Dissertations / Theses: 'Raw materials and supplies'

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Chancasanampa-Mandujano, Jesenia, Karla Espinoza-Poblete, Juan Sotelo-Raffo, Jose Maria Alvarez, and Carlos Raymundo-Ibañez. "Inventory management model based on a stock control system and a kraljic matrix to reduce raw materials inventory." Association for Computing Machinery, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656253.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
This research project proposes a supply management model in a consumer goods company in Lima, Peru, to improve stock control and avoid raw materials stockouts and overstock. A Kraljic matrix was used to identify products based on their criticality considering material segmentation, warehouse capacity and times, and ABC segmentation to classify products on each quadrant of the matrix. This project also focuses on defining purchasing and supply strategies in each quadrant of the matrix. This model involves the development of three processes that are related to a new purchasing strategy: economic order quantity, lot-for-lot ordering, and just in time. This new system is based on a more accurate inventory because continuous improvement attracts employees’ attention and engages them in reducing the number of manual notifications made by operators every month. Moreover, after implementing the new procedure for recording inventories, the inventory record was 87% accurate, whereas, in the past, the inventory was not counted and was performed by employees of other areas.

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Koegelenberg, P. D. "A conceptual model to limit risk of raw material procurement in the South African wine industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3149.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the highly competitive international wine markets, effective procurement of raw material could prove the difference between success or failure for a wine company. Therefore the researcher embarked on this study to create a model that will assist procurement decision makers in the South African wine industry in the strategic procurement of raw material. In order to create a model for procurement of raw material in the South African wine industry, qualitative research was conducted that included a study of literature, available material, views from experts as well as a content analysis from sample interviews. Procurement officials need to ensure that marketing forecasts are aligned with contracted procurement volumes. Cost, quality and availability should be tightly managed to minimise losses due to unallocated inventory or lack of raw material with sufficient quality or quantity to serve a marketing need. Suppliers should be prioritised in terms of strategic importance and procurement decision-makers should be crystal clear on which strategy to pursue with each quality segment and supplier in order to obtain the right quantity at the desired quantity and most economical price. Procurement decision makers need to evaluate the procurement and market environment for opportunities and threats that might impact on their ability to procure raw material from their supply base, and put measures in place to take control of possible effects of those uncertainties. This includes differentiating between grape procurement and wine procurement to leverage the advantages from both. Procurement officials must establish an action plan to limit the risk of cost, availability and quality by engaging and investing in trusting, loyal relationships with proficient suppliers with capacity. The procurement function should operate in a professional manner, building a track record of pro-active procurement and focus on loyal supplier relationships.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die hoogs kompeterende internasionale wynmarkte kan effektiewe aankope van rou-materiaal die verskil beteken tussen sukses of mislukking vir 'n wynmaatskappy. Daarom het die navorser begin met hierdie studie om 'n model te skep wat besluitnemers van aankope kan bystaan met die strategiese aankoop van roumateriaal in die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf. Om 'n model te skep vir die aankoop van roumateriaal in die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf is kwalitatiewe navorsing gedoen, wat 'n literatuurstudie insluit, sowel as 'n studie van beskikbare materiaal, sienings van kenners en 'n inhoudsanalise van steekproefonderhoude. Aankoopsbeamptes moet verseker dat bemarkingsvooruitskattings en gekontrakteerde aankoopvolumes ooreenstem. Koste, kwaliteit en beskikbaarheid moet streng bestuur word om verliese te beperk wat kan ontstaan deur ongeallokeerde voorraad of 'n tekort aan roumateriaal met genoegsame kwaliteit of hoeveelheid om 'n bemarkingsbehoefte te bevredig. Verskaffers moet prioritiseer word in terme van strategiese belangrikheid en aankoop-besluitnemers moet kristalhelder dink oor watter strategie om te volg met elke kwaliteitssegment en verskaffer, sodat die regte hoeveelheid en volume teen die mees ekonomiese prys aangekoop word. Aankoopbesluitnemers moet die aankoop- en markomgewing evalueer vir geleenthede en bedreigings wat 'n invloed kan hê op hul vermoë om roumateriaal van hul verskaffingskorps aan te koop, en moet maatreëls in plek stel om beheer te neem oor die moontlike effek van daardie onsekerhede. Maatreëls sluit in die differensiasie tussen druifaankope en wynaankope om die voordele van elk maksimaal te benut. Aankoopsbeamptes moet 'n aksieplan vestig om die risiko van koste, beskikbaarheid en kwaliteit te beperk deur in verbintenisse te belê met lojale vertrouensverhoudings met vaardige verkaffers met kapasiteit. Die aankoopsfunksie moet op 'n professionele manier optree, om 'n beeld van pro-aktiewe aankope te bou en 'n fokus op lojale verskafferverhoudings te vestig.

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Palacios, Manuel, and Bill Thernström. "Assessing the supplier selection problem for raw materials of different strategic importance. : Case study of a lithium-ion battery manufacturer in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264119.

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Many sectors and industries are being pushed by policymakers and consumers towards an industrial transformation to become more sustainable. This in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment caused by the emissions of toxic substances and greenhouse gases, as well to promote more efficient use of resources. The transport sector and specifically the automotive industry is seen as one of the main actors within the climate debate due to their high environmental impact in terms of emissions. Therefore, authorities and customers are pushing automotive manufacturers to shift towards electric mobility. However, a rapid shift is not simple. The supply of raw materials needed to sustain the production of batteries does not meet the demand. In turn, causing shortages of some materials and heavily increasing their prices. This thesis addresses the supplier selection problem within a Swedish lithium-ion battery manufacturer with clients mainly in the automotive industry. The study has analyzed a set of relevant criteria to evaluate a supplier within the high-tech industry within a specific context. Furthermore, the study has determined whether differences exist between the importance of the criteria depending on the strategic profile of the material. The strategic profile depends on the profit impact and the supply risk of the material. In order to assess the importance weights of the criteria, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used and interviews were conducted with purchasing experts in the industry. This study provides a new approach to the existing literature of supplier selection, by studying this process in an industry in which it has never been done and also by assessing the supplier selection by categorizing the materials by their strategic profile, an approach that has not been studied in literature until the moment. Results show that the importance of some of the supplier selection criteria vary widely between the strategic profile of the materials, while the importance of other criteria remain the same. In addition, the study has also determined that the importance of the criteria vary also within the supplier selection process, having different importance levels at different steps. Finally, the results show that some criteria of a certain criticality represent a go-no go gate in the selection process. The conclusions are that the supplier selection process within the battery industry cannot be regarded as a homogenous process and that supplier selection criteria vary with the strategic importance of the material. Thus, suppliers must be assessed with different criteria importance weights when using a tool such as the AHP to perform supplier selection. Additionally, the critical criteria for each material must be determined prior to use the tool.
Politiker och konsumenter ställer allt högre krav på industrin att genomföra åtgärder för att bli mer hållbara, exempelvis genom att minska utsläpp av giftiga ämnen och växthusgaser samt ett mer effektivt resursanvändande. Transportsektorn och bilindustrin är särskilt utpekade inom miljödebatten på grund av deras höga miljöpåverkan och stora mängder av utsläpp. Biltillverkarna drivs därför mot en industriell omvandling där förnybara bränslen ska ersätta fossila bränslen. Övergången till eldrivna fordon är en långsam och komplicerad process där flödeskedjan för effektiv tillverkning av bilbatterier fortfarande är under utveckling. Tillgången på vissa råmaterial som behövs för produktionen av batterier räcker inte för att mätta efterfrågan vilket drar upp prisnivån. Samtidigt etablerar sig många nya leverantörer av råmaterial vars varierande kvalitet och pålitlighet skapar ytterligare utmaningar hos batteritillverkarna. Studien behandlar urvalsprocessen vid inköp av material hos en svensk litium-jonbatteritillverkare med kunder främst inom bilindustrin. Urvalskriterier för att utvärdera leverantörer inom högteknologisk industri analyserats. Därtill har det utretts om skillnader existerar mellan kriteriernas betydelse beroende på råvarornas strategiska profil. Den strategiska profilen beräknas genom dess påverkan på produktens slutkostnad tillsammans med risken för avbrott i försörjningskedjan. Metoden Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) används för att bedöma dessa kriteriers betydelse. Därtill har intervjuer genomförts med branch-experter för att ge fördjupad insikt i kriteriernas betydelse. Studien ger två huvudsakliga bidrag till den akademiska litteraturen. Först och främst utvärderas urvalskriterierna, som identifierats i litteraturstudien, inom en industrisektor där de inte prövats tidigare. Urvalskriterierna för leverantörsval appliceras dessutom specifikt för råmaterial av olika strategisk profil för att studera i vilken utsträckning de skiljer sig åt. Även denna ansats är tidigare oprövad inom den akademiska litteraturen. Resultaten visar att vikten av vissa kriterier varierar i hög utsträckning mellan material av olika strategisk profil, medan andra kriterier är näst intill opåverkade. Studien har dessutom fastställt att betydelsen av vissa kriterier varierar mellan olika steg i urvalsprocessen. Somliga kriterier representerar en kritisk punkt i urvalsprocessen och utesluter de leverantörer som inte kan leverera upp till en miniminivå. Studiens slutsas är att urvalsprocessen vid val av leverantör inom batteribranschen inte kan ses som en homogen process då urvalskriterierna varierar med materialets strategiska betydelse. Råmaterialens strategiska profil måste alltså tas i beaktning vid användning av ett urvalsverktyg som AHP. De kritiska kriterier som leverantören måste leva upp till måste dessutom fastställas innan verktyget kan tas i bruk.

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Trench, James G. "Role of the Chinese steel industry in the economic development of China and Australia's contribution to the industry as a supplier of raw materials." Trench, James G. (2004) Role of the Chinese steel industry in the economic development of China and Australia's contribution to the industry as a supplier of raw materials. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/367/.

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The objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which the iron and steel industry in China has been a major contributor to the recent economic development and growth of the Chinese economy and whether this will continue. Key elements of China's economic development model - THE CHINESE MODEL - based on the steel industry are presented and demonstrate the impact of China taking 'great leaps forward' in its steel production capacity to become the world's leading steel producer and one of the fastest growing economies. This bold step was undertaken at times when the global steel industry was burdened with overcapacity and economic pressures. At the same time, this thesis examines the role played by the Australian iron ore industry in supporting the Chinese steel industry through its iron ore trade with China and how this role will evolve. The development of the iron and steel industry in China reflects not just the role played in the overall expansion of the Chinese economy through technical input-output relationships, but it also reflects control and historical characteristics taken from China's social and political context. Starting from the views of Sun Yat Sen, and flowing through Mao Zedong, and then into later leaders, the steel industry was always intended to be the basis for the modernisation of the Chinese economy. The Great Leap Forward of the 1950s was an ill-founded reflection of that fundamental view, but the failure in that case did not cause a shift away from that basic perspective. Instead a more comprehensive perspective was provided and this came to the fore at the start of there form process in the early 1980s.The role of the steel industry in the recent modernisation of China is traced using the policy foundations and directions that were adopted combined with empirical data on the investment and growth in the industry, as well as the role of the output of the steel industry in the expansion of other industries in China. To the extent that conditions in China may be replicated in other countries, the Chinese experience using the iron and steel industry as the key element in the industrialisation of that economy will have important lessons. At the same time, this thesis demonstrates weaknesses in a development model that has the iron and steel industry as the leading sector. One major weakness is the reliance on imported raw materials and at this point the Chinese experience with Australia as a source of raw materials becomes relevant. Australia's role as a reliable supplier and partner for the steel industry enabled the steel industry to expand in a low risk environment with respect to the price and availability of raw materials.

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Greif, Steffi. "Ökonomische Analyse der Rückgewinnung von hochwertigen Metallen aus elektrischen und elektronischen Altgeräten in Deutschland." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1243336773453-61654.

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Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Ökonomische Analyse der Rückgewinnung von hochwertigen Metallen aus elektrischen und elektronischen Altgeräten in Deutschland“. Elektro- und Elektronikgeräte sind aus dem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken; die Unternehmen entwickeln und produzieren immer leistungsfähigere Produkte, wobei durch die immer schnelleren und kurzlebigeren Innovationszyklen die Abfallberge ausgedienter Elektro(nik)geräte beständig wachsen. Mit Inkrafttreten des Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz am 24. März 2005 werden alte Elektro(nik)geräte zukünftig getrennt gesammelt und weitgehend verwertet. Neu ist, dass die Hersteller mehr Verantwortung für ihre Produkte übernehmen und zur Verwertung der getrennt gesammelten Elektro- und Elektronik-Altgeräten verpflichtet sind. Das Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz geht zum einen aus der europäischen Richtlinie über die Entsorgung von Elektro- und Elektronik-Altgeräten (WEEE) und zum anderen aus der europäischen Richtlinie über die Verwendung bestimmter gefährlicher Stoffe in Elektro- und Elektronikgeräten (RoHS) hervor und gilt als Reaktion auf die wachsenden Elektro(nik)schrott-Berge. Für die Unternehmen der Entsorgungs- und Recyclingbranche ergeben sich mit diesen gesetzlichen Neuerungen neue Chancen auf Weiterentwicklung ihres Geschäftsfeldes. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt den Demontageunternehmen, mit deren Hilfe erst die gesetzlichen Forderungen, hinsichtlich der zu erzielenden Rückgewinnungsquoten und der notwendigen selektiven Behandlung einiger Baugruppen, erfüllt werden können. Die Rückgewinnung hochwertiger Metalle aus Elektro(nik)schrott bedarf im Hinblick der Preissteigerungen auf den Rohstoffmärkten höchster Priorität. Mit Etablierung eines Sekundärrohstoffmarktes kann ein rohstoffarmes Land wie Deutschland der Abhängigkeit des Importes von Primärrohstoffen signifikant entgegenwirken.

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Trench, James G. "Role of the Chinese Steel Industry in the Economic Development of China and Australias Contribution to the Industry as a Supplier of Raw Materials." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.144619.

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The objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which the iron and steel industry in China has been a major contributor to the recent economic development and growth of the Chinese economy and whether this will continue. Key elements of Chinas economic development model THE CHINESE MODEL - based on the steel industry are presented and demonstrate the impact of China taking great leaps forward in its steel production capacity to become the worlds leading steel producer and one of the fastest growing economies. This bold step was undertaken at times when the global steel industry was burdened with overcapacity and economic pressures. At the same time, this thesis examines the role played by the Australian iron ore industry in supporting the Chinese steel industry through its iron ore trade with China and how this role will evolve. The development of the iron and steel industry in China reflects not just the role played in the overall expansion of the Chinese economy through technical input-output relationships, but it also reflects control and historical characteristics taken from China's social and political context. Starting from the views of Sun Yat Sen, and flowing through Mao Zedong, and then into later leaders, the steel industry was always intended to be the basis for the modernisation of the Chinese economy. The Great Leap Forward of the 1950s was an ill-founded reflection of that fundamental view, but the failure in that case did not cause a shift away from that basic perspective. Instead a more comprehensive perspective was provided and this came to the fore at the start of there form process in the early 1980s.The role of the steel industry in the recent modernisation of China is traced using the policy foundations and directions that were adopted combined with empirical data on the investment and growth in the industry, as well as the role of the output of the steel industry in the expansion of other industries in China. To the extent that conditions in China may be replicated in other countries, the Chinese experience using the iron and steel industry as the key element in the industrialisation of that economy will have important lessons. At the same time, this thesis demonstrates weaknesses in a development model that has the iron and steel industry as the leading sector. One major weakness is the reliance on imported raw materials and at this point the Chinese experience with Australia as a source of raw materials becomes relevant. Australias role as a reliable supplier and partner for the steel industry enabled the steel industry to expand in a low risk environment with respect to the price and availability of raw materials.

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Real, Robson dos Santos. "Otimização do programa de qualificação de fornecedores de Farmanguinhos utilizando um sistema de gestão de informações." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2012. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/11671.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-21T17:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 32.pdf: 32427862 bytes, checksum: d3031551d6ddc527cbfd2e20e0749755 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
O Programa de Qualificação de Fornecedores (PQF) é de suma importância para empresas, sobretudo para as indústrias farmacêuticas. Segundo a RDC17/2010, que regula as Boas Práticas de Fabricação de medicamentos na indústria farmacêutica, este é um requisito indispensável e visa garantir a aquisição de insumos farmacêuticos com a qualidade requerida para serem utilizados na fabricação de produtos. Em uma indústria farmacêutica, que possui um PQF, o resultado pode ser observado em diversas etapas do processo produtivo:otimização do espaço no almoxarifado, número menor de amostragens e análises do controle de qualidade, menor número de reprovações e devoluções de insumos farmacêuticos, menos atrasos no processo produtivo, diminuição do número de reprocessos e não-conformidades em lotes produzidos. A falta de um efetivo PQF trouxe consequências negativas para Farmanguinhos, no período 2008/2009 aproximadamente 9,3% dos insumos farmacêuticos adquiridos apresentaram algum desvio de qualidade, mas foram aprovados com restrição; e 33% foram reprovados. Logo, a determinação de responsabilidades dos setores envolvidos, a criação de um fluxo de informações, a adequação do sistema de gestão de informações (SGI)bem como o cadastro dos fornecedores, e o monitoramento de seus insumos (qualidade, prazo de entrega e quantidades) são de extrema importância no desenvolvimento de um PQF. É neste sentido que o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido, na proposição de otimização do PQF de Farmanguinhos integrando diversos setores e determinando suas respectivas responsabilidades neste programa utilizando um SGI, permitindo o monitoramento e gerenciamento dos fornecedores e seus respectivos insumos farmacêuticos desde o momento do recebimento até sua utilização no processo produtivo.
The Supplier Qualification Program (SQP) is of great importance for the companies, mainly in case of pharmaceutical industries. According to RDC 17/2010, which is the statement of Good Manufacturing Practices in Brazil, SQP is classified as an essential item to ensure the acquisition of raw materials with the required quality for using drug products. In a pharmaceutical company, the beneficts of a SQP successful implemented can be observed in different stages of the manufacturing flow: optimization of warehouse space, reduced sampling and Quality Control analyses, lower number of raw materials rejections and reprocesses and deviation on batches products. The absence of an effective SQP brought negative consequences for Farmanguinhos in the period 2008/2009. Approximately 9.3% raw materials had some quality deviation and were approved with restriction. Around 33% was rejected. So, the determination of responsibilities for the involved areas, the creation of an information flow as well of a suppliers database, the monitoring of the raw materials (quality, quantities and time delivered) and the adequation of Information Management System (IMS) is of quite relevance in the development and implementation of a SQP. In this way, the present work has been developed with the proposal of improving SQP-Far which can integrate different departments and determine their respective responsibilities in this program using an IMS, enabling monitoring and management process of suppliers and their respective raw materials since the reception until utilization in the productive process.

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Rogetzer, Patricia, Lena Silbermayr, and Werner Jammernegg. "Sustainable sourcing of strategic raw materials by integrating recycled materials." Springer Nature, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10696-017-9288-4.

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In this paper we investigate a manufacturer's sustainable sourcing strategy that includes recycled materials. To produce a short life-cycle electronic good, strategic raw materials can be bought from virgin material suppliers in advance of the season and via emergency shipments, as well as from a recycler. Hence, we take into account virgin and recycled materials from different sources simultaneously. Recycling makes it possible to integrate raw materials out of steadily increasing waste streams back into production processes. Considering stochastic prices for recycled materials, stochastic supply quantities from the recycler and stochastic demand as well as their potential dependencies, we develop a single-period inventory model to derive the order quantities for virgin and recycled raw materials to determine the related costs and to evaluate the effectiveness of the sourcing strategy. We provide managerial insights into the benefits of such a green sourcing approach with recycling and compare this strategy to standard sourcing without recycling. We conduct a full factorial design and a detailed numerical sensitivity analysis on the key input parameters to evaluate the cost savings potential. Furthermore, we consider the effects of correlations between the stochastic parameters. Green sourcing is especially beneficial in terms of cost savings for high demand variability, high prices of virgin raw material and low expected recycling prices as well as for increasing standard deviation of the recycling price. Besides these advantages it also contributes to environmental sustainability as, compared to sourcing without recycling, it reduces the total quantity ordered and, hence, emissions are reduced.

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Assiamah, Albert Kofi, Daniel Allotey, and Prince Kofi Hanson. "MATERIALS MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON COST OF SUPPLIES : MATERIALS MANAGEMENT." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-795.

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Date: 2008-06-05

Course: Master Thesis in Business Administration, 15 ECTS credits. EF0704

Authors: Albert Kofi Assiamah Daniel Allotey Prince Kofi Hanson

Supervisor: Sigvard Herber

Title: Materials Management and its Effect on Cost of Supplies

Background: In most organizations within the country (Ghana), materials management has

been relegated to the background without any proper control. This means

that companies are investing heavily in materials than is necessary.

Problem: How can materials management minimize the cost of supplies in

Cocoa Processing Company of Ghana?

Purpose: The aim of this research is to illustrate how the application of

materials management concept can minimize the cost of supplies in Cocoa

Processing Company of Ghana.

Methods: With regards to primary data, interviews (face-to-face, telephone) and questionnaire

were used. Secondary data has been sourced through literature from the university

library and internet sources, qualitative design method was chosen over others

because of the nature of the research work.

Conclusion: Financially, materials (inventories) are very important to manufacturing companies and on the balance sheet they usually represent from twenty to sixty percent of total

assets. Therefore, if the application of the concept of materials management is accepted with well qualified personnel, it could lead to the minimization of cost. The function of a materials manager is to promote coordination and integration within the supply chain and the major benefits are assumed to be; reduction in interdepartmental conflicts, reduction of inventory levels, increased knowledge of total corporate operations and reduction of materials handling costs among others.

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Cunha, ClaÌudia Cristina Ferreira da. "Bioprocess monitoring : from raw materials to production." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419698.

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Garred, Jason. "Trade in raw materials and economic development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3092/.

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This thesis considers three cases in which trade in natural resources and other raw materials can inform us about wider questions of economic development. The first chapter, “Capturing the Value Chain: The Persistence of Trade Policy in China After WTO Accession”, considers whether in the GATT/WTO era, developing countries are still able to actively conduct trade policy. In this study, I show that after China’s entry into WTO, required import tariff reductions on downstream sectors have been partly offset by an alternative policy with similar effects: export restrictions on raw materials. I also find that larger rises in Chinese raw materials export taxes after WTO accession have been associated with greater downstream export growth. The second chapter, “Winners and Losers from a Commodities-for-Manufactures Trade Boom”, examines two contrasting outcomes of the ‘de-industrialization’ associated with rising trade between China and other developing countries. In particular, this chapter compares changes in labour market outcomes in Brazilian regions stimulated by rising demand from China for raw materials, with Brazilian regions whose manufacturing sectors have been harmed by Chinese import competition. While there was slower growth in manufacturing wages and greater rises in local wage inequality in ‘loser’ regions between 2000 and 2010, ‘winner’ regions experienced higher wage growth, lower takeup of cash transfers and positive effects on job quality. The third chapter,“Access to Raw Materials and Local Comparative Advantage: The Effects of India’s Freight Equalization Policy”, considers the importance of access to raw materials for industrial development. It does so by looking at the effects of a Indian policy that aimed to remove regional comparative advantages associated with proximity to raw materials, by equalizing prices of steel across India. The results suggest that in practice, this policy may have had only a limited effect on access to raw materials across Indian states.

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A'ali, Rahman, Mehrdad Jafarpour, Elahe Kazemi, and Mohammad Pessarakli. "Effects of raw materials on vermicompost qualities." Taylor & Francis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626134.

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Overuse of the chemical compounds and toxic elements leads to problems and transmission of contaminants and pollutants to humans and other living organisms. One of the industries’ byproducts of the agriculture sector is production of various composts from the organic raw materials that the best type of which is so – called Vermicompost. In this study, effects of raw materials on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Vermicompost are discussed. To do so, sheep manure, pomegranate peels, spent mushroom compost either singly or double, triple or fourfold chopped corn, sugar beet pulp and sawdust were used. This research project was conducted in a completely randomized design experiment with 23 treatments with 3 replications. Results revealed that various bed combinations exert different effects on Vermicompost quality such that, the Vermicomposting process led to a significant decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) and a significant increase in pH in most of the culture (seed) beds. Also, the levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium in most treatments increased following completion of the vermicomposting process. As a result, this process can be introduced as an organic fertilizer with complete nutrients for improving chemical characteristics of agricultural wastes to usable fertilizers.

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Rothschedl, Christopher, Roland Ritt, Paul O'Leary, Matthew Harker, Michael Habacher, and Michael Brandner. "Real-time-data analytics in raw materials handling." TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 2017. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23195.

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This paper proposes a system for the ingestion and analysis of real-time sensor and actor data of bulk materials handling plants and machinery. It references issues that concern mining sensor data in cyber physical systems (CPS) as addressed in O’Leary et al. [2015].

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Rothschedl, Christopher, Roland Ritt, Paul O'Leary, Matthew Harker, Michael Habacher, and Michael Brandner. "Real-time-data analytics in raw materials handling." Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-231350.

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This paper proposes a system for the ingestion and analysis of real-time sensor and actor data of bulk materials handling plants and machinery. It references issues that concern mining sensor data in cyber physical systems (CPS) as addressed in O’Leary et al. [2015].

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Buratovic, Emma, Dervis Cocalic, Kasper Eliasson, Matilda Danestig, and Linus Everlid. "Controversial Materials : Ethical issues in the production of mineral based raw materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327393.

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This report has investigated the ethical issues associated with mining or processing of materials that make them considered as controversial. For each material, the main areas of use and the top producing countries are analysed, followed by social and/or environmental issues as well as potential problems in the future. In total, 13 materials are discussed, of which most are minerals. The overall issues, that are recurring throughout the report and are important to be aware of are: child labor, low safety standards, mining activity resulting in deforestation or harming biodiversity, mining processes that affect communities (e.g. because of large water consumption) and the risks associated with widespread illegal mining. The report also provides research about organisations and initiatives that aim to affect the problems, and gives a brief view over tools that can be used to increase awareness of these issues.

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Cadena, Noramay J. 1981. "Improving quality through partnerships : development of a raw material supplier relationship management program in the biotech industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66062.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-75).
In biotechnology, much focus is put on the science behind proteins and cells; less attention has traditionally gone to the raw materials used to produce medicines. However, in the recent past, internal and external drivers have prompted a change in the way biotechnology companies manage raw material suppliers - the old focus was primarily around quality, cost and lead time; an additional focus is now around reliability and consistency. Suppliers are an integral part of the supply chain for a biotechnology company. To be successful and competitive, biotechnology companies must work effectively with suppliers to understand raw material origins, compositions, interactions with processes and machinery, and to understand the causes of variability and quality defects. Such a partnership or collaborative approach can be executed under a robust supplier relationship management program. This research study analyzes the early stages of a supplier relationship management program at a biotechnology company - it reviews the program and the results of two pilot activities with suppliers and combines that data with benchmarking and academic work to generate recommendations for improving the program and general recommendations around working collaboratively with raw material suppliers. The findings of the research study include recommendations spanning a large breadth of activities including company culture, team formation and training, supplier selection, timeliness and project management. Notably, the power of positive and proactive relationships was a tangible outcome of the pilot projects and that yields promise in the ability to improve quality and reduce variability through partnerships and collaborations with raw material suppliers.
by Noramay Cadena.
S.M.
M.B.A.

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17

Rizwan, Syed Ali. "High-performance mortars and concrete using secondary raw materials." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola&quot, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-2050170.

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Das American Concrete Institute (ACI) definiert Hochleistungsbeton (High performance concrete, HPC) als einen Beton, der spezielle Leistungs- und Gleichförmigkeitsanforderungen erfüllt. Die Anforderungen schließen vereinfachtes Ausbringen, verbesserte Frühfestigkeiten und mechanische Langzeiteigenschaften, Härte, Volumenstabilität und Belastbarkeit unter besonderen Umweltbedingungen ein. Diesen Anforderungen kann für gewöhnlich nicht mit klassischen Rohstoffen, normalen Misch- und Abbindeprozeduren entsprochen werden. Daher wurde in dieser Studie in Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur die Einfachheit des Ausbringens beziehungsweise die Selbstverdichtung als Kriterium für Hochleistungseigenschaften genommen. Während einer bautechnischen Begutachtung eines brandgeschädigten Gebäudes in Lahore deutete sich an, dass die Schäden zum größten Teil durch mangelhafte Kenntnis der Materialeigenschaften und mangelhafte Verarbeitung verursacht wurden. Dies war unter anderem Anlass für die Durchführung der vorliegenden Untersuchungen. Die Arbeiten über Hochleistungsbetone begannen mit der Auswahl von alternativen Rohstoffen (secondary raw materials, SRM) entsprechend den Ergebnissen des Literaturstudiums. Die Verwendung von Reisasche (Rice husk ash, RHA) in selbstverdichtenden Betonen (Self compacting concrete, SCC) ist eine neue Idee, die bislang nicht veröffentlicht wurde. Deshalb wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen mit Mikrosilika (Silica fume, SF), amorpher und kristalliner Reisasche (RHA bzw. RHAP) durchgeführt. In vielen Entwicklungsländern ist Mikrosilika guter Qualität auf absehbare Zeit kaum zu vernünftigen Preisen verfügbar, während Reisasche in reisanbauenden Ländern wie Pakistan hochverfügbar ist. Bei entsprechenden Ergebnissen soll mit dieser Studie die Verwendung von RHA alternativ zu SF in SCC empfohlen werden. Das Literaturstudium zeigte ferner, dass die Verwendung von Flugasche in Kombination mit anderen puzzolanischen Materialien wie Mikrosilika in Deutschland nicht üblich ist, während dies in Skandinavien erfolgreich getan wird. Deshalb ist ein weiterer Aspekt der vorliegenden Arbeit die Untersuchung der Rolle binärer und ternärer Binder in SCC. Als SRM wurden Kalksteinmehl, Flugasche, Mikrosilika sowie RHA (aus USA) und RHAP (aus Pakistan) ausgewählt. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit Fließverhalten, Festigkeit, Mikrostruktur und Volumenstabilität (gemessen als frühes Schwinden) von SCC. Die durch binäre und ternäre Binder bewirkte Erhöhung der Gesamtfestigkeit soll möglichst einfach berechnet werden können. Die ist von großem Wert für Bauingenieure, da sie üblicherweise nur an der Gesamtfestigkeit des zementären Systems und nicht an den Festigkeitsanteilen chemischer oder physischer Komponenten interessiert sind. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das vergleichsweise inerte Material für andere puzzolanische Binder und deren Kombinationen als Ausgangspunkt zur einfachen Quantifizierung der Festigkeit zu nehmen. Es ist in der Praxis nicht üblich, die frühe Gesamtschwindung mit deren einzelnen Teilprozessen zu beschreiben. Deshalb wurde die Volumenstabilität als lineare Gesamtschwindung ermittelt. Die Arbeiten begannen mit selbstverdichtenden Pasten (High performance self compacting pastes, HP SCP), die zu selbstverdichtenden Mörteln (High performance self compacting mortars, HP SCM) und selbstverdichtenden Betonen (High performance self compacting concretes, HP SCC) weiterentwickelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeiten können als anwendungsfreundlicher angesehen werden, als Ergebnisse von Arbeiten durchgeführt ausschließlich an SCC. Darüber hinaus wurden ausgehend von Laborergebnissen einige Versuche an einem Beton-Mischwerk und anschließend während des Einbringens in einen Versuchsstollen des Lehrbergwerks durchgeführt. Zur Abschätzung von Wasserbedarf, Fließverhalten und Festigkeit von HP SCC werden verschiedene einfache Methoden und Konzepte vorgeschlagen. Die Erfindung von Verflüssigern in Deutschland und Japan Anfang der 80er Jahre ermöglichte zusammen mit geeigneten Zuschlägen das Erreichen hoher Festigkeiten und Dauerhaftigkeiten. Es wird eine Methode zur indirekten Berechnung des Wasserbedarfs für jeden Zuschlag, der in geeigneten Mengen mit Zement gemischt wird. Weiterhin schlägt der Autor die Messung der T 25 cm Fließzeit für HP SCM/SCP-Systeme (das Verhältnis zwischen T 25 cm Ausbreitmaß und dem Kegelbodendurchmesser) in Analogie zur Ermittlung des 50cm-Ausbreitmaßes mittels Abrams-Kegel bei SCC vor. Dies wäre ein brauchbarer indirekter Indikator der rheologischen Eigenschaften von SCC-Systemen. Der Durchmesser des Abramskegels ist 20 cm und das besprochene Verhältnis ist 2,5. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen lässt sich feststellen, dass sicher amorphe RHA als Ersatz für SF in SCC genommen werden kann. Dies gilt selbst bei RHA mittlerer puzzolanischer Aktivität, wie sie von Kraftwerken mit Reistrohfeuerung erhältlich ist. Die Verbesserung von Leistung und Dauerhaftigkeit konnte sowohl für binäre als auch für ternäre Binder in SCC-Systemen festgestellt werden. Für gute Dauerhaftigkeit wie auch aus ökonomischen Gründen wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Menge des zuzumischenden Wassers in etwa dem Wasserbedarf entspricht.

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Porsö, Charlotta. "The effect of new raw materials on pellet prices." Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, SLU, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-130660.

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As demand for renewable energy is increasing rapidly, the market for biomass pellets is expected to continue to grow in the near future. Most of the new raw materials that are discussed for pellet production have one thing in common; the production costs will increase compared to using traditional raw materials such as sawdust and planer shavings. The aim of this thesis is to investigate to what degree increased use of new raw materials for pellet production will affect the general pellet prices in Sweden and to survey what plans Swedish pellet producers have concerning new raw materials. To investigate the raw material situation of the Swedish pellet producers an industry survey was performed. Literature studies were also made on previous research in the subject field. Calculations of the production costs for pellets were done for the raw materials sawdust, wet sawmill chips and energy wood respectively. New raw materials are already used by the large-scale pellet producers in Sweden. It is mainly the large-scale producers that have started to use new raw materials such as energy wood, wet sawmill chips and dry chips. Around 65% of the respondents of the survey were planning for new raw materials. Most commonly planned for was energy wood. Most of the pellet producers in the survey were planning for raw materials that give high quality pellets. The minimum price for pellets is in the long run set by the production costs. The raw material costs are the most important part of the production costs and according to results from the survey they also affect the pellet prices most. For pellets made of sawdust the raw material costs were typically 2/3 of the total production costs in 2009. In calculations of production costs, wet sawmill chips resulted in a decreased cost by 4% compared to sawdust, mainly because of less expensive raw material. Energy wood also resulted in decreased production costs by 4% compared to sawdust, assuming that the thermal energy needed for drying could be entirely produced with the bark from the debarking process. Both energy wood and wet sawmill chips could hence decrease the production costs and thereby the price for pellets. Even though there is a much greater maximum pellet production potential for wet sawmill chips than for sawdust the amounts of available raw material will, among other factors, depend on the development in the pulp industry.

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19

Olupot, Peter Wilberforce. "Assessment of ceramic raw materials in Uganda for electrical porcelain." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4013.

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20

Dominguez-Espinosa, Rosa M. "Submerged culture production of Monascus pigments from cereal raw materials." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502111.

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21

Saiyasombati, Penpan. "Mathematical model for predicting percutaneous absorption of fragrance raw materials." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1061561348.

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22

Nilsson, Lennart. "Development of UHPC concrete using mostly locally available raw materials." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69456.

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The concrete technology has during the last century changed dramatically where the concept of high strength concrete has gone from 30MPa to well over 100MPa. UHPC has many areas of application and is used more and more frequently in all manner of structures. It is also a suitable concrete in areas and environments that are demanding and harsh for the concrete due to its overall excellent durability properties which suggest lifespans of reinforced structure elements that far exceeds what is economically available to design for today with a low cost of maintenance. The aim of this research was to produce Ultra High-Performance Concrete using mostly locally available materials. Tests were made on the binary materials where the particle packing was optimized through the Punkte method. A series of smaller mortar mixes was made where the effect of different proportions of i.e. silica fume, flyash, superplasticizer had on the concrete mix. The fresh and hardened properties of the mix as mini cone flow, slump flow, density, compressive strength and flexural strength was evaluated to obtain a mix which exhibited the properties sought for, high strength and good workability. The results showed that it is difficult to find an optimum mixture since the design of a recipe always has compromises and rarely all criteria’s can be met fully. The concrete produced had a W to C ratio between 0,21, 20wt% of silica fume, 4,5wt% of superplasticizer and max filler size of 1mm. Some mixes of the concrete were also produced with flyash replacement and with steel fibers. This resulted in concretes exhibiting compressive strength over 140MPa, flexural strength of 18MPa without fiber reinforcement and with self-consolidating properties. The replacement of cement with 30wt% of flyash resulted in better workability and long term(1year) compressive strength almost equaled the concrete without flyash replacement.

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23

Steinkeller, John. "Efficient Information Flow in a Supply Chain of Raw Materials." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220398.

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The Study aims to evaluate what kind of systems buyers of raw materials use for handling the flow of information in their supply chain of raw materials. Due to the complexity of the topic, the Study is only examining the continuous exchange of information between suppliers and buyers of raw materials. The purpose of the Study is to provide recommendations to Boliden on which system is suitable for implementation at the company. The Study’s results were achieved by collecting both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through interviews with raw materials buyers and trade organisations. A total of fifteen interviews were conducted in the Study. The secondary data was collected through a literature study. The results of the Study indicate that there exists four different solutions for managing the flow of information in a supply chain of raw materials. The most common solution among buyers of raw materials is to use the so-called “traditional” systems, i.e. e-mail, telephone and physical meetings. The second most common solution is to use an external information handling system provided by a trade organisation. The third most common solution is to use a commercial information handling system, i.e. a system provided by a commercial provider. Lastly, the least common solution is to develop an information handling system on its own, i.e. a proprietary information handling system. The conclusion of the Study is that Boliden should use two information handling system simultaneously, i.e. an external information handling system and the traditional information handling systems. However, Boliden should also look into the option of developing a proprietary information handling system.

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Engvoll, Marianne Aanvik. "Reactivity of Anode Raw Materials and Anodes for Production of Aluminium." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-34.

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In the Hall-Héroult process for primary production of aluminium, a considerable amount of anode carbon is lost through unwanted gasification in air and CO2. The carbon gasification reactions are catalyzed by a number of inorganic impurities normally present in the anodes. Some of these impurities follow the anode raw materials while others are introduced during the anode manufacturing process. The aim of this work is to obtain a fundamental knowledge of how the bath compounds: AlF3, Al2O3, NaF, Na3AlF6 and CaF2, which may be introduced in various amounts to prebaked anodes through the addition of recycled anode butts, influence the air and CO2 reactivity of anode carbon. In order to avoid the disturbing and possibly masking effect of other impurities normally present in industrial anode materials, this work uses cokes made by carbonization of high purity carbon precursors (tar oil/petroleum pitch) in a laboratory scale coke reactor. Known amounts of fluoride salts or the corresponding metal acetylacetonates are added to the liquid precursor prior to carbonization. “High”-sulfur cokes are prepared by also adding 4.5 weight percent dibenzothiophene to the precursor (corresponds to an addition of 1 wt% elemental sulfur). The calcined coke samples are characterized in terms of reactivity towards air and CO2 gasification, size and shape of optical texture units and degree of turbostratic order. Scanning electron microscopy and surface area measurements are used to study the surface textural changes resulting from the catalyzed gasification. The extent of gasification inside industrial prebaked and Søderberg anodes is investigated by characterizing anode core samples in terms of air permeabilities, contamination profiles and reactivities towards air and CO2 gasification. The characteristics are related to findings from electron microscopy examinations. COKES DOPED WITH SODIUM ACETYLACETONATE, SODIUM FLUORIDE AND CRYOLITE Sodium acetylacetonate decomposes completely to sodium carbonate during carbonization and calcination of the coke samples. At the initial stages of gasification, the sodium carbonate particles decompose to a sodium oxide phase, which catalyzes the air and CO2 gasification reactions strongly. Sodium fluoride and cryolite also act as strong gasification catalysts. Due to formation of higher amounts of inhibiting fluorine gases (COF2, AlOF2), the cryolite doped cokes are less reactive than the corresponding sodium fluoride cokes. The difference between the two coke series is especially pronounced during air gasification. The air reactivity of the sodium-doped cokes is markedly reduced when 4.5 weight percent dibenzothiophene is added to the coke precursors prior to carbonization. During carbonization, the sulfur is stabilized in large aromatic molecules and it is only liberated when the carbon matrix is gasified. The free sulfur adsorbs on the active sites of the sodium particles and lowers their catalytic activity. The Na-S adsorption complexes are thermally unstable at the CO2 gasification temperature (960 °C) and the CO2 gasification rates are therefore not affected by the dibenzothiophene additions. The additions of various amounts of sodium acetylacetonate, sodium fluoride or cryolite (< 0.7 wt%) do not affect the optical texture and turbostratic structure development processes during carbonization and calcination of the coke samples. COKES DOPED WITH CALCIUM ACETYLACETONATE AND CALCIUM FLUORIDE Both calcium oxide (from decomposition of calcium acetylacetonate) and calcium fluoride act as very strong catalysts towards the carbon-CO2 gasification reaction. Presumably because of the low reaction temperature (525 °C), the air gasification rate is only slightly enhanced by the calcium additions. Due to sulfur poisoning of the catalytically active calcium oxide particles, the CO2 reactivities of the calcium acetylacetonate doped cokes are markedly reduced when 4.5 weight percent dibenzothiophene is added to the coke precursors prior to carbonization. Because of the low reactivity of the calcium acetylacetonate doped cokes towards air gasification, the amount of sulfur released from the coke matrix is too low to provide a measurable air reactivity reduction. Sulfur is unable to adsorb on and deactivate the catalytic sites of calcium fluoride. Neither the optical texture nor the turbostratic coke structure is affected by the additions of various amounts of calcium acetylacetonate and calcium fluoride (< 0.5 wt%). COKES DOPED WITH ALUMINIUM ACETYLACETONATE AND ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE When heated to temperatures above 110 °C, aluminium acetylacetonate decomposes completely to aluminium oxide. During carbonization of the tar oil, the small aluminium oxide particles adhere to the surface of the mesophase spheres and prevent them from coalesce on contact. Addition of 1 – 2 wt% aluminium acetylacetonate has the largest textural effects and gives very fine-grained mosaic textures. At higher dopant loadings, the aluminium oxide particles form agglomerates and their influence on the texture development becomes smaller. Since the concentration of active carbon sites is affected by the fineness of the coke texture, the measured coke reactivities are influenced by both the coke texture and the concentration and dispersion of the catalytically active aluminium oxide. Aluminium fluoride reduces the gasification rates if added to cokes with fine optical textures. The air and CO2 reactivities go through a minimum at an aluminium content of approximately 0.4 wt%, which corresponds to an addition of about 1.7 wt% AlF3 to the precursor prior to carbonization. At higher AlF3 additions the reactivities increase again. The observed reactivity behavior probably results from a competition between deactivation of active carbon sites by adsorption of gaseous fluorine compounds (AlOF2, COF2) and the weak catalytic effect of the condensed aluminium species present (AlF3 and Al2O3). At low aluminium fluoride additions, the fluoride deactivation dominates, but at higher additions, the catalytic activity of aluminium oxide and aluminium fluoride takes over. Due to a low concentration of active sites, the addition of aluminium fluoride has only a minor reducing effect on the reactivity of cokes with coarse-grained textures. The reactivities of neither the aluminium acetylacetonate nor the aluminium fluoride doped cokes are influenced by the concurrent addition of 4.5 wt% dibenzothiophene. GENERAL REMARKS ON RELATIVE CATALYTIC STRENGHTS Based on relative catalytic strengths, the contamination species studied may be ordered as follows (strongest catalyst set as 100): “Low”-sulfur cokes: CO2 gasification: CaF2 = CaO >> NaF > Na3AlF6 > Na2O >> Al2O3 100 100 26 21 15 3 Air gasification: NaF = Na2O >> Na3AlF6 >> CaF2 > Al2O3 > Na2O 100 100 57 29 24 19 “High”-sulfur cokes: CO2 gasification: CaF2 >> CaO >> NaF > Na3AlF6 > Na2O >> Al2O3 100 50 25 21 15 3 Air gasification: Na2O >> CaF2 = Al2O3 > NaF > Na3AlF6 = CaO 100 19 19 16 13 13 Aluminium fluoride inhibits the gasification reactions. There are no cocatalytic effects between calcium and sodium i.e. the catalytic activity of calcium is not affected by the concurrent presence of sodium and vice versa. GAS REACTIVITY OF INDUSTRIAL ANODES The carbon dioxide produced at the anode working surface, percolates through the open porosity of the anodes and reacts with accessible carbon in the lower parts. Airburn is mainly of concern at the exposed parts of prebaked anodes (anode tops and the sides near the tapping positions) and under the gas skirts of the Søderberg anodes. From air permeability measurements and electron microscopy examinations, internal CO2 gasification is found to occur in the lower 3 – 5 cm of prebaked anodes. Depending on the anode top surface temperature, air gasification may occur as deep as 4 cm below the anode top surface. In Søderberg anodes the extent of internal CO2 gasification strongly depends on the gas permeability of the anode. In high-permeability Søderberg anodes, CO2 gasification may occur as far as 60 cm above the working surface. Higher up, the temperature is normally too low for gasification. In some particular low-permeability Søderberg anodes (permeability resembling “bad” prebaked anodes), internal CO2 gasification is limited to the lower 15 – 20 cm of the anodes. In both prebaked and Søderberg anodes, the more reactive binder coke is selectively gasified. Since much of the binder phase in the lower parts of the high-permeability Søderberg anodes is consumed, substantial dusting is expected from the working surface of these anodes. In the prebaked anodes, the binder phase is mostly structurally intact. Catalytically active sodium and calcium impurities are mainly introduced to prebaked anodes via the addition of butts. Pot-room dust is an important contamination source in Søderberg anodes. Additionally, the lower parts of especially the high-permeability Søderberg anodes are contaminated by gaseous sodium and aluminium bath species that penetrates into the anode open porosity and condense within the anodes.

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Kasedde, Hillary. "Characterization of Raw Materials for Salt Extraction from Lake Katwe, Uganda." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mekanisk metallografi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-134708.

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Uganda is well endowed with economic quantities of salt evident in the interstitial brines and evaporite deposits of Lake Katwe, a closed saline lake located in the western branch of the great East African rift valley. Currently, rudimentally methods of salt mining based on solar evaporation of brine continue to be used for salt extraction at the lake. These have proved to be hazardous and unsustainable to the salt miners and the environment. In this work, literature concerning the occurrence of salt and the most common available technologies for salt extraction is documented. Field studies were undertaken to characterize the salt lake deposit and to devise strategies of improving salt mining and extraction from the salt lake raw materials. The mineral salt raw materials (brines and evaporites) were characterized to determine their physical, chemical, mineralogical, and morphological composition through field and laboratory analyses. In addition, laboratory extraction techniques were undertaken to evaluate possibilities of future sustainable salt extraction from the lake deposit. Also, PHREEQC simulations using Pitzer models were carried out to determine the present saturation state of the lake brine and to estimate which salts and the order in which they precipitate from the brine upon concentration by evaporation. Results reveal that the raw materials from the salt lake contain substantial amounts of salt which can be commercialized for optimum production. The brines are highly alkaline and rich in Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, and HCO3-. Moreover, they contain trace amounts of Mg2+, Ca2+, Br-, and F-. The lake is hydro-chemically of a carbonate type with the brines showing an intermediate transition between Na-Cl and Na-HCO3 water types. The evaporites are composed of halite mixed with other salts such as hanksite, burkeite, trona etc, with their composition varying considerably within the same grades. The laboratory extraction experiments indicate that various types of economic salts such as thenardite, anhydrite, mirabilite, burkeite, hanksite, gypsum, trona, halite, nahcolite, soda ash, and thermonatrite precipitate from the brine of Lake Katwe. The salts crystallize in the order following the sequence starting with sulfates, followed by chlorides and carbonates, respectively. Moreover, thermodynamic modeling in PHREEQC accurately predicted the solubility and sequence of the salt precipitation from the lake brine. Understanding the sequence of salt precipitation from the brine helps to control its evolution during concentration and hence, will lead to an improved operating design scheme of the current extraction processes. The work providesinformation towards future mineral salt exploitation from the salt lake.

QC 20131129

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Ramaswamy, Sangeetha [Verfasser]. "Manufacturing of Automotive Interior Components with Renewable Raw Materials / Sangeetha Ramaswamy." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138178225/34.

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Bragdon, Paul William E. "Development of high performance lightweight aggregate from New Brunswick raw materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ54665.pdf.

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28

Miedl, Michaela. "The effect of raw materials and yeast quality on beer stability." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2620.

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Beer stability is a critical quality parameter and a large amount of research has attempted to understand and optimise it. The present study focused on the flavour and foam aspects of beer stability and novel methods of analysis were employed to investigate the influence of yeast physiological state, pitching rates, pasteurisation methods and raw materials on these important parameters. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to gain an in-depth understanding of physiological state and protein dynamics of brewing yeast. Yeast cell components such as glycogen, neutral lipids, trehalose, bud scars, DNA and intracellular proteinases were successfully visualised and quantified. Co-localisation studies with a yeast GFP clone expressing proteinase A (Pr A) were conducted to explore expression and excretion of Pr A in a variety of stress situations encountered during wort fermentations. Pr A plays a key role in the degradation of the hydrophobic polypeptides responsible for the beer foam stability. The impact of flash pasteurisation compared to sterile filtration on Pr A levels, hydrophobic polypeptide content and foam stability has been investigated. Another focus of this study was to elucidate the origin and fate of polypeptides, throughout wort production and fermentation. Special emphasis was placed on the changes in size and/or hydrophobicity of foam active polypeptides throughout the brewing process in order to identify stages in the process where retention of foam active polypeptides and consequently beer foam stability could be increased. It was attempted to determine what proportion of polypeptides found in beer originate from the cereals and the hops and how these polypeptides evolve throughout the brewing process. High and lower gravity beers were compared with regard to their polypeptide distribution and degree of polypeptide glycosylation. Understanding the mechanisms of beer staling is a longstanding research priority of brewers in order to extend beer shelf life. It was attempted to shed light on the mechanisms involved in beer staling, the role of Reactive Oxygen Species and their interaction with thiol groups in beer proteins. Several approaches for inhibiting or retarding oxidation of the beer matrix were explored. Novel methods for the assessment of oxidative stability and content of thiol and carbonyl groups in beer proteins were developed.

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29

Marshall, Gilbert David. "Mesolithic south west Scotland, lithic raw materials and regional settlement structure." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244996.

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30

Seong, Chuntaek. "Raw materials and evolution of lithic technology in Upper Pleistocene Korea /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6466.

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SAIYASOMBATI, PENPAN. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF FRANGRANCE RAW MATERIALS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1061561348.

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32

Aguilar, Wilson. "Study of the Synthesis of ZSM-5 from Inexpensive Raw Materials." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Kemiteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16976.

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ZSM-5 is an aluminosilicate with high silica ratio with suitable properties for catalysis, ion exchange, adsorption and membrane applications. ZSM-5 is usually produced industrially from concentrated systems in which there is formation of an amorphous gel phase. Typical syntheses of ZSM-5 require sources of silicon and aluminium, a mineralizer and an organic molecule as so-called templating agent. The silicon and aluminum sources widely used for the synthesis are pure reagent chemicals and in particular quaternary ammonium compounds like tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxides (TPA-OH), are employed as templating agents. Unfortunately, these compounds are rather expensive. Demand for inexpensive sources of aluminosilicates for the synthesis of ZSM-5 has increased during the last two decades. Natural raw materials such as kaolin clay and diatomaceous earth (diatomite) are two potential inexpensive sources of silica and alumina. Moreover, the molecule n-butylamine (NBA) has been reported as a low-cost templating agent to replace the quaternary ammonium compounds. The aim of this work was to show for the first time that leached metakaolinite or diatomite in combination with sodium hydroxide and n-butylamine could be used as inexpensive raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 without using an additional source of silica. After synthesis optimization, both sources of aluminosilicate were found to behave differently during the course of synthesis and led to slightly different products. The chemical composition of the raw materials and the products were determined using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). Crystallinity was examined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), the morphology was studied by extreme-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (XHR-SEM) and the specific surface area was estimated from nitrogen adsorption data by the BET method. The chemical composition of individual crystals was determined by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Dealumination of the raw materials by acid leaching made it possible to reach appropriate SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and reduced the amount of impurities. The final ZSM-5 products had a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in the range 20 – 40. The use of leached diatomite allowed reaching higher yield of ZSM-5 crystals within comparable synthesis times. However, low amounts of mordenite were formed, which was related to the high calcium content of diatomite. Another considerable advantage of diatomite over kaolin is that diatomite does not require heat treatment at high temperature to convert the kaolin to reactive metakaolin. Further characterization of the system by XHR-SEM and EDS at low voltage was carried out in order to understand the nucleation and early growth of the ZSM-5 zeolite crystals. The observations with unprecedented detail strongly suggest that nucleation and the succeeding growth occurs on the gel surface. The growth rates in the various crystallographic directions already at an early stage are such that the shape of the growing crystals resembles that of the final crystals. However, as the early growth is interface mediated, the growth rate along the gel particles is high and the gel particles will become partially embedded inside the growing crystals at an early stage. The Si and Al nutrients are probably transported along the solid/liquid interface and possibly through the liquid in the form of nanoparticles detaching from the gel. The organic template was initially contained in the liquid. However, it remains unclear at which stage the template becomes incorporated in the solid material. EDS at low voltage was also used to gain compositional information about the sodium/calcium ion exchanged products and extraneous phases when kaolin and Bolivian montmorillonite clay were used for the synthesis of zeolite A by alkali fusion. In order to evaluate the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the synthesized zeolite, ICP-SFMS and EDS were compared. The EDS method used in this work resulted in (Na,Ca)/Al ratios in equivalent moles very close to 1.0 as expected and was therefore found more reliable than ICP-SFMS to measure cation exchange capacity for zeolite A. To summarize, the present work shows that it was possible to synthesize well-crystallized ZSM-5 zeolite from inexpensive raw materials such as leached metakaolin or leached diatomite, sodium hydroxide and n-butyl amine. Furthermore, the crystallization mechanism evidenced in this system might be more general and also apply for other concentrated systems, e.g. those using TPA as structure-directing. Finally, this work displays that EDS at low voltage can provide valuable local compositional information in the field of zeolite synthesis.
Godkänd; 2014; 20140430 (andbra); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Wilson Aguilar-Mamani Ämne: Kemisk teknologi/Chemical Technology Uppsats: Study of the Synthesis of ZSM-5 from Inexpensive Raw Materials Examinator: Biträdande professor Johanne Mouzon, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Ph.D. Linda Sandström, Energy Technology Centre in Piteå Tid: Torsdag den 19 juni 2014 kl 14.00 Plats: C305, Luleå tekniska universitet

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Lorenzon, Marta. "Earthen architecture in Bronze Age Crete : from raw materials to construction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25931.

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Earthen architecture is a widespread phenomenon, both in the present day and the past. It is one of the most impressive expressions of the human ability to create a unique built environment from modest natural resources. Archaeological research has shown that mud brick manufacturing techniques can inform on community practices in relation to architecture. New geoarchaeological and microarchaeological approaches provide information on the source of raw materials in conjunction with the mode of manufacture and construction. The aim of this study is to investigate Minoan earthen architecture using mud bricks as an integral part of material culture in order to reconstruct the technological process of mud brick manufacture and to provide fresh insights about architectural craft specialisation in Bronze Age Crete. In order to fulfil this goal, more than 10,000 mud bricks are studied both macroscopically, by investigating broad trends in manufacture and construction form, and microscopically, by considering the finer details of raw material procurement and building performance through XRF, XRD and thin section petrography. This research places the geoarchaeological analysis of mud brick architecture within a specific multidisciplinary theoretical framework that combines archaeological data, architectural analysis and ethnoarchaeology. The analyses clarify how raw materials were selected and used within and between buildings. They also shed light on broader temporal changes, such as increasing technological sophistication, the type of labour force, if centrally organised or household based, and its impact on architecture. Earthen building forms and materials are the result of assimilation between the natural and built environment. Therefore the exploitation of specific raw materials sheds light on community strategies of adaptation to natural resources and their transformation into material culture. Research results indicate that mud brick manufacture was a standardised activity during the Minoan period with evidence of craft specialisation in raw source material selection, production and construction.

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Hietala, Maiju. "Extrusion processing of wood raw materials for use in wood-polymer composites." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26720.

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The interest in wood-polymer composites and their use in different applications has been growing over the last 10-15 years. Environmental issues and demands on lower material costs are the driving forces behind the increasing use of renewable materials such as wood and other natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composites. Wood flour consisting of small wood particles is currently used as the main wood raw material in commercial wood-polymer composites. However, the reinforcing potential of wood flour is limited. A better reinforcement could be achieved by using wood fibres with a higher aspect ratio as raw material, but individual fibres are seldom used in composite manufacturing due to processing problems and high cost. Therefore, the objective of the work was to study the possibility to use wood chips as raw material and separate individual fibres with higher aspect ratios from the wood chips during the composite manufacturing process. First, the effect of the extrusion process only on wood raw material was studied without a matrix polymer, and then composites using polypropylene as matrix were made. The main goal was to produce wood particles/fibres with high aspect ratio during the manufacturing of wood polymer composites. The effects of extrusion parameters, different screw configurations, raw materials and raw material pre-treatments were evaluated. The size of the separated wood particles and fibres was measured using optical fibre analysis methods. Microstructure of wood particles as well as the fractured surfaces of prepared composites were examined using electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the composites were measured using flexural and impact testing. The results showed that wood chips can be used as raw material in a one-step manufacturing process of wood-polymer composites. Also, individual fibres with a higher aspect ratio than wood flour were separated from the wood chips with suitable processing conditions
Godkänd; 2011; 20110302 (ysko); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Examinator: Professor Kristiina Oksman, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Associate Professor Roberts Joffe, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 7 april 2011 kl 13.00 Plats: E246, Luleå tekniska universitet

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Martinez, Pancorbo Pablo. "Cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment of future materials for commercial lithium-ion batteries : Raw Materials issues." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27987.

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Current private transportation remains very harmful for the environment, especially the non-electric vehicles. This report proposes five novel type of nanomaterials-based Li-ion batteries to improve substantially the electric vehicle battery properties along with a substantial reduction of the environmental impact of its commercial counterparts. To address the problem, a cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment has been performed in which the biggest emphasis has been focused on the energy and materials inputs and outputs during the raw materials extraction. We show how the analyzed Ni-doped graphene battery and Fe3O4-based Cu battery are the most environmentally friendly, stable, reliable and improved batteries among the five cases of study. These results can open new horizons for future advances in the implantation of an electromobility transportation.

I presented my work via Skype while sharing the screen.

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Niesbach, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Design of Reactive Distillation Processes Using Bio-based Raw Materials / Alexander Niesbach." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063221722/34.

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García, Cela Esther. "Challenges in management of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in contaminated raw materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285374.

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Las micotoxinas son contaminantes químicos de origen biológico que suponen el mayor riesgo en la cadena alimentaria, debido a su amplia presencia y a los múltiples efectos perjudiciales que producen en los seres humanos y en los animales. En esta Tesis se ha puesto de manifiesto la elevada incertidumbre asociada al muestreo para la determinación del contenido de micotoxinas en pistachos, dentro del sistema de gestión de seguridad alimentaria. También se ha evaluado como posible reto emergente en la gestión, los posibles efectos derivados de un hipotético cambio climático caracterizado por incremento de la temperatura, radiación ultravioleta y sequedad en la micobiota ocratoxigénica presente en uvas y cereales. Las principales conclusiones obtenidas son: i) posible adaptación de las especies micotoxigénicas; ii) predominancia de aspergilos negros en las condiciones más extremas; iii) ineficacia de los antifúngicos en el control de ocratoxina A y posible necesidad de transición de unas materias activas a otras en función de las condiciones climáticas.
Mycotoxins are biologically derived chemical contaminants that pose the greatest risk in the food chain due to their widespread occurrence and the many detrimental effects that occur in humans and in animals. This thesis has highlighted the high uncertainty associated with the sampling for the determination of mycotoxins in pistachios, within the system of food safety management. The possible effects of a hypothetical climate characterized by increased temperature, drought and UV radiation on ocrhatoxigenic mycobiota of grapes and cereals has also been evaluated as a possible emerging management challenge. The main conclusions are: i) possible adaptation of mycotoxigenic species; ii) predominance of black aspergili under extreme conditions; iii) loss of antifungal effective in controlling ochratoxin A and possible need to transition from an active ingredient to another depending on the weather materials.

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Falch, Eva. "Lipids from residual fish raw materials : Quality assessment by advanced analytical methods." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2263.

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ADDENDUM Figure 4, page 14; Copyright © 1996 From Food Chemistry by Nawar, W.W. (Fennema, O.R.ed). Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Paper I, VII and VIII are reprinted with kind permission from Elsevier, sciencedirect.com

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Van, Dijk Christoffel. "Raw materials inventory management for a Coke plant / by Christoffel van Dijk." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2453.

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Blanco-Rosete, Sergio Roberto. "Studies on the feasibility of platform chemicals production from cereal raw materials." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490124.

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A number of factors have conspired to create a major incentive to find sustainable alternatives to replace fossil fuels with renewable materials. These incI ude the Jact existing, tinite, resources are rapidly depleting. To add to the problems their consumption results environmental damage through CO2 emissions and consequent global warming. As a result, and not for the first time, crop based processes are receiving major attention as potential bridges towards a sustainable chemical industry. The results of the metrics show differences between them that suggest they are worth pursuing further. The development of biorefineries is a multidisciplinary activity that requires integration and transfer of information between several fields of knowledge. This project has brought together a substantial and diverse body of information a way that standardises and enables comparison of knowledge on the production of renewable chemicals. Overall, the information collected and analysed in this project can serve as the baseline for future analysis in this field. PhD Thesis February 2008 Sergio BianCo-Rosete Supplied by The British Library - 'The world's knowledge' Together with the development of sustainable processes, the problem of assessing them arises. Different assessment methods were examined and due to their broad range of application were found not to be completely suitable for assessing the transformation renewable raw materials to platform chemicals. For that reason a set of potentials (Processing potential, Transformability, and Platform potential) is suggested seeking to provide the best sustainable conversion route from renewable feedstock to platform chemical. The metrics proposed in this project were also thought to be potentially suitable as a prediction tool which will enable the identification of chemicals around which biorefineries can be established.

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Primard, Pierre. "Life-cycle studies on raw materials for renewable energy development in France." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-167354.

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The present report is a reflection on the impact and costs of raw materials involved in renewable energy (RE) technology development. The study is performed in collaboration with ADEME in France and is based on a range of previous studies initiated by ADEME, which aimed to test the limits for the integration of renewables in the energy mix by considering their raw material consumption and identifying the possible impacts if this consumption steadily grows in the future. The Earth’s material resources are already under heavy pressure, especially the exotic metals used in advanced technologies including renewable energy components and equipment. A sharp rise in material consumption due to a wide deployment of renewable energy could harm the metal markets and endanger the industries that depend on them. Securing a sustainable development path for RE technologies would require avoiding any fast resource depletion. This thesis focuses on several modern RE technologies, identifies their specific raw material consumption and points out some important strategic and economic issues regarding their sustainability. The possible penetration in the energy mix of France of different RE technologies related to their life-cycle and cost implications of the involved raw materials is discussed. The study also compares the requirement of raw materials for a 100%-RE energy system to a more conventional mix where the larger part is allocated to nuclear power and fossil fuels. By identifying the weaknesses and strengths of the renewable energy technologies as far as materials are concerned, the author aims at promoting the idea that a detailed Life Cycle Assessment of a project during the planning phase is a useful tool for the decision process and an important first step towards a more sustainable energy mix.

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Chang, Jiyoun Christina. "Designing two-stage recycling operations for increased usage of undervalued raw materials." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101795.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 126-130).
Recycling provides a key strategy to move towards a more sustainable society by partially mitigating the impact of fast-growing material consumption. Recent advances in reprocessing technologies enable recyclers to incorporate low-quality secondary materials into higher quality finished products. Despite technological development, the use of these materials in the re-melting stage to produce final alloys is still limited. This thesis addresses this issue by raising the following question: given the complexity of the reprocessing operational environment, what is the most effective way to manage two-stage recycling operations to maximize the usage of low-quality secondary materials? This thesis answers this question for two systems: when outputs from the reprocessing stage can be delivered (1) as sows and (2) as liquid metals to the re-melting stage. In the first system, the main barrier to use of these materials is the highly variable quality of raw materials. This study suggests the use of data mining as a strategy to manage raw materials with uncertain quality using existing data from the recycling industry. A clustering analysis provides criteria for grouping raw materials by recognizing the pattern of varied compositions. This grouping (binning) strategy using the clustering analysis increases the homogeneity and distinctiveness of uncertain raw materials, allowing recyclers to increase their usage while maintaining minimum information about them. In the second system, significant energy cost can be saved by immediately incorporating reprocessed secondary raw materials as liquid metal into final alloy production. In this case, the coordination between the reprocessing stage and the re-melting stage is critical. This study suggests integrated production planning for two stages. The mathematical pooling problem is used to model two-stage recycling operations. Integrated planning across the two operations can adjust batch plans and design intermediate products by reflecting demand information of final products. This approach maximizes the use of intermediate products as liquid in the remelting stage and, therefore, lowers energy cost significantly. Both strategies are applied to industrial cases of aluminum recycling to explore the benefits and limitations. The results indicate the potential opportunity to significantly reduce material costs and to increase the use of undervalued secondary raw materials.
by Jiyoun Christina Chang.
Ph. D.

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Khor, Si Ming Thomas. "The study of inventory management of raw materials for a pharmaceutical company." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42320.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 91).
TCG is a multinational pharmaceutical company. As part of its drive to adopt lean manufacturing methodology in the plant and to stay competitive in the industry, TCG plans to effectively maximize its capital assets and reduce the warehouse space from 3500 to 1500 pallet spaces. This thesis focuses on the raw materials procurement and ordering methods in TCG. We study the accuracy of the demand forecasts for the finished products. And we investigate methods to improve procurement and inventory control. We use a 2-factor classification method to rank the 38 types of raw materials in the warehouse in terms of their importance based on their past procurement costs and the amount of warehouse space they occupied. We propose a just-in-time approach for the 9 most important items by having timely orders that match closely to the production schedule. A continuous review model is used for the next 11 items of less importance and a periodic review model is used for the remaining 18 items, which are of the least importance. We discuss and justify the assumptions used in our analysis. We provide a few further recommendations on how to improve inventory control based on observations of the current practices. The overall result shows that it might be possible to reduce the amount of space occupied by raw materials from the current average of 1076 pallets by 72%.
by Si Ming Thomas Khor.
M.Eng.

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Lange, Hanna. "Emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with renewable raw materials as protective colloids." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41019.

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Emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate (VAc) were performed by fully or partially replacing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with renewable materials as protective colloids or by adding renewable materials, as additives or fillers, to the emulsions during or after polymerization. The purpose of the study was to increase the amount of renewable materials in the emulsion. A total of 19 emulsions were synthesized. Different recipes were used for the synthesis. The following renewable materials were studied; hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with different molecular weights, starch and proteins. HEC and starch were used as protective colloids. Proteins were used as additives or fillers. Cross-linking agent A and Cross-linking agent B were used as cross-linking agents. A total of 26 formulations were pressed, either cold or hot. The synthesized emulsions were evaluated with respect to pH, solids content, viscosity, minimum film formation temperature (MFFT), glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size and molecular weight (Mw). The tensile shear strengths of the emulsions were evaluated according to EN 204 and WATT 91. It was possible to fully, or partially, replace PVA as protective colloid with renewable materials. It was also possible to use renewable materials as additives or fillers in the emulsions. The emulsions obtained properties that differed from the reference. Generally, emulsions with HEC as protective colloid showed lower viscosity and slightly higher MFFT, Tg and molecular weight than emulsions with PVA as protective colloid. Larger particle sizes than the reference were obtained for emulsions containing PVA combined with renewable materials. The emulsion with starch as protective colloid exhibited the largest particle size. 10 formulations passed the criteria for D2. The emulsions where PVA was fully or partially replaced with HEC or starch showed a water resistance similar to the reference (around D2). The addition of protein did not decrease the water and heat resistance compared to the reference. Addition of protein after polymerization increased the water resistance (D2) compared to addition during polymerization. Addition of cross-linking agents did not increase the water resistance further. Two formulations passed the criteria for D3. The emulsion in the first formulation had PVA as protective colloid and protein B was added during polymerization. The emulsion in the second formulation had HEC as protective colloid. To both of these emulsions, protein A was added after polymerization, as a filler, combined with Cross-linking agent B as cross-linking agent before hot pressing. The first formulation also showed a good heat resistance (passed the criteria for WATT 91).

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Mohamed, Iqbal Amir Asyraf. "CHARACTERIZATION AND TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE PADS WITH DIFFERENT RAW MATERIALS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2127.

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Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted for the development of alternative materials for better performance of brake pads. With a huge selection of materials, automobile manufacturers must prioritize the performance standards, safety, cost and environmental factors of the brake pads. To improve the friction performance of brake pads, maintain customers comfort level and environment safety, design engineers test and verify the best materials to satisfy the federal performance standards. Raw materials of brake pads compose of different categories such as organic, semi metallic and low-metallic. Besides the difference in composition, these materials affect the brake pads in terms of friction properties, wear rates and noise levels. It is crucial for engineers and manufacturers to improve friction stability while minimizing vibration by manipulating the composition of different raw materials and additive materials. Automotive brake pads normally consist of numerous metallic and composite materials that are formed by hot compression which can result in various mechanical properties [14]. This research proposes to investigate different composition of metallic raw materials and how their frictional performance is affected under different environmental testing standards. This research investigates the frictional performance of six types of raw materials with different mechanical properties and morphology using a universal mechanical tester (Bruker UMT). This paper examines the overall friction performance, coefficient of friction and creep groan behavior of six different raw materials under different humidity levels. By scrutinizing the static and kinetic coefficient of friction(COF) at different humidity levels, humidity-induced friction instability at low speed is studied and presented in this paper. After performing friction tests for each material, it was concluded that the friction performance and kinetic coefficient of friction of the brake pad samples were drastically affected by longer exposure to humid air.

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Yatsuk, Oleh. "6th century BC glass beads from Southern Ukraine: raw materials and technology." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23810.

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The aim of this study is to establish the nature of the remains of the glass industry found at the ancient Greek archaeological site on the Yahorlyk bay shore (North Black Sea region, Ukraine), dated to the 7th-5th centuries BCE. A multi-analytical, non-destructive approach that compares the chemical and mineralogical composition of glass fragments with that of sand collected in the vicinity of the archaeological site was used in order to determine the local or non-local origin of the glass artefacts. To this end, a comprehensive characterization of all the materials was performed by means of XRF, VP-SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and XRD. In parallel, an attempt was made to reconstruct the manufacturing process of the glass objects with an emphasis on the recipe used and how the colour was achieved. The results will contribute important new information to the literature concerning glass circulation in the Black Sea region; Resumo: Com esta dissertação pretendeu-se determinar a natureza dos objetos remanescentes da indústria vidreira encontrada no sítio arqueológico localizado na costa da baía de Yahorlyk (região do Mar Negro Norte, Ucrânia), datado dos séculos VII a V a.C. e com ocupação Grega. Neste estudo foi usada uma abordagem multi-analítica e não-destrutiva, que permitiu comparar a composição química e mineralógica dos fragmentos de vidro com a da areia recolhida nas proximidades do sítio arqueológico, a fim de determinar a origem local ou não-local dos artefactos de vidro. Para este fim, os materiais foram caracterizados por FRX, MEV-EDS, LA-ICP-MS e DRX. Paralelamente, tentou-se compreender a técnica de fabrico dos objetos de vidro, dando particular ênfase ao processo de manufatura usado assim como na forma de obtenção da cor. Os resultados contribuirão com novas informações sobre a circulação de artefactos vítreos na região do Mar Negro.

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ZAMORA-ESTRADA, GRETTEL. "PARTITIONING OF PERFUME RAW MATERIALS IN CONDITIONING SHAMPOOS USING GEL NETWORK TECHNOLOGY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1155752606.

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Sparks, Janine M. "The Movement and Procurement of Lithic Raw Materials in Shawnee Lookout Park." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1335463904.

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Gojišová, Ivana. "Causes and consequences of crisis on the market for secondary raw materials." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76179.

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Subject matter of the diploma thesis is a crisis on the market for secondary raw materials. The crisis was observed in the end of 2008 and in beginning of 2009. The diploma thesis is deal with current situation on the market for recycling and identifying its specifics. First, it is focused on the European Packaging Waste Directive institutional framework of the market for recycling. Consequently it is discussed how successful is implemented Directive in each European Union member country. The second chapter is about the market for recycling and about the recent crisis. In the third chapter we discover causes and consequences in connection with the collapse and we will confront with specialists through the interviews. In the last part of the diploma thesis is suggested original solution.

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MELLO, ROBERTA M. de. "Utilização do resíduo proveniente do acabamento e manufatura de mármores e granitos como matéria-prima em cerâmica vermelha." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11415.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Raw materials and supplies'

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