Journal articles: 'Reach-to-grasp movement'

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Castiello, Umberto, Keree M. B. Bennett, and George E. Stelmach. "The bilateral reach to grasp movement." Behavioural Brain Research 56, no. 1 (1993): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(93)90021-h.

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van Polanen, Vonne. "Grasp aperture corrections in reach-to-grasp movements do not reliably alter size perception." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0248084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248084.

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When grasping an object, the opening between the fingertips (grip aperture) scales with the size of the object. If an object changes in size, the grip aperture has to be corrected. In this study, it was investigated whether such corrections would influence the perceived size of objects. The grasping plan was manipulated with a preview of the object, after which participants initiated their reaching movement without vision. In a minority of the grasps, the object changed in size after the preview and participants had to adjust their grasping movement. Visual feedback was manipulated in two experiments. In experiment 1, vision was restored during reach and both visual and haptic information was available to correct the grasp and lift the object. In experiment 2, no visual information was provided during the movement and grasps could only be corrected using haptic information. Participants made reach-to-grasp movements towards two objects and compared these in size. Results showed that participants adjusted their grasp to a change in object size from preview to grasped object in both experiments. However, a change in object size did not bias the perception of object size or alter discrimination performance. In experiment 2, a small perceptual bias was found when objects changed from large to small. However, this bias was much smaller than the difference that could be discriminated and could not be considered meaningful. Therefore, it can be concluded that the planning and execution of reach-to-grasp movements do not reliably affect the perception of object size.

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Yang, Fang, and Anatol G. Feldman. "Reach-to-grasp movement as a minimization process." Experimental Brain Research 201, no. 1 (2009): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2012-1.

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Castiello, U., K. M. B. Bennett, and C. Mucignat. "The reach to grasp movement of blind subjects." Experimental Brain Research 96, no. 1 (1993): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00230448.

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Lei, Yuming, and Monica A. Perez. "Phase-dependent deficits during reach-to-grasp after human spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 1 (2018): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00542.2017.

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Most cervical spinal cord injuries result in asymmetrical functional impairments in hand and arm function. However, the extent to which reach-to-grasp movements are affected in humans with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood. Using kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) recordings in hand and arm muscles we studied the different phases of unilateral self-paced reach-to-grasp movements (arm acceleration, hand opening and closing) to a small cylinder in the more and less affected arms of individuals with cervical SCI and in age-matched controls. We found that SCI subjects showed prolonged movement duration in both arms during arm acceleration, and hand opening and closing compared with controls. Notably, the more affected arm showed an additional increase in movement duration at the time to close the hand compared with the less affected arm. Also, the time at which the index finger and thumb contacted the object and the variability of finger movement trajectory were increased in the more compared with the less affected arm of SCI participants. Participants with prolonged movement duration during hand closing were those with more pronounced deficits in sensory function. The muscle activation ratio between the first dorsal interosseous and abductor pollicis brevis muscles decreased during hand closing in the more compared with the less affected arm of SCI participants. Our results suggest that deficits in movement kinematics during reach-to-grasp movements are more pronounced at the time to close the hand in the more affected arm of SCI participants, likely related to deficits in EMG muscle activation and sensory function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Humans with cervical spinal cord injury usually present asymmetrical functional impairments in hand and arm function. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that deficits in movement kinematics during reaching and grasping movements are more pronounced at the time to close the hand in the more affected arm of spinal cord injury. We suggest that this is in part related to deficits in muscle activation ratios between hand muscles and a decrease in sensory function.

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Michaelsen, Stella Maris, Raquel Pinheiro Gomes, Aline Perão Marques, et al. "Using an accelerometer for analyzing a reach-to-grasp movement after stroke." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 19, no. 4 (2013): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742013000400012.

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The purpose of this study was using an accelerometer to access the kinematics of reach-to-grasp movements in subjects with hemiparesis. Eight subjects (59.4 ± 6.9 years old) with chronic hemiparesis (50.9 ± 25.8 months post-stroke) participated in this study. Kinematic assessment was performed using a triaxial accelerometer (EMG Systems, Brazil) attached to the subjects' forearm. Ten reach-to-grasp movements of grabbing a 500ml-size bottle were performed by the subjects with the paretic and the non-paretic upper limbs (ULs). The following space-temporal variables were calculated and used to compare the paretic and non-paretic ULs: movement time (MT), time to reach the peak velocity, absolute and relative (TPV and TPV%MT), relative deceleration duration (DEC%MT), time to peak acceleration (TPA) and peak hand acceleration (PA). Movements were slower in the paretic UL with increased MT, TPA and DEC. The accelerometer allowed to identify of changes in reaching-to-grasp movements of subjects with hemiparesis. When complex systems are not available, accelerometers can be an alternative to measure UL movements.

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Calabro, Finnegan J., and Monica A. Perez. "Bilateral reach-to-grasp movement asymmetries after human spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 1 (2016): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00692.2015.

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Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans typically damages both sides of the spinal cord, resulting in asymmetric functional impairments in the arms. Despite this well-accepted notion and the growing emphasis on the use of bimanual training strategies, how movement of one arm affects the motion of the contralateral arm after SCI remains unknown. Using kinematics and multichannel electromyographic (EMG) recordings we studied unilateral and bilateral reach-to-grasp movements to a small and a large cylinder in individuals with asymmetric arm impairments due to cervical SCI and age-matched control subjects. We found that the stronger arm of SCI subjects showed movement durations longer than control subjects during bilateral compared with unilateral trials. Specifically, movement duration was prolonged when opening and closing the hand when reaching for a large and a small object, respectively, accompanied by deficient activation of finger flexor and extensor muscles. In subjects with SCI interlimb coordination was reduced compared with control subjects, and individuals with lesser coordination between hands were those who showed prolonged times to open the hand. Although the weaker arm showed movement durations during bilateral compared with unilateral trials that were proportional to controls, the stronger arm was excessively delayed during bilateral reaching. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that during bilateral reach-to-grasp movements the more impaired arm has detrimental effects on hand opening and closing of the less impaired arm and that they are related, at least in part, to deficient control of EMG activity of hand muscles. We suggest that hand opening might provide a time to drive bimanual coordination adjustments after human SCI.

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Geronomi, M., and P. Gorce. "Compensatory trunk flexion in elderly reach-to-grasp movement." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 12, sup1 (2009): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255840903080869.

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Mari, Morena, Umberto Castiello, Deborah Marks, Catherine Marraffa, and Margot Prior. "The reach–to–grasp movement in children with autism spectrum disorder." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1430 (2003): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1205.

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Autism is associated with a wide and complex array of neurobehavioural symptoms. Examination of the motor system offers a particularly appealing method for studying autism by providing information about this syndrome that is relatively immune to experimental influence. In this article, we considered the relationship between possible movement disturbance and symptoms of autism and introduced an experimental model that may be useful for rehabilitation and diagnostic purposes: the reach–to–grasp movement. Research is reviewed that characterizes kinematically the reach–to–grasp movement in children with autism compared with age–matched ‘controls’. Unlike the age–matched children, autistic children showed differences in movement planning and execution, supporting the view that movement disturbances may play a part in the phenomenon of autism.

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Weir, Patricia L. "The Reach-to-Grasp Movement: A New Look at an Old Problem?" Motor Control 3, no. 3 (1999): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.3.3.312.

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This commentary raises some issues still unresolved in the study of the reach-to-grasp movement, namely the operational definition of the components of the reach-to-grasp movement, the independence of these components, and the equivocal interpretation of the existing literature. Lastly, this commentary addresses issues pertaining to object properties that require both visual and haptic determination.

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Mon-williams, M., J. R. Tresilian, V. E. Bell, V. L. Coppard, M. Nixdorf, and R. G. Carson. "The Preparation of Reach-To-Grasp Movements in Adults, Children, and Children with Movement Problems." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, no. 7 (2005): 1249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000575.

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This study explored the use of advance information in the control of reach-to-grasp movements. The paradigm required participants to reach and grasp illuminated blocks with their right hand. Four target blocks were positioned on a table surface, two each side of the mid-saggital plane. In the complete precue condition, advance information precisely specified target location. In the partial precue condition, advance information indicated target location relative to the midsaggital plane (left or right). In the null condition, the advance information was entirely ambiguous. Participants produced fastest responses in the complete precue condition, intermediate response times in the partial condition, and the slowest responses in the null condition. This result was observed in adults and four groups of children including a group aged 4–6 years. In contrast, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD, n = 11, aged 7–13 years) showed no advantage of partial precueing. Movement duration was determined by target location but was unaffected by precue condition. Movement duration was a clear function of age apart from children in the DCD group who showed equivalent movement times to those of the youngest children. These findings provide important insights into the control of reach-to-grasp movements and highlight that partial cues are exploited by children as young as 4 years but are not used in situations of abnormal development.

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Tresilian, J. "Stability of reach-to-grasp movement patterns in Parkinson's disease." Brain 120, no. 11 (1997): 2093–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.11.2093.

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Castiello, U. "The bilateral reach-to-grasp movement of Parkinson's disease subjects." Brain 120, no. 4 (1997): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.4.593.

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Jacquier-Bret, Julien, Nasser Rezzoug, and Philippe Gorce. "Adaptation of Joint Flexibility during a Reach-to-Grasp Movement." Motor Control 13, no. 3 (2009): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.13.3.342.

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Vaidya, Mukta, Karthikeyan Balasubramanian, Joshua Southerland, et al. "Emergent coordination underlying learning to reach to grasp with a brain-machine interface." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (2018): 1291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00982.2016.

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The development of coordinated reach-to-grasp movement has been well studied in infants and children. However, the role of motor cortex during this development is unclear because it is difficult to study in humans. We took the approach of using a brain-machine interface (BMI) paradigm in rhesus macaques with prior therapeutic amputations to examine the emergence of novel, coordinated reach to grasp. Previous research has shown that after amputation, the cortical area previously involved in the control of the lost limb undergoes reorganization, but prior BMI work has largely relied on finding neurons that already encode specific movement-related information. In this study, we taught macaques to cortically control a robotic arm and hand through operant conditioning, using neurons that were not explicitly reach or grasp related. Over the course of training, stereotypical patterns emerged and stabilized in the cross-covariance between the reaching and grasping velocity profiles, between pairs of neurons involved in controlling reach and grasp, and to a comparable, but lesser, extent between other stable neurons in the network. In fact, we found evidence of this structured coordination between pairs composed of all combinations of neurons decoding reach or grasp and other stable neurons in the network. The degree of and participation in coordination was highly correlated across all pair types. Our approach provides a unique model for studying the development of novel, coordinated reach-to-grasp movement at the behavioral and cortical levels. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Given that motor cortex undergoes reorganization after amputation, our work focuses on training nonhuman primates with chronic amputations to use neurons that are not reach or grasp related to control a robotic arm to reach to grasp through the use of operant conditioning, mimicking early development. We studied the development of a novel, coordinated behavior at the behavioral and cortical level, and the neural plasticity in M1 associated with learning to use a brain-machine interface.

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Rand, M. K., Y. Shimansky, G. E. Stelmach, and J. R. Bloedel. "Adaptation of reach-to-grasp movement in response to force perturbations." Experimental Brain Research 154, no. 1 (2004): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1637-8.

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Giboin, Louis-Solal, Alexandra Lackmy-Vallée, David Burke, and Véronique Marchand-Pauvert. "Enhanced propriospinal excitation from hand muscles to wrist flexors during reach-to-grasp in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 2 (2012): 532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00774.2011.

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In humans, propriospinal neurons located at midcervical levels receive peripheral and corticospinal inputs and probably participate in the control of grip tasks, but their role in reaching movements, as observed in cats and primates, is still an open question. The effect of ulnar nerve stimulation on flexor carpi radialis (FCR) motor evoked potential (MEP) was tested during reaching tasks and tonic wrist flexion. Significant MEP facilitation was observed at the end of reach during reach-to-grasp but not during grasp, reach-to-point, or tonic contractions. MEP facilitation occurred at a longer interstimulus interval than expected for convergence of corticospinal and afferent volleys at motoneuron level and was not paralleled by a change in the H-reflex. These findings suggest convergence of the two volleys at propriospinal level. Ulnar-induced MEP facilitation was observed when conditioning stimuli were at 0.75 motor response threshold (MT), but not 1 MT. This favors an increased excitability of propriospinal neurons rather than depression of their feedback inhibition, as has been observed during tonic power grip tasks. It is suggested that the ulnar-induced facilitation of FCR MEP during reach may be due to descending activation of propriospinal neurons, assisting the early recruitment of large motoneurons for rapid movement. Because the feedback inhibitory control is still open, this excitation can be truncated by cutaneous inputs from the palmar side of the hand during grasp, thus assisting movement termination. It is concluded that the feedforward activation of propriospinal neurons and their feedback control may be involved in the internal model, motor planning, and online adjustments for reach-to-grasp movements in humans.

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Schettino, Luis F., Sergei V. Adamovich, and Eugene Tunik. "Coordination of pincer grasp and transport after mechanical perturbation of the index finger." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (2017): 2292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00642.2016.

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Our understanding of reach-to-grasp movements has evolved from the original formulation of the movement as two semi-independent visuomotor channels to one of interdependence. Despite a number of important contributions involving perturbations of the reach or the grasp, some of the features of the movement, such as the presence or absence of coordination between the digits during the pincer grasp and the extent of spatio-temporal interdependence between the transport and the grasp, are still unclear. In this study, we physically perturbed the index finger into extension during grasping closure on a minority of trials to test whether modifying the movement of one digit would affect the movement of the opposite digit, suggestive of an overarching coordinative process. Furthermore, we tested whether disruption of the grasp results in the modification of kinematic parameters of the transport. Our results showed that a continuous perturbation to the index finger affected wrist velocity but not lateral displacement. Moreover, we found that the typical flexion of the thumb observed in nonperturbed trials was delayed until the index finger counteracted the extension force. These results suggest that physically perturbing the grasp modifies the kinematics of the transport component, indicating a two-way interdependence of the reach and the grasp. Furthermore, a perturbation to one digit affects the kinematics of the other, supporting a model of grasping in which the digits are coordinated by a higher-level process rather than being independently controlled. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A current debate concerning the neural control of prehension centers on the question of whether the digits in a pincer grasp are controlled individually or together. Employing a novel approach that perturbs mechanically the grasp component during a natural reach-to-grasp movement, this work is the first to test a key hypothesis: whether perturbing one of the digits during the movement affects the other. Our results support the idea that the digits are not independently controlled.

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Dotti, Gregorio, Marco Caruso, Daniele Fortunato, Marco Knaflitz, Andrea Cereatti, and Marco Ghislieri. "A Statistical Approach for Functional Reach-to-Grasp Segmentation Using a Single Inertial Measurement Unit." Sensors 24, no. 18 (2024): 6119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24186119.

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The aim of this contribution is to present a segmentation method for the identification of voluntary movements from inertial data acquired through a single inertial measurement unit placed on the subject’s wrist. Inertial data were recorded from 25 healthy subjects while performing 75 consecutive reach-to-grasp movements. The approach herein presented, called DynAMoS, is based on an adaptive thresholding step on the angular velocity norm, followed by a statistics-based post-processing on the movement duration distribution. Post-processing aims at reducing the number of erroneous transitions in the movement segmentation. We assessed the segmentation quality of this method using a stereophotogrammetric system as the gold standard. Two popular methods already presented in the literature were compared to DynAMoS in terms of the number of movements identified, onset and offset mean absolute errors, and movement duration. Moreover, we analyzed the sub-phase durations of the drinking movement to further characterize the task. The results show that the proposed method performs significantly better than the two state-of-the-art approaches (i.e., percentage of erroneous movements = 3%; onset and offset mean absolute error < 0.08 s), suggesting that DynAMoS could make more effective home monitoring applications for assessing the motion improvements of patients following domicile rehabilitation protocols.

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Blinch, Jarrod, Jon B. Doan, and Claudia L. R. Gonzalez. "Complexity of movement preparation and the spatiotemporal coupling of bimanual reach-to-grasp movements." Experimental Brain Research 236, no. 6 (2018): 1801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5264-9.

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Xie, Qiurong, Bo Sheng, Jia Huang, Qi Zhang, and Yanxin Zhang. "A Pilot Study of Compensatory Strategies for Reach-to-Grasp-Pen in Patients with Stroke." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022 (November 11, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6933043.

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Coordinated reaching and grasping movements may be impaired in patients with poststroke hemiplegia. Patients frequently adopt compensatory strategies, which require investigation. This pilot study used kinematic parameters to examine compensatory strategies by assessing the reach-to-grasp-pen movements in patients with stroke and unaffected participants. Twelve patients with stroke with mild impairment (45.16 ± 12.62 years, 2.41 ± 1.97 months), twelve with moderate impairment (50.41 ± 12.92 years, 3.83 ± 3.58 months), and ten healthy individuals (20.6 ± 0.69 years) performed a reach-to-grasp-pen task. Kinematics parameters of upper limb and fingers, such as movement time, number of movement units, index of curvature, spectral arc length, trunk forward transition, trunk lateral transition, elbow extension, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, trunk rotation, arm-plane angle, the joint angles of interphalangeal joints of the thumb, index, middle, ring, and little fingers were examined in the study. These parameters were evaluated with two Microsoft Azure Kinect and Leap Motion, which belong to markerless motion capture systems. Patients with stroke showed longer reaching movement time, less smooth movement trajectories, and more trunk rotation ( P < 0.05 ). In patients with stroke, the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) of the thumb were flexed in the starting position; the MCP and PIP joints of the index finger in the stroke group were more extended during pen grasp; the range of motion of the MCP of the middle finger and the PIP joints of the middle, ring, and little fingers became greater, suggesting a larger peak aperture ( P < 0.05 ). The more significant extension was observed in the index finger at the end of the grasp, suggesting inadequate flexion ( P < 0.05 ). In clinical practice, the reach-to-grasp-pen task using markless sensing technology can effectively distinguish patients with stroke from healthy individuals and evaluate the recovery and compensation strategies of upper limb and hand functions. It can potentially become an evaluation tool in hospital and community scenes. Accurate identification of abnormal trunk, arm, and finger strategies is crucial for therapists to develop targeted upper limb treatment methods and evaluate treatment effects.

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Wenzelburger, R., J. Raethjen, K. L�ffler, H. Stolze, M. Illert, and G. Deuschl. "Kinetic tremor in a reach-to-grasp movement in Parkinson's disease." Movement Disorders 15, no. 6 (2000): 1084–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(200011)15:6<1084::aid-mds1005>3.0.co;2-y.

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Castiello, Umberto, and Marco Dadda. "A review and consideration on the kinematics of reach-to-grasp movements in macaque monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 1 (2019): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00598.2018.

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The bases for understanding the neuronal mechanisms that underlie the control of reach-to-grasp movements among nonhuman primates, particularly macaques, has been widely studied. However, only a few kinematic descriptions of their prehensile actions are available. A thorough understanding of macaques’ prehensile movements is manifestly critical, in light of their role in biomedical research as valuable models for studying neuromotor disorders and brain mechanisms, as well as for developing brain-machine interfaces to facilitate arm control. This article aims to review the current state of knowledge on the kinematics of grasping movements that macaques perform in naturalistic, seminaturalistic, and laboratory settings, to answer the following questions: Are kinematic signatures affected by the context within which the movement is performed? In what ways are kinematics of humans’ and macaques’ prehensile actions similar/dissimilar? Our analysis reflects the challenges involved in making comparisons across settings and species due to the heterogeneous picture in terms of the number of subjects, stimuli, conditions, and hands used. The kinematics of free-ranging macaques are characterized by distinctive features that are exhibited neither by macaques in laboratory setting nor by human subjects. The temporal incidence of key kinematic landmarks diverges significantly between species, indicating disparities in the overall organization of movement. Given such complexities, we attempt a synthesis of the extant body of evidence, intending to generate some significant implications for directions that future research might take to recognize the remaining gaps and pursue the insights and resolutions to generate an interpretation of movement kinematics that accounts for all settings and subjects.

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Cacho, Enio Walker Azevedo, Roberta de Oliveira Cacho, Rodrigo Lício Ortolan, Núbia Maria Freire Vieira Lima, Edson Meneses da Silva Filho, and Alberto Cliquet Jr. "REACH AND PALMAR GRASP IN TETRAPLEGICS WITH NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 6 (2018): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182406180392.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the movement strategies of quadriplegics, assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation, on reach and palmar grasp using objects of different weights. Methods: It was a prospective clinical trial. Four chronic quadriplegics (C5-C6), with injuries of traumatic origin, were recruited and all of them had their reach and palmar grasp movement captured by four infrared cameras and six retro-reflective markers attached to the trunk and right arm, assisted or not by neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the triceps, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum communis, flexor digitorum superficialis, opponens pollicis and lumbricals. It was measured by a Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries of the American Spinal Injury Association, Functional Independence Measure and kinematic variables. Results: The patients were able to reach and execute palmar grasp in all cylinders using the stimulation sequences assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The quadriplegics produced lower peak velocity, a shorter time of movement and reduction in movement segmentation, when assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Conclusion: This study showed that reach and palmar grasp movement assisted by neuromuscular electrical stimulation was able to produce motor patterns more similar to healthy subjects. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

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Wenger, Kristin K., Krystina L. Musch, and Jonathan W. Mink. "Impaired Reaching and Grasping After Focal Inactivation of Globus Pallidus Pars Interna in the Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (1999): 2049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2049.

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The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the basal ganglia output from globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) contributes to inhibition of competing motor patterns to prevent them from interfering with a volitional movement. To test this hypothesis, the kinematics of a natural reach, grasp, and retrieval task were measured in the monkey before and after focal inactivation in GPi with the GABAAagonist muscimol. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to reach in a parasagittal plane to grasp a 1-cm cube of apple and retrieve it. Reflective markers were applied to the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and index finger. Movements were videotaped at 60 fields/s, digitized, and analyzed off-line. In each session the monkey performed 12–15 reaches before and 12–15 reaches after injection of 0.5 μl of 8.8 mM muscimol. Muscimol was injected into 22 separate locations in the “arm” area of GPi. Inactivation of the GPi with muscimol produced movement deficits in a reach-grasp-retrieve task that can be summarized as follows: 1) decreased peak wrist velocity during the reach to target; 2) decreased elbow and shoulder angular velocities, with elbow angular velocity relatively more impaired than shoulder angular velocity; resulting in 3) higher maximum vertical wrist and index finger positions at the apex of the reach; 4) prolonged latency from the end of the reach to the completion of grasp; and 5) less impairment of retrieval than reach, with inactivation at the majority of sites causing no impairment and some actually speeding up retrieval despite slow reaching. The results of this study show that reaching movements are impaired in a specific way after focal inactivation of GPi in previously normal monkeys. The slowing of the reach with normal (or fast) retrieval suggests that there is difficulty inhibiting the posture holding mechanisms that were active before the reach, but that assist the retrieval. The nature of the impairment supports the hypothesis that GPi lesions disrupt the ability to inhibit competing motor mechanisms to prevent them from interfering with desired voluntary movement.

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Tokuda, Keisuke, Bumsuk Lee, Yasufumi Shiihara, et al. "Muscle activation patterns in acceleration-based phases during reach-to-grasp movement." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28, no. 11 (2016): 3105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.3105.

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Mason, Andrea H., and Christine L. MacKenzie. "The Role of Graphical Feedback About Self-Movement when Receiving Objects in an Augmented Environment." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 13, no. 5 (2004): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1054746042545319.

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This work explored how the presence of graphical information about self-movement affected reach-to-grasp movements in an augmented environment. Twelve subjects reached to grasp objects that were passed by a partner or rested on a table surface. Graphical feedback about self-movement was available for half the trials and was removed for the other half. Results indicated that removing visual feedback about self-movement in an object-passing task dramatically affected both the receiver's movement to grasp the object and the time to transfer the object between partners. Specifically, the receiver's deceleration time, and temporal and spatial aspects of grasp formation, showed significant effects. Results also indicated that the presence of a graphic representation of self-movement had similar effects on the kinematics of reaching to grasp a stationary object on a table as for one held by a stationary or moving partner. These results suggest that performance of goal-directed movements, whether to a stationary object on a table surface or to objects being passed by a stationary or moving partner, benefits from a crude graphical representation of the finger pads. The role of providing graphic feedback about self-movement is discussed for tasks requiring precision. Implications for the use of kinematic measures in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) are also discussed.

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Kuhlen, Torsten, Karl-Friedrich Kraiss, and Roland Steffan. "How VR-Based Reach-to-Grasp Experiments Can Help to Understand Movement Organization within the Human Brain." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, no. 4 (2000): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474600566853.

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This paper examines the potentials of VR technology for studying the neural organization of voluntary human movements. Here, motion studies are based on experimental set-ups in which subjects and/or patients interact with virtual instead of real objects. This VR-based approach is primarily motivated by the exact controllability of computer-generated experimental conditions. Stimuli such as appearance, characteristics, and behavior of objects can be varied and presented separately or in combination. Besides general benefits such as standardization, flexibility, and efficiency, VR provides a means to realize experimental scenarios that are very difficult or even impossible to build when using real, physical set-ups. This feature is demonstrated by the example of reach-to-grasp studies with perturbation, which play an important role for the study of human motor behavior. A first VR-based experiment is described that compares motor behavior when reaching and grasping a real and a virtual cube, respectively. The results of this experiment prove that VR technology can indeed lead to new insights about how the reach-to-grasp movement is organized within the human brain.

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Campanella, Francesco, Giulio Sandini, and Maria Concetta Morrone. "Visual information gleaned by observing grasping movement in allocentric and egocentric perspectives." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1715 (2010): 2142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2270.

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One of the major functions of vision is to allow for an efficient and active interaction with the environment. In this study, we investigate the capacity of human observers to extract visual information from observation of their own actions, and those of others, from different viewpoints. Subjects discriminated the size of objects by observing a point-light movie of a hand reaching for an invisible object. We recorded real reach-and-grasp actions in three-dimensional space towards objects of different shape and size, to produce two-dimensional ‘point-light display’ movies, which were used to measure size discrimination for reach-and-grasp motion sequences, release-and-withdraw sequences and still frames, all in egocentric and allocentric perspectives. Visual size discrimination from action was significantly better in egocentric than in allocentric view, but only for reach-and-grasp motion sequences: release-and-withdraw sequences or still frames derived no advantage from egocentric viewing. The results suggest that the system may have access to an internal model of action that contributes to calibrate visual sense of size for an accurate grasp.

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Castiello, U., K. M. B. Bennett, C. Bonfiglioli, and R. F. Peppard. "The reach-to-grasp movement in Parkinson’s disease before and after dopaminergic medication." Neuropsychologia 38, no. 1 (2000): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00049-4.

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Kent, Samuel W., Andrew D. Wilson, Mandy S. Plumb, Justin H. G. Williams, and Mark Mon-Williams. "Immediate Movement History Influences Reach-to-Grasp Action Selection in Children and Adults." Journal of Motor Behavior 41, no. 1 (2009): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2009.10125921.

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Snider, Joseph, Dongpyo Lee, Deborah L. Harrington, and Howard Poizner. "Scaling and coordination deficits during dynamic object manipulation in Parkinson's disease." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 2 (2014): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00041.2014.

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The ability to reach for and dynamically manipulate objects in a dexterous fashion requires scaling and coordination of arm, hand, and fingertip forces during reach and grasp components of this behavior. The neural substrates underlying dynamic object manipulation are not well understood. Insight into the role of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in object manipulation can come from the study of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized that scaling and coordination aspects of motor control are differentially affected by this disorder. We asked 20 PD patients and 23 age-matched control subjects to reach for, grasp, and lift virtual objects along prescribed paths. The movements were subdivided into two types, intensive (scaling) and coordinative, by detecting their underlying self-similarity. PD patients off medication were significantly impaired relative to control subjects for both aspects of movement. Intensive deficits, reduced peak speed and aperture, were seen during the reach. Coordinative deficits were observed during the reach, namely, the relative position along the trajectory at which peak speed and aperture were achieved, and during the lift, when objects tilted with respect to the gravitational axis. These results suggest that basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits may play an important role in fine motor coordination. Dopaminergic therapy significantly improved intensive but not coordinative aspects of movements. These findings are consistent with a framework in which tonic levels of dopamine in the dorsal striatum encode the energetic cost of a movement, thereby improving intensive or scaling aspects of movement. However, repletion of brain dopamine levels does not restore finely coordinated movement.

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Sparks, Samuel, Maxwell Lyons, and Ada Kritikos. "Top-down attentional factors modulate action priming in reach-to-grasp action." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (2018): 1589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818807697.

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Previous studies report that viewing exaggerated, high-lifting reaches (versus direct reaches) primes higher vertical deviation in wrist trajectory in the observer’s subsequent reaches (trajectory priming), but it is unclear to what extent this effect depends upon task instructions relevant to top-down attention. In two experiments, participants were instructed to gaze at a dot presented on a large monitor for a colour-change go signal that cued them to execute a direct reach to a target. In the background, the monitor also displayed life-sized films of a human model. The films were of the model either remaining still or reaching to grasp a target with either a direct trajectory or an exaggerated, high-lifting trajectory. When the dot traced the human model’s wrist throughout her movement, a robust trajectory priming effect emerged. When the dot remained stationary in a central location but the human model reached in the background, the human model’s trajectory did not alter the participants’ trajectories. Finally, when the dot traced exaggerated and direct trajectories and the human model remained stationary, the dot’s movement produced an attenuated, non-significant trajectory priming effect. These findings show that top-down attentional factors modulate trajectory priming. In addition, a moving non-human stimulus does not produce the same degree of action priming when contextual factors make salient its independence of human agency and/or intention.

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Aggarwal, Vikram, Mohsen Mollazadeh, Adam G. Davidson, Marc H. Schieber, and Nitish V. Thakor. "State-based decoding of hand and finger kinematics using neuronal ensemble and LFP activity during dexterous reach-to-grasp movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 12 (2013): 3067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01038.2011.

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The performance of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that continuously control upper limb neuroprostheses may benefit from distinguishing periods of posture and movement so as to prevent inappropriate movement of the prosthesis. Few studies, however, have investigated how decoding behavioral states and detecting the transitions between posture and movement could be used autonomously to trigger a kinematic decoder. We recorded simultaneous neuronal ensemble and local field potential (LFP) activity from microelectrode arrays in primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsal (PMd) and ventral (PMv) premotor areas of two male rhesus monkeys performing a center-out reach-and-grasp task, while upper limb kinematics were tracked with a motion capture system with markers on the dorsal aspect of the forearm, hand, and fingers. A state decoder was trained to distinguish four behavioral states (baseline, reaction, movement, hold), while a kinematic decoder was trained to continuously decode hand end point position and 18 joint angles of the wrist and fingers. LFP amplitude most accurately predicted transition into the reaction (62%) and movement (73%) states, while spikes most accurately decoded arm, hand, and finger kinematics during movement. Using an LFP-based state decoder to trigger a spike-based kinematic decoder [ r = 0.72, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.15] significantly improved decoding of reach-to-grasp movements from baseline to final hold, compared with either a spike-based state decoder combined with a spike-based kinematic decoder ( r = 0.70, RMSE = 0.17) or a spike-based kinematic decoder alone ( r = 0.67, RMSE = 0.17). Combining LFP-based state decoding with spike-based kinematic decoding may be a valuable step toward the realization of BMI control of a multifingered neuroprosthesis performing dexterous manipulation.

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Rouse, Adam G., and Marc H. Schieber. "Spatiotemporal distribution of location and object effects in reach-to-grasp kinematics." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 6 (2015): 3268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00686.2015.

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In reaching to grasp an object, the arm transports the hand to the intended location as the hand shapes to grasp the object. Prior studies that tracked arm endpoint and grip aperture have shown that reaching and grasping, while proceeding in parallel, are interdependent to some degree. Other studies of reaching and grasping that have examined the joint angles of all five digits as the hand shapes to grasp various objects have not tracked the joint angles of the arm as well. We, therefore, examined 22 joint angles from the shoulder to the five digits as monkeys reached, grasped, and manipulated in a task that dissociated location and object. We quantified the extent to which each angle varied depending on location, on object, and on their interaction, all as a function of time. Although joint angles varied depending on both location and object beginning early in the movement, an early phase of location effects in joint angles from the shoulder to the digits was followed by a later phase in which object effects predominated at all joint angles distal to the shoulder. Interaction effects were relatively small throughout the reach-to-grasp. Whereas reach trajectory was influenced substantially by the object, grasp shape was comparatively invariant to location. Our observations suggest that neural control of reach-to-grasp may occur largely in two sequential phases: the first determining the location to which the arm transports the hand, and the second shaping the entire upper extremity to grasp and manipulate the object.

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Begliomini, Chiara, Francesco Ceccarini, Veronica Pinuccia Dell’Acqua, Sanja Budisavljevic, and Umberto Castiello. "Structure of the Motor Descending Pathways Correlates with the Temporal Kinematics of Hand Movements." Biology 11, no. 10 (2022): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101482.

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The projection system, a complex organization of ascending and descending white matter pathways, is the principal system for conveying sensory and motor information, connecting frontal and sensorimotor regions with ventral regions of the central nervous system. The corticospinal tract (CST), one of the principal projection pathways, carries distal movement-related information from the cortex to the spinal cord, and whether its microstructure is linked to the kinematics of hand movements is still an open question. The aim of the present study was to explore how microstructure of descending branches of the projection system, namely the hand motor tract (HMT), the corticospinal tract (CST) and its sector within the internal capsule (IC), can relate to the temporal profile of reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. Projection pathways of 31 healthy subjects were virtually dissected by means of diffusion tractography and the kinematics of reaching and reach-to-grasp movements were also analyzed. A positive association between Hindrance Modulated Orientation Anisotropy (HMOA) and kinematics was observed, suggesting that anisotropy of the considered tract can influence the temporal unfolding of motor performance. We highlight, for the first time, that hand kinematics and the visuomotor transformation processes underlying reaching and reach-to-grasp movements relate to the microstructure of specific projection fibers subserving these movements.

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Simpson, Lisa A., Amanda Mow, Carlo Menon, and Janice J. Eng. "Preliminary Examination of the Ability of a New Wearable Device to Capture Functional Hand Activity After Stroke." Stroke 50, no. 12 (2019): 3643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.026921.

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Background and Purpose— A reliable measure of movement repetitions is required to assist in determining the optimal dose for maximizing upper limb recovery after stroke. This study investigated the ability of a new wearable device to capture reach-to-grasp repetitions in individuals with stroke. Methods— Eight individuals with stroke wore an instrumented wrist bracelet while completing 12 upper limb activities. Participants completed 5 and 10 repetitions of each activity on 2 separate sessions (time 1 and time 2) and completed clinical assessments (Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Assessment and Action Research Arm Test). Mean reach-to-grasp counts (ie, hand counts) were compared across activities. Scaling properties were assessed by the ratio of 10 repetitions to 5 repetitions for the activities (ie, expected value of 2). Bland-Altman diagrams were used to examine agreement between time 1 and time 2 counts. Results— The wrist bracelet averaged 0 to 0.6 hand counts per repetition for the arm-only and hand-only activities and averaged 1 to 2 counts per repetition of the reach-to-grasp activities. The mean ratio of 10 repetition to 5 repetition counts was ≈2 for all of the reach-to-grasp activities. Mean differences from time 1 to time 2 were <0.3 counts/repetition for all activities except one. Conclusions— These preliminary results provide evidence that the wrist bracelet is able to capture hand counts over a variety of tasks in a consistent manner. This wrist bracelet could be further developed as a tool to record dose of upper limb practice for research or clinical practice, as well as providing motivation and accountability to patients participating in treatments requiring upper limb movement repetitions. Currently, there are limitations in interpreting the impact of impairment and common compensatory movements on hand counts, and it would be valuable for future studies to explore these effects.

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Bonfiglioli, Claudia, Gianni De Berti, Paolo Nichelli, Roberto Nicoletti, and Umberto Castiello. "Kinematic analysis of the reach to grasp movement in Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease subjects." Neuropsychologia 36, no. 11 (1998): 1203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00171-1.

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Louis, N., and P. Gorce. "Upper limb muscle forces during a simple reach-to-grasp movement: a comparative study." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 47, no. 11 (2009): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-009-0530-4.

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Nodehi, Zahra, Saeed Behzadipour, Akram Azad, Akbar Soltanzadeh, and Ghorban Taghizadeh. "The Correlation Between Reach and Grasp Kinematic Measures and Clinical Measures of Manual Dexterity in Patients With Parkinson Disease." Function and Disability Journal 3, no. 1 (2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/fdj.3.35.3.

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Background and Objectives: To investigate the correlation between reach and grasp kinematic measures and clinical measures of gross and fine manual dexterity in patients with idiopathic Parkinson Disease (PD). Methods: Sixty patients (44 men, 16 women) with idiopathic PD (Mean±SD of age: 59.85±11.89 years) were recruited in this non-experimental cross-sectional study using a non-probability sampling method. Their gross and fine manual dexterity were assessed using the Box and Block Test (BBT) and Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), respectively. Also, reach and grasp kinematic measures (including normalized movement time, peak velocity, Maximum Grip Aperture [MGA], and percentage of movement time in which MGA occurred [PMGA]) were measured in the more affected hand. Results: The results showed a significant and moderate correlation between reach kinematic measures (i.e. normalized movement time and peak velocity) and both gross and fine manual dexterity assessed by BBT (P=0.000) and NHPT (P=0.000), respectively. However, there was not a significant correlation between grasp kinematic measures (i.e. MGA and PMGA) and gross manual dexterity measured by BBT (P>0.05) as well as fine manual dexterity assessed by NHPT (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed no to moderate correlation between reach and grasp kinematic measures and clinical measures of gross and fine manual dexterity in patients with PD, supporting the significance of multi-level evaluation using both clinical and kinematic measures in the evaluation of upper limb function in patients with PD.

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Witte, Matthias. "Role of local field potentials in encoding hand movement kinematics." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 4 (2011): 1601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00269.2011.

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How the brain orchestrates the musculoskeletal system to produce complex three-dimensional movements is still poorly understood. Despite first promising results in brain-machine interfaces that translate cortical activity to control output, there is an ongoing debate about which brain signals provide richest information related to movement planning and execution. Novel results by Bansal and colleagues (2011) now suggest that neuronal spiking and local field potentials jointly encode kinematics during skilled reach and grasp movements.

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Soriano, Marco, Andrea Cavallo, Alessandro D’Ausilio, Cristina Becchio, and Luciano Fadiga. "Movement kinematics drive chain selection toward intention detection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 41 (2018): 10452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809825115.

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The ability to understand intentions based on another’s movements is crucial for human interaction. This ability has been ascribed to the so-called motor chaining mechanism: anytime a motor chain is activated (e.g., grasp-to-drink), the observer attributes to the agent the corresponding intention (i.e., to drink) from the first motor act (i.e., the grasp). However, the mechanisms by which a specific chain is selected in the observer remain poorly understood. In the current study, we investigate the possibility that in the absence of discriminative contextual cues, slight kinematic variations in the observed grasp inform mapping to the most probable chain. Chaining of motor acts predicts that, in a sequential grasping task (e.g., grasp-to-drink), electromyographic (EMG) components that are required for the final act [e.g., the mouth-opening mylohyoid (MH) muscle] show anticipatory activation. To test this prediction, we used MH EMG, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; MH motor-evoked potentials), and predictive models of movement kinematics to measure the level and timing of MH activation during the execution (Experiment 1) and the observation (Experiment 2) of reach-to-grasp actions. We found that MH-related corticobulbar excitability during grasping observation varied as a function of the goal (to drink or to pour) and the kinematics of the observed grasp. These results show that subtle changes in movement kinematics drive the selection of the most probable motor chain, allowing the observer to link an observed act to the agent’s intention.

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Tretriluxana, Jarugool, James Gordon, Beth E. Fisher, and Carolee J. Winstein. "Hemisphere Specific Impairments in Reach-to-Grasp Control After Stroke: Effects of Object Size." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 23, no. 7 (2009): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968309332733.

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Background and objective. The authors investigated hemispheric specialization for the visuomotor transformation of grasp preshaping and the coordination between transport and grasp in individuals poststroke. Based on a bilateral model, the authors hypothesized that after unilateral stroke there would be hemisphere-specific deficits revealed by the ipsilesional limb. Methods. Right or left stroke and age- and limb-matched nondisabled participants performed rapid reach-to-grasp of 3 sized objects. The authors quantified grasp preshaping as the correlation between initial aperture velocity and peak aperture, and peak aperture and object diameter. A cross correlation analysis using transport velocity and aperture size was performed to quantify transport-grasp coordination. All statistical tests for hemisphere-specific deficits involved comparisons between each stroke group and the matched nondisabled group. Results. Overall, the right stroke group, but not left stroke group, demonstrated prolonged movement time. For grasp preshaping there was a higher correlation between initial aperture velocity and peak aperture for the right stroke group and a lower correlation between peak aperture and object diameter for the left stroke group. For transport-grasp coordination the correlation between transport velocity and aperture size was higher for the left stroke group and lower for the right stroke group, which also demonstrated a higher standard deviation of time lag. Conclusions. After left stroke, there was deficient scaling of grasp preshaping and stronger transport-grasp coordination. In contrast, after right stroke, grasp preshaping began earlier and transport-grasp coordination was weaker. Together, these hemisphere-specific deficits suggest a left hemisphere specialization for the visuomotor transformation of grasp preshaping and a right hemisphere specialization for transport-grasp coordination.

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Bansal, Arjun K., Wilson Truccolo, Carlos E. Vargas-Irwin, and John P. Donoghue. "Decoding 3D reach and grasp from hybrid signals in motor and premotor cortices: spikes, multiunit activity, and local field potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 5 (2012): 1337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00781.2011.

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Neural activity in motor cortex during reach and grasp movements shows modulations in a broad range of signals from single-neuron spiking activity (SA) to various frequency bands in broadband local field potentials (LFPs). In particular, spatiotemporal patterns in multiband LFPs are thought to reflect dendritic integration of local and interareal synaptic inputs, attentional and preparatory processes, and multiunit activity (MUA) related to movement representation in the local motor area. Nevertheless, the relationship between multiband LFPs and SA, and their relationship to movement parameters and their relative value as brain-computer interface (BCI) control signals, remain poorly understood. Also, although this broad range of signals may provide complementary information channels in primary (MI) and ventral premotor (PMv) areas, areal differences in information have not been systematically examined. Here, for the first time, the amount of information in SA and multiband LFPs was compared for MI and PMv by recording from dual 96-multielectrode arrays while monkeys made naturalistic reach and grasp actions. Information was assessed as decoding accuracy for 3D arm end point and grip aperture kinematics based on SA or LFPs in MI and PMv, or combinations of signal types across areas. In contrast with previous studies with ≤16 simultaneous electrodes, here ensembles of >16 units (on average) carried more information than multiband, multichannel LFPs. Furthermore, reach and grasp information added by various LFP frequency bands was not independent from that in SA ensembles but rather typically less than and primarily contained within the latter. Notably, MI and PMv did not show a particular bias toward reach or grasp for this task or for a broad range of signal types. For BCIs, our results indicate that neuronal ensemble spiking is the preferred signal for decoding, while LFPs and combined signals from PMv and MI can add robustness to BCI control.

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Jaske, Bianca, Gaëtan Lepreux, and Volker Dürr. "Input of hair field afferents to a descending interneuron." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 2 (2021): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00169.2021.

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Active tactile exploration and tactually induced behaviors are important for many animals. They require descending information transfer about tactile sensor movement to thoracic networks. Here, we investigate response properties and afferent input to the identified descending interneuron cONv in stick insects. cONv may be involved in tactually induced reach-to-grasp movements. We show that cONv response delay, transient and steady state are velocity-dependent and that antennal proprioceptive hair fields contribute to the velocity encoding of cONv.

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Bennett, K. M. B., J. D. O'Sullivan, R. F. Peppard, P. M. McNeill, and U. Castiello. "The effect of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy on the kinematics of the reach to grasp movement." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 65, no. 4 (1998): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.65.4.479.

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Zoia, Stefania, Eva Pezzetta, Laura Blason, et al. "A Comparison of the Reach-To-Grasp Movement Between Children and Adults: A Kinematic Study." Developmental Neuropsychology 30, no. 2 (2006): 719–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn3002_4.

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Bonnefoy, A., N. Louis, and P. Gorce. "Muscle activation during a reach-to-grasp movement in sitting position: Influence of the distance." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19, no. 2 (2009): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.04.010.

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Bennett, K. M. B., C. H. Adler, G. E. Stelmach, and U. Castiello. "A kinematic study of the reach to grasp movement in a subject with hemiParkinson's disease." Neuropsychologia 31, no. 7 (1993): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(93)90142-m.

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Balbinot, Gustavo, Sebastien Denize, and Diane C. Lagace. "The Emergence of Stereotyped Kinematic Synergies when Mice Reach to Grasp Following Stroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 36, no. 1 (2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15459683211058174.

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Reaching tasks are commonly used in preclinical and clinical studies to assess the acquisition of fine motor skills and recovery of function following stroke. These tasks are often used to assess functional deficits in the absence of quantifying the quality of movement which requires kinematic analysis. To meet this need, this study uses a kinematic analysis in mice performing the Montoya staircase task at 5 and 14 days following a cortical photothrombosis-induced stroke. Following stroke, the mice had reaching impairments associated with sustained deficits including longer, unsmooth, and less individuated paw trajectories. Two weeks after stroke we also detected the emergence of abnormal elbow and shoulder angles, flexion/extensions, and stereotyped kinematic synergies. These data suggest that proximal and distal segments acting in concert is paramount during post-stroke reaching and encourage further analysis of synergies within the translational pipeline of preclinical to clinical studies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reach-to-grasp movement'

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