Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rayonnement ultraviolet'
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Wang, Pucai. "Modélisation et mesure du rayonnement solaire ultraviolet." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10066.
Full textDix sortes de nuage ont été étudiés, et nous avons trouvé que, en présence de nuages, la diffusion des gouttes d'eau devient plus importante que celle de l'aérosol et des molécules, et que le rôle de certains paramètres a changé en comparant au cas dans l'atmosphère claire. A part la modélisation, nous avons développé également un spectroradiomètre pour effectuer de la mesure de l'UV-B. Cet instrument a été utilisé dans la troisième campagne de l'Intercomparaison Europénne de Spectroradiomètres Ultraviolets, qui a eu lieu à Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Allemagne. Nous avons caractérisé cet instrument en effectuant l'étalonnages absolu et relatif, en déterminant la stabilité de la longueur d'onde, la fonction fente, la réponse angulaire et la linéarité. Nous avons soigneusement traité tous les problèmes rencontrés au cours de son développement. Cet instrument pourra s'intégrer dans le réseau européen afin de surveiller la variation de l'UV-B après certaines transformations
Houët, Mickaël Brogniez Colette. "Spectroradiométrie du rayonnement UV au sol." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2003-149-150.pdf.
Full textPachart, Eric. "Mesures et modélisation du rayonnement ultraviolet au sol." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10239.
Full textMartin, Virginie. "Etude de microdécharges comme source de rayonnement ultraviolet intense." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656909.
Full textPissavini, Marc. "Analyse des mécanismes d'action de différents filtres ultraviolets en concentration élevée sur des substrats irréguliers." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE4071.
Full textExperimental results presented here firstly demonstrated that Beer-Lambert law can be used with the high concentration of UV filters present in cosmetic preparations. Secondly, they confirm that irregular film models can explain the low Absorbance of UV filters when they are spread on a roughened substrate. A new continuous height distribution model based on Gamma law is presented. The latter model advantageously calculates protection indices very close to in vivo and in vitro ones. Compared to discontinuous models, like O’Neill model, sunscreen height distribution based on Gamma law, achieves a realistic model of film spreading on a rough area
Abu-Kassem, Issam. "Réalisation et qualification métrologique d'une échelle d'éclairement energétique spectrique dans le proche ultraviolet." Paris, CNAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CNAM0414.
Full textTo satisfy the requirements of ultraviolet radiation user, the BNM-INM has undertaken the realization of irradiance scale in the bear ultraviolet (200-400 nm) bases on the use of standard radiometers. A radiometer is composed by tree main components, an optical detector of known responsivity, a narrow band interference filter and an aperture of identified surface. The charactization of new wide-band gap photodiodes and of interference filters shows that it is possible to realize narrow spetral band filter radiometres of 10 to 20 nm of width regularly distributed between 200 and 400 nm. The use of these radiometers allows studying the spectrum of ultraviolet sources sources and also omprving their irradiance calibration. Firstly, this work presents acomplished studies carried out to select the best elements for realizing near ultraviolet filter radiometers ; then, it presents the realization and the characterization of completed filter radiometers and their calibration against cryogenic radiometer
Thomas, Nathalie. "Désinfection de l'eau par les rayonnements ultraviolets." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P084.
Full textSarroukh, Ouassima. "Caractérisation d'une source de rayonnement extrême-ultraviolet (EUV) par décharge capillaire : mise en évidence du seuil d'ablation des parois." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2009.
Full textNkwawo, Homere. "Réalisation d'un laser ultraviolet du vide (vuv) par mélange de fréquences dans la vapeur de mercure." Paris 13, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA132004.
Full textChaillol, Isabelle. "Mesure de l'exposition au rayonnement ultraviolet solaire pour les études épidémiologiques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831718.
Full textChaillol, Isabelle. "Mesure de l’exposition au rayonnement ultraviolet solaire pour les études épidémiologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10231/document.
Full textUltraviolet radiation (UV) is a carcinogenic agent for which little information on human exposure is available. The intensity and the changes of solar UV exposure, which is the main source of exposure, have an impact on health but are difficult to monitor. The work of this thesis led to the creation of a tool for quantitative estimation of individual exposure to solar UV that can be used in epidemiological studies. We created an atlas of monthly average daily radiation across Europe. Some missing values from the Nordic countries during winter had to be extrapolated. We observed a strong seasonality and characteristics in the spatial distribution which does not always follow the gradient of latitude. For instance, UV radiation is higher in the southern area of the Nordic countries than in central Europe. A survey was conducted in eight European populations to estimate individual exposure. These populations have different behaviours regarding sun exposure. After a step of modeling to estimate missing values in northern Norway throughout the year, we quantified chronic and holiday exposure in three populations (France, Italy and Norway). The tool developed during this thesis will be used for future epidemiological studies that will contribute to improving the knowledge about UV exposure in populations and better understanding its role in the aetiology of various diseases, such as skin cancers
Rattis, Frédérique-Marie. "Effets des rayonnements ultraviolets B sur la fonction immune des cellules de Langerhans épidermiques humaines." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T278.
Full textSaguet, Thibaut. "Le vieillissement cutané : caractérisation des capacités antioxydantes des fibroblastes et des kératinocytes humains en réponse à un stress photo-induit." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESAA003.
Full textUV A and B take part in photoaging by producing an oxidative stress, and the cutaneous keratinocytes and fibroblasts present antioxidant defence system. The basal antioxidant capacities of fibroblasts from young and adult donors show significant differences : superoxide dismutase activity is higher in fibroblasts from young donors and catalase activity is lower there. The fibroblasts resulting from adult donors are most sensitive to the UVB. The UV A cause an increase in lipid peroxidation in fibroblasts concomitant to an increase in superoxide dismutase activity. On keratinocytes, the UV A generate a reduced catalase activity. Differences between antioxidant defence systems in fibroblasts and keratinocytes appear after an UV A irradiation. Then, keratinocytes appear more resistant to the UV A
Tran, Christian. "Effets des rayonnements ultraviolets sur les rétinoïdes cutanés." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T033.
Full textSurýnek, Martin. "Le développement des absorbeurs inorganiques transparentes pour le domain ultraviolet." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S208.
Full textAim of this work is potential application of anatase nanoparticles in the form of transparent photoactive thin layers and potential application in form of redispersible photoactive materials. After the surface modification by inert oxide prepared materials can be applied as highly transparent UV absorber and nanoheterodispersion of passivated TiO2/ZnO nanoparticles as UV absorber with synergy effect. The work is focused on possibility of preparation nonaggregated or partial aggregated optimally dispersible primar nanoparticles of titanium dioxide on the basis of precursors mass-produced in Precheza a. S. The precursor known as titaniumoxychoride with formula TiOCl2. XHCl. XH2O. XNaCl prepared by sulphate production route (available in Precheza a. S. ) and a reference TiOCl2. XHCl. XH2O prepared by chloride production route (available by Sigma-Aldrich) were selected after the set of preliminary experiments and theoretical research. Main factors influencing formation of TiO2 nanostructures such a precursor concentration, composition of dispersant, synthesis time and boiling point under reflux were studied and described. The second part of this work is focused on the surface passivation of anatase nanoparticles by surface modifiers in order to inhibit the photoactivity. The effect of surface modifiers (alkoxides of silicium), reaction conditions including the sequence of dosing (i. E. Alcohol, alkoxide, water, hydroxide) and their impact on final transparency and photoactivity were evaluated. Last part of this work is focused on “fast synthesis” of ZnO nanoparticles from zinc acetate dihydrate. In this part condensation effects of hydroxides and additional reactants were studied in order to increase the stability of highly concentrated nanodispersions. Routes leading to the passivation of photoactive surface were further investigated
Thebaud, Bruno. "Le rayonnement solaire sur la peau des humains de race blanche : érythème, photoprotection naturelle." Nantes, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NANT289P.
Full textMouchet, Nicolas. "Analyse du transcriptome de la peau humaine irradiée in vivo, par des UV solaires." Paris, CNAM, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CNAM0688.
Full textLa peau est la première barrière de protection de l’organisme face aux agressions de l’environnement incluant notamment les radiations UV solaires. L’exposition solaire engendre au niveau de la peau des processus moléculaires complexes tels que la réponse pigmentaire, l’inflammation locale et les dommages de l’ADN. Ces processus peuvent être à l’origine du développement de cancers cutanés. Afin de prévenir l’apparition de lésions et maintenir l’intégrité cellulaire (notamment du génome), la cellule a mis en place divers systèmes de signalisation pour stopper le cycle cellulaire, réparer, induire ou non l’apoptose et transmettre des informations aux cellules avoisinantes. Afin de comprendre l’ensemble des mécanismes mis en jeu dans la peau, nous avons étudié in vivo la régulation transcriptionnelle UV-dépendante (simulateur solaire), à l’aide de puces à ADN 44K,. Nous avons effectué deux doses d’irradiations UV solaires qui correspondent à la DEM (Dose érythémateuse minimale) ou à deux DEM de phototype II. Les gènes différentiellement exprimés ainsi obtenus ont été impliqués entre autres dans les voies de l’inflammation, de la régulation transcriptionnelle et l’apoptose. Nous avons pu aussi montrer que la dose la plus forte induisait une régulation négative de l’inflammation en inhibant la voie JAK/STAT. De plus, par l’utilisation du modèle explant de peau, nous avons impliqué de nouveaux gènes régulés par la kinase p38
Junqua, Guillaume. "Caractérisation rapide de la matière organique de sols et de sédiments par spectrophotométrie UV-Visible. : Essai de typologie et estimation des paramètres C, N, P." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3010.
Full textTa, Phuoc Kim. "Etude du rayonnement X-UV produit lors de l'interaction relativiste entre un laser femtoseconde et un plasme d'hélium." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2002. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009602.
Full textSarger, Laurent. "Extension à l'ultra-violet de la spectroscopie d'absorption saturée." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10605.
Full textMoutaoufik, Mohamed Taha. "Granules de stress cytoplasmiques à ARN induits par le rayonnement ultraviolet (UV)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28900/28900.pdf.
Full textMasserot, Dominique Bocquet Jean-Louis Brogniez Colette Chiron de la Casinière Alain Lenoble Jacqueline. "Spectroradiométrie du rayonnement solaire UV mesures et analyses /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2001-253-254.pdf.
Full textAbboudi, Maher. "Réponse des bactéries marines au rayonnement ultraviolet-visible et aux modifications photochimiques de la matière organique dissoute." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22080.
Full textIn the marine environment, solar radiation can directly affect the activity of heterotrophic bacteria by causing various cellular damages or indirectly by modifying photochemically the dissolved organic matter (DOM). These various aspects were studied by determining experimentally the contribution of ultraviolet-B (UVR-B: 280-315 nm), ultraviolet-A (UVR-A: 315-400 nm) radiations as well as visible light (VIS: 400-700 nm) on DOM consumption by natural assemblages in various environments in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea and by the marine bacterium, Vibrio angustum. We studied the effects of the photochemical transformations of DOM on the bacterial activity including production (BP), respiration (BR), bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) as well as the bacterial diversity, in two lagoons (Leucate and Canet) and in a coastal environment (Bay of Banyuls) in the Northwesternern Mediterranean Sea. These typical environments present large differences in the concentrations of total DOM and in colored DOM (CDOM). For the experiments, after filtration on 0,2 µm, samples were exposed during one day to the natural sunlight, then inoculated with the unexposed to light bacterial community of the same origin. The phototransformations of DOM lead to an increase of BP in the most eutrophic lagoon and to a decrease of in the mesotrophic one. These modifications of activity are associated with an increase of 120 % of the BGE in the coastal environment, and a decrease of 20-40 % in the lagoons. We also observed that the assimilation of DOM after sunlight exposure lead to modification in the structure of the total and active bacterial communities. The direct effects of the solar radiation on a natural assemblage lead to an increase of BP and BR in the column of water (from the surface until 10 m of depth) for various stations in the Mediterranean Sea. The inhibition of BP is essentially bound to UVR, and more important when the phytoplankton was eliminated from the sample, underlining the role of the phytoplanktonic excretions in the bacterial response to the UVR stress. Our results showed bacterial resilience induced by an increase of production during the night following the light exposure. The BR seems more durably affected by the solar radiation compared to BP. Generally, the solar radiation decreases the BCD and increases the BGE. The effects of the solar radiation seemed very limited in depth for the studied coastal stations, whereas the effects on BP seem measurable until depths of 8 m. These effects contrasted in the column of water were directly bound to the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling UV irradiance of these various stations. To complete these data obtained in natural environment, physiological and morphological modifications of the bacterial strain Vibrio angustum were studied during growth under 4 light conditions (VIS+UVR-A+UVR-B, VIS+UVR-A, and darkness) by using a solar simulator in the laboratory. Our results suggest that the growth is severely inhibited by UVR-B and of a way moderated by UVR-A. The cells exposed to UVR-B present an important filamentation (size of cell: 42 µm with regard to the witness of size ~ 1,7 µm), with a reduced accumulation of damages DNA, and an absence of modifications in the composition in fatty acids, yet. These cells were able to recover a regular size after a darkness phase. The cells exposed to VIS and VIS UVR-A presented an important change of the fluorescence very likey in relation to the DNA modification of the topology of the genome
Courtial, Lucile. "Effets combinés du rayonnement ultraviolet et du réchauffement climatique sur les coraux Scléractiniaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066214/document.
Full textScleractinian corals mainly grow in the shallow euphotic zone, exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the most harmful part of the solar radiation. UVR increases with climate change and adds to the different environmental pressures that corals are facing. The aims of this thesis were to 1) better understand the effects of UVR on coral physiology, organic matter fluxes and associated bacteria; 2) assess the combined effects of UVR and thermal stress and/or nutrient level. Results show that UVR worsens the negative effect of temperature on coral physiology, similarly to nutrient depletion. Our results also indicate that the sensitivity to UVR stress (i.e. an increase in UVR) is species dependent and function of the symbiont density. The negative effects of UVR increase with the number of symbionts, likely due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause cellular damages. In the thesis, we showed that the JNK signalling pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), highly conserved in living organisms, is involved in the early response of corals to UVR and its activation is required to repress stress-induced ROS accumulation. Finally, organic matter release and mucus and coral-associated bacteria are also significantly impacted by UVR, which could contribute to important biochemical changes in reef waters. The work conducted in this thesis brings new insights into the effects of UVR on corals and highlights the importance of taking this environmental factor into account when predicting the future of coral reefs under climate change
Courtial, Lucile. "Effets combinés du rayonnement ultraviolet et du réchauffement climatique sur les coraux Scléractiniaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066214.pdf.
Full textScleractinian corals mainly grow in the shallow euphotic zone, exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the most harmful part of the solar radiation. UVR increases with climate change and adds to the different environmental pressures that corals are facing. The aims of this thesis were to 1) better understand the effects of UVR on coral physiology, organic matter fluxes and associated bacteria; 2) assess the combined effects of UVR and thermal stress and/or nutrient level. Results show that UVR worsens the negative effect of temperature on coral physiology, similarly to nutrient depletion. Our results also indicate that the sensitivity to UVR stress (i.e. an increase in UVR) is species dependent and function of the symbiont density. The negative effects of UVR increase with the number of symbionts, likely due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause cellular damages. In the thesis, we showed that the JNK signalling pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), highly conserved in living organisms, is involved in the early response of corals to UVR and its activation is required to repress stress-induced ROS accumulation. Finally, organic matter release and mucus and coral-associated bacteria are also significantly impacted by UVR, which could contribute to important biochemical changes in reef waters. The work conducted in this thesis brings new insights into the effects of UVR on corals and highlights the importance of taking this environmental factor into account when predicting the future of coral reefs under climate change
Masserot, Dominique. "Spectroradiométrie du rayonnement solaire UV : mesures et analyses." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-253-254.pdf.
Full textChambord, Sylvain. "Haute résolution spectrale dans l'ultra-violet lointain : simulation et évaluation expérimentale d'un spectrographe protoype pour l'instrument spatial "FUSE"." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30033.
Full textFerry, Laurent. "Relations mise en œuvre - morphologie - comportement sous rayonnement ultraviolet de forte puissance du polytétrafluoroéthylène (PTFE) : Application : matériau isolant pour appareil électrique." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0010.
Full textThe interaction between ultraviolet radiation and organic matter induces, via absorption mechanisms involving electronic transitions, degradation phenomena that drastically reduce the durability of materials. According to its electronic configuration, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a UV transparent semi crystalline polymer. However, when exposed to an excimer laser beam, PTFE is severely degraded. The damage results indoubtedly from a heterogeneous photothermal process. We evidenced that the appearance of the degradation was notably affected by the microstructural state of the polymer: crystalline morphology, addition of fillers. The study of the relationship between microstructure and behaviour under high energy UV radiation of PTFE allowed us to grasp the different phenomena that lead to the observed degradation features. It appears that the degradation results from a complex combination of several mechanisms of interaction: (i) initiatory mechanisms, the degradation is initiated by absorption of radiation in particular sites (impurities, structural defects located at the frontier between amorphous zones and crystalline zones, photoabsorbing fillers), (ii) attenuation mechanisms, the activation of absorption sites is reduced by scattering of photons due the semi crystalline nature of PTFE, (iii) amplification mechanisms, the activation of absorption sites may be emphasized by multiple reflections on stacks of lamellae. An approach, taking into account scattering (Mie theory), multiple reflections (multilayers theory), heating and degradation of polymer (thermal mode!), allowed us to estimate the relative importance of each mechanism in connection with the microstructure of the materials
Aguillon, François. "Etude de la génération de rayonnement cohérent dans l'ultra-violet très lointain par triplement de fréquence en jet supersonique de monoxyde de carbonne ou d'azote." Paris 13, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA132004.
Full textWattiez, Emmanuelle. "Etude de la copolymérisation réticulante de monomères et d'oligomères vinyliques sous UV ou par faisceau d'électrons : application à l'impression pigmentaire des textiles par jet de couleur." Le Mans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LEMA1022.
Full textMallet, Justin. "La cornée humaine, un modèle évitant la transformation tumorale induite par les rayons ultraviolets : étude comparant la fréquence d’induction de dommages à l’ADN, leur l'efficacité de réparation ainsi que la sensibilité à la mort cellulaire induite par les rayons ultraviolets entre la cornée et l'épiderme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26736.
Full textEven though they are both exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, eye and skin do not share the same consequences following this genotoxic exposure. The role of UV rays in the induction and progression of skin cancer is well documented. These genotoxic wavelengths are absorbed by DNA, inducing conformational changes and thus leading to the formation of different forms of damage. The preeminent UV-induced DNA damage is formed by the covalent bond of adjacent pyrimidines to form cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), which are responsible for the signature UV mutations found in UV-induced skin cancer. However, no evidence has shown the existence of UV-induced cancer in the cornea. We have thus undertaken to study the UV stress response mechanisms to understand how the cornea avoid UV-induced transformation. Irradiation of rabbit eyes with UVB wavelengths allowed us to prove the capacity of UV light to induce CPD formation, even more so, CPD were found from the cornea up to the lens. Thereafter, irradiation of human eyes with the three UV types (UVA, B and C) allowed us to establish their CPD induction pattern. We thus confirmed the fact that the corneal epithelium is particularly sensitive to the induction of CPD from all UV types. The analysis of DNA damage in samples of skin and cornea irradiated to the same UVB dose showed that corneal epithelium is 3.4 times more sensitive to CPD induction than epidermis. We then investigated the stress response mechanisms. The analysis of cellular viability following irradiation of cells to different UVB doses, revealed cells from the corneal epithelium and the epidermis were equally sensitive to UV-induced cell death. We then analysed the efficiency of UV-induced DNA damage repair. Our results show that CPD repair is 4 times more efficient in corneal cells than in skin cells. Analysis of recognition proteins revealed a strong presence of DDB2 in corneal cells and more particularly bound to their chromatin. We thus attempted to understand the reason of this accumulation. Our results reveal a lesser quantity of DDB2 mRNA in corneal cells, but a longer half-life of the DDB2 protein. Taken together, our results suggest the accumulation of DDB2 in corneal cells is due to a longer half-life of the protein, which compensates for a lesser mRNA quantity. This strong presence of DDB2 would allow a better scavenging of DNA in corneal cells and thus facilitate damage detection, enhance CPD repair and contribute to capacity of the cornea to avoid tumour transformation.
Lauger, Sébastien. "Spectro-morphologie des galaxies : étude quantitative et multi-longueur d'onde de la morphologie des galaxies." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11051.
Full textZappelli, Alexandre. "Etude de l'intensité de la formation stellaire globale dans l'univers proche à partir d'un échantillon de galaxies sélectionnées par l'ultraviolet lointain." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11039.
Full textDanon, Antoine. "Caractérisation de la mort cellulaire programmée induite par les UV-C chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Perpignan, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PERP0390.
Full textJean, Séverine. "Effets des rayonnements ultra-violets sur les mélanocytes humains en culture : Evaluation de la photoprotection par le test des comètes et étude de la modulation de l'expression des gènes par la technique des macroarrays." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22066.
Full textDouki, Thierry. "Photochimie de l'ADN et de dinucléoside monophosphates : caractérisation d'adduits bipyrimidiniques." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10143.
Full textBoyer-Lafargue, Bénédicte. "Modifications biochimiques des macromolécules de la matrice extracellulaire cutanée induites par des irradiations chroniques ultraviolettes : comparaison avec le vieillissement chronologique." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120033.
Full textSedrati, Sophia. "Agression solaire et radicaux libres : incidence des composés antiradicalaires." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P098.
Full textBulteau, Anne-Laure. "Le protéasome : implication dans le vieillissement et le stress oxydant." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077036.
Full textGraindorge, Dany. "Effets du rayonnement ultraviolet a sur la réplication de l’adn chez les eucaryotes supérieurs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T056/document.
Full textThe solar UV radiation that reaches the earth’s surface is composed of 10 % UVB (280–320 nm) and 90 % UVA (320–400 nm) the main toxic radiations (wavelengths below 300 nm) being blocked by the stratospheric ozone. Unlike UVB, the UVA component of solar radiation is weakly absorbed by DNA. Nevertheless, one of major problems due to UVA exposure is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the interaction with endogenous and exogenous chromophores. These ROS cause damage to DNA, lipids and proteins. Even if UVB remains the major etiological factor known to be implicated in photoinduced cutaneous carcinogenesis, a novel role for UVA via the production of ROS seems to emerge. In our lab, previous works have provided evidence that exposure of mammalian cells to UVA-induced ROS led to delayed S-phase and reduced DNA synthesis, by a yet unknown process, which does not require a functional DNA damage checkpoint response, despite ATM-, ATR-, p38-dependent pathways activation. The authors proposed that inhibition of DNA replication is due to impaired replication fork progression and/or origins activation, as a consequence of UVA-induced oxidative damage to proteins rather than to DNA. The project for my PhD thesis is to better understand the mechanism underlying this UVA-induced slowdown of DNA replication in human cells.To study at the molecular level the effects of UVA on DNA replication, we used the DNA combing methodology. This technique allows measurement of the fork velocity and of the origins density. We show that UVA-induced ROS inhibit immediately after irradiation, but transiently, the progression of replication forks, while the inhibition on the initiation of originslasts longer. By HPLC-MS, we show that UVA radiation induces a moderate and transient decrease of the level of each intracellular dNTP. The supply of ribonucleosides doesn’t seem to be sufficient to restore neither a normal forks velocity immediately post-UVA nor the overall slowdown of DNA replication. In addition, we observe a reversible oxidation of the subunit R1 of ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme which is involved in dNTPs biosynthesis. This oxidation cannot explain the transient reduction of dNTPs pool after UVA exposure, but other types of RNR oxidative modification could affect its activity. During UVA irradiation, the presence of the antioxidant sodium azide (NaN3) prevents the delay of DNA replication, limits the oxidation of the subunit R1 and the decrease of dNTPs pool. These results strongly suggest that the slowdown of DNA replication totally depends on ROS, in particular on singlet oxygen production induced by UVA.Altogether, our data indicate that UVA irradiation affects the process of DNA replication by modifying the forks velocity and the activation of origins. As DNA replication impairment is a major cause of genetic instability, it is of importance to determine if UVA irradiation leads to this instability in our experimental conditions. Finally, we suspect that the target of UVAinduced ROS is essentially cytosolic and that the mechanism driving the inhibition of replication is not specific of UVA-induced ROS, but could be also observed with other types of oxidative stress
Garcin, Geneviève. "Rôles du MC1R et de l'alpha-MSH dans les réponses kératinocytaires au rayonnement ultraviolet." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON13510.
Full textLoridant-Bernard, Dorothée. "Etude et optimisation de microcapteurs réalisés en GaAs pour la mesure du rayonnement U. V." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10154.
Full textIbork, Hassane. "Stabilité aux rayonnements UV des [beta]-lactamines en solution aqueuse : études cinétiques." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON13513.
Full textPedeux, Rémy. "Réponses cellulaires fonctionnelles des mélanocytes humains à l'irradiation ultraviolette." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10148.
Full textMezghani, Salma. "Etude par spectroscopie diélectrique de la mobilité moléculaire du collagène au cours du vieillissement et de l'irradiation." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30189.
Full textHeude, Martine. "Facteurs physiologiques et génétiques impliqués dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome mitochondrial après irradiation de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112200.
Full textRepair mechanisms acting on the mitochondrial genome of yeast have been looked for, by studying the effects of different physiological and genetic factors, known to interfere with nuclear repair, on the induction of mitochondrial rho- mutants by UV (254nm) or ionizing (Ɣ-rays) radiations. Liquid holding cells in non-nutrient medium after UV-irradiation, before plating on nutrient medium, favours nuclear repair and modulates rho- mutant induction. Data are presented, supporting the hypothesis that mechanisms act in UV-irradiated liquid held cells, when treated in exponential phase of growth, to restore the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Their efficiency is dependent upon de novo nuclear-directed and mitochondrial protein synthesis and upon mitochondrial DNA synthesis during the liquid holding period. The comparison between the patterns of loss of mitochondrial genetic markers among spontaneous and induced rho- mutants let us to postulate a common mechanism generating these mutants. The comparison between rho- mutant induction by UV-or Ɣ-ray irradiation among strains differing at the level of genes controlling different nuclear repair systems demonstrated that nuclear genetic determinants are involved in both nuclear repair and maintenance of intact mitochondrial genomes. Nevertheless, the pathways of nuclear and mitochondrial repair are not identical and their regulation is at least partially different
Zuchowicz-Arnaud, Iwona. "Polymérisation de l'acrylamide sous rayonnement : réactivité de photoamorceurs solubles dans l'eau sous excitation UV." Mulhouse, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MULH0059.
Full textMassier, Sébastien. "Effets du traitement par la Lumière Pulsée sur la physiologie de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et d'Enterococcus faecalis." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES030.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of the bacterial response of Pseudomonas and Enterococcus genus against Pulsed Light treatment (PL). First, the characterization of the PL decontamination unit has chosen a configuration for achieving uniform treatment and to know the physical characteristics. On the other hand, very rapid kinetics destructions of bacterial cultures are obtained in this configuration (reduction of 9 logarithm units a few seconds). In this study, we showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually more sensitive than Enterococcus faecalis with respect to the same intensity treatment. However and interestingly Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to adapt to a lethal treatment LP when subjected to sublethal PL doses. While Enterococcus faecalis showed a mutation rate increased after treatment. These different mechanisms used by bacteria in order to cope with the deleterious PL effects were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in these responses
Kervern, Daniel. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux absorbeurs-UV hybrides : Application à la protection du bois." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2121.
Full textWood is the predilection material for house construction. Strong of its physical properties and its aesthetic aspect, its potential development is considerable. However, its constituents and mainly lignins, can react with UV radiation leading to photodegradation phenomena via complex radicalar mechanisms. These results induce surface discolorations in case of outdoor long-term irradiation (at a lower scale indoor). The dispersion of efficient UV-absorbers at wood surface appears then as a promising cure for this problem. In this prospect, common UV-absorbers (Ti02, ZnO,. . . ) turn out to be little convincing because of the white coloration they induce at the surface (diffusion phenomena due to their high refractive index). Our team has been investigating for a few years now on hybrid organic-inorganic materials, based on polyoxomolybdates and organoammonium cations, which present a large variety of compounds. Among these, some built on a 1 I oo[Mo8026]4- chain structure exhibit interesting UV-absorption properties. We thus chose to study this new class of compounds, poorly known so far, which possesses a lower refraction index thanks to their organic part. Thereby, we should expect no alteration of wood natural color. In this way, the issues of this work are the synthesis and the characterization of new hybrid UV-absorbers, and their application at the surface of wood samples towards UV behaviour tests
Jourdan, Eric. "Mécanismes de protection cellulaire endogène et exogène suite à l'irradiation ultraviolette." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18005.
Full textWe studied two important photoprotection mechanisms, endogenous zinc dependant photoprotection and exogenous photoprotection ensured by sunscreens. Firstly our work demonstrates the protective role of zinc treatment against oxidative stress in HeLa cells. We showed that metallothioneins were strongly expressed in zinc treated cells. Then a great protection against DNA oxidative damages and cell death was observed. The induction of metallothioneins, i. E. Small cystein rich proteins, seems to represent the main way for zinc to afford protection against oxidative cellular damages. Secondly we demonstrated the protective role of zinc on keratinocytes exposed to solar light. The genoprotection afforded by zinc treatment was inductible and correlated to the time of zinc treatment. The nuclear redistribution of MTs indicates the important role of these proteins in the protection of the genome after a solar irradiation. We showed that only Zn-metallothioneins could afford genoprotection. After irradiation, the intracellular amount of MTs decreased, probably due to the protein oxidation by irradiation induced ROS. As a consequence MTs released zinc atoms which could stimulate the activity of nuclear zinc proteins such as XPA. Moreover the intracellular MTs degradation could modulate the nuclear redox potential and consequently the Ref-1 protein activity. Our results on XPA and Ref-1 show that zinc treatment modulates the expression of these two DNA repair enzymes. These results underline the interrelation between zinc, MTs, and DNA repair systems in maintaining genomic integrity. Our study concerning exogenous photoprotection induced by sunscreens demonstrates the importance of new biomarkers to assess the real photoprotective profile of a sunscreen in addition to SPF determination. These important biomarkers (CPF, GPF, APF, EPF), evaluated in vitro, could be considered as important parameters to evaluate the long term photoprotective capacity of sunscreens as they take in account both UVB and UVA deleterious effects