. "Multi-objective Robust Operation Model for a Supply Chain with Market Demands and Raw Material Price Uncertainty." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37270-4_11.
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Rostow, W. W. "Relative Prices." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0008.
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In viewing the time ahead, especially the next quarter century, I have been inclined to conclude that the industrial progress of India, China, Southeast Asia, and the major countries of Latin America are likely to produce a phase of rising prices in foodstuffs and raw materials and increased outlays to deal with the forces of environmental degradation. It is my hypothesis that for a time, in the early part of the 21st century, these developments will outstrip the deceleration of population. The more or less regular occurrence of such phases of demand pressure has marked the story of the world economy since the end of the 18th century. At least since about 1789, there have been successive periods when foodstuffs and raw materials were expensive and then cheap, relative to manufactured goods. From 1789 to 1920, these periods lasted about 25 years. After 1920, the cycles were much less regular and were significantly affected by wars, by the successive rise in the importance of oil, by outlays to preserve the environment, and finally by the involvement more directly of politics in the setting of basic prices. But economic historians are likely to agree that the period 1789-1914 was marked by two-and-a-half long relative-price cycles in raw material versus manufactured goods (see Figure 4.1). Although he had several predecessors, N. D. Kondratieff, a Russian economist who was immortalized by Joseph Schumpeter as the discoverer of the Kondratieff cycle or long wave, identified, dated, and discussed analytically this long cycle in the interwar years. He died in one of Joseph Stalin's labor camps in Siberia. The approximate dates and length of these long cycles through 1920 are shown in Table 4.1. The successive phases of falling and rising relative prices continued to follow one another despite two world wars, a pathological interwar period, and an unexpected postwar recovery, illustrated in Table 4.2. The peak of the early 1980s came in the second quarter of 1982 (or, on an annual basis, in 1981).
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Bakhat, Mohcine, and Klaas Würzburg. "Co-Integration of Oil and Commodity Prices: A Comprehensive Approach." In Intelligent Environments 2021. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aise210088.
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Past research has mainly applied linear cointegration analysis to study the relationship of crude oil prices with the prices of other commodities. However, recent methodological innovations in cointegration analysis allow for a more thorough analysis of the co-movement of commodity prices and detect asymmetric and thresholds co-movements. Following Enders and Siklos [1] and Hansen and Seo [2], we apply threshold cointegration analysis, detecting co-movements that earlier studies based on linear cointegration analysis could not detect. We find that adjustments to positive and negative deviations from the long-run equilibrium are asymmetric for copper, food and agricultural raw materials in the short-run. Moreover, the adjustments for aluminum and nickel are symmetric. The price Granger causalities behave as expected for metals and agricultural raw material prices. Food prices, however, behave differently. In sum, the results of this paper underscore the importance of consistently testing nonlinear cointegration and point out the complex interactions that take place between the markets of oil and other commodities.
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"Domestic Adjustments and Accommodations to Higher Raw Material and Energy Prices." In Changing Resource Problems of the Fourth World. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315666389-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Raw material prices"
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Karhapoltseva, I. V. "GLOBAL GROWTH OF RAW MATERIAL PRICES – REASONS AND CONSEQUENCES. NEW SUPER – CYCLE OR BUBBLE?" In Development of socio-economic systems in a global network environment. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-080-3-2.
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Karcıoğlu, Reşat, Muhammet Özcan, and Ensar Ağırman. "The Relationship of Petroleum Price and BIST Sector Indexes." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01878.
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Energy is not only indispensable element of everyday life, but also underlies industrialization and manufacturing. Energy and manufacturing have become integral parts with the importance of mechanization since the Industrial Revolution. As a result of this emerging situation, businesses, have become sensitive energy and energy prices. For this reason, changes in energy prices directly affect businesses and are thought to have effects on fluctuations in stock prices. Changes in the prices of primary energy sources directly or indirectly affect capital markets. In energy importer countries including Turkey, high energy prices cause an increase in current account deficit and decrease in real national income by increasing the amount of energy imports. In addition, high energy prices lead to cost-based inflation increases as they directly affect raw material prices used in production. All these factors indirectly affect capital markets. Direct effect of energy price changes on the capital market is explained by the fact that energy is an indispensable input in industrial production. In cases where the energy price increase is not reflected to the consumer, the profitability of the enterprise is decreasing. A decrease in profitability affects firm's stock price as well. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between sector indices in the Stock Exchange Istanbul (BIST) and oil price changes. Weekly data set for the period for 2006:1 - 2016:4 is used. Johannes co-integration method is used to measure long term relationship in the study.
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Toikka, Tero, Olli-Pekka Hilmola, and Juha P. Saranen. "Evaluating Different Railway Wagon Alternatives for Timber Transportation by Discrete Event Simulation." In IEEE/ASME/ASCE 2008 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2008-63061.
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Finland with Sweden is one of the most important pulp producing countries in Europe, and in paper production these two countries are accompanied with Germany and France as being most important countries of production. For the production of pulp, most important parts are (1) the quality and scale of production process as well as (2) cost efficient and high quality raw material. In addition to using its own raw material sources, Finland purchases wood from various different regions, including Russia. In a frequent number of cases raw material transports is completed with rail transports, especially in the case of Russia where distances are relatively long for transports (several thousand kms). Until now Russian timber has had a cost advantage in comparison to Finnish raw material. The availability of a cheaper alternative has also kept the price of domestic raw material at a relatively low level. However, Russia has announced a schedule to increase tariffs for timber exports. As a consequence the exporters of Russian timber need to examine and fine tune their cost structure of timber procurement to correspond to this new demanding environment. In this paper we examine the transportation cost of forest industry raw material using different types of railway wagons. The case network consists of four Russian terminals and two mills located in Finland. The evaluation is based on a discrete event system simulation model concentrating on timber transport within the case network in question. To make this evaluation even more interesting, Russian railway deregulation has its own special feature: Railway customers are allowed to own railway wagons, but nationally owned RZD owns the locomotives and charges for traction. Our research results show that the traction charge of RZD and competing road transport prices are the most influential factors, when determining the most cost efficient wagon type and network structure for timber transportation.
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Feng, Lujia, Laine Mears, Qilun Zhu, Cleveland Beaufort, and Joerg Schulte. "Plant Level Energy Supply Analysis and Optimization in Energy, Economy and Environment." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4014.
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Increasing attention has recently been drawn to the energy consumption of the manufacturing process. Facing the challenges from reducing emission, rising raw material prices and energy costs, manufacturers are trying to balance the energy usage strategy among the total energy consumption, economy and environment, which can be self-conflicting at times. This paper focuses on the objective optimizations of a plant level energy supply system, and describes how a multi-objective optimization strategy can be effectively formulated for making the best use of energy delivered to the manufacturing process. An example from an automotive assembly manufacturer is described.
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Boyko, E. Yu. "MODERN STATE OF A MARKET OF OIL RAW MATERIALS IN RUSSIA." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-284-286.
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In this article we considered a problem of formation and development of oil raw materials market in the current conditions. We analyzed a dynamics of average prices submitted by producers of oil crops realized by agricultural enterprises in the Russian Federation for 2017–2020. We also considered dynamics of sowing areas under the key oil crops in the Russian Federation. We analyzed conditions for effective operation and regulation of the oil raw materials market.
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Hankla, Nutthaya, and Ganda Boonsothonsatit. "Prediction of Raw Material Price Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem45057.2020.9309847.
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Sun, Xinyu, Yong Bai, Jiannan Zhao, Chang Liu, and Xiaojie Zhang. "Development of Flexible Composite Pipe Cross-Section Design Software Based on Visual Basic." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95916.
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Abstract With the rapid development of science and information technology, software systems are widely used in all walks of life in society. Composite materials have become the hotspot and trend in pipe development, which greatly broaden the application field of composite pipes. Aiming at the requirement of composite pipe section design in composite flexible pipe factories in actual production, this paper simplifies the flexible composite pipe into a uniform continuous model, and develops a pipe section design software based on Visual Basic environment. According to the numerical calculation method in mechanics and the empirical formula, considering the production error and safety factor, this paper puts forward a reasonable method for designing the flexible composite pipe section, and develops a system for calculating it using Visual Basic. Based on the performance of raw materials and the requirement of customers for pipe pressure, this software can figure out the section data of steel strip pipe, steel cord pipe, polyester pipe, Kevlar pipe, and fiberglass pipe respectively, and obtain the design pressure, minimum bending radius and other parameters, thus improving the efficiency of the design process. At the same time, raw material quotation and pipe cost price can be calculated to facilitate the purchase of raw materials, pipe storage and sales. This software is an ideal tool for calculating flexible composite pipe cross-section data.
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Yakovlev, Grigory, Jadvyga Keriene, Valery Grakhov, et al. "High-strength fluoroanhydrite composition." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.042.
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The research studies the properties of a high-strength anhydrite composition based on fluoroanhydrite, a waste product of hydrofluoric acid. To activate fluoranhydrite, Na3PO4 sodium phosphate was added to the composition in an amount of 3% of the mass. The physico-chemical studies of the structure and properties of activated fluoroanhydrite conducted using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis showed changes in the composition of the hardened composite, and the study of the fluoroanhydrite microstructure revealed the formation of a denser matrix with the increased strength. An increase in the water resistance of the developed binder matrix was noted. The composition can be used as a cheap substitute for gypsum plaster due to the low prime cost of raw materials, and also contribute to the improvement of the environmental situation in fluoroanhydrite disposal sites.
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Muizniece-Brasava, Sandra. "RAW MATERIAL DEFROSTATION METHOD SUITABLE FOR SEMI-FINISHED FISH-BASED DISH PRODUCTION, PRICE-QUALITY PERSPECTIVE." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019v/6.3/s08.023.
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Rudko, Georgii, Mariia Kyrilo, and Maksym Ozerko. "MULTICOMPONENT DEPOSITS WITH BY-PRODUCT AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF FELDSPAR RAW MATERIALS FOR MODERN TECHNOLOGIES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/32.
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"Feldspar is raw materials with a growing volume of production every year, as well as a price for it. Feldspar consumption has been gradually increasing in ceramics, glass industry for solar panels, housing, and building construction. Feldspar raw materials include intrusive, effusive rocks, weathering crust of crystalline rocks, sedimentary altered and altered rocks, as well as partially medium and basic aluminosilicate rocks. It was defined an industrial application for each species of feldspar. Potassium feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, sanidine) are used in electroceramic, electrode, abrasive, and ceramics industries. For these productions, the potash module is fixed in a ratio of 2: 1. For some industries, in particular the manufacture of high-voltage ceramics, the necessary feldspars are as close as possible to pure potassium (with a modulus of at least 4: 1, which corresponds to 80% of the orthoclase component). Potassium-sodium raw materials, from a potassium modulus of at least 0.9, are used for building construction. Sodium minerals with non-standardized potassium modulus are used for the glass industry, the production of enamels, and products such as vitreous porcelain. Calcium feldspars, represented by plagioclase of higher numbers, have limited practical application and their presence in feldspar concentrates is undesirable. According to mineral associations, all types of feldspar raw materials can be divided into five types: 1) feldspar (syenites, trachitis); 2) quartz-feldspar (pegmatites, granites, sands, etc.); 3) nepheline-feldspar (nepheline syenites, alkaline pegmatites); 4) quartz-sericite-feldspar (shales, secondary quartzites); 5) quartz-kaolinite-feldspar (sands, alkaline kaolins, secondary quartzites). It is shown on the example of Ukrainian deposits of feldspar minerals that complex deposits with by-products become the main source for production. Especially if these are new mining operation facilities. The authors have identified three main types of such complex multicomponent deposits: 1) deposits of intrusive rocks where weathering crust of crystalline rocks are mined as a byproduct; 2) complex deposits, where feldspar rocks are enclosing or overburden and can also be considered as byproducts; 3) deposits where feldspar concentrate can be produced as a product of ore components processing."
Reports on the topic "Raw material prices"
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.
Full textAbstract:
In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.