Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rayon des graphes'
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Labadens, Marc. "Visualisation de stimulations astrophysiques sur maillage à résolution adaptative de type "octree"." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EPXX0056.
Full textBond, Ioan. "Grands réseaux d'interconnexion." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112371.
Full textThis thesis deals with problems related to interconnection networks, which can be multiprocessor or telecommunication networks. These networks are modeled by graphs in case of node-to-node connections and by hypergraphs in case of connection by buses. An important problem is the construction of large networks having a limited number of links per processor and a short message transmission rime. This corresponds in the associated graph to bound the maximum degree and diameter. In part one the case of networks modeled by graphs is discussed. We construct some new large families of networks with given maximum degree and diameter. The radius and related properties of these networks are given. We also study how one can add vertices to existing networks without changing their properties. Final/y we construct large fault tolerant networks (not vulnerable), in the sense that the diameter does not increase too much in case of node or link failures. Part two deals with bus interconnection networks. As result of the limited capacity of the buses, the number of processors per bus is bounded. We give constructions of such networks, especially in the case where any two nodes belong to a common bus, and the case where a node belongs to only two buses. This study gives rise to some interesting problems in combinatorial design theory. We give new results on decompositions, and on packings and coverings of complete graphs
LI, JIANPING YAO. "Cycles, chemins et (s, m)-rayons dans les graphes." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112137.
Full textAazi, Fatima Zahra. "Contribution à la sélection de variables par les machines à vecteurs support pour la discrimination multi-classes." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2180.
Full textThe technological progress has allowed the storage of large amounts of data in terms of size (number of observations) and dimensions (number of variables). These data require new methods, especially for predictive modeling (data science), of statistical processing adapted to their characteristics. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the data with large numberof variables compared to the number of observations.For these data, reducing the number of initial variables, hence dimensions, by selecting an optimal subset is necessary, even imperative. It reduces the complexity, helps to understand the data structure, improves the interpretation of the results and especially enhances the performance of the forecasting model by eliminating redundant and / or noise variables.More precisely, we are interested in the selection of variables in the context of supervised learning, specifically of multiclass discrimination. The objective is to propose some new methods of variable selection for multiclass discriminant models called Multiclass Support Vector Machines (MSVM).Two approaches are proposed in this work. The first one, presented in a classical context, consist in selecting the optimal subset of variables using the radius margin upper bound of the generalization error of MSVM. The second one, proposed in a topological context, uses the concepts of neighborhood graphs and the degree of topological equivalence in discriminationto identify the relevant variables and to select the optimal subset for an MSVM model.The evaluation of these two approaches on simulated and real data shows that they can select from a large number of initial variables, a reduced number providing equal or better performance than those obtained by competing methods
Martinez, Sandoval Leonardo Ignacio. "Contributions en géométrie combinatoire : rayons du cercle circonscrit différentes, théorèmes géométriques de type Hall, théorèmes fractionnaires de type Turán, matroïdes chemin du réseau et transversales de Kneser." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT277/document.
Full textCombinatorial geometry is a broad and beautiful branch of mathematics. This PhD Thesis consists of the study of five different topics in this area. Even though the problems and the tools used to tackle them are diverse, they share a unifying goal: To explore the interaction between combinatorial and geometric structures.In Chapter 1 we study a problem by Paul Erdös: for a positive integer k, how many points in general position do we need in the plane so that we can always find a k-subset of them defining triangles with distinct circumradii? This question was posed in 1975 and Erdös himself proposed a solution in 1978. However, the proof inadvertently left out a non-trivial case. We deal with the case using basic tools from algebraic geometry and we provide a polynomial bound for the needed number of points.In Chapter 2 we are interested in providing geometric extensions of Hall's criterion for matchings in bipartite graphs (1935). We obtain geometric Hall-type theorems for pairwise disjoint convex sets and for points in general position in euclidean space. The tools of this chapter are topological, and are motivated by a remarkable method introduced by Aharoni and Haxell in 2000 and its generalizations.On the other hand, in Chapter 3 we begin with a fractional Helly theorem from 1979 by A. Liu and M. Katchalski to motivate a combinatorial result. We study combinatorial conditions on families of graphs that allow us to have sharpened variants of Turán's theorem. We find interesting relations between the Turán numbers, the chromatic numbers and the clique numbers of graphs in the family. The tools in this chapter are only combinatorial.In Chapter 4 we focus on obtaining some results for the well studied class of lattice path matroids introduced by Bonin, de Mier and Noy in 2003. The main contribution is proving for this class the validity of a 1999 conjecture of Merino and Welsh concerning an inequality involving certain values of the Tutte polynomial. In order to do this, we introduce and study snakes, a special class of ``thin'' lattice path matroids.Finally, in Chapter 5 we explore a variant of a transversal problem posed by J.L. Arocha, J. Bracho, L. Montejano and J.L. Ramírez-Alfonsín in 2010. In their original work, they realized that if we have few points in euclidean space then it is possible to find a transversal of a given dimension that goes through all the convex hulls of k-subsets of points. Similarly, they show that it is impossible to find such a transversal when we have many points. The authors give some specific bounds and they also leave some open problems. If the definition of transversal is slightly more restrictive, then the problem can be tackled using oriented matroid theory. We provide the details of the relation and we give bounds for the family of cyclic polytopes
Devillers, Olivier. "Méthodes d'optimisation du tracé de rayons." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772857.
Full textBermes, Sébastien. "Les arbres octaux paresseux : une méthode dynamique de subdivision spatiale pour le lancer de rayons." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ESAE0018.
Full textZaninetti, Jacques. "Modélisation vectorielle de l'éclairement global en lancer de rayons." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850554.
Full textK, C. Santosh. "Graphics Recognition using Spatial Relations and Shape Analysis." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL096N/document.
Full textIn the current state-of-the-art, symbol recognition usually means recognising isolated symbols. However, isolated symbol recognition methods are not always suitable for solving real-world problems. In case of composite documents that contain textual and graphical elements, one needs to be able to extract and formalise the links that exist between the images and the surrounding text, in order to exploit the information embedded in those documents.Related to this context, we first introduce a method for graphics recognition based on dynamic programming matching of the Radon features. This method allows to exploit the Radon Transform property to include both boundary and internal structure of shapes without compressing the pattern representation into a single vector that may miss information. The method outperforms all major set of state-of-the-art of shape descriptors but remains mainly suited for isolated symbol recognition only. We therefore integrate it in a completely new approach for symbol recognition based on the spatio-structural description of a ‘vocabulary’ of extracted visual primitives. The method is based on spatial relations between pairs of labelled vocabulary types (some of which can be characterised with the previously mentioned descriptor), which are further used as a basis for building an attributed relational graph (ARG) to describe symbols. Thanks to our labelling of attribute types, we avoid the general NP-hard graph matching problem. We provide a comprehensive comparison with other spatial relation models as well as state-of-the-art approaches for graphics recognition and prove that our approach effectively combines structural and statistical descriptors together and outperforms them significantly.In the final part of this thesis, we present a Bag-Of-Features (BOFs) approach using spatial relations where every possible pair of individual visual primitives is indexed by its topological configuration and the visual type of its components. This provides a way to retrieve isolated symbols as well as significant known parts of symbols by applying either an isolated symbol as a query or a collection of relations between the important visual primitives. Eventually, it opens perspectives towards natural language based symbol recognition process
Wilhelm, Henri. "Structure, texture et morphologie de graphites synthétiques en poudre : étude de la conductivité électrique de mélanges comprimés Mn02-graphite." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10277.
Full textRousseau, Sylvain. "Compression collaborative de rayons de lumière pour le rendu distribué de Monte Carlo et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAT030.
Full textThis thesis takes part in computer graphics. It studies one of its key elements, the unit vectors. We propose a new space of representation for sets of unit vectors and demonstrate its use on different kind of applications. To do so, we adapt the developed algorithms to each specific case.In the first part, we propose a compression algorithm for unorganized unit vectors sets. This method, called "Uniquant" generates coherency and uses it to change the space of representations of the data, in order to compresses collaboratively the vectors. We then use Uniquant in case of application to compress points cloud with orientations. The algorithm is able to compress the normals of the points on-the-fly.In the second part, we propose to compress a key element of the Monte Carlo rendering algorithm: the light ray. This data structure is used in most of the realistic light transport simulations. These simulations builds light paths, represented using 3D polylines that connect the virtual sensor (camera) to the light sources. The compression algorithm is used in the case of network distributed rendering, where a rendering engine that exploits numerous computers over a distant network is used to generate a single image. The hardware used by this kind of engine has become more and more popular over the last decade, especially with projects like SETI@Home, which enable access to a lot of computational power. This kind of hardware could easily be extended to take advantage of the machines in public institutions or in big companies that are typically used less than half of the time. This allows to increase the computational power without any need for new hardware. The method uses the fact that in the case of portal based distributed rendering engine, a lot of rays can be accumulated before being transferred on the network. The direction compression is extended to the ray's origins compression to study the impact of the compression loss of the rendering. We also show that compression can be correlated to the material properties.In the last part, we present QFib, an adaptation of Uniquant applicable to some medical data, which share some of the same mathematical constraints as light paths: brain tractograms in this case. They are often used in neurosciences to visualize the major neuronal influences. They enable neurosurgeons to predict possible effects of certain surgical procedures, and for the researchers to better understand the brain. The usage of this kind of data is difficult due to their large size, making them difficult to process, visualize, store, or even exchange.The introduced algorithm reduces their size by 10 in a few seconds on commonly used datasets. It ensures a loss that is way smaller than the MRI precision
Quinto, Michele Arcangelo. "Méthode de reconstruction adaptive en tomographie par rayons X : optimisation sur architectures parallèles de type GPU." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT109/document.
Full textTomography reconstruction from projections data is an inverse problem widely used inthe medical imaging field. With sufficiently large number of projections over the requiredangle, the FBP (filtered backprojection) algorithms allow fast and accurate reconstructions.However in the cases of limited views (lose dose imaging) and/or limited angle (specificconstrains of the setup), the data available for inversion are not complete, the problembecomes more ill-conditioned, and the results show significant artifacts. In these situations,an alternative approach of reconstruction, based on a discrete model of the problem,consists in using an iterative algorithm or a statistical modelisation of the problem to computean estimate of the unknown object. These methods are classicaly based on a volumediscretization into a set of voxels and provide 3D maps of densities. Computation time andmemory storage are their main disadvantages. Moreover, whatever the application, thevolumes are segmented for a quantitative analysis. Numerous methods of segmentationwith different interpretations of the contours and various minimized energy functionalare offered, and the results can depend on their use.This thesis presents a novel approach of tomographic reconstruction simultaneouslyto segmentation of the different materials of the object. The process of reconstruction isno more based on a regular grid of pixels (resp. voxel) but on a mesh composed of nonregular triangles (resp. tetraedra) adapted to the shape of the studied object. After aninitialization step, the method runs into three main steps: reconstruction, segmentationand adaptation of the mesh, that iteratively alternate until convergence. Iterative algorithmsof reconstruction used in a conventionnal way have been adapted and optimizedto be performed on irregular grids of triangular or tetraedric elements. For segmentation,two methods, one based on a parametric approach (snake) and the other on a geometricapproach (level set) have been implemented to consider mono and multi materials objects.The adaptation of the mesh to the content of the estimated image is based on the previoussegmented contours that makes the mesh progressively coarse from the edges to thelimits of the domain of reconstruction. At the end of the process, the result is a classicaltomographic image in gray levels, but whose representation by an adaptive mesh toits content provide a correspoonding segmentation. The results show that the methodprovides reliable reconstruction and leads to drastically decrease the memory storage. Inthis context, the operators of projection have been implemented on parallel archituecturecalled GPU. A first 2D version shows the feasability of the full process, and an optimizedversion of the 3D operators provides more efficent compoutations
Leite, Rubim Rafael. "Graphene oxide sheets confined within anisotropic fluid matrices." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0209/document.
Full textSince the discovery of graphene oxide (GO), the most accessible of the precursors of graphene, this material has been widely studied for applications in science and technology. The motivation of this work is to study with a fundamental perspective the coupling between amphiphilic bilayers, which can be seen as an anisotropic matrix formed of two-dimensional objects, and another two-dimensional object, namely the graphene oxide sheet when they are dispersed in a common solvent. The competition between the intrinsic elasticities of the bilayers and GO sheets, as well as between direct bilayer-bilayer, bilayer-GO and GO-GO interactions allows us to envisage a rich polymorphism, depending on the composition of the system. Following the development of a dedicated procedure for controlling in an extended range of GO content the binary GO-water system, the confined domain of aqueous GO dispersions was first investigated, and the ternary phase diagram then constructed. The obtained systems have been characterised, using techniques such as optical microscopy, light and x-ray scattering. Elastic and thermodynamic properties have been described by applying, and adapting to the scope of this study, models for two-component lamellar stacks
Desde sua descoberta, o grafeno oxidado (GO), o mais acessível dos precursores do grafeno,tem sido amplamente utilizado para aplicações na ciéncia e tecnologia. A motivação destetrabalho é de estudar, de um ponto de vista fundamental, o acoplamento entre bicamadas anfifílicas auto-organizadas (que podem ser vistas como uma matriz anisotrópica formada por objetos bidimensionais) e um objeto ele mesmo bidimensional, neste caso a folha de óxido de grafeno, quando estão dispersados em um solvente comum.A competição entre as elasticidades intrínsecas das bicamas e das folhas de GO, assimcomo as interaçãoes diretas bicamada-bicamada, bicamada-GO e GO-GO, permitem esperar um rico polimorfismo em função da composição do sistema. Seguindo o desenvolvimento de um procedimento destinado ao controle, em um intervalo extendido da quantidade de GO, o sistema binário GO-água, o domínio confinado de dispersões aquosas de GO foi explorado e, em seguida, o diagrama de fases ternário contruído.Os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados por t_ecnicas como microscopia ótica, espalhamento dinâmico de luz e espalhamento de raios-x à baixos ângulos. As propriedadeselásticas e termodinâmicas foram descritas pela aplicação de modelos inicialmente concebidos para fases lamelares à dois constituintes e adaptados ao escopo deste estudo
Wehbe, Mohammad. "Aspects twistoriels des applications semi-conformes." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461149.
Full textPonsi, Nicolas. "Accélération du calcul d'animations de synthèse." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942854.
Full textGaildrat, Véronique. "Contribution a l'etude et a la conception d'une machine parallele pour la production rapide d'images de synthese : la machine voxar, conception de l'application synthese d'images realistes." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30199.
Full textNoel, Laurent. "Discrete shape analysis for global illumination." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1130/document.
Full textNowadays, computer generated images can be found everywhere, through a wide range of applications such as video games, cinema, architecture, publicity, artistic design, virtual reality, scientific visualization, lighting engineering, etc. Consequently, the need for visual realism and fast rendering is increasingly growing. Realistic rendering involves the estimation of global illumination through light transport simulation, a time consuming process for which the convergence rate generally decreases as the complexity of the input virtual 3D scene increases. In particular, occlusions and strong indirect illumination are global features of the scene that are difficult to handle efficiently with existing techniques. This thesis addresses this problem through the application of discrete shape analysis to rendering. Our main tool is a curvilinear skeleton of the empty space of the scene, a sparse graph containing important geometric and topological information about the structure of the scene. By taking advantage of this skeleton, we propose new methods to improve both real-time and off-line rendering methods. Concerning real-time rendering, we exploit geometric information carried by the skeleton for the approximation of shadows casted by a large set of virtual point lights representing the indirect illumination of the 3D scene. Regarding off-line rendering, our works focus on algorithms based on path sampling, that constitute the main paradigm of state-of-the-art methods addressing physically based rendering. Our skeleton leads to new efficient path sampling strategies guided by topological and geometric features. Addressing the same problem, we also propose a sampling strategy based on a second tool from discrete shape analysis: the opening function of the empty space of the scene, describing the local thickness of that space at each point. Our contributions demonstrate improvements over existing approaches and clearly indicate that discrete shape analysis offers many opportunities for the development of new rendering techniques
Serpaggi, Xavier. "Variations sur le calcul des vecteurs d'éclairement indirect." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804892.
Full textBonatout, Nathalie. "Etude des films de Langmuir d'oxyde de graphène, de liquides ioniques et des systèmes mixtes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066291/document.
Full textGraphene and ionic liquids are intensively studied, respectively as electrolyte and as electrode materials, for the development of supercapacitors. In this framework, the characterization between the two species is essential. We realized such kind of interfaces through the Langmuir film procedure and characterized them at different scales, using isotherm measurements, Brewster Angle and Atomic Force Microscopies, and surface X-ray scattering. We studied films formed by different ionic liquids, by graphene oxide and finally by a mixture of the two species. The study on the pure ionic liquids evidences the role of the cation on the film organization at the air-water interface, for the monolayer as well as for the tridimensional phase. Moreover, we showed that the graphene oxide films are composed of a bilayer of sheets à the interface, even at low surface densities. Finally, regarding the mixed film, we observed a vertical segregation of the species for high enough surface pressures. The film is formed by a first layer in contact with the water surface, mostly composed of graphene oxide sheets parallel to the interface, on which a second layer is superimposed, composed of disorganized ionic liquid domains
Duigou, Olivier. "Développement de la croissance de graphène par CVD sur cobalt, analyses morphologique et structurale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS101/document.
Full textGraphene, a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal lattice, has outstanding physical and chemical properties, i.e. its exceptional electronic mobility. This material is thus promising for many applications in the future. However, if chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is a very promising method for large-scale graphene growth , it is still very challenging to control graphene characteristics. The objective of this experimental work is both to develop graphene growth by CVD at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature (600°C / 850°C) on cobalt and to analyse grown graphene with complementary techniques to determine its physical, chemical and structural characteristics.A study of the influence of different synthesis parameters on graphene characteristics (number of layer, coverage, defect and crystallite size) has been achieved. By combining the use of commercial cobalt foils with growth temperature of 850°C, a high cooling rate (100°C/min) and a low carbon supply, a continuous graphene film of three layers has been synthesized. Moreover, by measuring carbon distribution in the cobalt substrate after graphene growth, we have highlighted a carbon concentration about 100 times higher than carbon solubility in cobalt at 850 °C.The influence of cobalt on graphene structure was studied by X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron beamline. Prior to experiments, graphene was grown by CVD at atmospheric pressure on cobalt thin film. The structural study of this system has revealed a turbostratic stacking of graphene and two different orientations for graphene domains with respect to cobalt.The study of the graphene/cobalt system is completed by a multi-technique and localised characterisation of graphene which enables to analyse a same area of graphene when it is on cobalt and then after transfer on SiO2 substrate. Sample characterisation is based on microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of cobalt substrate on grown graphene, especially on mechanical strain and electronic doping, is highlighted
Deng, Chenxing. "L'influence de l'irradiation sur les propriétés structurelles et de transport du graphène." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112078/document.
Full textGraphene is a single layer of honeycomb patterned carbon atoms. It has attracted much of interest in the past decade due to its excellent electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, etc., and shows broad application prospects in the future. Sometimes the properties of graphene need to be modulated to adapt for specific applications. For example, control of doping level provides a good way to modulate the electrical and magnetic properties of graphene, which is important to the design of graphene-based memory and logic devices. Also, the ability to tune the electrical conductance can be used to fabricate graphene transistor, and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method shows the possibility to make the preparation of graphene integrated into semiconductor manufacture processes. Moreover, the sensitivity of graphene to the H2O and O2 molecules when exposed to the air ambient will result in weak spin signal and noise background. Irradiation provides a clean method to modulate the electrical properties of graphene which does not involve chemical treatment. By ion or electron irradiation, the electronic band structure of graphene can be tuned and the lattice structure will be modulated as well. Moreover, the charged impurities and doping arising from irradiation can change the electronic properties of graphene such as electron-phonon scattering, mean free path and carrier density. As reported, graphene oxidization can be induced by exposure to oxygen plasma, and N-Doping of Graphene through thermal annealing in ammonia has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the strain in graphene can also be tailored by irradiation, which also contributes to the modification of transport properties of graphene. In conclusion, irradiation provides an efficient physical method to modulate the structural and transport properties of graphene, which can be applied in the graphene-based memory and logic devices, transistor, and integrated circuits (ICs). In this thesis, Helium ion irradiation was performed on graphene grown on SiO2 substrate by CVD method, and the structural and transport properties were investigated. The charge transfer doping in graphene induced by irradiation results in a modification of these properties, which suggests a convenient method to tailor them. Moreover, electron beam irradiation was performed on graphene grown on SiC substrate. The local progressive amorphization, strain and electron doping contribute to the modification of structural and transport properties in graphene which can be observed
Amiot, Nicolas. "Design of simulation platform joigning site specific radio propagation and human mobility for localization applications." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00971809.
Full textYsasi, Alonso Alejandro. "La obra gráfica de Pedro Quetglas “Xam” (1915-2001): la riqueza de un patrimonio." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284394.
Full textEs una investigación, análisis, y aproximación a la obra gráfica del artista mallorquín, del siglo XX, Pedro Quetglas, conocido por el seudónimo de “Xam”. Su actividad se ha sistematizado en base a la biografía, técnicas trabajadas y a su entorno. Xam, se ejercitó en la caricatura, el dibujo, el cartel, el grabado xilográfico, la pintura, los monotipos, la serigrafía y en el grabado calcográfico. Del conjunto de toda su producción se centra en la obra gráfica producida a partir de 1944, cuando puede datarse su primera xilografía, y su fallecimiento, en 2001, en el cual realiza su última litografía. La tarea se inserta en un ámbito sin tradición inmediata sobre la obra gráfica en Mallorca, prácticamente desaparecida tras la importante imprenta Guasp. Se han podido documentar más de 400 matrices. A su vez, se han trabajado las estampaciones de estas, que ascienden a 600 estampas calcográficas, xilográficas, serigráficas y litográficas.
The thesis is research, analysis and approach to the graphic work of the Majorcan artist of the 20th century, Pedro Quetglas, known by his pseudonym "Xam". Xam worked in several art fields, such as caricature, drawing, designing and painting posters, woodcut, painting, monotype, serigraphy and calcography engraving. From the sum of his work the thesis is centred in the graphic work produced between 1944, when we can date the first xylography, and his death, 2001, when he finished his last lithography. The task was inserted in a field without immediate tradition on the graphic work in Mallorca, which practically went missing after the important Guasp printing house closed down. It has been possible to document more than 400 blocks and, at the same time, the prints of those which add up to 600 prints on chalcography, xylography, serigraphy and lithography.
Zuddas, Fabio. "Quelques relations entre propriétés algébriques des groupes de transformation et géométrie des espaces." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011158.
Full textmajorée et de rayon d'injectivité minoré. Nous montrons que ce dernier résultat (et ses applications géométriques) se généralise à une classe ${\cal C}$ plus vaste de groupes (qui contient les groupes hyperboliques selon Gromov, les produits libres et les produits amalgamés ``malnormaux'') et aux quasi-actions par quasi-isométries (avec points fixes éventuels) de ces groupes sur un espace métrique mesuré d'entropie bornée. Nous montrons aussi que ${\cal C}$ est fermé pour une topologie naturelle. Nous appliquons ce résultat au cas où $X$ est le graphe de Cayley d'un groupe $G$ commensurable à un groupe $\Gamma \in {\cal C}$, obtenant des résultats
de finitude qui s'appliquent en particulier aux groupes hyperboliques selon Gromov et aux groupes fondamentaux de variétés de diamètre borné. Ces derniers résultats apportent un éclairage nouveau aux questions de l'existence d'un minorant universel de l'entropie pour l'ensemble des groupes $G$ de ce type et de l'existence, pour chacun de ces groupes, d'un système générateur d'entropie algébrique minimale.