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Journal articles on the topic 'Razor clam'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ulfa, Marya, Syafruddin Nasution, and Afrizal Tanjung. "KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT DAN STRUKTUR POPULASI KERANG BAMBU (Solen lamarckii, Chenu 1984) DI ZONA INTERTIDAL DESA APIAPI KECAMATAN BANDAR LAKSAMANA KABUPATEN BENGKALIS." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 25, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.25.3.184-193.

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The study about habitat characteristics and population structure razor clam (Solen lamarckii, Chenu 1984) in intertidal zone Apiapi Village Bandar Laksamana District Bengkalis Regency conducted on January 2020. The purpose of this study was to analyze about habitat characteristics and population structure of razor clam and the correlation between substrate particle size and population density of razor clam. The habitat parameters measured include the physical and chemical parameters of sea waters. Determination of the station using purposive sampling method. Razor clam samples were collected by using a 1 x 1 m2 frame that laid along a transect. There were 4 plots and 3 subplots along the transect as replications. The result showed, the sediment tipe was sandy substrate, organic material was low, total suspended solid was high. Population density of razor clams was 3.3-23.3 Ind/m2. The distribution pattern of razor clams through each plot was uniform. While, the most common size of razor clam 5.04-5.62 cm. The correlation between particle size and population density of razor clam was strong.

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2

Fahmia, Rani, Syafruddin Nasution, and Afrizal Tanjung. "POPULATION STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION OF THE RAZOR CLAMS Solen lamarckii (Chenu, 1843) IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF API API VILLAGE WATERS, BENGKALIS REGENCY." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.3.3.271-285.

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Razor clam (Solen lamarckii) is a type of pelecypoda that has high economic value on the Api api village waters, Bengkalis Regency. This research aims to study the population structure and reproduction of razor clam. The study was carried out over 2 month period from September to October 2019 at Api api village waters, Bengkalis Regency. Razor clam samples were collected by using a 1 x 1 m2 frame that laid along transect. There were 5 plots and 5 subplots along the transect as replications. The result showed, the population density of razor clams is 3.12 species/m2 in September and 2.88 species/m2 in October 2019. The distribution pattern of razor clams was uniform. While, the most common size of razor clam is the medium size category (40-60 mm) both in September and in October 2019. The average value of gonado somatic index (GSI) was 2.28-8.60%. Histological analysis indicated that maturity gonad stage of razor clam was commonly found in September is maturity gonad stage I (60%), while in October is stage III (40%) and stage IV(30%).

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3

Hassan, Ruhana, and Devagi Kanakaraju. "Razor Clams (Class Bivalvia) of Kuala Selangor, Malaysia: Morphology, Genetic Diversity and Heavy Metal Concentration." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.275.2013.

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Razor Clam (Bivalvia) could be easily identified as having two long, narrow shell valves connected by hinges, two siphons and one strong foot. It plays important role in ecological services besides providing food and extra income for the coastal communities. As filter feeder, razor clam is a good indicator for heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments. In Selangor, razor clam is locally known as ‘siput buluh’, yet, there is no proper scientific documentation on this species. This short study was carried out to assess the morphology of razor clams in Selangor for species identification and to sequence the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene for determination of its genetic diversity. Heavy sea traffics occurred in the sea near to the mudflat where razor clams were abundantly found has raised question whether razor clams were safe to be consumed. Therefore, this study is also designed to determine the level of selected heavy metals concentration in different body parts of razor clams. Based on selected morphometric and meristic data, razor clams of Kuala Selangor obtained during this study were Solen sarawakensis although many individuals displayed darker outer shell colouration and slightly thicker, longer and heavier shells. Based on analyses of putative COI gene sequences of approximately 677bp, there was a strong genetic divergence (11.7%) between S. sarawakensis inhabiting Kuala Selangor and Kuching Bay, Sarawak suggesting that although both razor clams were very similar morphologically, they could actually be two different species. Tissues of razor clams sampled from mudflat area in Kuala Selangor showed high concentration of Fe (146.50 mg/kg) and Mn (94.00 mg/kg). Other heavy metal elements namely Cr (42.50 mg/kg) and Cd (33.00 mg/kg) were also recorded during this study, occurring mainly in the shells. Traces of Hg were also detected, and its concentration did not differ much among the different parts analyzed.

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4

Gao, Yongwen, Joseph Gilbertson, and Hongyan Zhang. "The isotopic differences and implications for Pacific razor clams along the Washington coast." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199812005.

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The Pacific razor clam fishery in Washington State has been co-managed by the coastal Indian Tribes and the state, but little is known about the growth and population structure of the clams due to difficulties of tagging and monitoring. Here we report the results of a pilot study using stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of razor clam shells collected in two groups (juvenile vs. adult) and from two sites (Kalaloch Beach and Roosevelt Beach) where distinct biological differences in clam growth and survival rates were observed. The δ13C values of razor clam shells ranged from -2.9 to -0.3‰, whereas δ18O values of the same samples ranged from -2.2 to +1.4‰. Between the two sites there were significant differences in δ13C values especially for juvenile clams. The δ18O profiles from two representative shells demonstrated similar patterns of rapid growth as juveniles and seasonal patterns throughout the life span. Profiles of δ13C were sinusoidal but did not show seasonality and signatures of ocean acidification. We concluded that stable isotope analysis of razor clam shells is a potential new tool in shellfish research and management.

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5

Bowen, Lizabeth, Katrina L. Counihan, Brenda Ballachey, Heather Coletti, Tuula Hollmen, Benjamin Pister, and Tammy L. Wilson. "Monitoring nearshore ecosystem health using Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula) as an indicator species." PeerJ 8 (March 5, 2020): e8761. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8761.

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An emerging approach to ecosystem monitoring involves the use of physiological biomarker analyses in combination with gene transcription assays. For the first time, we employed these tools to evaluate the Pacific razor clam (Siliqua patula), which is important both economically and ecologically, as a bioindicator species in the northeast Pacific. Our objectives were to (1) develop biomarker and gene transcription assays with which to monitor the health of the Pacific razor clam, (2) acquire baseline biomarker and gene transcription reference ranges for razor clams, (3) assess the relationship between physiological and gene transcription assays and (4) determine if site-level differences were present. Pacific razor clams were collected in July 2015 and 2016 at three sites within each of two national parks in southcentral Alaska. In addition to determining reference ranges, we found differences in biomarker assay and gene transcription results between parks and sites which indicate variation in both large-scale and local environmental conditions. Our intent is to employ these methods to evaluate Pacific razor clams as a bioindicator of nearshore ecosystem health. Links between the results of the biomarker and gene transcription assays were observed that support the applicability of both assays in ecosystem monitoring. However, we recognize the need for controlled studies to examine the range of responses in physiology and gene transcripts to different stressors.

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6

Saeedi, Hanieh, Shahrokh P. Raad, Aria A. Ardalan, Ehsan Kamrani, and Bahram H. Kiabi. "Growth and reproduction of Solen dactylus (Bivalvia: Solenidae) on northern coast of the Persian Gulf (Iran)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (July 9, 2009): 1635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000964.

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Solen dactylus is a razor clam distributed throughout the coast of the northern Persian Gulf. Study on biology of razor clams in this area is important for an essential management where these clams are overfished without any control. This study provides the first estimate of growth rate and an interpretation of the reproductive cycle of S. dactylus on the coast of the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas). In this study, 945 razor clams were collected from April 2007 to March 2008 along two transects of Golshahr coast in Bandar Abbas. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters for transects 1 and 2 ranged from 101–108 mm for asymptotic length (L∞), 0.27–0.28 year−1 for growth constant (k), and −0.99–0.94 for age at length zero (t0), respectively. Gonads were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and gametogenic stages were based on seven stages: (Stage 0) sexual rest; (Stage I) proliferation of gonad and start of gametogenesis; (Stage II) advanced gametogenesis; (Stage IIIA) ripeness; (Stage IIIB) start of spawning; (Stage IIIC) restoration; and (Stage IV) emission. The result showed that S. dactylus is a gonochoric clam and both males and females demonstrated synchronism in gonadal development. The gametogenic cycle began in late August and ended in late February. After several minor spawnings, plus a major one in January, the razor clams entered to the sexual rest stage in March.

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7

Liu, Guang Xu, Wen Yao Chen, Miao An Shu, Xin Guo Zhao, Chao Peng, Xin Peng, Hong Xi Wu, and Zhi Hua Lin. "Effects of Warm Water Discharge from Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant on Filtration Behavior, Calcification Rate, and Ammonia Excretion of Razor Clam, Sinonovacula constricta: A Simulation Study." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.356.

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Warm water discharge from nuclear power plant will elevate the temperature of seawater and may subsequently have influences on important marine aquiculture bivalves. In present study, the effects of temperature elevation caused by warm water discharge on the filtration behavior, calcification rate, and ammonia excretion of a major local bivalve species, razor clam, were investigated via laboratory simulation. The results showed that the filtration rates of razor clam increased significantly with an increased temperature, which were 0.46±0.06, 0.62±0.09, and 0.85±0.08L/g·h for 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C, respectively. Under the experimental temperature gradient, the pattern of calcification rates of razor clam was shown to be bell-shaped, with the highest calcification rate 2.85±0.28μmol/FWg·h at 30 °C. The ammonia excretion rates were shown to increase slightly with increased temperature, which were 0.31±0.03, 0.32±0.09, and 0.34±0.06mg/ g·h for 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C, respectively. The results suggest that razor clam will increase its energy intake and metabolic rate to maintain a relatively constant growth rate under thermal stress within 4 oC range even during the summer season.

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8

Isava, Monica, and Amos G. Winter V. "Razor clam-inspired burrowing in dry soil." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 81 (May 2016): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2015.12.005.

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9

Gaspar, M. B., and C. C. Monteiro. "Reproductive Cycleso Of the Razor Clam Ensis Siliqua and the Clam Venus Striatula off Vilamoura, Southern Portugal." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 4 (November 1998): 1247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400044465.

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Annual reproductive cycles of two commercially important bivalves, the razor clam Ensis siliqua and the clam Venus striatula were investigated. Specimens of both species were sampled monthly from a site off Vilamoura, south of Portugal, between June 1992 and May 1993. Gonadal development was monitored using standard histological methods. Observed gametogenic progression was categorized by six stages: (0) inactive; (I) early active gametogenesis; (II) late active gametogenesis; (HI) ripe; (IV) partially spawned; and (V) spent. Both males and females showed a synchronism in gonadal development. The gametogenesis in the razor clam began in December and by late April the gonads were characterized morphologically by an abundance of ripe eggs and sperm. Partially spawned individuals were first encountered in May. All were spent by July. The gametogenic activity in V. striatula began in the months of October/November and continued until March. Spawning occurred between April and early August. Both species reached maturity during the first year of life.

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10

Ma, H. T., H. B. Jiang, X. Q. Liu, X. P. Wu, and X. M. Wei. "Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta." Genetics and Molecular Research 14, no. 1 (2015): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.january.15.17.

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11

Gaspar, M. B., C. A. Richardson, and C. C. Monteiro. "The effects of dredging on shell formation in the razor clamEnsis siliquafrom Barrinha, southern Portugal." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, no. 4 (November 1994): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400090159.

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Shell growth of the razor clamEnsis siliqua(Mollusca: Bivalvia) from southern Portugal has been analysed using both surface growth rings and internal shell microgrowth patterns. The growth rate estimated from an analysis of the growth rings is slower (von Bertalanffy growth, constant K=0·27) than that determined from the annual narrowing of the internal microgrowth patterns present in shell sections (K=0·65), although both methods predict a similar asymptotic length, L∞, of 144·8 and 139·6 mm, respectively.The Barrinha razor clam population occurs in a heavily dredged area and an analysis of shell sections reveals the presence of a series of shell margin breaks consisting of deep clefts in the outer shell layer in which sand grains are embedded. It is suggested that these disturbances to shell growth are the result of repeated dredge damage. The frequency of the clefts increases with the size and age of the razor clams, and thus the shells provide a record of the intensity and frequency of unsuccessful capture or retrieval attempts. Cleft formation also occurred seasonally with the deposition of a small cleft during June, but these annual clefts were much less pronounced than those caused by dredge damage.

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12

da Costa, Fiz, Susana Darriba, Dorotea Martínez-Patiño, and Alejandro Guerra. "Culture possibilities of the razor clam Ensis arcuatus (Pharidae: Bivalvia)." Aquaculture Research 42, no. 10 (November 29, 2010): 1549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02747.x.

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13

da Costa, Fiz, and Dorotea Martínez-Patiño. "Culture potential of the razor clam Solen marginatus (Pennánt, 1777)." Aquaculture 288, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.001.

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14

Jiang, Longfa. "Pullulan-based coatings for preservation of razor clam Sinonovacula constricta." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 92 (November 2016): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.017.

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15

Palmer, D. W. "Growth of the razor clam Ensis directus, an alien species in the Wash on the east coast of England." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 5 (October 2004): 1075–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404010458h.

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Samples of shells of the razor clam Ensis directus were examined in order to characterize annually forming shell marks (annuli). Shells from different grounds were aged by naked-eye examination. Back measurements at the identified annuli were used to generate length at age data, to which von Bertalanffy growth parameters were fitted.

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16

NG, PETER K. L., and NGO VAN TRI. "Solenotheres prolixus, a new genus and new species of pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) associated with the razor clam, Solen corneus Lamarck, 1818 (Solenidae) in Vietnam." Zootaxa 2570, no. 1 (August 18, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2570.1.4.

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A new genus and new species of pinnotherid crab, Solenotheres prolixus, is described from the razor clam, Solen corneus (Solenidae), in Vietnam. The new genus is characterised by its broad and subquadrate carapace, a spatuliform third maxilliped dactylus that is inserted near the base of the propodus, and asymmetrical third ambulatory legs.

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17

Buasri, Achanai, and Vorrada Loryuenyong. "Continuous Production of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using a Packed Bed Reactor with BaCl2 Impregnated CaO as Catalyst." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 13, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.13.2.1585.320-330.

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The goal of this research was to test barium chloride (BaCl2) impregnated calcined razor clam shell as a solid catalyst for transesterification of rubber seed oil (RSO) in a packed bed reactor (PBR). The waste razor clam shells were crushed, ground, and calcined at 900 °C in a furnace for 2 h to derive calcium oxide (CaO) particles. Subsequently, the calcined shells were impregnated with BaCl2 by wet impregnation method and recalcined at 300 °C for 2 h. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and basic strength measurements. The effects of various parameters such as residence time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst bed length on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were determined. The BaCl2/CaO catalyst exhibited much higher catalytic activity and stability than CaO catalyst influenced by the basicity of the doped catalyst. The maximum fatty acid methyl ester yield was 98.7 % under optimum conditions (residence time 2.0 h, reaction temperature 60 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio 12:1, and catalyst bed length 200 mm). After 6 consecutive reactions without any treatment, fatty acid methyl ester yield reduced to 83.1 %. The option of using waste razor clam shell for the production of transesterification catalysts could have economic benefits to the aquaculture and food industries. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reserved.Received: 4th October 2017; Revised: 22nd January 2018; Accepted: 25th January 2018; Available online: 11st June 2018; Published regularly: 1st August 2018How to Cite: Buasri, A., Loryuenyong, V. (2018). Continuous Production of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using a Packed Bed Reactor with BaCl2 Impregnated CaO as Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13 (2): 320-330 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.13.2.1585.320-330)

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18

Prado, S., J. Dubert, F. da Costa, D. Martínez-Patiño, and J. L. Barja. "Vibrios in hatchery cultures of the razor clam, Solen marginatus (Pulteney)." Journal of Fish Diseases 37, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12098.

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19

Trainer, Vera L., and Brian D. Bill. "Characterization of a domoic acid binding site from Pacific razor clam." Aquatic Toxicology 69, no. 2 (August 2004): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.04.012.

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20

Cao, Hongwen, Zhen Sun, Liting Guo, Na Li, Zubin Shang, Anqi Zhang, Lipeng Cao, Tifeng Jiao, and Mingli Wang. "Study on surface enhanced fluorescence based on Ag@razor clam substrate." Optics Communications 488 (June 2021): 126863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2021.126863.

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21

Brusa, F., N. Vázquez, and F. Cremonte. "Paravortex panopea n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) on clams from the northern Patagonian coast, Argentina: pathogeny and specificity." Helminthologia 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0016-4.

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AbstractDuring a histopathological survey of the geoduck, Panopea abbreviata (Hiatellidae), and the razor clam, Ensis macha (Pharidae), in northern Patagonian gulfs (Argentina), turbellarian worms were found in the intestine lumen. In this work, we described a new species of Paravortex (Platyhelminthes, Graffillidae). We collected the hosts by scuba diving and dissected alive for studying the turbellarians. In this new species, the pharynx continues in a short esophagus and the latter in a saccular intestine. Gravid specimens have from 2 to 8 twin embryos in the parenchyma. A short penis papilla arises from the seminal vesicle and the gonopore presents a strong sphincter. This species resembled P. nicolli Szidat, 1965, which was described paraziting Mytilus edulis platensis in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The new species can be differentiated from P. nicolli mainly by the presence of a penis papilla and a sphincter between genital atrium and gonopore. This turbellarian species was significantly more prevalent in geoducks (28 %, n = 210) than in razor clams (6 %, n = 480) (KW, p < 0.0001). For both host species, no evidence of direct physical damage caused by turbellarians was observed.

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22

Lefebvre, Kathi A., Betsy Jean Yakes, Elizabeth Frame, Preston Kendrick, Sara Shum, Nina Isoherranen, Bridget E. Ferriss, et al. "Discovery of a Potential Human Serum Biomarker for Chronic Seafood Toxin Exposure Using an SPR Biosensor." Toxins 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050293.

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Domoic acid (DA)-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been present at unprecedented geographic extent and duration in recent years causing an increase in contamination of seafood by this common environmental neurotoxin. The toxin is responsible for the neurotoxic illness, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), that is characterized by gastro-intestinal distress, seizures, memory loss, and death. Established seafood safety regulatory limits of 20 μg DA/g shellfish have been relatively successful at protecting human seafood consumers from short-term high-level exposures and episodes of acute ASP. Significant concerns, however, remain regarding the potential impact of repetitive low-level or chronic DA exposure for which there are no protections. Here, we report the novel discovery of a DA-specific antibody in the serum of chronically-exposed tribal shellfish harvesters from a region where DA is commonly detected at low levels in razor clams year-round. The toxin was also detected in tribal shellfish consumers’ urine samples confirming systemic DA exposure via consumption of legally-harvested razor clams. The presence of a DA-specific antibody in the serum of human shellfish consumers confirms long-term chronic DA exposure and may be useful as a diagnostic biomarker in a clinical setting. Adverse effects of chronic low-level DA exposure have been previously documented in laboratory animal studies and tribal razor clam consumers, underscoring the potential clinical impact of such a diagnostic biomarker for protecting human health. The discovery of this type of antibody response to chronic DA exposure has broader implications for other environmental neurotoxins of concern.

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23

Hauton, C., T. R. W. Howell, R. J. A. Atkinson, and P. G. Moore. "Measures of hydraulic dredge efficiency and razor clam production, two aspects governing sustainability within the Scottish commercial fishery." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407055300.

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A study was made of the efficiency of a commercially available hydraulic dredge design in use on the west coast of Scotland and of the annual biomass production of two different razor clam (Ensis spp.) beds within the Clyde Sea area. These two parameters, viz fishing efficiency and population annual production, are fundamentally important to any proper attempt to assess the long term sustainability of a fishery. The hydraulic dredge used in this study was found to have an absolute efficiency of 90.1% when expressed in terms of the collected wet weight biomass, representing the first time that the efficiency of a hydraulic dredge of this nature has been measured rather than simply inferred from track width. This indicates that this dredge design has the potential to remove the majority of a clam population, including undersized immature individuals, within a 45 cm swath in a single tow. Annual production estimates were also made for two separate razor clam beds. One population of Ensis siliqua was located in Irvine Bay and the other two populations (one E. siliqua and one E. arcuatus) occurred in a mixed bed on Hunterston Sands. Each location was sampled quantitatively on a regular basis using the same hydraulic dredge. Dredged areas were measured by SCUBA divers so that the population densities could be calculated for each sampling event. Size-classes within each population were identified from siphonal shell breadth measurements and production estimates were calculated using a size-cohort analysis procedure designed for stocks exhibiting recruitment but that do not have separable age-classes. Production of all three populations was low during the study (1.82–18.08 g AFDW 10 m-2) as were the production/biomass estimates (0.01–0.11). These data indicate that populations of Ensis spp. on the west coast of Scotland are slow-growing and typical of K-selected species. These data highlight the conflicting pressures facing any razor clam fishery: the design of extremely efficient hydraulic gear and the slow-growth of the target species. It is clear that the future commercial exploitation of these species will need very careful management to ensure sustainability and avoid fishery over-depletion.

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24

Francisco-Candeira, Marta, Ana González-Tizón, Miguel A. Varela, and Andrés Martínez-Lage. "Development of microsatellite markers in the razor clam Solen marginatus (Bivalvia: Solenidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 977–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407057207.

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Four microsatellite loci in the razor clam Solen marginatus are described. Loci were isolated from the sequences of intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and an enriched library. Detailed analysis of these sequences led to the design of eight primer pairs. Allelic variation was assessed in 20 individuals from Redondela, Spain. The genetic variation observed in the markers presented here will be useful for future studies on the population structure of Solen marginatus in the wild and for aquaculture of this species.

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25

Ran, Zhaoshou, Zhenzhen Li, Xiaojun Yan, Kai Liao, Fei Kong, Lin Zhang, Jiayi Cao, et al. "Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck, 1818)." Molecular Ecology Resources 19, no. 6 (October 28, 2019): 1647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13086.

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26

Fernández-Tajes, J., A. González-Tizón, A. Martínez-Lage, and J. Méndez. "Cytogenetics of the razor clam Solen marginatus (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Solenidae)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 101, no. 1 (2003): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073417.

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27

Ke, Yizhou, and Wen-Xiong Wang. "Dietary metal bioavailability in razor clam Sinonovacula constricta under fluctuating seston environments." Science of The Total Environment 653 (February 2019): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.373.

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28

Niu, Dong-Hong, Jia-Le Li, and Da-Bo Liu. "Polymorphic microsatellite loci for population studies of the razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta." Conservation Genetics 9, no. 5 (January 18, 2008): 1393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9506-4.

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29

Winter, A. G., V, R. L. H. Deits, D. S. Dorsch, A. H. Slocum, and A. E. Hosoi. "Razor clam to RoboClam: burrowing drag reduction mechanisms and their robotic adaptation." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 036009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/3/036009.

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30

Schiedek, D., and E. Zebe. "Functional and environmental anaerobiosis in the razor-clam Ensis directus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." Marine Biology 94, no. 1 (February 1987): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392897.

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Grattan, Lynn M., Carol Boushey, Kate Tracy, Vera L. Trainer, Sparkle M. Roberts, Nicolas Schluterman, and J. Glenn Morris. "The association between razor clam consumption and memory in the CoASTAL cohort." Harmful Algae 57 (July 2016): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.011.

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Darriba, Susana, David Iglesias, John C. Harshbarger, and Carmen López. "Germinoma in razor clam Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) in Galicia (NW Spain)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 93, no. 2 (October 2006): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.06.009.

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Gaspar, M. "Effect of tooth spacing and mesh size on the catch of the Portuguese clam and razor clam dredge." ICES Journal of Marine Science 56, no. 1 (February 1999): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1998.0423.

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Barón, Pedro J., Luciano E. Real, Néstor F. Ciocco, and María E. Ré. "Morphometry, growth and reproduction of an Atlantic population of the razor clam Ensis macha (Molina, 1782)." Scientia Marina 68, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2004.68n2211.

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Carvalho, Susana, Rita Constantino, Fábio Pereira, Radhouan Ben-Hamadou, and Miguel B. Gaspar. "Relationship between Razor Clam Fishing Intensity and Potential Changes in Associated Benthic Communities." Journal of Shellfish Research 30, no. 2 (August 2011): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.030.0217.

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Takeuchi, Seiji, Yuji Ishii, Kazuma Yoshikoshi, Takeshi Takamasu, Saki Nagae, and Akio Tamaki. "Reproductive Cycle of the Razor Clam Solen gordonis in Sasebo Bay, Kyushu, Japan." Journal of Shellfish Research 36, no. 3 (December 2017): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.036.0305.

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Gribben, P. E. "Gametogenic development and spawning of the razor clam,Zenatia acinacesin northeastern New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 6 (December 2005): 1287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2005.9517393.

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Guo, Liting, Hongwen Cao, Lipeng Cao, Na Li, Anqi Zhang, Zubin Shang, Tifeng Jiao, H. L. Liu, and Mingli Wang. "Improve optical properties by modifying Ag nanoparticles on a razor clam SERS substrate." Optics Express 29, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 5152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.418551.

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Zamri, A. I., N. F. Latiff, Q. H. Abdullah, and F. Ahmad. "Extraction and optimization of chitosan from razor clam (Ensis arcuatus) shells by using response surface methodology (RSM)." Food Research 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).308.

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Abstract:

Chitin can be found in animal source especially arthropods such as crustacean, mollusk and insect, as well as in plant source such as fungi. Chitosan is obtained from chitin after the acetyl group is removed from chitin structure through deacetylation step and has wide application in various fields (food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical). In this study, chitosan was extracted from razor clam shells, where the extraction conditions were optimized. Two- factors of randomized D-optimal design was used to determine the optimum condition for the extraction of chitosan from razor clam (Ensis arcuatus) by using response surface methodology (RSM). The chemical extraction was optimized using five levels with two factors which were the deacetylation time (2,4,6,8,10 hrs) and deacetylation temperature (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90ºC). A randomized design suggested by Design Expert software was implemented with four responses evaluated: yield (%); degree of deacetylation (%); molecular weight (kDA); and ash content (%). Time (h) and temperature (ºC) of the deacetylation significantly (p<0.05) affected the yield (%), degree of deacetylation (DDA) (%), molecular weight (Mw) (kDA) and ash content (%) of the chitosan extracted. The optimum conditions for the chitosan extraction were at the respective deacetylation time and temperature of 6h and 70ºC with actual values of yield (%), degree of deacetylation (%), molecular weight (kDA) and ash content (%) of 19.903±2.367, 50.113±0.902, 476.727±13.603, 8.517±2.094, respectively. The optimum condition for the chitosan extraction was experimentally verified and valid for further analysis.

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YANO, YUTAKA, MASAHITO YOKOYAMA, MASATAKA SATOMI, HIROSHI OIKAWA, and SHUN-SHENG CHEN. "Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus in Fish and Shellfish Available from Markets in China." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.8.1617.

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Vibrio vulnificus is a naturally occurring estuarine bacterium often associated with disease such as septicemia in humans following consumption of raw and lightly cooked seafood. In China and neighboring countries, rapid economic growth has encouraged increased consumption of seafood, and dietary habits are changing, with more people eating raw fish. In this study, the prevalence of V. vulnificus was investigated in 48 samples from 11 species of live seafood available from markets in coastal cities of China. The bacterium was detected in four of four razor clam samples, in seven of seven giant tiger prawn samples, and in five of nine mantis shrimp samples. The bacterium was also found in water samples of the prawn aquaria at the markets. The maximum level of V. vulnificus was 3.4 log CFU/g in the razor clam samples and 4.9 log CFU/g in the prawn samples by a direct spreading method. Differential bacterial counts on the prawn body revealed that most of the bacteria were found on the shells (exoskeletons), with very few in the edible muscle. However, dense populations can be found in the intestines. Biochemical tests indicated that the isolates of V. vulnificus were biotype 1 strain, which is pathogenic to humans. These isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and erythromycin. These results suggest that V. vulnificus is a potential health hazard to humans in cities consuming and handling live shellfish, especially giant tiger prawns.

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Khairul, Khairul, Rusdi Machrizal, and Rivo Hasper Dimenta. "Characteristic Nest Angelwing Clam (Pholas orientalis Gmelin, 1791) in the Area of Kelang Beach." Jambura Journal of Animal Science 3, no. 1 (November 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v3i1.6944.

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A clam angelwing is one kind of razor clam. His life Habitat is found in the Kelang Beach district of Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatera Province. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of tembarang shell nests. This research is an exploratory, discrete study. The findings Data are narrated and discussed based on the relevant literature review. Based on the findings in the field, the characteristics of the nest angelwing clam are listed as follows: Distance from the shoreline between 30-70 meters, The diameter of the nest length is 0.5-1.5 cm and the width is 0.3-1 cm, the holes are round and round oval, usually holes consist of 1-5 pieces. Hole depth 10-40 cm, on the surface of the hole there are shavings or piles of sand, and 1 hole filled 1 individual. Average water quality observation during research: water temperature (29-30 °C), Water brightness (25-40 cm), water pH (7,5-7,9), dissolved oxygen (5,6-5,9 ppm), and salinity (29-30 ppt).

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Cardoso, Joana F. M. F., Johannes IJ Witte, and Henk W. van der Veer. "Reproductive investment of the American razor clam Ensis americanus in the Dutch Wadden Sea." Journal of Sea Research 62, no. 4 (November 2009): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2009.08.001.

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Shen, He Ding, Guangfeng Liu, Lei Fang, and Jiale Li. "Effect of microalgae and temperature on absorption efficiency of razor clam (Sinonovacula constrictaLamark, 1818)." Aquaculture Research 44, no. 10 (April 29, 2012): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03159.x.

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Márquez, Federico, and Silvina Van Der Molen. "Intraspecific shell-shape variation in the razor clam Ensis macha along the Patagonian coast." Journal of Molluscan Studies 77, no. 2 (January 21, 2011): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyq044.

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Jiang, Qun, Qi Li, Yang Yuan, and Ling-Feng Kong. "Development and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta)." Conservation Genetics Resources 2, S1 (February 13, 2010): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-010-9185-6.

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Tran, Thi-Nga, Dong-Hong Niu, Hai-Dang Nguyen, Shu-Mei Xie, and Jia-Le Li. "Populations genetic structure of the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta from China, Korea and Vietnam." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 61 (August 2015): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.020.

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Peng, Maoxiao, Donghong Niu, Fei Wang, Zhiyi Chen, and Jiale Li. "Complement C3 gene: Expression characterization and innate immune response in razor clam Sinonovacula constricta." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 55 (August 2016): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.024.

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Cross, M. E., R. M. O’Riordan, and S. C. Culloty. "The reproductive biology of the exploited razor clam, Ensis siliqua, in the Irish Sea." Fisheries Research 150 (February 2014): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2013.10.003.

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Chen, Caifang, Yaoyao Shen, Weiliang Shen, Jing He, Zhihua Lin, and Yinghui Dong. "Defense responses of sulfur dioxygenase to sulfide stress in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta." Genes & Genomics 43, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13258-021-01077-0.

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Marien, Koenraad. "Establishing Tolerable Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) and Razor Clam (Siliqua patula) Domoic Acid Contaminant Levels." Environmental Health Perspectives 104, no. 11 (November 1996): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3432917.

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